Index. B Bezoar stones, 279 Bimaturism, 42 Bornean agile gibbon. See Hylobates albibarbis Bornean grey-backed langurs, 4

Transcription

1 A Agapanthus africanus, 220 Agent-based model (ABM), long-tailed macaque, 244 Agile gibbons. See Forest fragmentation, siamang and agile gibbons Alarm call, 135 Ascaris egg worm, 222 B Bezoar stones, 279 Bimaturism, 42 Bornean agile gibbon. See Hylobates albibarbis Bornean grey-backed langurs, 4 C Cabang Panti Research Station (CPRS), Cebus capucinus, 333 Cercocebus aethiops, 334 Cercopithecine primates, 309 Colobines. See Hose s langur group Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG), 58 Conservation International (CI), 1, 66, 68 Correspondence analyses (CA), 203 Crested black macaques, Sulawesi conservation conservation status and distribution, 344 habitats preservation, 353 history census surveys and population estimation, data collection, Tangkoko Nature Reserve, 345 endemic species, 344 IUCN red data list, 343 mitigation ecotourism, education and awareness, 352 M. nigra survival, population declination, 345, 347 threats habitat loss and fragmentation, health, hunting, Crude protein/acid detergent fiber (CP/ADF), 273 Cubic regression, 322, 323 D Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI), 23 Dian s tarsier, population ecology conservation status, genetics, 379 group sizes, home range sizes disturbance parameters, radiotransmitters, 376 plantations, 379 population density Ficus trees, 376 quadrat census methods, 375 tropical forests, 376 sleeping sites, 374 Sulawesi, 372 Tarsius dentatus, 373, 374, 377, 378 taxonomic history, vocalizations, 372 E El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 74 76, 91 Erythrocebus patas,

2 402 Index F Female long-tailed macaques. See Macaca fascicularis, grooming relationships Food competition and social behavior, Thomas langurs dominance hierarchies, 294 food patches, 294 group aggression, 295 home range size, 294 scramble competition within-group, 294, 295 social behavior, Forest fragmentation, siamang and agile gibbons conspecific overlap, 112, 115 day range method, patterns, 116 results, frugivorous animals, ha quadrats, home range area method, results, home range, definition, hoolock gibbon home range, overlap, study area Kulai Tanang, 102 Lorong (Lr.) Gambir, 100 Sg. Mangun, Sg. Tembalun, 101 Sungai (Sg.) Misang, territorial animal groups, travelling distance, 98 Frugivorous primates, gibbons, 98, 101 G General linear mixed modeling (GLMM), 322 Gibbons, peat-swamp forest activity patterns and time budgets enter timings, sleeping tree, 133, 134 onset time, 133, 134 SNP gibbons average, auditory sampling method, 122 conflict between groups, conservation recommendations, diet and feeding ecology asynchronous fruiting cycle, 143 food availability, food types, 145 forest productivity, 143 seasonally important species, duet call, 122 energy intake, forest canopy canopy-height, 142 Jacob s D value, frugivorous, 121 habituation, 129 history, home range size ArcView 3.0a software, 131 density, groups average, 133 minimum convex polygon method, 131 IUCN status and threats, methods, objectives, 128 peat-swamp forests (Kalimantan), ranging behaviour and travel distances comparative study, day travel, food availability and distribution, 140 pregnant females, 140 ventral infants, 140, 141 wet and dry seasons, 140, 141 Red list assessment, 122 secondary activity, singing coda, male, 149 great call sequence, female, 149, 150 variation, rainy season, sleeping trees, 148 social interactions allogrooming, inter-birth interval, 138 observation time, play bouts, 138 study site (CIMTROP), 125, 127 taxonomy, 121 techniques searching and locating, signs, 130 Grey-backed langurs. See Presbytis hosei Gunung Palung National Park (GPNP), 9 H Habitat quality effect, Kalimantan s primates biological and demographic characteristics, 170 determination biomass and ecological determinants, 163 preferred and fallback foods, protein to fiber ratios, 165 total food abundance, 165 field methods

3 census report, gibbon and leaf monkey groups, food taxa and resources, 162 habitat-specific densities, 161 territory size and home ranges, population densities, 163 study site and subjects Bornean white-bearded gibbons, contiguous forest types, 158 gibbons and leaf monkeys, , 161 theoretical and empirical work, 171 thermoregulatory costs, 170 variation effects ecological factors, 165 group size and population density, immigration and source-sink population dynamics, 167, 168 monogamous territorial species, 166 polygynous systems, 166 reproductive success approximation, 166, 167 Helarctos malayanus, 135 Hierarchical cluster analyses (HCA), 203 Hose s langur group assessment, 272 data acquisition, distribution and densities altitudinal range, distribution pattern, group sizes, 276, 277 P. hosei, rank abundance, 277 sympatry, 275 ecology and habitat chemical and mineral composition, food plants, 273, 274 crude protein/acid detergent fiber (CP/ADF), 273 density, species, 274 folivorous, 273 vertical strata utilization, 273 habitat loss, selective logging and hunting bezoar stones, sungans, 279 conservative estimation, 278 economic discount rate, 280 population intrinsic growth rate, 280 methods, 270 Human-primate commensalism, radiography air rifle pellets, 255 Bali s sacred monkeys cultural and historical basis, liminal role, cash cows, 255 crop-raiding, monkeys, lateral/anterior-posterior thoracic radiographs, location, long-tailed macaque, lead pellets, 252, 253 Macaca fascicularis, 250, 251 monkey temples/ monkey forests, 249 pellet injuries, 254 radiographic analysis, 252 radio-opaque foreign bodies, 252 religious and economic value, 255 vervet monkeys, 254 Hylobates agilis. See Forest fragmentation, siamang and agile gibbons; Hylobates albibarbis Hylobates albibarbis. See also Gibbons, peat-swamp forest; White-bearded gibbons endangered species, 122 habitat, 124, 126 threats, 125 Hylobates hoolock, Hylobates klossii. See Kloss gibbons Hylobates moloch, 2 3 conservation measures education, wildlife protection, 68 javan gibbon center, NGO measures, population and habitat viability analysis, rescue and rehabilitation program, securing habitat, corridor development, distribution and population golden lion tamarin, 63 habitat areas, 62 sub-montane and montane forests, 63 survey report, 60 habitat and remaining forest, Indonesian forestry reform, 69 Indonesian government s decentralization, 59 mixed community forests, 59 pet trade, 60 population estimates, 58 taxonomy, 57 Hymenachne amplicaulis dan Vittis trifolia, 220 I Individual-based fission-fusion societies, 26 Indonesian Zoo Association (IZA), 228

4 404 Index International Primatological Society (IPS), 1, 66 International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 23 IUCN Red List, 9, 51, 57, 122, 124, 126 J Jacob s D value, 142 Javan gibbon. See Hylobates moloch K Kalimantan s primates. See also Habitat quality effect, Kalimantan s primates field methods census report, gibbon and leaf monkey groups, food taxa and resources, 162 habitat-specific densities, 161 territory size and home ranges, habitat quality determination, variation effects, population densities, 163 sampling, high quality habitats, 157 study sites and subjects Bornean white-bearded gibbons, contiguous forest types, 158 thermoregulatory costs, 170 Kayan Mentarang National Park, 271, 273, 274, 277 Ketambe, Khao Yai National Park (Thailand), 131 Kloss gibbons, 201, 202, 205 Kulai Tanang, 102 Kutai National Park, , 223, 269, 272, 274 L Limnocharis flava, 220 Long-tailed macaques, Bali anthropogenic ecology behavior and demographic pattern, 237 bi-annual ceremonies, 240 dietary requirements, 237 Macaca fascicularis, activity budget, 239 obesity, 239 sacred, 240 transient populations, 239 ethnoprimatology, human-macaque interactions direct and indirect interactions, 245 environmental factors, 246 Giardia lamblia, health benefits, 245 geographical distribution, 236 geophysical location and environmental components, 236, 238 phylogeny and population structure genetic relationships, 241, 242 genetic structure, geographic distance, loci, genetic analysis, 243 Nei s standard genetic distances, population dynamic structure, dispersal, population management and conservation genetics, population variability, 236 rice agricultural system, 235 subaks, 235 Lore Lindu National Park, 260 Lorong (Lr.) Gambir, 100 M Macaca assamensis, 237, 334 Macaca fascicularis, grooming relationships. See also Long-tailed macaques, Bali adult and adolescent female group, 313 affiliation patterns, 335 bi-directional exchange, 310 competitive exclusion, 332 data collection and compilation actor matrix, 315, 316 female rank-difference matrix, 315, 320 female rank matrix, 315, 319 focal samples, 314 inferred-kinship matrix, female, 315, 318 receiver matrix, 315, 317 dominance and, 323, dyadic analysis, 330 grooming pattern, grooming reciprocity, 324, group-level grooming reciprocity, hygienic and social functions, individual rank influence testing, kin and non-kin bond, 310 location and study group eco-tourist lodge, 313 group variation, 314 Tanjung Puting National Park (TPNP), Kalimantan, 313 matri-lineal structure,

5 matrix analysis, 315, 321 meta-analysis, 334 natal group, 309 Old World primates species, 334 Papio cynocephalus anubis, 335 Papio hamadryas ursinus, rank adjacency, 323, 329 rank direction, Seyfarth s model benefits, 312 grooming reciprocity, group level, 313 higher-ranked females, 312 social function coalition support, 335 low cost benefits, 336 time-matching test, 322 up vs. down-rank grooming, Macaca mulatta, 236, 332, 334 Macaca nemestrina, 135 Macaca nigra, 259, 265. See also Crested black macaques, Sulawesi conservation Macaca nigrescens, 266 Macaca ochreata, 266 Macaca pagensis, 201, 202 Macaca sylvanus, 332 Macaca tonkeana, 332, 334 Male and female sexual strategies, Thomas langurs dynamic grouping pattern, 297 inbreeding avoidance, 299 infanticide, 298 predation risk, reduction, 299 superior protection, offspring, 299 various hypothesis, female transfer, Male male affiliation, Macaca tonkeana adult male adult female (AM AF) affiliations, adult male adult male (AM AM) relationships, agonism rates, 264 Anca group vs. CH group, demographic features and social activity patterns, dyadic interactions, grooming, 263 group size and adult sex ratio, methods data analysis, 262 data collection, 261 nearest neighbor, philopatry and kinship, social tolerance and bonding, study site, Lore Lindu National Park, 260 Mantel Z and R tests, 321, 324 Mentawai Island langur/sureli. See Presbytis potenziani Mentawai pig-tailed macaque. See Macaca pagensis Mycobacterium tuberculosis, N Nasalis larvatus. See Proboscis monkey Nawa Sanga, 249 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 23, 68 Nonhuman primate density and vegetation, Mentawai Island biogeographic factors, 208 data analysis hierarchical cluster analyses (HCA), 203 multiple regression, food resources, 199, 201 forest structure indices, geographic profile, 202 hypotheses and prediction Cluster 6, 206 Ficus trees, basal area, 205 gibbon food species, 205, 207 Hylobates klossii, 201 liana densities and leaf langur densities, primate species density and keystone resource, 205 protein-to-fiber ratio, red colobus, 205 Simias concolor, 201 line-transect methodology, nonhuman primates, 199, 202 primate and vegetation surveys, primate population, 207, 208 species diversity, 208 tree variables vs. species density, 204 Novel vocalizations, 187 Nycticebus coucang habitat analysis, 387 taxonomic revision, 386 wild-born animals, 387 Nycticebus javanicus, 388 Nycticebus menagensis, O Orangutan Conservation Services Program (OCSP), 23 Orangutan Foundation International (OFI), 23

6 406 Index Orangutan Protection and Monitoring Unit (OPMU) awareness, community-based patrol system, 10 crime investigation, 12 data analysis, forest crimes, 14 forest encroachment, 17 GPNP forms, 9 law enforcement, 10 operations encounter rates, 18 financial management., 14 illegal activities, 17 patrolling animal hunting, 12 forest encroachment, 11 gravel mining, illegal logging, 11 population density, 10 species conservation, 10, 12 wildlife encounters patrols, 20 primates identification, 19 Orangutans, 2 acoustic structure and vocal behavior, 24 Bornean orangutans, 23 communication and social organization adult male reproductive tactics, 26 community model, 28 definition, 25 female monopolization, 27 individual-based fission-fusion societies, 26 overlapping home ranges, 25 roving male promiscuity model, 29 spatial coordination and partner preferences, 28 vocalizations, 28 conservation and, 23 24, 35 culture and social learning local traditions and population-specific behaviors, 33 site-specific variation, 33 geographic variation, vocalizations, 34 non-human primates and cultural evolution, 24 vocal communication acoustic features, 29 conspecific threats and sexual coercion, 32 energetic costs, 31 local habitat productivity and population density, 28 long calls, long-distance communication, 30 playback experiments, 32 potential markers identification, 29 spacing function and relative rank, 30 spatial association, flanged males, 31 speed and duration, long calls, 31 tracking flanged males, vocal signal repertoires, 29 vocal signaling, 24 P Panthera tigris, 187 Pan troglodytes (Chimpanzees), 335 Peat-swamp forests. See Gibbons, peat-swamp forest Pig-tailed langurs, Polygyny threshold model, 166 Pongo abelii activity patterns, behavioral ecology, 44, 45 conservation, 51 diet, female-female relationships, field sites, Gunung Leuser National Park, 41 life history, 42 logging and long-term cycles, 51 male-female relationships, 49 male-male relationships, mating strategies, 50 population distribution, social relationships association cost and travel behavior, 48 home range estimates, 47 residency patterns, 47 tools usage, Population and habitat viability analysis (PHVA), 58, 60 Predator recognition antipredator behavior, 190 evaluation, 191 felid and rhinoceros models, alarm calling, 190 felid predators, 185 humans hunting, hypotheses and predictions auditory playbacks, 186 novel vocalizations, 187 null hypothesis, elephant vocalizations, 187 individuals fleeing, latency, flee response, 188, 189

7 naïve animals, predator-rich environments, naïve rhesus macaques, 193 olfactory cues, 193 ontogeny, 192 pig-tailed langurs humans, predators, 186 Mentawai macaques, S.c. siberu and S.c. concolor, 186 presentations, , 191 relaxed predation pressure, study site and experimental procedure focal individual flim, 187 playback stimuli, Siberut conservation project, 187 two-dimensional visual models, 188 time gazing, playback treatments, 188, 189 visual cues, 193 Presbytis canicrus, , 281 Presbytis comata, 270 Presbytis frontata, 275, 276, 280 Presbytis hosei, Presbytis melalophos, 286, 287 Presbytis potenziani, 201, 202 Presbytis rubicunda, 135, Presbytis sabana, , 281 Presbytis thomasi. See Thomas langurs Proboscis monkey conservation programs, daily activities and energy requirement dietary composition, 226 food calorie content, home range, ex-situ conservation, 229 food and mineral requirement, geometric and biomass, habitat distribution, in-situ conservation, population density group size and age composition, 220 habitat type and quality, 221 high reproductive rate, 219 Kutai national park and Pulau Kaget, 220 water plants, 220 population threats causes, forest fire, 222 primate hunting, 222 river water quality, salvator s lizard, Proboscis Monkey Population and Habitat Viability Assessment (PHVA), 222, 228 Prosimian primates, 359 Pygmy tarsier (Tarsius pumilus), 2, 398 R Red list assessment, 122 Rhesus macaque. See Macaca mulatta Rhinoceros unicomis, S Saguinus oedipus, 359 Salvator s lizard, Scentmarking spectral tarsiers areas of overlap, 363, 364 female s reproductive condition, 360 group territories, 363 inter-observer reliability test, 362 Lemur catta, 359 mating season, 366 methods capture and attachment, 361 data collection, forest canopy, 360 infant caretaking strategy, 361 resource availability, 360 olfactory sense, 359 primary function, 366 prosimian primates, 359 scentmarking behavior, 366 sniffing frequency, 365 territorial boundaries, 359 territorial defense function, 367 Sebangau National Park (Central Kalimantan), 123 Sexual secondary characteristics (SSC), 42, 50, 51 Siamang socioecology behavioral data collection, data analysis, diets and behavior patterns, 75 diets, rainforest primates, 74 El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 74 endangered or critically endangered, 92 feeding time, mean proportions, 88 fire-damaged habitat, fruit diet, food periods, 89 gibbon groups, studies, 74 habituation vs. data collection, infant care, 91 inter-annual differences, inter-group variation, activity patterns, Kuala Lompat research, 90

8 408 Index Siamang socioecology (cont.) plant food species, plant part compositions, 89 rainforest habitat, 73 rehabilitation and reintroduction programs, 92 seasonal variation, spatial variation effects, 74 study area and siamang population, time allocation patterns and fruit availability, 90 Way Canguk research, 89 Siau Island tarsier (Tarsius tumpara), 1, 397 Siberut Conservation Project, Siberut Island, 187 Silvered langur, 275 Simias concolor, 201, 202. See also Pig-tailed langurs Slow lorises, Nycticebus spp. aposematism, 393 facial masks, 389 habitat loss, 383 IUCN protocol, 392 Javan lorises, 384 loris taxa, 385 methods circumocular patch, 385 loris facial masks, 386 museum specimens, 385 preauricular hair, 386 morphological specializations, 387 pelage characters, 393 strepsirrhine primates, 383 Sumatran lorises, 393 taxonomic diversity, 385 Sonneratia caseolaris, 220 South East Asia Zoo Association (SEAZA), 228 Spearman rho correlations, 322, 323 Stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides), 335 Suaq Balimbing, Sulawesi Tonkean macaque. See Male male affiliation, Macaca tonkeana Sumatran orangutan. See Pongo abelii Sungai (Sg.) Mangun, Sungai (Sg.) Misang, Sungai (Sg.) Tembalun, 101 Symphalangus syndactylus. See Forest fragmentation, siamang and agile gibbons; Siamang socioecology T Tanjung Puting National Park (TPNP), Kalimantan, 313 Tarsius dentatus, 373, 374, 377, 378 Tau Kr test, 321, 324 The Nature Conservancy (TNC), 23 Thomas langurs Bohorok, study site, 286 colobine species, 285 demography, 293 distribution and conservation density and habitats, endemic, 287 hunting, pet trade, ecology diet variability, feeding time, 291, 292 mean home range size, temperature variation, 289 tropical rainforests, northern Sumatra, 288 folivore paradox, 285 food competition and social behavior dominance hierarchies, 294 food patches, 294 group aggression, 295 home range size, 294 scramble competition within-group, 294, 295 social behavior, Ketambe Research Station, study site, 286 male and female sexual strategies dynamic grouping pattern, 297 inbreeding avoidance, 299 infanticide, 298 predation risk, reduction, 299 superior protection, offspring, 299 various hypothesis, female transfer, male loud calls acoustic characteristics, 300 centre-edge experiment, 301 long-distance vocalizations, male aggression, between-group encounters, 300 stranger and neighboring playbacks, 301 vocal production control, tiger sheet, 300 male quality assessment amb males, 301 cues, resident males behavior, 302 tenure phase, social dynamics

9 dispersal pattern, female split-merger, 297 male take-over, 297 socio-ecological model, 285 Threats, crested black macaques habitat loss and fragmentation ecological integrity, 348 genetic integrity, logging activity, 348 health anthropogenic activities, direct transmission, people and primates, 351 parasite-related infection, 350 hunting subsistence and supplementary, 349 traditional ceremonial food, 349 traditional markets, Minahasa, various factors, 349 Trachypithecus cristatus. See Silvered langur Trichiuris egg worm, 222 Tri Hita Karana, V Varanus salvator. See Salvator s lizard Vegetation and primate densities, 4. See also Nonhuman primate density and vegetation, Mentawai Island Vocal communication, orangutans acoustic features, 29 conspecific threats and sexual coercion, 32 energetic costs, 31 local habitat productivity and population density, 28 long calls, long-distance communication, 30 playback experiments, 32 potential markers identification, 29 tracking flanged males, vocal signal repertoires, 29 W White-bearded gibbons, 3, Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)- Sulawesi programme, 352 U United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 23