Pre and Post Tsunami Coastal Planning and Land Use Policies and Issues in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka. Maritime Zones of Sri Lanka

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Pre and Post Tsunami Coastal Planning and Land Use Policies and Issues in Sri Lanka Maritime Zones of Sri Lanka By

SAMARANAYAKE IMPORTANCE OF COASTAL ZONE The Coast line is 1620 km in length 74 Divisional Secretaries Divisions with a coastal boundary 24% of land area and 32 % of the total population 80 % of the

Rich biodiversity reserves including coral reefs, sea grass beds, mangroves and coastal wetlands.

1 Pre and Post Tsunami Coastal Planning and Land Use Policies and Issues in Sri Lanka Maritime Zones of Sri Lanka By Dr. R.A.D.B. SAMARANAYAKE IMPORTANCE OF COASTAL ZONE The Coast line is 1620 km in length 74 Divisional Secretaries Divisions with a coastal boundary 24% of land area and 32 % of the total population 80 % of the tourist hotels 67 % of industrial unites 80% of annual coastal fish production A large number of high priority archeological, historical, religious, cultural scenic and recreational sites. Rich biodiversity reserves including coral reefs, sea grass beds, mangroves and coastal wetlands. EXTENT (ha) OF COASTAL HABITATS BY DISTRICT DISTRICT MANGROVES SALT DUNES BEACHES LAGOON OTHE MARSHES MARSHES BARRIES BASIN WATER SPITS ESTUARIES BODIES COLOMBO GAMPAHA PUTTALAM MANNAR KILINOCHCHI JAFFNA MULLATIVU TRINCOMALEE BATTICALOA AMPARA HAMBANTOTA MATARA GALLE KALUTARA TOTAL EXTENT SOURCE : COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN Location of well Known Basin Estuaries and Lagoons in Sri Lanka N Distribution of Coral Reefs in Coastal Waters of Sri Lanka Jaffna India Jaffna N Jaffna Lagoon S S Thondaimannar Lagoon S Lagoon & Estuaries S Nanthi Kadal S Nayaru S Kokkilai Kuchchaveli S S Periyakarachchi Sinnakarachchi S Uppuweli Thambalagam Bay S S Koddiya Bay S S Ilakkanthi S ullakkalie Lagoon Mannar Vakarai Gulf of Silavaturai Mannar Bar Reef Wilpattu National Park Marine Sanctuary Trincomalee Sri Lanka Colombo Matara Nilaveli Pigon Island Trincomalee Puttlam Lagoon S S Uppar Lagoon Puttlam Lagoon Vakarai Munadal LakeS Chilaw Lagoon S S Vandeloos Bay S Batticaloa Lagoon Chilaw Kalkudah Batticaloa Kalmunai S Negombo Lagoon S Periya Lagoon S Thandiadi Lagoon S Komari Lagoon S Arugam Bay Lunawa LagoonS S Bolgoda Lake S Kandawara Bay Kalutara LagoonS S Dedduwa Lake Karagan Saltern S Madampe Lake Malala Saltren S Okandawara Bay Kalametiya Lagoon SS S Ratgama Lake Embilikala Saltern Bundala Saltern SSSS Koholankola Saltern Maha Saltern Koggala Lake SSSS Lunama Lagoon Kahanda Lagoon S S S Rekawa Lagoon Dodra Lagoon S Mawella Lagoon Hikkaduwa Marine Sanctuary Colombo Kalutara Akurala Ruhuna (Yala) National Park Ambalangoda Hikkaduwa Tangalle Galle Unawatuna Matara Weligama Polhena Reef Little Basses Reef Great Basses Reef River Coaral Reef 1

Annexure : National Fish Production (1985

175,280 163,850 154,470 63 690 Offshore 2

710 Inland fishery Total Production Total

990 217 500 18 250 235 250 259,680 36,700

180 286 370 130 400 32 830 163 230 Number

Trends 45,000.00 Rs mn 42,000.00 39,000.

Off shore/ Deep sea 350,000 300,000 250,000

00 Inland and Aquaculture 150,000 100,000

2 Annexure : National Fish Production ( in tones) Tourist Growth Trend Marine fishery Coastal , , , Offshore ,400 90,830 98, Inland fishery Total Production Total ,680 36, ,680 30, , ,190 33, Number 600, , ,000 Tourist Growth Trends 45, Rs mn 42, , , , ,000 33, , Tourist Arrivals Total Fish Production Off shore/ Deep sea 350, , ,000 27, , , , Tourist recipt Rs mn Coastal 200,000 15, Inland and Aquaculture 150, ,000 12, , , ,000 3, Coastal Issues COASTAL EROSION CORAL MINING Sand Mining 2

Over Exploitation of Resources ECOSYSTEM TRANSFORMATION WATER QUALITY DETERIORATION Tsunami Hits Sri Lanka 26 th December 2004 Human

Number of lost live hoods Number of houses damage Proportion of fishing fleet destroyed Extended salinated agricultural land Damage to

facility damage by tsunami Education facility damage by Tsunami Universities Vocational training centers School children affected

for Development Activities (Chapter 8 of CZMP) Buffer Zone (set back area) West and South coast -Kalaoya river mouth (Gange( Wadiya) )

3 Over Exploitation of Resources ECOSYSTEM TRANSFORMATION WATER QUALITY DETERIORATION Tsunami Hits Sri Lanka 26 th December 2004 Human Economic Social Impact of Tsunami Number of People Killed Number of people injured Number of internally Displaced Value of lost assets Number of lost live hoods Number of houses damage Proportion of fishing fleet destroyed Extended salinated agricultural land Damage to tourism infrastructure Large Hotels Small Hotels Related small enterprises Widowed, orphaned and affected elderly and disabled Health facility damage by tsunami Education facility damage by Tsunami Universities Vocational training centers School children affected 35,322 21, ,150 US$900 million 150,000 98,000 75% acres 53 out of , ,000 Interim Guidelines for Development Activities (Chapter 8 of CZMP) Buffer Zone (set back area) West and South coast -Kalaoya river mouth (Gange( Wadiya) ) to Kirindi Oya river mouth meters East and North coast -Kirindioya river mouth to Kala oya river mouth (Gange( Wadiya) meters. 3

After Tsunami Set Back (Buffer Zone) Exemptions An exemption implies a significant deviation from the intent of the set back guidelines stipulated in the plan.

4 After Tsunami Set Back (Buffer Zone) Exemptions An exemption implies a significant deviation from the intent of the set back guidelines stipulated in the plan. Exemptions may be granted by the Director only if the Coast Conservation Advisory Council (C.C.A.C.) determines that there are compelling reasons for allowing an exemption and recommends such exemption areas. Exemptions to be considered by CCAC Nationally important projects: : Projects which could demonstrate benefit to the public. Include housing development, industries, tourism,public infra structure and constructions related to national security. A detailed proposal should be submitted through their respective ministries for the approval of Coast Conservation Advisory Council. Continued... Fisheries related buildings and infrastructure: All the infrastructure related to fisheries and Aquaculture, excluding dwelling units. Tourism related developments: Not damaged buildings, less than 40% repair cost of the projects, buildings under construction ( not damaged) are allowed.completely damaged (repair exceeds 40%) projects be relocated in tourist zones.(tafren guidelines) Continued... Set back areas for small islands: 100m.for west and south, 200m.for north and east Set back areas for Head lands: High ground areas above 5 meter contour line from mean sea level, with 25 M setback from the edge of the cliff.(13 sites) Prohibition of dev. Activities within sand dune areas. Prohibition of dev. Activities within national parks/ sanctuaries. Research, Investigations, Studies Proposed determining new setback areas Preparations of contour maps in CZ Detailed technical study covering near shore bathymetry, coastal processes, etc., Assessment of vulnerability areas for coastal hazards such as Tsunamis, cyclones etc., Formulation of design criteria that should be used in area which are more prone to coastal hazardous. Assessment of Socio Economic Impacts on set back standards Rehabilitation of Coastal Habitats Mangroves and other vegetation Sand dunes Coral Reefs 4

Sand Dune Rehabilitation Green Belt Program Program on Coastal Green Belt to rehabilitate, conserve and develop the coastal vegetation with the local NGOs and the

Lack of coordination Monitoring and measuring impact Improve links to conflict affected communities Integration of disaster risk concerns in CZM and development

DEPARTMENT (1984). LEGAL - COAST CONSERVATION ACT NO. 57 OF 1981. - COAST CONSERVATION (AMENDMENT) ACTNO. 64 OF 1988. Cont.

5 Sand Dune Rehabilitation Green Belt Program Program on Coastal Green Belt to rehabilitate, conserve and develop the coastal vegetation with the local NGOs and the community Rehabilitation of Coast Protective Structures Revetments Groynes Break Waters Lessons Learned from Tsunami Reconstruction & Rehabilitation Equity and gaps Lack of coordination Monitoring and measuring impact Improve links to conflict affected communities Integration of disaster risk concerns in CZM and development Reduction of future vulnerabilities INSTITUTIONAL Coastal Area Management Frame Work in Sri Lanka - COAST CONSERVATION DIVISION (1978) - COAST CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT (1984). LEGAL - COAST CONSERVATION ACT NO. 57 OF COAST CONSERVATION (AMENDMENT) ACTNO. 64 OF Cont. POLICY - COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN (1990). - COASTAL 2000 : RESOURCES MANAGEMNET STRATEGY FOR SRI LANKA S COASTAL REGION (1992). - REVISED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN (1997). - REVISED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN(2004) 5

Institutional Structure of Ministry of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources Existing Organization Chart Department of Coast Conservation Coastal Zone (C.C.Act no.

6 Institutional Structure of Ministry of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources Existing Organization Chart Department of Coast Conservation Coastal Zone (C.C.Act no.57of 1981) Conflicting and Over lapping Policies Urban Development Authority Act No. 41 of 1970 Geological Survey, Mines and Minerals Act No. 33 of 1992 Grater Colombo Economic Commission Law (BOI) Act No. 4 of 1978 PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO CCA TO EFFECTIVELY DISCHARGE THE FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF CCD. TO AVOID ISSUES ON OVERLAPPING AND CONFLICTING POLICIES WITH OTHER LEGISLATIONS TO STRENGTHEN THE ROLE OF CCD IN COASTAL RESOUCES MANAGEMENT Planning and Decision making Processes at the Local Level Integrated Coastal Area Management approach Fisheries cooperative societies Village level committees Special area management coordinating committees, involving - Resource user groups - Resource guardians (NGO, CBOs) - Resource Managers (Gov. Agencies, Local Gov.) 6

7 Lessons Learned and Future Needs Survey and Research needs in CZM Strengthening of Enforcement Thank you! Develop CZM capacity for all stakeholders Establish mechanism for integration and coordination Monitoring the coastal area management programme 7

TOURIST ACCOMMODATION

1 TOURIST ACCOMMODATION Number of SLTDA Registered Accommodation Establishments as at end June 2018 Categorization Number of Establishments Number of Rooms Classified Tourist Hotels 136 12,822 Five Star