1. Introduction. Ramiro Sarandón 1, Marcelo Gaviño Novillo 2, Daniela Muschong 1, Verónica Guerrero Borges 1

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1 DOI: /v Lacar Lake Demonstration Project for Ecohydrology: Improving land use policy at Lacar Lake Watershed based on an Ecohydrological approach (San Martín de los Andes Neuquén R. Argentina) Ramiro Sarandón 1, Marcelo Gaviño Novillo 2, Daniela Muschong 1, Verónica Guerrero Borges 1 1 Gabinete de Ecometría; Faculty of Natural Sciences and Museum, National University of La Plata, Calle 64 y 120, 1900 La Plata, R., Argentina. sarandon@netverk.com.ar 2 Hydraulic Department; Faculty of Engineering, National University of La Plata, R., Argentina. Abstract The major point for Lacar Demosite (LDS) is the sustainable management of a representative basin of Andean Patagonian region where the main problem is the impact of land transformation on water quality and environmental services. The aim of the LDS is the reduction of soil erosion, the mitigation of floods in urban areas and the improvement of ecosystem services, based on Ecohydrological ideas and principles, and using phytotechnologies. Advances are presented for LDS showing that regulation of surface hydrology (water runoff; nutrients and sediments loads) at the watershed scale, through land use, vegetation cover and phytotechnologies, improve the aquatic ecological processes and the ecosystems services (water quality, landscape aesthetic values). Key words: Patagonia, Environmental Management, Landscape Ecology, Phytotechnology, Ecosystem Services 1. Introduction The UNESCO/IHP Lacar Lake Ecohydrology Demonstration Project (LDS) belongs to Huahum River basin, located in the Province of Neuquén, Argentine Republic, between 40º00-40º20 S and 71º11-71º50 W. The Huahum river basin is a transboundary water resource (Fig. 1). Crossing the Argentine-Chilean boundary, Huahum river flows downstream within the Chilean sector and finally drains into the Pacific Ocean as Valdivia river. The basin is one of the most important from a socio-economic point of view in the Andean Patagonian Ecological Region (Burkart et al. 1999), being a good example of the natural and socioeconomic conditions, and the interaction between land use and water management conflicts, present in other Argentine- Chilean watershed (DNRH-UNLP 1997; Gaviño Novillo, Cielli 1997; Sarandon et al. 2006). The major issue addressed in the LDS is the sustainable management of a representative basin of the whole Andean-Patagonian Eco-region. This means the improvement of land use policies based on scientific evidence under the Ecohydrological approach (Zalewski et al. 1997)

2 II R. Sarandón et al. and an integrated basin management focus, using remote sensing analysis, Geographic Information Systems, landscape ecology theory, strategic environmental assessment and participatory regional planning (Sarandon et al. 2006). The project was designed to contribute to the mitigation of floods in the urban area of San Martin de los Andes (the major city within the LDS), reduction of erosion and improvement of ecosystem services (water quality and landscape aesthetic quality), based on Ecohydrological ideas and princ i p l e s, a n d u s i n g p h y t o t e c h n o l o g i e s. Phytotechnologies are those low cost technical solutions based on the use of native vegetation (grasses or trees; planting or management), and other local resources (stone or wood) (Gaviño Novillo 2003; Sarandon et al. 2006). Ecosystems services are those benefits obtained by human societies from natural ecosystems (components or processes), such as water and air purification, regeneration of soil fertility, mitigation of droughts and floods, pollination, regulation of climate, provision of aesthetic beauty and intellectual stimulation, among others (see Daily et al. 1997). Ecohydrology assumes that control of biocenotic processes is possible by shapinhg hydrology, and vice versa (Zalewski 2000) In the case of LDS the control of erosion processes can improve water quality of the Lake, due to a lower sediment and nutrient load to the rivers and lake, which might cause eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems and contamination of drinking waters. On the other hand, maintaining forest cover in specific sectors contributes to landscape aesthetic quality and the development of economic activities associated to it (tourism). In this paper, we present a review of most important features and issues of the LDS based on research and interventions done during the past 20 years. Many professionals from several disciplines have contributed in different stages to the development of different activities within the LDS. Support from national and local authorities and people have been a constant over the years, being a key factor for achieving sustainable water management in the LDS. 2. General features of the area The LDS is located in the Andean Patagonian Ecological Region that develops across the eastern border of the Andes covering a surface of km 2 (Burkart et al. 1999; Di Pace 1992). The Eco-region are considered as large ecosystems, defined on the basis of prevailing climatic and topographic conditions, that share a geomorphological history and presents similarities in habitats and biotic communities that distinguish from other region (Burkart et al. 1999). Despite its length, the Andean Patagonian eco-region shows some natural and land use uniformity, and is affected by similar climatic events that generate flood episodes with diverse consequences on the natural and socioeconomic environment. Regional climatic conditions are temperate, with a mean annual temperature of 10.1 C (630 m.a.s.l.), ranging from 3.6 C in July to 16.2 C in January (DNRH-UNLP 1997). There is an important climatic gradient from W to E. Annual precipitation varies from 4000 mm close to the border with Chile to less than 800 mm at the Eastern part of the basin. The landscape has been modeled by glaciations during the quaternary era, modified subsequently by fluvial and eolic processes. Most of the soils originate on volcanic ashes, with dark colors and low water retention capacity (UNC 1995). Ecologically the area belongs to the Subantarctic District of the Deciduous and Valdivian Temperate Forest dominated by different species of the genus Nothofagus. The woody vegetation covers the mountains up to 1600 m, where high altitude grasslands begin (Gaviño Novillo, Castañeda 1995; Muschong, Sarandón 2006). The drainage basin of the Lacar Lake has an area of 1056 km 2, ranging between 2394 and 630 m.a.s.l (Gaviño Novillo, Cielli 1997). Several streams and rivers drain the upstream mountainous areas of the basin into the Lacar Lake, then they are finally conveyed by Huahum River into the outlet with a yearly mean discharge of 50 m 3 seg -1. During summer mean annual water temperature ranges between 14 ºC and 4.4 ºC at 70 m. deep. The Lacar is a monomictic, temperate, ultraoligotrophic to oligomesotrophic lake, with a residence time of 5.8 years (SSRH 1995). Most of the watershed is under National Parks Lanín and Nahuel Huapi administration. Major urban area in the watershed is San Martín de los Andes City ( inhabitants) with an economy based on tourism for winter (ski) and summer (trekking, camping, hunting, fishing, sailing) activities. The city, as many others in the Andean Patagonian region, are growing very fast (doubling its population every ten years), promoting the development of residential areas and infrastructure both, for permanent and tourist population (Muschong, Sarandón 2006). Land uses in the watershed include rural activities (forestry and extensive cattle rising), residential areas and one of the top ski resort in Argentina (Chapelco). Native ( Mapuche ) communities dedicated to extensive cattle rising on natural grasslands own part of the area. In the Lake Lacar catchment area, there are two well-defined sectors with different features in both ecological and socio-economic aspects (Muschong et al. 2005):Most of the western part of Huahum basin area (80%) is under protection

3 Lacar Lake Demonstration Project for Ecohydrology III Fig. 1. Lacar Lake, Huahum river basin and the Ecohydrology intervention area. Pilot area for EH interventions - the Trabunco Quitrahue watershed presented on the lower map. as Lanin and Nahuel Huapi National Park. Management in this sector focuses on nature protection, including forest management practices, wood extraction and cattle rising in selected portions of it. The National Park Administration is responsible in implementing the management plan of the Park, being a key institution for implementation of any potential output of the Demonstration Project. The rest of the area (20%) is located directly nearby the inflow of the river to the Lacar Lake, in the City of San Martin de los Andes which has been subjected to intensive tourist development, for the last years, specially due to intense land use changes in Trabunco-Quitrahue Watershed area (Fig. 1 and 2). The major impacts in this sector are related to urban expansion over native forested areas (deforestation); building activities on fragile areas (causing erosion and landslides); increase in population density (with increase of water consumption) and water contamination (organic and nutrient load). All these affects the quality of water in the protected area (including lake), and create social conflicts, due to periodical shortage of water for native aborigine communities. Several Institutions have been involved in the LDS during the past 20 years (Gaviño Novillo 2003; Sarandon et al. 2006), including Governmental Authorities, academic institution and stakeholders in the LDS, Among them: Municipality of San Martin de los Andes; National Parks Administration (i.e.; Lanín National Park Office); Neuquén General Directorate of Water Resources (Provincial Water Resources Agency; Provincial Environmental Agency); National Undersecretary of Water Resources and National Committee for IHP (R. Argentina); Inhabitants of San Martin de los

4 IV R. Sarandón et al. Fig. 2. General views of Trabunco-Quitrahue Watershed (Photographs: Gaviño Novillo and Filippi Gilli). Andes (Landowners; Tourists; Fishermen); Aborigine communities; National University of La Plata (Faculty of Engineering and Faculty of Natural Sciences and Museum) and National University of Comahue (CRUB, Bariloche; Rio Negro, R. Argentina). 3. Scientific and demonstration objectives The LDS is specifically concerned with the sustainable management of Andean Patagonian basins through the development of land use policies based on scientific evidence. Ecohydrology concept assumes the use of ecosystem properties as a management tool by regulation of hydrology by shaping biota and, vice versa (Zalewski 2000) The major hypothesis for Lacar Demo Site is: The regulation of surface hydrology (water runoff; nutrients and sediments loads) at the watershed scale, through land use, vegetation cover and phytotechnologies, improve the aquatic ecological processes and the ecosystems services (water quality, landscape aesthetic values) (Sarandon et al. 2006). One coastal sector of the Lacar Lake adjacent to the urban area of San Martin de Los Andes, have been seriously affected by an eutrophication process associated with the discharge of sewage to rivers that drains directly to the lake, and a poor circulation of the superficial water in this sector. This area, traditionally used by the resident and tourists, has been closed to recreational activities due to sanitarian conditions. Besides some structural intervention built to reduce water contamination, such as a sewage plant; other complementary interventions have been carried out based on Ecohydrological principles and using phytotechnologies (see section 5). The control of erosion processes can diminish sediment and nutrient load to the rivers and lake, which causes eutrophication and contamination of the water body. The identification of policy options and/or management strategies constitutes a key expected outcome. Because of the clear link between land and river basin response, the LDS Project addresses issues relevant to both sustainable water management at the river basin scale and integrated ecosystem management. In this context, one particular topic is the effect of soil erosion, sediment and nutrient loads from disturbed and undisturbed sectors on water quality. Both, eutrophication due to an increase in nutrient loads, and turbidity due to increases in sediment contents, causes the degradation of water quality

5 Lacar Lake Demonstration Project for Ecohydrology V with the subsequent loss of recreational quality 4. Major Research findings of water (i.e., odor, turbidity), a higher sanitarian risk (coli concentration in water) and an increases in water treatment for drinking water. These issues can be useful for the development of management strategies, interventions and land use policies for the whole basin (Brea et al. 1999; Gaviño Novillo 2001). The project aims at the development, dissemination and implementation of the Ecohydrological and Phytotechnological approach to management of water resources at basin scale, reducing institutional and management conflicts. The major goal of the project is to demonstrate the use of ecohydrology as a tool for preventive water management, enhancing the environmental services provided by the watershed, increasing the water quality and reducing the impacts due to land use. This could be done, for example, identifying those forest and other native vegetation cover most important for erosion control (i.e., riparian forest) or nutrient uptake capacity (i.e., natural wetland vegetation), and proposing specific conservation and management measures through land use regulation (described in section 4). During the first stage of the project formulation, two local workshops were organized with researchers, decision makers (national, provincial and municipal), and key stakeholders in order to prioritize the main challenges for the watershed and select potential interventions based on ecohydrology. As a result, critical actions and main conflicts were selected (Table I). Some key conflicting issues in the LDS (DNRH-MSA 1994; Gaviño Novillo 1996; Sarandon et al. 2006) are: - Institutional conflict: lack of coherent mechanisms of management in different areas of the watershed (being under public or private ownership). - Socio-economic conflict between dynamically developing high-income tourist areas and the aborigine communities inhabiting the lower sections of the area of the basin. - Unsustainable tourism development in the unprotected area of the watershed (housing, skiing, infrastructure). - Shortage of water quality and quantity for drinking The objective of the activities conducted in LDS has been to increase the scientific knowledge on integrated water resources management for the sustainable development of Lacar Lake Watershed System. In the last years, research was oriented to a vulnerability assessment of ecosystem services provided by the natural resources at the basin scale, both under current conditions and different management scenarios (Sarandon et al. 2006). The analysis of the present ecological features of the Trabunco-Quitrahue watershed and the Lacar lake (UNC 2006a; 2006b) indicate an ultra-oligotrophic to oligotrophic trophic state, with a strong seasonal variability on physical and chemical features following the precipitation regime, with an evident dilution effect and an increase in the sediment load during the spring (during snow melting). This natural condition is shared with others lakes and watershed in this ecological region (UNC 2006a; 2006b; Burkart et al. 1999). Physical, chemical and biological (phytoplankton, chlorophyll a, bacteriology) variables for 11 sampling points along the Pocahullo river and 8 sampling points in the Lacar Lake, show a typical water environment for the Andean Patagonian Ecological Region (UNC 2006a; 2006b). There is a clear increase in the nutrient load (P and N) in those sectors nearby major human activities (ski resort, residential areas), which have a clear effect on the ecological condition of the Lacar Lake (eutrophication, turbidity, water recreational quality, water degradation), associated to the input of sediment, nutrient and other pollutant through the Pocahullo-Trabunco- Quitrahue river. As part of the Regional Environmental Assessment of the Trabunco-Quitrahue watershed a Geographic Information System (GIS) was built. The GIS includes 19 shape files with spatial information on soils; geomorphology; geology; hydrology; vegetation; land cover; etc. (Muschong, Sarandón 2007; Muschong et al. 2007). The analysis of land use/cover in this area shows a heterogeneous land uses pattern that includes tourism infrastructure, urban residential purposes and agricul- tural use in summer. Table I. Selected conflicts at Trabunco-Quitrahue watershed (Gaviño 1995). - Decrease of water quality in the protected areas, Activities Conflicts leading to decrease of its Overgrazing Soil erosion ecological status. Road construction Deforestation and soil erosion Some of these issues Expansion of ski paths Landslides have been addressed for the Fire Destruction of forest pilot study area of the LDS: Water pollution Health diseases the Trabunco-Quitrahue Urban expansion Floods and sediment transport and deposition. watershed (Fig. 1 and 2; Lack of water management Overuse and water conflicts Gaviño Novillo 1996; 2001; Unsustainable land use Social and economic conflicts Sarandon et al. 2006). Traditional education Lack of awareness on environmental issues

6 VI R. Sarandón et al. areas, rural and sport activities, and the Natural Protected Area of Lanín National Park. The compositional multitemporal analysis of land cover show a clear forest degradation process: native forests surface decreased from 3835 hectares in 1987 to 1610 hectares in This change was due to the degradation of the native forest becoming an open forest (decrease in forest density); and the deforestation, forest cover that become bare ground due to tourist, recreational and urban development. The total deforested surface was 888 hectares for the period analyzed, corresponding to 17% of the basin surface. The processes involved are population increase, development of tourist activities and urbanization in the area of San Martin de los Andes. In order to assess different forest conservation scenarios in the Trabunco-Quirtahue watershed an ecological assessment was done (Muschong 2006; Muschong et al. 2006). We applied a multicriteria analysis of forests remnants using different variables: forest surface, distance to water bodies, slope, distance to cities and roads and soil type. The criteria were spatialized, standardized, weighted and combined in an Index that allowed the definition of nine different scenarios (A to I). The scenario A identify has of forests (59% of the watershed) with a certain degree of vulnerability to some of the criteria; while the B scenario identify only 18 has (<1%) with maximum vulnerability to all the criteria; the remaining scenarios show intermediate situations. The A scenario has 8698 patches of forests with an Average Size of 0.33 ha.; an Median Proximity Index (MPI) of and a Edge Density (ED) of meters ha -1. The scenarios allow the identification of forest sectors with different degree of vulnerability for the factors considered in the analysis, being complementary to each other s in any integral conservation strategy for the whole watershed. In order to elaborate a vulnerability map for the Trabunco-Quitrahue watershed a Spatial Decision Support Model was developed based on the GIS developed (Muschong 2006; Muschong et al. 2006). A multicriteria evaluation technique was used to identify ecological vulnerable areas with conservation priority within the watershed (Fig. 3). Different criteria and factors were utilized: biodiversity conservation; human pressure and water and soil protection. All the criteria were spatialized and combined in a single map of priority sectors (four categories) for forest and natural resources conservation. The areas with native forest, nearby water bodies, on pronounced slopes and on degraded o deforested soils are those with highest priority for conservation. 5. Management strategies for LDS The main problem in the LDS, as in many others part of the world, is the impact of land transformation on water quality and environmen- Fig. 3. Priority areas for land conservation at the Trabunco-Quitrahue Watershed.

7 Lacar Lake Demonstration Project for Ecohydrology VII S1: Reducing natural and geohydrological risks through control of woody debris and landslides restoration S: Solutions B: benefits S2: Sediment load and erosion control with sediment traps and vegetation management. S3: Nutrients uptake through river margin restoration Urban area (SMA) (from urban expansion and infrastructure development ) LACAR LAKE B1: SECURITY AGAINST NATURAL RISKS B3: AESTHETIC VALUE OF LANDSCAPE B2: GOOD WATER QUALITY ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS B5: NATIONAL PARKS CONSERVATION B4: TOURISM ACTIVITIES, EMPLOYMENTS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SOCIOECONOMIC BENEFITS Fig. 4. A conceptual Model for the Lacar Lake Demonstration Project (Neuquén, R. Argentina) showing major solution and benefit from an Ecohydrological intervention. tal services (DNRH-MSA, 1994; Gaviño Novillo, Castañeda 1995; Gaviño Novillo 2001; Baron et al. 2003; Sarandon at al. 2006). Increasing population density, urban development without an adequate long-term planning, and infrastructure construction for tourism activities and services during the past 30 years, are the main factors driven the changes on land use-cover and landscape ecology in the LDS. In this context, the LDS Project aims to improve the integrated management of land and water resources at the river basin through the development of policies based on sound science. It focuses on the impact of land management on river basin response in different sub-basins (in terms of water flow, soil erosion and water quality). As shown in the conceptual model (Fig. 4; Sarandon et al. 2006), there is a linkage between land cover/use, water dynamics and ecosystems services (water quality; aesthetics values of the landscape; biodiversity conservation). Management strategies and intervention projects carried on in the LDS (Fig. 5) for the control of erosion, landslides and river restoration, have used an innovative approach based on ecohydrology and phytotechnologies (using native vegetation, local materials and low costs technologies). The Fig. 5 shows the principal intervention implemented in the LDS with the objectives to reduce natural and geohydrological risks through control of woody debris (selective check dam for large stones and woody debris), and landslides restoration; sediment load and erosion control with sediment traps and vegetation

8 VIII R. Sarandón et al. Fig. 5. Implementation of ecohydrology and phytotechnologies in the Lacar Lake Demonstration Site: Landslides restoration (before, 1996 and after 2007); Constructed wetland for water quality control; Selective check dam for large stones and woody debris; Sediment retention basin downstream and River bank restoration (Photographs: Gaviño Novillo and Sarandón). management and nutrients uptake through river margin restoration. Environmental benefits include increasing security against natural risk, improved water quality, promotion of the aesthetic values of landscape and biodiversity conservation. These measures are complementary to others such as the tertiary waste water treatment plant built during the past years to reduce the organic and nutrient load to the Lacar Lake (Fig. 5). Moreover, these environmental benefits have been complementary to socioeconomic benefits related to tourism activities, employment and economic development. Similar strategies and approach can be applied to other areas in the Andean Patagonian Eco-region, from Villa la Angostura (province of Neuquén), and San Carlos de Bariloche (province of Río Negro) in the northern part of Patagonia to El Calafate (province of Santa Cruz) and Ushuaia (province of Tierra del Fuego) in the southern part (Sarandon et al. 2006; Di Pace 1992; Bathurst et al. 2008). This eco-region share both natural features (mountainous area, modified by quaternary glaciations processes, heterogeneous landscape covered with seasonal forest, lakes and rivers), and a developmental processes of land transformation related to rapid population increase (by immigration), urban expansion, deforestation for infrastructural construction (road, building, public services), and an important seasonal tourist activity (Burkart et al. 1999; Di Pace 1992; Bathurst et al. 2008). Other major project, such as mining and energy (dam construction) could increase the rate of transformation and incorporate new conflicting situation on water availability and quality. There are many potential conflicts on water use among different stakeholders, both at a local or regional scale. Some potential conflicts will be on water use/allocation among major project of national importance (mining, energy), vs. local demands for urban development, tourism, local industry and human needs (drinking water). 6. Conclusions During the past 20 years of research and intervention in the LDS, many lessons have been learned: - The implementation of new technologies in the field requires the previous comprehension and acquisition of approaches behind the strategies (theoretical background) for both local researchers and local authorities. - Stakeholders involvement has to be planned at the beginning of research activities because they need time to understand and accept new methods for land management and can contribute to the development of them. - Local Authorities must be part of the process of development in order to adjust the research finding to local conditions. - An experience is successful if, once the implementation has taken place, local authorities and stakeholders appropriate them. - The incorporation of social aspect has to be done through the development of specific activities (not as a byproduct of other activities); and

9 Lacar Lake Demonstration Project for Ecohydrology IX it must be based on the active involvement and leadership of local stakeholders. The major challenges faced with the application of Ecohydrology in real situations, are the ways and opportunities for transferring information and knowledge from academic institution to stakeholders and local authorities, which should be done in a format useful to decision makers. A good communication and mutual support (for fieldwork, seminars, education activities, etc.) is a good starting point for a better and stronger interaction. The environmental perceptions of local communities are essential for a successful implementation of real world measures. Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledges the continuous support form the people and authorities of San Martin de los Andes (province of Neuquén), and the financial support from the UNESCO - PHI (Regional LAC Ecohydrology Program) and National University of La Plata (UNLP, Secretary for Science and Technology Research Program). We gratefully acknowledge referee s and editor s comments that improved previous version of this paper. 7. References Bar on, J.S., LeRoy Poff, N., Angermeier, P.L., Dahm, C.N., Gleick, P.H., Hairston, N.G., Jr., Jackson, R.B., Johnston, C.A., Richter, B.D., Steinman, A.D Sustaining Healthy Freshwater Ecosystems. Issues in Ecology 10; Ecological Society of America, Washington, USA, 18 pp. Bat hurst, J.C., Amezaga, J., Cisneros, F., Gaviño Novillo, M., Iroumé, A., Lenzi, M.A., Mintegui Aguirre, J., Miranda, M., Urciuolo, A Forests and Floods in Latin America: Science, Management and the Epic Force Project. EPIC FORCE (Evidence-based Policy for Integrated Control of Forested River Catchments in Extreme Rainfall and Snowmelt). INCO-CT ceg.ncl.ac.uk/epicforce/ Bre a, D., Gaviño N. J.M., Spalletti, P Erosion risk assessment in a Southern Patagonian basin. International Symposium EROSLOPE, European Union, University of Padova, Italy. Bur kart, R., Bárbaro, N.O., Sánchez, R.O., Gómez, D.A Eco-regiones de la Argentina, Secretaría de Recursos Naturales y Desarrollo Sustentable, Buenos Aires, 42 pp. Dai ly, G.C., Alexander, S., Ehrlich, P.R., Goulder, L., Lubchenco, J., Matson, P.A., Mooney, H.A., Postel, S., Schneider, S.H., Tilman, D., Woodwell, G.M Ecosystem Services: Benefits Supplied to Human Societies by Natural Ecosytems. Issues in Ecology 2; Ecological Society of America, Washington, USA, 18 pp. Di Pace, M Las Utopías del Medio Ambiente. Desarrollo Sustentable en la Argentina. [Environmental Utopias: Sustainable Development in Argentina] Bibliotecas Universitarias. Centro Editor de América Latina. Bs.As. 42 pp. DN RH-UNLP (Dirección Nacional de Gestión de los Recursos Hídricos - Laboratorio de Hidrología) Estudio y caracterización de los recursos hídricos compartidos con la República de Chile [Study and characterization of shared water resources with the Chilean Republic]. Convenio Secretaría de Obras Públicas y Comunicaciones del Ministerio de Economía y Obras Públicas de la Nación - Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata. La Plata. DN RH-MSA (Dirección Nacional de Recursos Hídricos - Municipalidad de San Martín de Los Andes) Plan de ordenamiento de la cuenca de los arroyos Trabunco-Quitrahue. Diagnóstico preliminar. [Watershed Plan for the Trabunco-Quitrahue watershed. Preliminary Diagnosis]. Convenio Secretaria de Obras Públicas y Comunicaciones de la Nación - Municipalidad de San Martín de los Andes. Primer documento, San Martín de los Andes. Gav iño Novillo, J.M Plan Director de las subcuencas de los arroyos Trabunco Quitrahue Conclusiones del Taller [Director Plan for the Trabunco-Quitrahue watershed. Workshop conclusions]. Informe de Avance IV. San Martín de los Andes. 3, 4 & 5, Mayo, Gav iño Novillo, J.M La proyectación de planes de manejo de cuencas. Un caso en la República Argentina. [Planning a watershed management program. A case in the Argentine Republic]. Atti del Corso Sviluppo e Gestione dei Bacini Idrografici. Cuadernos IILA. Serie Cooperación Nº 6. Roma, Gav iño Novillo, J.M The use of eco-hydrology in a watershed management program in southern Patagonia, Ecohydrology &Hydrobiology, 2, Gav iño Novillo, J.M The complexity of participation in watershed management, UNEP International Conference on Integrated Watershed Management, 3 World Water Forum, Kyoto, Japan. Gav iño Novillo, J.M., Castañeda, S Plan director de las subcuencas de los arroyos Trabunco - Quitrahue. [Director Plan for the trabunco-quitrahue watershed] IV Jornadas Forestales Patagónicas. San Martín de los Andes, 24 al 27 de octubre. Gav iño Novillo, J.M., Cielli, P Land Information System for lake management in shared water resources between Argentina and Chile, 7º International Conference on Lakes Management, ILEC, San Martin de los Andes, October.

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