Wonderful Views & Historical Spots in Scenic Byways Japan. Kyushu Country 九州風景街道. (Travel Guide of Scenic Byways in Kyushu)

Transcription

1 Wonderful Views & Historical Spots in Scenic Byways Japan Kyushu Country 九州風景街道 (Travel Guide of Scenic Byways in Kyushu) 1 Aso Gogaku (5 mountains of Aso Volcano) (Aso City, KumamotoPref.) Q-❾ ➁ Rock Shrine in Kami-Koshiki Island, Koshiki Daimyojin (Satumasendai City, Kagoshiam Pref.) Q-⓮ ➂ Peace statue of Nagasaki Memorial Park in Ground Zero (Nagasaki City) Q-❸ 1

2 Contents 1. Welcome to Attractive Kyushu Kyushu of 7 prefectures 1.2 How to access Kyushu 1.3 What is the scenic byways? 1.4 Scenic byways registered in Kyushu 2. Land and Nature in Kyushu Geologic structure of Kyushu 2.2 In Kyushu Main Island, the relatively low mountains are successive 2.3 Islands of 1/3 of the whole country concentrate in Kyushu 3. Climates in Kyushu spreading on both Zones of Temperate and Subtropical Kyushu has three climate zones 3.2 Zones of temperate plant and subtropical plant 4. National Park, Geo-park and the Ramsar s Wetland, in Kyushu National Park 4.2 Geo-park 4.3 Wetland of Ramsar Convention 5. World Agricultural heritage in Kyushu 8 6. World Cultural heritage in Kyushu Kyushu s historic matters that has been leading Japan Tour Guide of 14 Routes of Scenic Byways in Kyushu Eastern Kyushu in Sunrise Northern Kyushu along Genkai Sea Peninsula and Island in westernmost Kyushu Mountain Area in Central Kyushu 36 Gate of thousand year (Fukuoka City) Q-❼ Tiered display of Doll's Festival (Ukiha City, Fukuoka Pref.) Q-⓫ 4 Headpiece of Karatsu-Kunchi Festival (Karatsu City, Saga Pref.) Q-❼ 1

3 Scenic Byways in Kyushu ❶ Nichinan Sparkling Coast ❷ Nippo Seashore Road ❸ Nagasaki Sunset Highway ❹ Kitakyushu Hospitality Roads ❺ Munakata History Byway ❻ Kagoshima Scenic Byways ❼ Genkai Coastal Country ❽ Yamanami Highland Parkway ❾ Aso/Kumamoto Scenic Roads ❿ Toyonokuni History Roads ⓫ Minou Foothills Byways ⓬ Beppu Bay Country ⓭ Amakusa Islands Drive ⓮ North-Satsuma Scenic Tour (NICHINAN) (NIPPO) (NAGASAKI) (KITAKYUSHU) (MUNAKATA) (KAGOSHIMA) (GENKAI) (YAMANAMI) (ASO/ KUMAMOTO) (TOYONOKUNI) (MIDORINOSATO) (BEPPUWANGAN) (AMAKUSA) (SATSUMA) Significant Resources and Omotenashi for Scenic Byways in 14 Routes Various Natures in seashore and mountain. Volcanic Activities and Hot Springs Resort. Mythical World to trace roots of Japan & Japanese. Ancient Ruins and Historical Heritages in Asia Gateway. Regional Dishes of marine and forest products. Sea & Land Kyushu Active Volcano Myth World Asia History and Kyushu Gourmet Fig.1 Fourteen Scenic Byways of Kyushu Province in Japan Q-❶~⓮ Table 1 Period division on Kyushu s History *** (a) *** The right table is divisions in Japan historical periods. Many happenings in Edo era and Meiji era in addition to the present times are described as scenic spots in the guidebook. The Sengoku Period ( ) is the final stage of Muromachi era, and the Toyotomi era ( ) is the second half of Azuchi Momoyama Period. Though the old name was "Wa", our country is called Nippon (Nihon, Japan) since the 7th century when the first Yamato regime was established. This period of Nippon is also divided to five sections shown in the right column of Table 1. B C A D CE ~14000BC 14000BC~ 6th century BC 6th century BC ~3rd century 4 5 Period(Era) (Myth ages) Old stone age Kofun (Tumulus) 6 592~710 Asuka 710~794 Nara ~1185 Heian 1185~1336 Kamakura ~1573 Muromati 1573~1603 Azutimomoyama & TOYOTOMI 1603~1868 Edo (=TOKUGAWA) ~1912 Meiji 1912~1926 Taishou 1926~1989 Showa ~ Heisei Note) WA: Ancient Japanese archipelago etc. in a wide range was called WA. 0 Jomon Yayoi Nippon (WA) (NIPPON) Ancient Middle Early modern Modern Post M. (Present) *** (b) *** There are some words or proper nouns which have the same meaning in Japanese. They are written by Roman character as the following table. English Japanese(Roanization) mountain Yama San Take Dake river Kawa Gawa sea Kai Nada island,isle Shima Jima lake,pond Ike Ko temple Tera Ji shrine Jinja Gu Jingu Taisha bridge Hashi Bashi Kyou town Machi Chou worrior Bushi Samurai Road in Japan Japanese Expressway(Freeway, Motorway) National Highway Prefectural road Gaido Kaido Municipal road, local road

4 1. Welcome to Attractive Kyushu Japan 1.1 Kyushu of 7 prefectures When overlooking the whole country, Kyushu is located to the southwestern part of Japan, and has many small islands. Number of islands in Kyushu is 2360, and reaches one-third of all of Japan. The current system of its regional organization is the seven prefectures as shown in Fig.3. If quoting Japanese myth, the couple of Gods came down from the Heaven, and created many Japan islands by mixing of Chaos. Kyushu Main Island (Tsukushino-Shima) is one of those islands and the scale is third. (See Fig.2). Kyushu was divided into 9 states in the Ancient Ages. Adding two other islands to it, all of Kyushu was also called as KyuKoku- Nitou which meant 9 states and 2 islands. It is said that the name of Kyushu comes from this word "KyuKoku". By the way, the climate in Kyushu extends over temperate zone and subtropical zone. The front line of cherry blossoms ( 23 ) moves to various places in Kyushu over 1~3 weeks in spring. When climbing a mountain in autumn, you can find various colorful leaves depending on the kind of the tree. Situations of rain are much different in each place of the south and the north. The people settled in Kyushu before several thousand years, and their characteristic civilization was made and progressed by the closeness to Asia Continent, and the abovementioned blessings of nature. Meanwhile, people in Kyushu are suffering from large-scale disasters such as volcanic eruptions and typhoons every year. But, the fulfilled lives of Fig.2 Kyushu Region in Japan Fig.4 Basic frame of high-speed traffic network in Kyushu Fig.3 Seven prefectures in Kyushu today's people in each area of Kyushu were devised through their fights. As these results, many cultures began in Kyushu, and then spread into every place in Japan. It means that the culture in Kyushu is Japanese culture itself. On Kyushu trip, you can enjoy Japanese culture, history, local custom and so on, according to your interests. 1.2 How to access Kyushu The frame of traffic system for islands of Kyushu is established in the Kyushu Main island, as shown in Fig.4. Kyushu is far from the capital of Japan. For this reason, the aviation network of Kyushu was built at an early stage compared with other regions. The current airports are located in all Kyushu, and are connected with main international airports of Haneda, Narita, Chubu and Kansai well. In addition, the Fukuoka International Airport is linked with 24 airports of foreign cities, and the Kagoshima Airport operates four international lines. The expressway network circles Kyushu as shown in Fig.4. Besides, the Kagoshima route in the Kyushu Shinkansen (high speed train) opened in A high-speed ship is under the regular service between the Busan Port of South Korea and the Hakata Port of Fukuoka City. While visiting the port of Kyushu, the service of luxurious cruise ships attracts many international tourists in the East China Sea and Japan Sea. High speed trains for Kagoshima Shinkansen in Kyushu. 1

5 In this traffic system, it is about 5 hours to travel from Hakata Station (Fukuoka City) to Tokyo Station by Shinkansen. The flight time between Fukuoka and Tokyo (Haneda) is 1 hour and 30 minutes. Jetfoil of Hakata-Busan is three hour cruise, and the travel time between Fukuoka and Seoul is 50 minutes by aircraft. Although Kyushu is consist of small islands, it is one of important bases in the traffic network for sky and sea in Japan and Asia. Every travelers in homr and abroad can visit easily various places in Kyushu. 1.3 What is the scenic byways? Comfortable highways, hospitality byways and enjoyable life experience. ➄ Kajima cliff of Shimokoshiki Island (SatsumaSendai City) Q-⓮. In Kyushu, 14 scenery routes were registered as Scenic Byways in Japan. The location, range and scenic spots of each route are set by meaning and placement of regional resauces such as historic heritage, culture, food, customs and festival, and the natural landscapes. (See Table 2). By the way, the fundamental concept of the scenic byways are shown in Fig.5 The extent of trip is defined by the enjoyable driving and the linkage of interesting local story in order to achieve the purpose of journey. An attractive tourism is not only given by the visit of sightseeing spots, but also is the understanding of history and custom, the interacting with local people, and the finding of the real living of region. Such an idea contributes to your tour greatly and will give the basic concept of scenic byways. This guidebook shows how to travel the scenic byways in Kyushu. The basic informations of geology, topography, and nature in Kyushu are summarized in Chapters of 2~4. While the world heritages and history of Kyushu are described in Chapters of 5~7, scenic spots and stories on every travel area are outlined in Chapter 8, and they are useful for a plan of your traveling. Photographs in Chapters of 1~7 are attached a serial number (➀, ➁ and others). In Chapter 8, a scenic spot and photograph of each route are shown by another kind of serial number ((1), (2) and others). For understanding, it is to read each sentence by matching each photo. 1.4 Scenic Byways registered in Kyushu. Overlooking all of routes, the synopsis are obtained as follows referring to Table 3 and Fig.6. 1) Three landscape areas extend over two prefectures, and other routes are within a prefecture. Fig.5 Concept of Scenic Byways in Kyushu Table 2 Local resources in Kyushu 1 True of nature and environment 〇 Sea,Mountain and Field,River,Lake, ➅ Scenic coast along Genkai Sea (Fukuoka City) Q-❼ Natural phenomena, Nature scene 2 Nature and environment created by people 〇 Terraced rice fields,hot spring,planting, Park,etc. 3 Ruins,heritage and history 〇 Ancient ruins,historic heritage,history road 〇 Historic cityscape,traditional building,etc. 〇 Faith, Shrines and Temples, Churches 〇 Historical story, Legend, Mythology 4 Culture and Civilization 〇 Traditional Culture,Traditional Entertainment 〇 Traditional crafts, Festival 〇 Food culture, Reginal products 〇 Local valuable buildings 〇 Scenic inflastructures 5 Others 7 Histrical road Higo Kaido (Imaiti, Oita City) Q-❽ 〇 Event,Custom,etc. ➇-1 Show of floats in Hita Gion Festival (Hita City, Oita Pref.) ➇-2 Hakozaki HatimanGu (one of Japan three major Hachiman shrines) (Fukuoka City) Q-❼ Some local resources in scenic byways in Kyushu ➀~➇ 2 2) Every route is classified by 4 blocks of the east, north, center and west of Kyushu. (See Fig. 6). 3) The related municipalities are a quarter of Kyushu as a whole, and they are distributed in all prefectures. 4) Of course, the regional Nature which has big difference, and the splendid scenery contributes to create scenic byways and to characterize the route. Each regional lifestyle and history is very

6 interesting and meaningful, and they provide a variety of byways in the same route. Table 3 Outline of 14 tours of Scenic Byways Kyushu Q Name of Scenic Byways Abbreviation Prefecture Related municipalities Length of Main Rout NICHINAN ❶ Nichinan Sparkling Coast 日南 Miyazaki Miyazaki,Nitinan,Kushima 200 NIPPO Oita, ❷ Nippo Seashore Road 日豊 Miyazaki Saeki,Nobeoka 94 NAGASAKI ❸ Nagasaki Sunset Highway 長崎 Nagasaki Matsuura,Hirado,Saikai,Nagasaki, Sasa 280 KITAKYUSHU ❹ Kitakyushu Hospitality Roads 北九州 Fukuoka Kitakyushu 40 MUNAKATA ❺ Munakata History Byway むなかた Fukuoka Munakata 5 KAGOSHIMA Kagoshima,Ibusuki,Minamisatuma, ❻ Kagoshima Scenic Byways Kagoshima 鹿児島 Makurazaki,Minamikyushu 192 GENKAI Fukuoka, ❼ Genkai Coastal Country 玄海 Saga Fukuoka,Itoshima,Karatsu,Genkai 157 YAMANAMI ❽ Yamanami Highland Parkway やまなみ Oita Beppu, Yufu,Takeda,Kokonoe 163 ❾ Aso/Kumamoto Scenic Roads ASO/KUMAMOTO Kumamoto Kumamoto,Aso,Kikuyou,Oozu,Minamioguni, 阿蘇熊本 Oguni,Takamori,Ubuyama, 76 TOYONOKUNI Fukuoka, Kitakyushu,Ikuhashi,Buzen,Kanda, ❿ Toyonokuni History Road 豊の国 Oita Nakatsu,Usa,Kanda,Miyako,Tikujou, 77 MIDORINOSATO ⓫ Minou Foothills Bayways みどりの里 Fukuoka Kurume,Ukiha 72 BEPPUWANGAN Bungotakada, Kunisaki,Kitsuki, Beppu, Oita, ⓬ Beppu Bay Country Oita 別府湾岸 Hiji 150 AMAKUSA ⓭ Amakusa Islands Tour 天草 Kumamoto Kamiamakusa,Amakusa,Reihoku 142 SATSUMA Izumi,Akune,Satsumasendai, ⓮ North Satsuma ScenicTour Kagoshima 薩摩 Itikikushikino,Hioki,Nagashima 152 Coastal type Inland type Av.129 (km) 5) Routes ❽, ❾ and ⓫, pass through mountain, highland, valley, and active volcano. Except for 5 routes, other 9 routes have the spacious open sceneries under the background of sea such as the rare shape of rock and the beautiful shore. They are created under the various islands and peninsula surrounded by the seas. 6) Length of the main route in scenic byways is from 5 km to 280 km and the average is 129 kilometers. These are appropriate and convenient in a trip of the weekend, consecutive holidays or in the tour after convention. 7) Six scenic byways of 100 km or less at the length of main route are a group of small scale routes, and the smallest one is given by ❺ MUNAKATA. Other five routes are in 40 ~100 km. 8) Another six routes are the distance of 100~200 km (middle scale). The case of ⓮ SATSUMA includes a sea route for KoshikiShima Island. 9) Both of ❶ NICHINAN and ❸ NAGASAKI are large scale scenic byways in Kyushu. 2.1 Geologic structure of Kyushu The Japanese archipelago was a part of the Eurasian continent. It was, however, separated from the continent 10 million years ago, and the Sea of Japan was formed. As an evidence, a fossil of dinosaur of about 100 million years ago was excavated at each site which is in the nouthwestern region of Kyushu. Some important phenomena about the geological feature of Kyushu are as follows: 9 Craters in the Kirishima Volcano ➉ Columnar joints of basalt (Itoshima City, Fukuoka). Q-❼ 11 Monster rock of several 100 million years ago (Nagasaki City). Q-❸ 2. Land and Nature in Kyushu Kyushu has a lot of active volcanos and islands As seen in Photo 14, the geology in Japan is separated into the east and the west, by the old big gap of Fossa Magna. Of course, Kyushu is the geology in West Japan. Fig.6 Areas of 14 scenic byways Q-❶~⓮ The ancient geologic layer can be found in the area along the Genkai-Nada sea and Goto-Nada sea. ( Photo ➉). As in Fig.6, active volcanoes in Kyushu line up. You might be surprised that Kyushu has a large number of active volcanoes in spite of being a small island. Current Kyushu islands were created by many volcanic activities and the uplift movement. 3

7 Looking at the geological map of Kyushu with these characteristics, the geology is divided into 3 blocks of the north, the middle, and the south as in Fig.7. The borderline between the middle and the south is given by the median tectonic line, and the tectonic line of Matsuyama/Imari is the border between the north and the middle. a North Block. (Photos ➉, 12 and 11) The north block is the coastal area in Prefectures of Fukuoka, Saga and Nagasaki. The mountain is relatively calm, and granite or metamorphic rock are seen in a wide range. An example of the old strata in this area is the basalt with columnar joint. (Photos of ➉ and 12). In the rough sea of Nagasaki, there is the metamorphic rock of 400 million years ago and it is seen such as a monster. (See Photo 11). The south side from the median tectonic line is Prefectures of Oita, Kumamoto and Kagoshima, and its geological structure is quite complex. The zone which belongs to an old stratum is seen around the tectonic line, and the grayish zone is extending in the form of the belt to the direction of the southwest from the northeast, as shown in Fig.7. The geologic feature in this zone is the rock mass changed by heat and pressure. In addition, accretionary wedge are piled up on the range of Pacific side. It is a new and old double structure, and there is a reverse fault between the two. The new accretionary wedge is called as Miyazaki Group, and covers the Miyazaki plain and the area of Nichinan Seashore. (See Fig.7.) The pyroclastic flow of 100,000 or 200,000 years ago is "Shirasu" (a sort of pumice sand), and it is seen mainly in the Kagoshima a 12 Rock columns in Ikitsuki Island (Hirado City, Nagasaki) Q-❸ 13 Demon s washboard (Miyazki City, Miyazaki), Q-❶ b c 14 Geological structure of west Japan Fig.7 Outline of Geological structure of Kyushu In the north area, the coal layer is found at many places, and the coal was dug until There are the traces of coal wastes and coal mining shaft, and a part of them are the world heritages. You can add it on the tour of scenic byways, if interested. The landslide layer in the red hatched part in Fig.7 in Matsuura Peninsula of the north part of Saga and Nagasaki Prefecture is the special geological feature. Local people are occasionally troubled by a landslide through a heavy rain and the long rain. This block is the same stratum on the old continent, and the landslide layer due to its deterioration can be seen partly. b Middle Block (Photos ➀ and ➄) The central part is the Delta region of Nagasaki prefecture and Oita prefecture. Five volcanoes (Tsurumidake, Yufudake, Kujyu, Aso, Unzen) are lined up in the center. Therefore, the geology is the bedrock covered by the ejecta of volcano. Besides, the sand and the mud flowed out to the Ariake sea by several rivers during a long period, and formed the plains. c South Block (Photos 9,13 and 17) prefecture. Because it is brittle, the rainy groove is formed on the slant of cliff easily. (Photo 17). In short, the geologic stratum of southern area is an accretionary prism, while the northern part is Eurasian type of old stratum. A volcano frontier line faces to the Pacific. The volcanic eruptions of the big scale sometimes happen, and the evacuation of people in the area surrounding the volcano is required. A difficult issue in the construction or maintenance of road is given by these geologic characteristics, but this is desirable for the formation of landscapes. When driving a highway or a road, you can find the wonderful terrain and marvelous rock. Spa which is produced by the heat of volcanoes and the mineral water exists at every place of Kyushu, and is useful for your healing trip. 2.2 In Kyushu Main Island, the relatively low mountains are successive As seeing Fig.6 or Fig.9, it is found that a large number of mountains covers the cetaral part of Kyushu Main Island, and extend from the north to the south, which is the Kyushu Central 4

8 Table 4 Islands in each prefecture of Kyushu Prefecture Number of Top 3 islands in prefecture Islands 1st 2nd 3rd Fukuoka 62 Ooshima 7 Shikanoshima 6 Nokonoshima 4 Saga 55 Madarajima 4 Kakarashima 3 Kabeshima 3 Nagasaki 971 Tsushima 696 Fukuejima 326 Nakadoorijima 168 Kumamoto 178 Amakusa Shimojima 574 Amakusa Kamijima 225 Ooyanojima 30 Oita 109 Himeshima 7 Oonyujima 6 Ooshima 2 Miyazaki 179 Shimauratou 3 Ooshima 2 Tsukishima 0.2 Kagoshima 605 Amami Ooshima 712 Yakushima 505 Tanegashima 445 Top 5 in Amami Ooshima, Tsushima, Amakusa Shimojima, Yakushima, 2159 Kyushu Tanegashima Note 1) Both of "Shima"and "Jima" mean an island. 2) Numerical value following the name of island is an area (km 2 ) 15 The first long-span bridge, Saikaibashi, in Japan after the Pacific War (1955, Sasebo City, Nagasaki Pref.)Q-❸ 16 Aso volcanos in the world scale of caldera (Kumamoto Pref.) Q-❾ 18 Kujukushima Islands which gather more than 200. (Sasebo City, Nagaski Pref.) Q-❸ Fig.8 17 Sirasu-Daichi (plateau) in seashore line (Hioki City, Kagoshima Prf.) Q-⓮ 19 Ooshima Oohashi (1999, Saikai City, Nagasaki Pref.) Q-❸ Mounatians. Volcanoes of Kujyu, Aso and Kirishima is tied to the Central Mountains. In the northen part, Chikushi Mountains without volcano, however, are not successive, and are divided into several blocks by plain or basin. The highest mountain of Kyushu is Mt.Miyanouradake in the Yakushima island, which altitude is 1,936m. Although the Yakushima island floats in the south sea of Kagoshima Prefecture, all of mountains till 8th in altitude is in the same island, and its landscape is exactly Alps on the sea. The highest mountain in the Kyushu main island is Mt.Nakadake of Mt.Aso, which altitude is 1,791m and ninth in Kyushu. (See Photo 16). Two-thirds of the mountains of Kyushu is 600m or less than. You can drive many mountain roads or woodland roads, if you pass through the domain of active volcano carefully. 2.3 Islands of 1/3 of the whole country concentrate in Kyushu 1/3 of the islands in Japan exists in Kyushu, as mentioned in the section 1.1. However, they are relatively little scale, except for Kyushu Main Island. The data of islands in each prefecture is shown as in Table 4. Number of islands in Nagasaki Prefecture is 5 971, which is the maximum number in our country. Next, Kagoshima prefecture has 605 islands. Although some islands are seen in the eastern sea of Kyushu, many islands is floating in the western sea as in Fig.9. If imitating the myth mentioned in 1.1, it is imagined that many drops of chaos fell in the west sea with a blow of east wind. Many islands in Kyushu are shining by various civilization and histories as follows: 〇 Tsushima Island in Nagasaki Prefecture is located on the national border of Tsushima strait. Because Japan-Korea relations in the past was important, Tsushima island functioned as an important relay point and received the influence of Korea culture. 〇 In the 16th century, the gun was introduced into Tanegashima Island from Europe firstly in our country. And the rocket for manmade satellites is launching at the same island, in the Present. 〇 In yhe islands of Hirado and Goto, Christianity was conveyed in the earlier times than other areas, and its culture continues still. Besides, many islands in the Goto-nada sea were the base of the marine coal mine. In brief, it may be said that the Japanese civilization was pread from islands of Kyushu always, because of the propagation of the culture from Europe and Asia. It is the same as the spread of Minos civilization started from Crete islands of the Aegean Sea to the ancient Greece.

9 3. Climates in Kyushu spreading on both Zones of Temperate and Subtropical 3.1 Kyushu has three climate zones Kyushu has rainy season every year and is sometimes hit by a typhoon. A wide range in Kyushu, however, is the temperate zone, and the big tornado and the heavy snow are very rare. If seeing the details of climate, Kyushu has three patterns of the climate basically. The first is Pacific coast side climate. (See Fig.9). This climate is further divided into the northwest and southeast of Kyushu Central Mountain. In the northwest zone, many days in winter are cloudy for seasonal wind from Asia continent. The southeastern area has many rainy days during summer, but the temperature in winter is slightly higher than other areas. The second is Climate of the Seto Inland Sea and is seen in the northeastern part of Kyushu. The temperature is almost same to other regions of the Pacific side. But, the rainfall, 1680 mm/year (Oita City), is relatively small in comparison with other areas in Kyushu. The third is Climate of South Japan. Typical area of its climate is AmamiOshima island of Kagoshima Prefecture, and it is hot in summer and warm in winter. Yearly average temperature of AmamiOshima is approximately 22 degrees centigrade, while most of Kyushu main island is from 16 to19 degree. The annual rainfall amount reaches 2840 mm. nature heritage in 1993, and is called Galapagos Island in the Oriental, by the reason why unique ecosystem is kept. It is the mysterious island where the Jomon cedar 24 of 7200 years ago can be seen. 22 Ako tree in Amakusa Island Aoshima Island in Miyazaki City is the northernmost place for tropical plant of palm tree. The northern limit of wild cycad and palm is Toi Cape in Kushima City, Miyazaki Prefecture. Wild cycad, crinum, and palm can be found in the Sata cape in the Osumi peninsula in Kagoshima Prefecture. Kuroshio Warm Current is separated into two flows in the southern sea in Kagoshima Pref. A brunch is the Tsushima warm current, which advances to north and reaches the Sea of Japan. 20 Nijinomatubara(Pine forest along the coast of Genkai Nada Sea) (Karatsu City, Saga) Q-❼ The diversity of nature in Kyushu is obtained by the above-mentioned three types of climate, and four seasons are definitely separated. Therefor, we enjoy the landscape shining in each of seasons; the flowers in full blooms in spring, the fresh green in summer, the colorful leaves in autumn, and the sunshine filtering through twigs in winter. Needless to say, even in Kyushu, considerable snow is piled up in the mountainous area of 1000 m or more in the central mountains, in winter. 3.2 Zones of temperate plant and subtropical plant 23 Cherry blossom in sprig 21 Autogenous cycad in Toi Cape (Kushima City, Miyazaki) Q-❶ Cedar, pine and bamboo are the representative trees in the whole Kyushu, but Kyushu is divided in the subtropical vegetation region and the temperate plants area, with the influence of abovementioned various climates. That is, the places where the group of wild subtropical plant grows are limited and some examples are as follows. (See Fig.9). YakuShima Island in the south sea of Kagoshima Prefecture is registered the world 24 Jomon Sugi (Yaku-Shima Island, Kagoshima Pref.) 6 Fig.9 Three type of climates and the area of subtropical plant in Kyushu.

10 Due to its influence, a subtropical plant is also seen in islands and peninsulas in the northwestern part of Kyushu. (See Fig.8). OkinoShima Island in Munakata City (Fukuoka Pref.), where is a world heritage candidate, is the north limit of coconut palm. In addition, a subtropical plant is seen in the Goto islands in Nagasaki Prefecture. It will be estimated that they were drifted ashore with the Tsushima tidal current. In Shimabara Peninsula, Nagasaki Peninsula and Amakusa Islands, you may be surprised by a tree of Ako, which is a type of subtropical plants and has the strange appearance of elongated beards. It is seemed the tree of the witch. (Photo 22 ). As the flora of the temperate zone, the south limit of the wild Japanese Iris and Edo Cherry is in the Yusui town of Kagoshima Prefecture. Wanitsuka Mountain is the south limit of wild Wasabi (Japanese horseradish). Arao-Higata (The extensivre tidal flats in Ariake Sea) (Arao City, Kumamoto Prf.) When showing the above-mentioned points on the map, the subtropical vegetation zone is given by the region painted in pale red in Fig.9. Although most of Kyushu is temperate, the areas of Kagoshima and Nagasaki are subtropical. 4. National Park, Geo-park, and Ramsar s Wetland, in Kyushu 4.1 National Park Japan national parks are managed by Nature Park s Law. The maintenance of excellent natural scenery areas and the promotion of those use are effective for the health, rest and edification of people. Parks contribute to ensure biodiversity, too. 32 national parks are designated in Japan, and seven parks of them are in Kyushu (Fig.10). A volcano which is the great scenic spot is included in each national park of Kyushu, except one park Geo-park The purpose of Geo-park is to get close to nature on the theme of important topography and geology. In Kyushu, seven Geo-parks are registered as shown in Fig.10. Shimabara Peninsula (G1) and Aso Mountains (G2) were authorized by Global Geo-park, and others are Japan Geo-park. 25 SakuraJima seen from Kagoshima City. Q-❻ National Park Location Main scenic resauces Q 1 Seto Inland Sea Kanmon strait, Hoyo Strait Mekari Mt,Himeshima isle, Takasaki Mt, Takashima isle ❿ ⓬ 2 Aso/Kujyu Kumamoto Pref, Spectacular caldera ❾ Oita Pref Aso volcano, Green field ❽ 3 West Sea Nagasaki Pref Goto isle, Hirado isle ❸ 4 Unzen/Amakusa Nagasaki,Kumamoto, Unzen Mt., scenic Archipelago Kagoshima Hot spring ⓭ 5 Kirishima/ Miyazaki Pref Sakurajima Volcano,Caldera Kinkouwan Kagoshima Pref Bay ❻ 6 Yakushima isle Yakushima Isle (World natural heritage) Outer Geopark Location Main scenic resauces Q G1 Shimabara Penin. Shimabara Penin. Unzen Fugendake(Volcano) G2 Aso Mt. Aso provinces Asosan(Volcano), Aso Caldera ❾ G3 Oita Himeshima Hime-Shima Isle (Obsidian) ⓬ G4 Oita BungoOono Bungo Oono City Kawakami Valley G5 Sakurajima/ Sakurajima Volcano, Kagoshima City Kinkouwan Kinkouwan Bay ❻ G6 Amakusa Amakusa Isls Goshoura-isle,Fossil ⓭ Mishima-Mura, Kikai G7 Caldera Mishima Village Ioujima isle, Ioudake Mt. Outer Ramsar Location Main scenic resauces Q R1 Kujyu Bougatsuru Tadehara Wetland Kuju Town, Takeda City Wedlands R2 Imutaike Lake Satsumasendai City Crater lake, low-rise wetlands ⓮ R3 Nagatahama Beach Yaku-Shima Isle Sandy beach Outer R4 Arao Higata Arao City Higata(Tideland) R5 Higashiyoka Higata Saga City Higata(Tideland) R6 Hizenkashima Higata Kashima City Higata(Tiderand) Outer=Outer of Map Fig.10 National Park, Geo-Park and Ramsar s Wetland ❽

11 From 1990 to 1995, many people became victims by the eruption of Unzen Volcano in Nagasaki Prefecture. We must inherit this catastrophe from generation to generation. As hoping not to encounter the same tragedy, Shimabara Peninsula was registered to the global Geopark in Aso Geopark in Kumamoto Prefecture is the world-wide caldera and the active volcano which the smoke is rising even now. The theme of registration is the earth of the Aso volcano and the life of people there. 50,000 people live in the caldera. Japan Geopark of Sakurajima and Kagoshima bay in Kagoshima Prefecture is the same active volcano as Mt.Aso. But, it faces to the sea. In addition, the boiled water is spouting from the seabed crater of near Sakurajima. 600,000 citizens in Kagoshima City watch the volcanic smoke every day and are also covered by volcanic ash sometimes. (Photo 25 ). 4.3 Wetland of Ramsar Convention Six Ramsar registration sites are in Kyushu. Three tidelands, R4, R5 and R6, are in the Ariake sea, which have the maximum tidal variation of 6 meters. (Fig.10). While the tidal area grows with the outflow of volcanic ash from rivers, the reclamation of land has been repeated, and is inherited among generations. If visiting the tidal area and reclaimed land, small birds will welcome you. While the Ariake sea is a major production area for Japanese dried seaweed (Nori), you can also taste rare seafoods such as Japanese anchovies, species of eel gobies, and clams. The wetlands of Bogatsuru & Tadehara (R1) in Oita Prefecture are the largest intermediate wetland in Japan and is surrounded by a group of Volcanos. Both is spread widely over the high plateau of more than 1,000m. Imuta-Ike Lake in Satsumasendai City is the crater lake surrounded by several volcanoes. Bekkotonbo (Libellula Angelina) which are on the verge of extinction are observed and a lot of peat floating islands are seen. Please enjoy valuable Nature on the lakeside. (Photo 26 ) Mt.Iimori 26 Imuta Lake (Satsumasendai City, Kagoshima) Q-⓮ Etu Sashimi Mutugoro (goggle-eyed goby) (Sliced raw fish of Japanese anchovy) Mategai (razor shell) Creatures in the tidal flat of Ariake Sea Bekkotombo 5. World Agricultural heritage in Kyushu The rice farming was originated in the Hunan area of the Chang Jiang basin in China approximately 10,000 years ago. Then, the people of Hunan region came to emigrate to Kyushu together with the technique of rice agriculture in the 4th century. This emigration was the beginning of the rice civilization in Japan. 27 The moated settlements and the restored paddy field of Itazuke Ruins in Yayoi Era. (Fukuoka City). Q-❼ Although various routes of emigration are guessed, main routes are as follows: Tidal flow route of Tsushima sea current, Southern Kyushu route via Islands in South China Sea, Northern Kyushu route via Korean Peninsula. 28 Ozaki district of Tashibunosho (National important cultural landscape) (Bungotakada City, Oita ) Q-⓬ 29 Burning of Aso grassland Q-❽, ❾ 8

12 The traces of rice-farming of early Yayoi Period are discovered in many places of the northern part of Kyushu; Itazuke ruins in Fukuoka City, Nabatake site in Karatsu City etc. (See Photo 27 ). By the way, wide plains are scarcely seen in Kyushu, and many mountains cover the wide range. Therefor the techniques of agriculture have been improved to overcome a mountain and to adapt to a climate of Kyushu. In the mountainous area, many blessings from a forest such as Shiitake mushroom, fruits and green tea are produced. The agriculture on highland for vegetables and the stockbreeding are active. The rice terraced fields were developed to gain the rice and to prevent disasters of the slope, also. Those farming was systematized, and three places in Kyushu were approved to the world agricultural heritage, as in Fig.11. A. Kunisaki Peninsula and Usa shrine in Oita Prefecture. Kunisaki Peninsula in Oita Prefecture is formed with the deep valley, narrow ridge and small plain. The amount of rainwater is few, and the rainwater infiltrates into the porous volcanic soil instantly. By these reasons, in the Kunisaki Peninsula, the total system of farming, forestry and fishery was devised, and it was designated to the world agriculture heritages. Tashibu Manor in BungoTakada City, OitaPrefecture is the site of the world heritage. (Photo 28 ). It is in along Ozaki River that entered the east of National road No. 10, which origin was the manor of the Usa shrine, and the form of the cultivated area and village of about 15 centuries is still remained. The Tashibu area was appointed to "the important cultural scenery of the country", and World Heritage and its canditates Industry Prefecture City,Town Q World Culture Heritage Meiji Japan's industrial revolution heritage 1 The Imperial Steel Works, Japan Iron & Steel Fukuoka Kitakyushu ❹ 2 Onga river Pumping Station Iron & Steel Fukuoka Nakama ❹ 3 Mietsu Naval Dock Shipbuilding Saga Saga 4 Miike Coal Mine and Miike Port Coal Fukuoka Omuta, Arao 5 Nagasaki Shipyard Shipbuildimg Nagasaki Nagasaki ❸ Kosuge Slip Dock Mitsubishi No.3 Dry Dock Mitsubishi Giant Cantilever Crane Mitsubishi Former Pattern Shop Mitsubishi Senshokaku Guest House Glover House and Office 6 Takashima / Hashima Coal Mine Coal Nagasaki Nagasaki ❸ Takashima Coal Mine Hashima Coal Mine 7 Misumi West Port Coal Kumamoto Uki ⓭ 8 Shuseikan Shipbuilding etc. Kagoshima Kagoshima ❻ Shuseikan Terayama Charcoal Kiln Sekiyoshi Sluice gate of Yoshino leat World Culture Heritage Canditate 1 Churches and Christian Sites in Nagasaki Q 1 Sacred place and village of Hirado Nagasaki Hirado ❸ 2 Tabira Catholic Church(Tenshudou)* Nagasaki Hirado ❸ 3 Kuroshima Catholic Church(Tenshudou) Nagasaki Sasebo ❸ 4 Oono Church(Kyoukaidou) Nagasaki Nagasaki ❸ 5 Shitu Church(Kyoukaidou) & Related Fcilities Nagasaki Nagasaki ❸ 6 Oura Church(Tenshudou) & Related Facilities Nagasaki Nagasaki ❸ 7 Hinoe Castle Ruins* Nagasaki Minami Shimabara 8 Hara Castle Ruins Nagasaki Minami Shimabara 9 Sakitsu village of Amakusa Kumamoto Amakusa ⓭ 10 Nokubi-Funemori village trace Nagaski Ojika Cho Kashiragashima Church(Tenshudou) Nagaski Shinkamigotou Egami Church(Tenshudou) Nagaski Goto Former Olympics church(kyugorin Kyoukaidou) Nagaski Goto Note: The sites of No.10 are outer of Map, though they are in islands of Ngasaki Pref. *: Although it was excluded in the process of review, it is valuable as the scenic resauces. World Culture Heritage Canditate 2 Munakata Okinoshima & Sites in Group Q 1 Okinoshima(Isl.),Okitsugu Shrine Fukuoka Munakata ❺ 2 Nakatsugu Shrine & Ontakesan SaishiIseki (Ritual Fukuoka Munakata ❺ 3 Hetsugu Shrine ruins) Fukuoka Munakata ❺ 4 Shinbaru Nuyama Kofungun(Tombs) Fukuoka Fukutu ❺ World Agriculture Heritage (GIAHS) main area A Area of Kunisaki Peninsula/Usa Oita Kunisaki Pen. ⓬ B Area of Aso Mountains Kumamoto Aso Caldera ❸ C Area of TakatihoGo/Shiibayama Miyazaki Takatihogo 9 you can see the scenery which large and small rice paddies weave so as to fit to the topography. In addition, the operating system of 6 ponds which were tied for farming since the Edo era, is inherited in Tunai district in the Kunisaki City, Oita Pref. The culture of RokuGo Manzan developed as a traditional event related to agriculture is another major feature of this heritage. Roku Go means six villages of the Peninsula, and Manzan is the group of temples and the Usa shrine. Therefore, the idea of RokuGo Manzan means one set of learning, training and mission in religion that fused Shintoism and Buddhism in the Peninsula. B. Grassland of Aso Mountains in Kumamoto Pref. The agriculture heritage in Aso area is the farming system in the large caldera and around an active volcano. Grassland has an expanse of 22,000 hectares, and has been maintained for the help of agriculture. The field burn of grassland is carried out in early spring, and subsequently, the grassland becomes the scenic green carpet with a strong impression for visitors. (Photo 29 ). The pasture is used for cattle and compost, and provides various resources such as roof material, soil improvement or biomass fuel, additionally. C. Takachiho-Go & Siibayama Area in Miyazaki Pref. Region of Takachiho Town and Shiiba Village and so on are in the northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture, of which altitude is from 1000 to 1700 m. Under severe conditions of nature, the system of agriculture in the region is made by the circulation management of rice farming and forestry. In addition, the cooperative system of community for forestry management and construction of social infrastructures are operated well. As a result, the conifers for timber production (dark green) and the broadleaves tree for Shiitake production (light green) are arranged as a patchwork. If looking up at mountains, the fantastic mosaic landscape can look as in Photo. Fig.11 World heritages and Candidates in Kyushu

13 30 Remains of Hashima Coal Mine (Hashima Island) Nagasaki City) (World Heritage) Q-❸ 31 Old Yahata Iron Works office building (1899) (World Heritage. Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka) Q-❹ 32 Glover House ( World Helitage, Nagasaki City) Q-❸ 33 Ouratenshudo (Oura Curch), which became famous at the 'discovery of Hidden Christians'. (Nagasaki City) Q-❸ 34 French missionary Marc Marie de Rotz. He worked for poor people (Nagasaki City) Q-❸ saints monument on the hill of Nishizaka (Nagasaki City) Q-❸ than half of 8 places and 23 assets nationwide. Specific assets are shown as in the table of Fig.11, and are related to steel mill, shipyards, coal mining plants, machinery factories, etc. Whatever it is, we have been driving the industrial modernization of Japan from the Meiji Period to today, and have laid the fondations of the current advanced industry. (See Fig.11, Photo 30, 31 and 32 ). In addition to the above, two World Cultural Heritage canditates are active for the registration. One is "Okinoshima and its related heritage located in the Munakata area of Fukuoka Prefecture. (Fig.11). "OkinoTsu Shrine" is the core of Munakata grand shrine. (Photo 37 ). The shrine is in the uninhabited island, Okinoshima, and women cannot enter the island by the customs even now. A maritime people settled in the Genkai district since the 4th century and is called as Uminchu. They are continued to maintain the natural worship in Munakata shrine. Another one is churches for Kakure Christian (secret Christian) and related heritages in Nagasaki prefecture and Amakusa islands. Despite of prohibition of Christianity by Edo-shogunate, Christian faith secretly continued in the Edo era. And at the beginning of the Meiji era, the Christian prohibition ordinance was abolished and Christians revived. Pope Pius IX at the time praised the discovery of secret Christian as "an Oriental miracle". In order Management System of Takachiho-Go and Shiiba-Yama (Miyazaki Pref.) 6 World Culture Heritage in Kyushu We encountered often internal conflicts and international wars in the past, and many assets were lost. On the other hand, despite of the fact that there are cultures such as precious historic heritages and modenization related-assets in Kyushu, the evaluation was not necessarily enough. However, we noticed the importance of culture, recently. The first was Meiji Japan s Industrial Revolution Heritage on coal mines, steel and shipbuilding which was active from 1850s to 1910s. In 2015, it was registered as the World Heritage Sites. 5 places and 13 assets were chosen in Kyushu, which acounts more Shitsu Church (Nagasaki City) Q- 37 Okinotsu Shrine of Okino- Shima(Munakata City, Fukuoka)

14 to talk about the religious history of Kyushu, it has very important contents that have not seen examples in the world. (Photos 33, 34, 35 and 36 ). Meanwhile, the traditional five festivals in Kyushu were designated as UNESCO s intangible cultural heritage, in All of them are festivals of shrine of summer or autumn as shown in the right table. The brave parade which carries the heavy Yamakasa with many people can be looked impressively. Of course, there are the other traditional festivals in various places of Kyushu, and a part of them will be also introduced in each route in Chap. 8. In spite of severe nature, people settled in the mountains and islands of Kyushu from ancient times. And we created various cultures according to the conditions of each region. Symbolically speaking, its rough summary of historical process is as follows at the point of regional system. According to the myth, Chikushi Island was imagined to have four faces (areas). But it is local government system with the establishment of the taxation system of the early seventh century to be clear historically. Kyushu country was systematized by nine UNESCO intangible cultural heritage in Kyushu Name of festivals Sponsership Adress Dates Photo SB Hakata -Gion-Yamakasa Kushida Shrine Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Pref. July p.27 Q-❼ Tobata-Gion-OoYamakasa Shrines in Tobata Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka Pref. Novenber ー Q-❹ Karatsu-Kunti Karatsu Shrine Karatsu City, Saga Pref. July ➃ Q-❼ Yatsushiro-Myouken-Sai Yatsushiro Shrine Yatshishiro City, Kumamoto Pref. July ー ー Hita-Gion-Yamakasa Yasaka shrines etc. Hita City, Oita Pref. Novenber ➇-1 ー 7 Kyushu s historical matters that has been leading Japan - 10 points of big historical happening - states and two islands, which was built up the prototype of regional government system. (Fig.12.). Fig.12 Ancient Kyushu of nine states Fig.13 Clan system in the Edo era Fig.14 Seven prefectures in modern age A clan society under the Emperor system was strengthened in the times of the Middle Ages from the ancient times. But a fight was repeated between families or feudal lords, and the samurai social system was formed in the 16th century finally. In Kyushu, during 300 years from 17th century, about 30 feudal lords had owned individually their territory. When touring Kyushu, you can visit many castles 48 and the related traces which are left still today in each place. (See Fig.13). After the feudal system collapsed, the modern local autonomy was established about 100 years ago by the system of seven prefectures as in Fig.14; Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, Miyazaki, and Kagoshima. The present prefectural borderline is roughly given by the ridge of mountains Kirishima Shrine (Kirishima City, Kagoshima) 38-2 Kashii Gu (Shrine) (Fukuoka city) Q-❼ Fig.15 Ruins in Ancient age of Northern Kyushu 11

15 As a result, it will be understood that the modern regional system of seven prefectures is relatively similar to the ancient state system. This means that the basic framework of culture in Kyushu has not changed from ancient times to the present. A framework of Kyushu culture was the regional system to continue from the ancient times to the present day. Namely, it is said that the civilization of seven prefectures of Kyushu gave the great effection to the history of Japan, if considering that Kyushu were the main stages of the Japanese history. (See Figs 15 and 16). A. Myth Ages. Q-❶,❼,❿,⓮. ( Fig.16). There is the legend, "Tenson Korin", in Kyushu. People believes the myth that Gods created our country. God, Ninigino Mikoto, who was a grandson of "Goddess of the sun" came down to Takachih mountain of Kirishima Volcanos which was located in the borderline between Miyazaki and Kagoshima prefectures, pierced his spear upside down, and ruled over the country. (Photos 9 and 40 ). Many shrines to worship Gods of Tenson Korin were constructed in various places in Kyushu; Kirishima Shrine in Kagoshima Prefecture ( 38-1), Usa shrine in Oita prefecture, Kashii shrine in Fukuoka City ( 38-2), etc. 39 Udo-Jingu (Nitinan City, Miyazaki) Q-❶ Additionally, the legendary mausoleums 41 of Ninigino Mikoto god exist several places of the southern Kyushu. When driving any scenic route in Kyushu, and visiting any shrine, you can glimpse a part of Shintoism which the Japanese people believes. B. Village enclosed by ditch in the Yayoi Period (3rd Century B.C.~3rd Century A.D.). Q-❼,❻. (Fig.15). As mentioned in the fifth Chapter, civilization of rice farming was brought into many places of Kyushu through many ways from Asian Continent. And in the Yayoi era, the moated villages were built in various places, also. 40 Amenosakahoko (spear) on Mt.Takatiho (Border of Miyazaki & 42 Gold seal granted to NaKoku in 57AD. (Fukuoka City) Q-❼ 43 Restored settlements of Yoshinogari (Saga Pref.) 44 Restored ancient guesthouse Korokan (Fukuoka City) Q-❼ Imperial Tomb in Mt.Eno (One of the Mausoleums of NINIGI-NO-MIKOTO) (Satsumasendai City, Kagoshima) Q- Fig. 16 Approximate location of historical inheritance except for H and J, which are spread all of Kyushu For example, circular ditch used for defense was found in the Etsuzi-site located in the Kasuya town of Fukuoka Prefecture. a moat community and rice paddy of the early stage of Yayoi period was found at Itatsuke site ( 27 ) in Hakata-ward in Fukuoka City. In addition, the image of a village of the latter half of the Yayoi era ( 43 ) was restored at located in Saga prefecture. the site of Yoshinogari C. International exchange in the ancient age (Dispatch of the envoy to the Tang Dynasty) (3rd ~10th A.D.) Q-❼, ❻. (Fig.15). Gold Seal ( 42 ) which was granted by the Late Han dynasty in China into the king of Na-kingdom, was found at Shikanoshima in the Fukuoka city and is on display at the Fukuoka City Museum. This means that diplomatic relations existed between the northern country of Kyushu and China in ancient times. On the other hand, names and summary of many kingdoms of Wa (Japan) are introduced into Biography on People in Wa of Records of Wei. Although the record is the China history of three Countries Ages, many countries of Japan in the 3rd century are also shown, which existed on the way to the Japan capital. Among these countries, three kingdoms (Matsura, Ito, and Na) in the northern Kyushu are described and those locations can roughly be specified

16 in the current map. (Fig.15). Queen Himiko in the Union of Kingdoms was the leader at the time, but the place of the capital kingdom, YamataiKoku, is not clear yet. D. Envoys to the Tang dynasty in China in Nara and Heian era. Q-❼. (See Fig.15). Till the 10th Century from the 7th Century, the Japanese envoy to Tang Dynasty in China was dispatched repeatedly via HakataTsu (Fukuoka Port in Fukuoka City), after the departure of ancient capital port. They were called "KentouShi" in Japanese, and the purposes of missions were to learn superior civilization of the Tang and to obtain a sacred book of Buddhism. Kyushu played the significant role of Asia gateway since ancient times. The guest house, "Koro Kan", in Nara era was excavated in Fukuoka City, and many excavation goods are exhibited in the Koro Kan Hall at the excavation site. (Photo 44 ). E. Mongolian Invasions (1274~1281) Q-❼, ❸. (Fig.15) Although we were careful about defense enough, the northern area of Kyushu, was sometimes troubled by piracy of Silla (8th~10th century). In addition, in 13th century of the Kamakura era, our region was invaded twice by allied force of Mongol Empire and the Korai kingdom. (Q-❼ and❸ of 8.2). North Kyushu area such as Hakata Bay, Itoshima Peninsula and Imari Bay was attacked by Allied Force. and Japanese soldiers fought desperately. (Photo 45 ). Fortunately, Allied Force was tormented by the heavy storm in addition to the battle. Mongolian warship which sank in the storm was found in Takashima Island in Matsuura City. Mementos left in the warship, such as an anchor, military equipment, and tableware, are displayed in Takashima's History Museum. (Q- ❸). 45 Stone wall against the Mongolian Invasions (Fukuoka City) Q-❼ F. Dispatch of troops into Korea by Hideyoshi Toyotomi (16th Century). Q-❼. (See Fig.15). Soldiers enjoyed the game of the tug of war while waiting for dispatch. It is inherited as a local festival in the Karatsu city in the present time after 400 years. Or, the model of castle and vessel, and the related documents, are in the Saga Prefecture Nagoya Castle Museum. (Phot 46 ). G. Amakusa-Shimabara Rebellion and hidden Christians (17th~19th Century). Q-❸, ⓭, ⓮. (Fig.16) The Christianity was introduced to our country by Francisco de Xavier (Spanish Missionary) in 1549 and spread. But, the expulsion decree of missionary was issued by Hideyoshi in 1587 after the Kyushu subjugation. In 1597, the punishment of the crucifixion of 26 martyrs was carried out at the Nishizaka hill 35 of Nagasaki City by the instruction of Hideyoshi. It is said that the Nishisaka hill was chosen by resembling the Gorgotha hill of the Christ execution. In the Edo era, the Christian ban was ordered again. The Christian continued believing under the unimaginable hardship while hiding. (Refer Q-⓭). In Amakusa Islands, christian farmers suffered also with the severe land tax by the mistaken overestimation of crop yield, in addition to natural disasters that occurred successively. At last, farmers could not endure to the severe hardship, and the revolt in Amakusa and Shimabara was caused. Though it was the only large civic revolution in our country, the rebellion was conquered after the battle of more than one year. (Phot 47 ). 46 Prospects to the Korean Peninsula from Nagoya Castle trace (Karatsu City, Saga Pref.) Q-❼ After the rebellion, it was considered that all of Christians changed to Buddhists and had disappeared under the further pressure. But, the Christianity was secretly continued, and believers were called as hidden (Kakure) Christian, as in Nagasaki. In Kyushu, it is important to learn the history of the severe suppression and resurrection in the faith of Christian. The detail was described into the famous Christian literary novel, Silence 46 Model of military vessels of Japan (left) and Korea (right) in the 16th century (Saga prefectural Nagoya Castle Museum, Karatsu City, Saga Pref.)Q-❼ Japan met with the invasion of Mongolia, but Japan also attacked other countries. It was the dispatch of troops to Korea by Hideyoshi Toyotomi. 47 Martyrdom warfare thousand people mound (Amakusa City, Kumamoto) 48 Tower in Kumamoto Q-⓭ Castle (Kumamoto City) Q-❾ Castle tower in Hirado Castle (Hirado City, Nagasaki) Q-❸

17 49 Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki 49 Nagasaki destroyed by an atomic bomb 49 Current Nagasaki City which has revived. Q-❸. (Shusaku Endo), which was published by Japanese version and English version. H. Castle Town in the Edo era. Q-❶ ⓮. The castle town was established in each feudal clan. The castle 48 which was the political center and the house for feudal lord, was a core facility of town, but it was not located necessarily in the center of town. For defense, the castle was built at the hilltop, at the position of Mountain back, or at the location facing the sea and river. In the plains, the castle was surrounded by moats, also. In addition, the castle was surrounded and guarded by samurai residences. Towns of merchants and craftsmen were placed in the outer zone. Many temples were allocated at the outskirts of the town and became defense bases also. The main building (Honmaru) and tower (Tenshukaku) of castle in the Edo Era are not left in Kyushu. However, turret and stone wall are partially left, and some castle towers were rebuilt in Present Ages. Traces of many castles are maintained as a castle ruins park. (Photo 48, 50-1). I. Industrial Revolution in the Meiji era. Q-❹,❸,❻,⓭. (See Fig.16). After Samurai s society in the Edo era, the modern society started in Meiji era, and people worked for the industrial modernization. As a result, many remains on industrial facilities were admitted as the World Cultural Heritage. Heritages of more than half are existed in Kyushu. (Chap.6) 50-1 Main tower of Kokura Castle in Edo era surrounded in CBD of Kitakyushu City. (Q-❹) Modern town in Seaside Momochi district and Hakata station zone in Fukuoka City Q-❼ J. Revival from war damage after World War II. Q- ❶~⓮. From such miserable situations, all of people in Kyushu made an effort for revival desperately. And, cities and villages in Kyushu were revived (Photo 50 ). You will be able to see these revival cities together with scenery of nature on your tour. As for the present situations of Kyushu, the local government system is shown in Fig.3, while the basic traffic network is illustrated in Fig.4. Population and area of the current regions are shown as in Table 5. 〇 The economic scale of Kyushu is equal to Belgium of the 20th place in the world. 〇 Kyushu's population is about 13 million, and the population density is 308 person/km². The density is almost same to Sri Lanka or Philippines. 〇 The population in Fukuoka City is about 1.6 million, which is 5th in all cities in our country except for Metropolitan Tokyo, and the density is 4510 person/ km2 at almost same to Wien in Austria. 〇 While people of more than 1/3 in Kyushu live in Fukuoka prefecture, the population density in other prefectures is small relatively. But, if looking over the whole Kyushu, cities and countrysides are harmonized, and people inhabits in various places. Table 5 Basic data of current Kyushu Prefecture Prefectural Capital(City) Name Area Population Name Area Population Fukuoka Fukuoka Saga Saga Nagasaki Nagasaki Kumamoto Kumamoto Oita Oita Miyazaki Miyazaki Kagoshima Kagoshima Kyushu Total km people km people in 2014 in 2015 in 2014 in 2015 (Note) In Kyushu, names of prefectural capital cities are as same as ones of prefectures. Table 6 List of signs for a map Every towns in Kyushu were afflicted to the damage of 2 nd World War. Particularly, Nagasaki where an atomic bomb was exploded, was lost all of city. (Photo 3 and 49 ). 14

18 West Kyushu East Kyushu 8. Tour Guide of 14 Routs of Scenic Byways in Kyushu In Kyushu, 14 scenic byways were selected in 2016, by the good evaluation of each distinctive resources. Outline of scenic byway is shown by a sketch in each route. 1) Scenic spots in route are shown so as to help your travel plan by a sequence of numbers ((1), (2) and others). The tracking of them will become one method for travel. 2) Symbols used in a map are not common with the world. Symbols for the guidebook newly are given as in Table 6, because some Japanese original facilities are involved. 8.1 Eastern Kyushu in Sunrise. (Q-❶, ❷, ⓬, ❿). The longest length of national roads in Kyushu is National road No.10 and is 527 km to Kagoshima City from Kitakyushu City. The road passes along the coast in the East Kyushu area through Fukuoka, Oita and Miyazaki, as in Fig.17. Along National highway No.10, four scenic areas are proposed: ❿ TOYONOKUNI, ⓬ BEPPUWANGAN, ❷ NIPPO, and ❶ NICHINAN. Nippo Main Line of JR Kyushu Railway Company is along National highway No.10, and East Kyushu expressway at the foot of mountains is parallel to the main route of scenic area. Therefore, it can be said too that the four scenic regions line up along three main axes of traffic of the eastern Kyushu. Manufacturing industries in cities of Kita-Kyushu and Oita are certainly active. But, if looking over the East Kyushu, its wide range has mountains and primary industry is prosperous. Abovementioned four scenic zones are in such an area and the agriculture and livestock industry are active. In addition, if paying attention to the sea, flatfish in the Hiji city is famous, fishing of mackerel at the Saganoseki district of Oita city is doing well, and lobster is abundant in Nippo coastal area. In the Hyuga sea, the single-hook fishing for bonito is active. In these situations, you can try various foods in the regional style, traveling scenic coasts. Further, these four routes are partially parallel with the ancient road which circulated Kyushu. Therefore, routes have some significant ruins. Q-❶ Nichinan Sparkling Coast. NICHINAN (Miyazaki Pref.) Unique Coastline, Myth story and Tropical Plant. Southern region of the east Kyushu in which stretches to Kushima city from Miyazaki city is the scenic route of NICHINAN, which has three main resources. First one is the scenic terrain under the tropical sunshine of southern country along Nichinan coast. When driving along this breathtaking scenery, the big excitement will be obtained under the blue sky. The second scenery is a colony of subtropical flora, and you will enjoy a southern country decorated by colorful flowers on every season. The world of myth of before 1300 years or more is the third. This scenic Area is a home town on the oldest history book which Cities Miyazaki, Nitinan, Kushima Internatinal access traffic to Miyazaki-City Airport Miyazaki from Tokyo, Narita, Chubu, Kansai, Fukuoka, Naha from Taiwan Taoyuan, Inchon, Hong Kong Railway Conventional Miyazaki St.(Nippou main line) Length of main route about 200km Further information Municipal Torisum Informaton Center (JR Miyazaki St.) TEL: Miyazaki Airport Information Center TEL: Fig.17 The blocks of Kyushu which have many variety. Four scenic byways in the Eastern Kyushu Q-❶ Nichinan Sparkling Coast (NICHINAN) 15

19 (1) Eda Shrine (Miyazaki City) (2) Nitinan coarst (Miyazaki City) (2) Nitinan coast (Miyazaki City) (4) MainGate of Obi Castle (Nitinan City) (5) Hyuga Aburatsu byhiroshige Utagawa (6) Toi Cape (Kushima City) "Kojiki"which described the ancient happenings in Japan and is a world of the myth story of the Japan creation. (1)Miyazaki City. Miyazaki City is a sport town where various professional teams such as baseball, rugby and soccer make a camping in the offseason, because the climate in winter is mild. Or, seniors also can immerse themselves in the mythical world, while visiting the Miyazaki-Jingu shrine or Eta-Jinja shrine. On the background of the beautiful tropical ocean, the facility of "Phoenix Seagaia Resort opened, too. Every generation can enjoy Miyazaki, regardless in summer and winter. (2) Aoshima Island and Horikiri-Touge Pass in Miyazaki City The miracle lamination of sandstone and mudstone can be seen in areas of the Aoshima Island and Horikiri pass, and it is called the Washboard of Ogre, as shown in Chap.2. Besides, wild cycads and palms make a group, and tropical flowers of hibiscus or jacaranda welcome all of travelers. (3)Area of Udo-Jingu Shrine in Nichinan City If going down into the seaside from National Road No.220, Udo- Shrine ( 39 ) is in a cave of cliff facing to Hyuga-nada sea. Due to the legend that God came down from the Heaven, most shrines are in the place to go up stairs, but this shrine is the rare case which goes down the stairs. In Udo Jingu Shrine, Father of the first Emperor Jinmu is enshrined, and there are many mythological legends around that. In addition, it is believed that Emperor Jinmu was grown up in this area. In Kojiki, it is described that Emperor Jinmu left Miyazaki, conquered various kingdoms of Japan, and established the Yamato dynasty. (4) Obi-jo castle and its town (Nichinan City) If advancing towards west 9 km away from the AburaTsu port, you reach Obi-jo castle. The whole area around castle is registered to an Important Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings. And, main gate of castle, stone stairway, moat trace, and the samurai residence are kept in the trace of castle town. After passing beyond the castle town, there is the rice terraces of Sakamoto District. The usual rice terraces are meandering as in Q-❼ (9), but this rice fields were piled up by stones and formed with linear style in order to take advantage of the horse. (Photo (4)). (5)Aburatsu Port and Horikawa Canal (Nichinan City). AburaTsu port played an important role in the trade between Japan and Tang Dynasty (China). In order to transport wood in the early Edo period, the port flourished, and, the stone bridge and canal were built. Now, it also is the fishing port for the bonito or yellowtail. Namely, Aburatsu port is freight port and fishing port. Besides, you can enjoy the delicious bonito lunch in restaurants around the harbor with reasonable price. (6)Toi Cape in Kushima City. (3) Udo Shrine of down step type (Nichinan City, Miyazaki) (4) Terraced rice field in Sakamoto district (Nitinan City) 16 Going to further south, you can reach KouJima Island which became famous with Hundredth Monkey Effect. At the research of Kyoto University, it was found that animals hold their civilization. You can see the monkey's culture which wash and eat a sweet potato. The Toi cape is in south of National Road No.448. It is piled up by sandstone and mudstone in turn and is surrounded by precipice. The cape is also known as the habitation of semi-wild horses beyond 300 years, and was

20 designated to a special natural treasure as a cape horse and its breeding place. Q-❷ Nippo Seashore Road. NIPPO (Prefecture of Oita and Miyazaki) -Rias coast, fishery village and experience of fish culture. As shown in the Map, the region along the Rias coast between Nobeoka city and Saiki city is the scenic area of Nippo Seashore Road, which is the prefectural border of Oita and Miyazaki. National road No.388 and Prefectural Road No.122 are the main route, which are supported by East Kyushu Expressway. You will have comfortable and enjoyable tours of every scenic spots in this area by the joint use of those roads. Cooking of abundant seafood is one of characteristics in this scenic highways. Particularly, the lobster festival to November from September, which is the fishing season, is held. Receiving the heartwarming hospitality, many visitors eat lobster and enjoy entertainment. In Kitaura town in Nobeoka City, the comprehensive sea park which is named Himuka Resort Park Umi Urara is being developed to enjoy vacation by the whole family, on the basis of outdoor marine sports and seafoods. (1) Kamae District in Saeki City. If detouring to the north end of NIPPO seaside road, you can drive the comfortable road of Kuroshio line on the hill of scenic seashore. This is the starting point in this scenic route and its length is about 9 km. Kamae District is in the opposite shore, and lots of fishing villages exist into every cove. When climbing by car to the observation place of Mt.Takahira, you can see the complicated topography in the Rias coast. (2) OBATYAN smorgasbord (Kamae zone in Saiki City) In the district, you can experience a marine sport and fishing of fixed shore net. A lot of training lessons of various useful contents on sea are opened by fishermen of village also. They are the unique experience in the regional scenic route. City Saiki, Nobeoka Interntional access traffic to Munakata City Oita from Tokyo,Narita,Chubu,Kansai Miyazaki from Tokyo,Narita,Chubu,Kansai Fukuoka, Naha from Taiwan Taoyuan, Inchon,Hong Kong Railway Conventional Saiki ST.~Nobeoka ST. (Nippou Main line) Length of main rout about 94km Further information Saiki Toulist Association Tel Nobeoka Toulist Association Tel Events of rich sea foods (3) ShimoAso Beach & Shimaura Island (Nobeoka City, Miyazaki) Q-❷ Nippo Seashore Rood (1) View from Takahira Observation Station (Saiki City, Oita) (1) Dusk of Motosaru Bay where sunfish can be seen in summer (Saiki City, Oita) (1) Floating-raft for the marine products industry (Saiki City, Oita) 17

21 In addition, Viking cooking of Obachan restaurant by local cuisine collected from various villages is a hospitality not seen in other routes.you can enjoy the real local dishes and experience the eating habits of fishing village. (2) District in prefectural border of Oita and Miyazaki Hatotsu District is located to the south seashore of 20km from Kamae District. The calm coast is 800m and a popular seaside resort in summer. The natural rock gate, Utozaki Doumon, which was formed by the action of tide, is in the tip of prefecture border of Miyazaki. (3) Kitaura District in Nobeoka City. (3) Fire Festival of Iwakura Sha (Shrine) (Kunisaki City) (4)Castle town of Kitsuki (Kitsuki City, This area is famous as a leisure area of sea, where beautiful beaches are connected one after another. Sumie Beach is the area facing Sumie Bay of the Nippo quasi-national park where the beach, natural salt manufacturing plant, and family recreational village are included. Shimo-Aso Beach at Kitaura town in Nobeoka City is the special beach that was selected to No.1 in Kyushu. And, ShimauraJima Island is close to the Suminoe district, and is the big resort district where the rich sceneries of nature were formed. You can enjoy enough the outdoor for living and marine sports. Q-⓬ Beppu Bay Country BEPPUWANGAN (Oita Pref.) -Unique Buddhist culture, hot spring, and Beppu Bay. Wangan scenery area is the region to go around the Kunisaki peninsula in Oita Prefecture and to travel along the coast of the Beppu bay. The area is roughly divided into three regions of Kunisaki Peninsula, the Beppu city, and the Oita city, as shown in the route map. The main route is the national roads of No.213, 10, 197, and 217, and includes the seaside industrial road. In Kunisaki peninsula, Futago Mountain is formed by an old volcano, which is a figure with wooden bowl turned over, and the altitude is 721 m. The unique topography is given by many V- shaped valleys as in the aerial photo. As for cities in Oita prefecture, Oita City has the largest population, and Beppu City is 2nd. Though they are adjacent to each other, their features are very different each other. Oita City developed since latter half of 1960s, and has the highest value of industrial shipments of Kyushu now. Beppu City is on the foot of active volcanoes of Mt.Tsurumi, and the central urban area is the biggest spa resort in Japan. (1) Showa Town and Faith of Rokugo-Manzan The unique religion that Buddhism and Shinto were mixed was created in Kunisaki Peninsula. It is called Rokugo-Manzan, which is systematized with Usa Shrine and 33 temples, and rooted in the community life. Roads of pilgrimage of old temples and the (6) Funai Castle built in 1597(Oita City) 18 Buddha statues (Magaibutsu) carved on rock cliff will train your mind and body. (See Item A of Chap. 5). Another interesting is Showa Town. The central shopping mall in the Bungo-Takada city of Oita prefecture was prospered most in the Peninsula in late 1960's ~ early 1970's, but went into decline for large stores opened one after another in suburbs. Therefore, a strategy for the reproduction of the cityscape in its 30s of the Showa era was adopted. As a result, there is approximately 300,000 visitors in a year now. (2) The northern part of Kunisaki Peninsula NagasakiBana (Tip) is near the north end of Peninsula. Various flowers in each season bloom as to lay a carpet of flower; canola in spring, sunflower in summer, and so on. Himejima Island is located in the end of the peninsula, and it is listed in myths of land creation, though it is small. Himejima Island can go by ferry from Imi Port. And, in Bon-Odori, which is a dance for dedication to ancestors in every August, the fox dance by children is very famous and humorous. Aquaculture fishery is thriving on the island and sea foods are delicious. Please try to visit there in your tour. (3) Scenic agriculture district and temples of Peninsula. As described in Chapter 5, Ozaki district at Tashibu is a site of the world agriculture inheritance (Photo 27 ). In addition, you can visit the famous Buddha figure carved on a rock face such as Kumano-Magaibutsu, and pray to the statue of Amitabhanyorai (national treasure)of "Maki-odou" temple. FukiJi temple exists to the place about 5km from Ozaki district, and it is the most famous temple of the Heian era and is the building of national treasure. Wooden statue of Amitabhanyorai of the national important cultural property is enshrined, and the garden of temple is a historic spot of the country. In addition, there are a lot of temples and stone Buddhas in the Peninsula, and many courses for the pilgrimage of them are set up. (6) Statue of Otomo Sourin (1530~1587) at JR Oita Station Square (Oita City)

22 Cities Oita, Beppu,Kitsuki,Kunisaki Hiji(Town),BunngoTakada Internatinal access traffic to Oita Airport from Tokyo,Narita,Chubu,Kansai from Inchon Raiway Conventinal Usa St.~Oita St. (JR Nippo Main Line) Length of Main route about 150km Further information Beppu Tourist Association Tel Oita City Tourist Association Tel , Fax (1)Usa-Jingu (Usa City, Oita Pref.) (1)Town in Showa Era (Usa City, Oita Pref.) Q-⓬ Beppu Bay Country (BEPPUWANGAN) (3) Kumano Magaibutsu (Bungo Takada City) (3) Deva Gate and FukiJi Oodo (Old temple building with Hall, Natinal treasure) (Bungo Takada City) (4) Castle towns of Kitsuki and Hiji. In the Edo era, the region of Bungo was divided into many small clans. Two clans which were in the peninsula are typical examples. As the domain of Kitsuki clan was scarcely flat ground, the development of rice fields and the cultivation of the plant for industrial arts were encouraged. And, the castle and its town which made use of the topography were created. The castle town is the sandwich structure. Samurai residences are on each hill of south and north, and the commercial district was developed in the valley area between both hills. (See Photo (4)). The Hiji clan also was a small domain and the castle town is a simple structure with a seaside castle as the core. 19 (5) Beppu City area of the best hot spring. Beppu city is known as a spa town since the ancient Age. Hot springs is 2300 places, which is the largest number in our country. You can enjoy eight types of hot springs which is different in the quality depending on your health conditions or preference. Of course, you can also look at hells that gush hot water from the deep place of earth, as in "Q-❽". It is enjoyable also to play with a monkey at the natural zoo on Mt.Takasaki. The whole Beppu city is a resort spa town. (6) CBD and industrial zone of Oita City. When going National road No.197 toward CBD in Oita City, Funai Castle can be found just beside the road. While it was the

23 place for loading and unloading of ship cargo in the past Age, the castle was constructed in 1597 and became the residence for the lord of Funai Clan in the Edo era. Sorin Otomo who was the feudal Lord in the Medieval Ages is most famous and familier to citizens in Oita Prefecture. Sorin was a Christian Daimyo, and invited Xavier (Spanish priest). His statues are installed some places, but one of those is JR Oita Station square. If driving the national road No.442, which is along Higo-Kaido road toward Mt.Aso, you can find the old town of Imaichi. The village is kept in the style of inn-town of Edo Era. (Photo 7). Kumamoto, the Ogasawara Clan inherited the lord of Kokura. The castle has met to the fire many times, but was rebuilt in each time. The east side of the Murasaki river was a town of merchant, and the name of district is as to town of fish shop, rice dealer, blacksmith, and it is still used now. (2) Adachisan District of Myouken Shrine An incident of Usa-Hachiman oracle which rocked the regime of country happened in A.D.769. At that time, the nobleman in Nara (7)SaganoSeki District (Oita City) Sagano-Seki Peninsula is the west end of the Oita city, and famous with the fishing of mackerel and horse mackerel. Lighthouse is at the tip of Peninsula, and National Road No.197 changes to a direction of Usuki Bay. You can see Shikoku Island from Sekizaki- Kan observatory building. Near the building, you can stroll two types of black serpentine beach and white sand beach also. Q-❿ Toyonokuni History Roads. TOYONOKUNI (Prefectures of Fukuoka & Oita). -Ancient country, Nakatsu Kaido Road, and Usa Jingu Shrine. Tokiwa Bashi Bridge was constructed to cross Murasaki River in Kitakyushu City. This wooden bridge was the start point of Nakatsu Kaido Road in the Edo era. The old highway to Nakatsu City is the main route for "Toyonokuni History Roads" and is along National road No.10 beyond a prefectural border between Fukuoka and Oita. The scenic areas are five cities and five towns along the Suounada Sea as in Map. The whole region was called BuzenKoku State, which was one of ancient ordinance States. It is located at the throat of Kyushu and faced to the Suo-nada see. A part of the main route was used as the envoy s road to Usa Shrine, and one of byways was the history road to Dazaifu. The mountain road was also the shuttle road to the Hita magistrate's office under the direct control of the Shogunate in the Edo era. (1) Castle Town of Kokura Kita ward. The most important scenic building in this district is Kokura Castle which is located to the west side of Murasaki River, and was constructed in early Edo period. (Q-❹ on page 23). After the Hosokawa Clan moved to (6) Former house and portrait of Yukiti Fukuzawa (Nakatsu City, Oita Pref.) (4) Kokubun-Ji (temple) and its three-storied pagoda (Miyako City, Fukuoka Pref.) 20 Cities & Towns Kitakyushu, Kanda, Yukuhashi Kanda Miyako,Tikujou,Buzen,Kouge, Nakatu(Oita Pref.), Usa(Oita Pref.) Internatinal access traffic to Kitakyushu City Kitakyushu AP from Tokyo(Haneda),Nagoya(Komaki) Railway High-Speed Kokura St. Conventional Kokura.St.~Usa St. JR Nippou Trunk Line Length of main route about 77km Further Information Kitakyushu City Tourist Association Q-❿ Toyonokuni History Roads

24 (6) Gogen-Ji (Red Temple) (Nakatsu City, Oita) (1) Tokiwa Bridge on Murasaki River (Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka) (7) Tower gate of Komo Shrine (Nakatsu City, Oita) Era, Wakeno Kiyomaro, was dispatched to UsaJingu Shrine as the messenger of Emperor. And, he received the divine message: the throne should be taken over by the blood relationship of the Emperor. The monk, "Doukyo", who aimed at the throne missed his expectation, and the seat of the emperor could not get to the seat of the emperor. However, Kiyomaro was ousted to Kagoshima for the revenge, too. Although he injured his foot on the way, he was healed it in a hot spring of Mt.Adachi. For this reason, Kiyomaro founded Myoken Shrine, and his monument was built on the side. When praying at the Myoken- Gu shrine, and overlooking Kitakyushu City, you can recognize this scenery road related to the important happennings of the Japanese history. (See Photo (2) and Table). (3)Large-scale Tumulus in Kanda Town While Kanda Town develops as an industrial city, some important tombs which were built in Kofun Era (Burial Mound Ages), are remained. One of them is the Ishizukayama tumulus at the 4th century, which full length is 120m and the height of rear part is estimated as 10m or more. It is located adjacent to the present city hall, and is the largest and oldest keyhole-shaped tumulus in Kyushu. The GoshoYama tumulus near the Ishizukayama was built on the Middle of Kofun Ages. The length of mound is about 120m, and the harness or mirror which indicate the ancient exchanges with the Mainland China were excavated. (4) Buzen Kokufu Ruins in Miyako Town (2) Myouken-Ji Temple (Kitakyushu City) At the west place of about 2 km from Miyako-Toyotsu IC of the East Kyushu Expressway, the trace of provincial office of the ancient Buzen state was found. In accordance with the excavation, the historic park of the state office traces was constructed. The Historical happenings since the Ancient in Nakatsu Kaido road 21 Sousha shrine which was the representative shrine in the area, was built. Kokubun Ji Temple is adjacent into the Park, and the nunnery temple was also near. By the set of above-mentioned historical traces, the skeleton of local administration in the eighth century is understandable and valuable. (See the Map). (5) Kubote Mountain Area for the faith Kubote Mt. (782m) is on the borderline between Buzen City and Chikujo City. Mountain religion of abstinence and discipline was done over the years till Meiji era. Lots of rock caves are left, and they are designated to a national treasure. If driving Prefectural road No.32, you reach the top of mountain by car, and a magnificent panorama of the landscape of sea and plain can be seen. (6) Nakatsu Castle town (3) Ishtukayama Tamulus (Kanda city, Fukuoka) (5) Kubote Mt. (Buzen City, Fukuoka) In this town, there are the Gogen-Ji temple, the Nakatsu castle and the former house of Yukichi Fukuzawa. The Kuroda Clan assassinated Utsunomiya who was the feudal lord of Nakatsu Castle at the end of 16th century. At that time, his subordinates fought desperately in the Gogen-Ji temple, but they were murdered. Then, walls of temple were painted many times. But, the hatred blood of killed persons oozed out in painted wall, and the wall was repainted in red at last. From this fact, the Gogen- Ji temple is called as Akadera, which means a red colored temple.

25 Nakatsu castle exists at bank of Yamakuni River away by 500m to northwest from Gogen-Ji Temple. Okudaira was Fudai daimyo who supported Ieyasu Tokugawa from the times before the battle of Sekigahara in He was appointed to the new Lord after Kuroda Clan moved to Fukuoka. He contributed for the prosperity of castle town. Yukichi Fukuzawa is the founder of Keio University and his portrait is drawn to a ten-thousand yen bill of Japan. He is respected most in Japan, and his former residence in boyhood in the Nakatsu city is kept. When detouring toward Hita City through National road No.212, Yaba valley is beautiful scenery, and the stone bridges of Japanese style which was built in early modern age can be seen. In addition, a no-lining tunnel which was constructed with chisel and hammer in Edo era and called Aono-Doumon (tunnel) will be found. It is considered as the origin of Japan's toll road. (7)Usa Shrine and Como Shrine. In this area, there are two important shrines for Japanese people: Usa Shrine and Como Shrine. Usa Shrine in Usa City was established in A.D.725. While the Imperial Family is venerated as the ancestral mausoleum, people worships it as the guardian god of the country. This is the top of the 40,600 or more branch shrines. Como Shrine in Nakatsu City is closely related with Usa Shrine and was established in 848. The gate of shrine is a two floor style of rare form and an important cultural property of the country. The historical scenic route of ToyonoKuni is full with the historical heritages since ancient Age, and is a precious route to learn about the formation process of provinces. In other words, this scenic road can trace the history of the country and region in 1500 years to the Present Time from Ancient Ages. 8.2 Northern Kyushu along Genkai Sea. (Q-❹, ❺, ❼). All of international exchanges and wars were performed on the stage of the Sea of Genkai extending over Japan and Asia in the past. Therefore, a lot of historic spots on them are seen in the northern area in Kyushu. In this sense, the historic heritages and religious facilities to the Present Time from the Age of myth in this area must be considered with the international exchange and its efforts basically. Karatsu Kaido road in Edo Era was along the seashore in Northern Kyushu and we had many travelers in any times. The samurai in each clan marched and went back and forth to the Edo town. This was a working system for the Edo Shogunate. Of course, many citizens used for praying of a temple and shrine, or for business. For the defense of the northern part of Kyushu, a large number of soldiers often came back and forth since ancient times, as described in Chapter 7. If changing your interest into the local industry, there will be coal mining. It was developed by introducing of the foreign technology in the Meiji era. But, it was abolished at present, and traces of the coal mining industry are here and there, which part were registered as the world heritage. If adding former sites of mining, mining traces also become scenic spots. 22 Kyushu starts at crossing of suspension bridge from Honshu. (1) inq-❹ The traffic system of the northern Kyushu is the best conditions. Fukuoka International Airport, Kitakyushu Airport and Hakata International Port are arranged as in Fig.4. Besides, both cities of Fukuoka and Kitakyushu are the major accessing base in Kyushu. The road network of expressways and urban highways covers the whole region in Northern part of Kyushu. As shown in the above photo, all of roads and railways to Kyushu Island from Honshu Island must cross the Kanmon Strait. Two railway tunnels, one road tunnel and one road-bridge were built, now. Three routs of Scenic Byways in North Region of Kyushu. If considering all of these traffic facilities, you can access easily and conveniently to various scenic zones of northern Kyushu, using public transport or personal transportation. Q-❹ Kitakyushu Hospitality Roads KITAKYUSHU (Fukuoka Pref.) -World Industrial Heritage in Meiji, Kokura Castle, Nagasaki Kaido Road. The section in Nagasaki Kaido (road) in Kitakyushu city overlaps with Karatsu Kaido, because of the topographical situation. This important historic road is the main route of Kitakyushu Hospitality Roads. The scenic spots of the route is given by a set of

26 (5) Pine tree-lined road in MagarinoSato (3) Higashida s first blast furnace (1901). (1) MojiKo(Port) Station which is the start point of Japan Railway Kyushu (Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka) City Kitakyushu Internatinal access traffic to Kitakyushu city Airport Kitakyushu from Tokyo Railway High-speed Kokura st. Conventional Kokura st. Length of main route about 40km Further information Kitakyushu City Tourist Association TEL: (2) Tenshukaku of Kokura castle areas from (1) to (6) on the Map, and the legacy of Kaido in the Edo and Meiji era are left. (1) Kanmon Bridge and Moji Port Retro District Kanmon Bridge in the expressway between Kitakyushu City (Kyushu Island) and Shimonoseki City (Honshu Island) is the starting point in all of Kyushu. The bridge was constructed in 1973 and the length was 1068m, which was the longest in the Orient at that time. The Moji Port railway station is near the bridge, and is the starting point in Kagoshima Main Line of JR Kyushu. The station building of first generation was constructed in The second generation building was built in 1914, and was registered as a National important cultural property. (Photo (1)) The station faced ever the port and played a significant role on the trade with Asia Continent. Function of seaport, however, moved to another place, and the theme-park of "Nostalgic Moji-Port Town" was constructed in the former port site. It is alike into the London Docklands of Thames River, and visitors are more than two million in a year. (2) Tanka Market for citizens in Kitakokura ward, Kitakyushu city. In addition, there are a lot of small paths like a maze, in the town on the steep slope of back ground. Therefore, you can also walk secret alleys which feels the maze of Taisho and Showa Era. 23 Q-❹ KitaKyushu Hospitality Roads (2) Kokura Castle and CBD in Kitakyushu City When heading south from Dairi and crossing the Murasaki River, the Tokiwa-Bashi (bridge) is at the west of Shinkansen Kokura Station, and leads to the Kokura castle. The Kokura castle is the biggest scenic point in this district. Some buildings of castle were built by the lord of Hosokawa at the early Age of Edo era. The main tower of castle, Tenshukaku, was the building of five levels as in Photo (2), and the fourth level floor has no sunshade. Stone wall and moat were remained, and the garden and lord s mansion were rebuilt at the Present Ages. The castle is surrounded by many buildings such as Matsumoto Seicho memorial hall, Yasaka Shrine, City Hall, and large-scale commercial facility. Seicho Matsumoto who was born in Kitakyushu was a famous mystery novel writer in Showa era, and is alike to Agatha Christie in England. If visiting the other side of Murasaki River, there are River Side Commercial Mall and the most popular Tanka Foods Market (arcade) as in Photo. (3), (4) Yahata District for iron works. The Yahata district is a town of steel industry, and the main scenic spot is the Office Building of Old Yahata Iron Works, which was registered as the world industry revolution heritages in Meiji

27 era, as shown in Chap.5. Besides, the 1st blast furnace of Higashida steel mill is preserved to the commemorative park. (Photo (3)). (5) Kurosaki District along Nagasaki Kaido The Kurosaki district in Kitakyushu City is a secondary center of Kitakyushu City. When going Nagasaki Kaido road to the south of JR Kurosaki Station, you can reach to the pine-lined road of Magarinosato, which remains the figure of Edo era. You will skip to the Edo era or feel the power spot. (6) Koyanose post-inn town The Nagasaki Kaido road in Edo era was a road leading to Nagasaki from Kitakyushu City. And, 6 post-inn towns along the road was within Chikuzen State (present Fukuoka prefecture). Koyanose town was one of them, and road to Nagasaki and Karatsu branched there. The street of houses with white walls has been maintained, you can find easily the figure and vestiges of 100 or 200 years ago. Q-❺ Munakata Historic Byways. MUNAKATA (Fukuoka Pref.) Historical road, Town of white wall, Walking of restful street promoted, too. Because of the promotion of their projects, Akama District weakened. However, fortunately, a university transferred in the adjacent district from Fukuoka City in the second half of the 20th century, and new university was also established. It is that the function of student s town was added to the old town and recovered. Together with the opening ceremony of "Japanese Sake" cellar in New Year, Akama Festival (costume parade) is held in every February, and many students participates in the festival. (Photo (1)). (2) Area of Harumachi Town When advancing to south from Akama District, you reach City Munakata Interntional access traffic to Munakata City Airport Fukuoka from Tokyo, Narita, Cyubu, Kansai, Naha 21 cities of foreign countories Kitakyushu from Tokyo Railway High-speed Kokura st. Hakata st. Conventional Akama st. Kyouikudaimae st. (Kagoshima Main Line) Length of main route about 5km Further information Munakata Toulist Association Tel FAX Harumachi village. Some houses in Taisho and Showa era are left there. But, large-scale commercial facilities advanced into the bypass area with the progress of motorization. Therefore, the important issue in the region was how to keep the livable town or how to The areas in Munakata Historic Byways on Karatsu Kaido are the Akama inn-town and the Harumachi town adjacent to it. The main route is given by Karatsu-Kaido road (present prefectural road No.503), and its length is about 5 km, which is the shortest distance in 14 routes in Kyushu. The route was the significant road which Hideyoshi Toyotomi walked toward the Nagoya Castle of Karatsu City for the dispatch of his troops to the Korean Peninsula, and the traces are remained. Or, lords such as Fukuoka Clan and Karatsu Clan went back and forth to Edo. In those rebellions and coups by political groups for the anti-shogunate movement in the end of Edo era and the beginning of Meiji period, many revolutionaries passed through the Akama post-inn town. Therefore, this historic road is a witness of history who connected the northern part of Kyushu and the capital, and stared at the serious happenings of our country. In particular, Suga Shrine in the town is their key spot. (1) AkamaJuku Town The Akama district in the Munakata City was a inn-town along the Karatsu-Kaido road, and flourished for periods of Edo and Meiji. But, the station of railway was built on the other place in 1890, and the bypass of National road No.3 was also constructed. In neighboring districts, a large scale housing development was Q-❺ Munakata Historic Byways (1) Akama lodging street (The front house is a sake (1) Walking Map of Akama-Juku Town (1) Akama Town Festival (2) Harumachi Town rebuilding by the townscape formation project 24

28 maintain activities of town. The resident s organization was established, and worked for rebuilding of town. So as to match with surrounding farm village, the buildings of traditional style such as konjac seller shop, Soba noodle shop and antique shop were built. Or, the art museum that remodeled a barn also was opened. They renewed to the nostalgic town of Kyushu, and you can enjoy walking in the atmosphere of the old street of 100 years ago. Q-❼ Genkai Coastal Country. GENKAI (Prefecture of Fukuoka and Saga) Historic region since ancient, Gateway to Asia, Scenic nature facing to GenkaiNada Sea. The region of the Genkainada sea is composed by three cities and one town: Fukuoka City, Itoshima City, Karatsu City and Genkai Town. Those cities and town are the region of three ancient states, as in C of Chap.7. One of regional resources of the route is the severe Genkainada sea and the old geological stratum. In the drive along the beautiful scenic seashore, you can see many rarerocks and spectacular scenery. The other is the related materials brought by the role of doorway to Asian Continent. Envoys to Siu and Tang china passed through this area inevitably. And, many cultures of art, religion, medicine, science and food from various regions of Asia were brought in earlier stage than other areas in Japan. There was not only the good thing but also the bad happening against the people of northern Kyushu. At the times of Manyoshu, which is the oldest anthology of Japanese poems, soldiers for defence (Sakimori) garrisoned at strategic posts in Kyushu were deployed. At that time, the heavy mission of defense and the (1) Shikanoshima 24km (2)Kashiigu 10km (4)Fukuoka Castle 23km (5)Hirabarutomb 31km (7)Karatsu Castle 18km (8)Nagoya Castle 30km (9)Genkai Town (1) Tombolo terrain seen from the viewing platform in Shikano-Shima (Fukuoka City) City & Town Fukuoka, Itoshima, Karatsu, Genkai T Interntional access traffic to Munakata City Airport Fukuoka from Tokyo, Narita, Cyubu, Kansai, Naha 21 cities of foreign countories Ngasaki from Tokyo, Tyubu, Kansai, Naha Shanghai, Soul Railway High-speed Conventinal Hakata st. Hakata st. Tikuzen Maebaru, Karatshu ( JR Tikuhi Line, Fukuoka Subway) Length of main rout about 157km Further information Fukuoka Convention & Visitors Bureau Tel FAX Itoshima Toulist Association Tel Fax Karatsu Toulist Association Tel Fax (7) View from the top of Mt.Kagami (Karatsu City, Saga) (4) Fukuoka castle ruins (Fukuoka City) Q-❼ Genkai Coastal Country (GENKAI) 25

29 severity of its environment was wrote by many poems. The stone monuments were built in various places in northern Kyushu. You will be able to understand the meaning of poem by asking a guide. Then, as a defense against Mongolian Invasions in 1274 and in 1281, the walls were created throughout along GenkaiNada Sea. Then, as a defense against Mongolian Invasions in 1274 and in 1281, long walls were made along Genkai Nada Sea. They are facing the Sea, and a part of them was found. (Photo 45.) The third is some old towns in the Edo era in Karatsu-Kaido road. They are scenic spots and useful as a base for the tour of landscape streets. Fukuoka City has the spots of (1) ~ (4) as the core area of Genkai Nada route, and they are a set of significant history over thousand years for Fukuoka City and Japan. As described above, Genkai route has many scenic points of nature, history and culture. And, areas of a city and an agriculture are moderately mixed. Owing to these facts, Fukuoka city is easy to live as it is a big city, and is ranked highly for livable city every year in MONOCLE magazine (UK). In these areas, the route has numerous landscape spots. But, they are presented as in Map and Fig.15, if limiting to the representative ones. (1) ShikanoShima Island Shikanoshima Island in the suburb of Fukuoka city is an amysterious island. A maritime people lived in the island in the ancient times, and there were the world of Sakimori and (3)ShofukuJi of Japan's first Zen temple (Fukuoka City) Manyoshu, also. In A.D.57, the gold seal which was granted to the Na-Kingdom, was strangely discovered at the island, and is displayed in the Fukuoka city museum. (Photo 42 ). This happening on seal is epoch-making to understand Japanese ancient history. Many historical inheritances as above-mentioned are the highlights of scenic spots in Shikanoshima Island, and the splendid view of Hakata bay and the delicious cook of abundant seafood may be added. (5) Tomb of the Qeen of Itokoku (Itoshima City, Fukuoka) (6) Futamigaura (Itoshima City, Fukuoka) (7) Karatsu Castle (Karatsu City, Saga) (2)District of Kashii-Gu (shrine) and Hakozaki-Gu. Two historical meaningful shrines in Fukuoka City are Kashii- Gu Shrine and Hakozaki-Gu Shrine. (Photo 38 and ➇). The Kashii shrine that an ancient mausoleum changed to a shrine in Heian Period is the rare case, and the main shrine building is a unique style of architecture which is called as Kashii making. (8) Nagoya Castle Ruins (Karatsu City) (8) Yobuko Ohashi (Br.) (Karatsu City) (9) Terraced rice field in Oura (Karatsu City) (3) Hakata Gion Festibal (Float and Decoration) (Fukuoka City) 26

30 Hakozaki Shrine is one of three big Hachiman shrines in Japan. Hachiman is a god of battle. In historical conflicts or battles, victory was prayed at the Hakozaki shrine, and now Fukuoka s professional baseball team, Softbank Hawks, prays their season victory every year. (3) Hakata District of Medieval town for merchants Hakata area is the merchant's town planned by Hideyoshi Toyotomi in the late 16th century. Its skeleton of town subdivision is now left in the street network in Hakata ward and in the system of Hakata Gion Festival. Besides, a lot of old temples were arrayed along the Mikasa River. In them, there is two famous temples. The JyotenJi temple is related to Gion Festival of Hakata, and the ShōfukuJi temple is Japan's first Zen temple. (4) District of Fukuoka Castle and Castle town The castle of Kuroda Clan which was called as Maizuru-Jo (castle) was built in the Edo era. And, at the same location, Korokan ruins of the ancient historical guest house for foreigners were found and excavated. (Photo 44 ). Futhermore, the area adjacent to the Castle is CBD of the city. In short, this district is the core of the scenic route in Fukuoka City. (5) Ancient Ito District in Itoshima City. This region is the ancient Ito kingdom that is described in Gishi- Wajin-Den (Historic records of Wei Dynasty, Biography of Wa people). Many royal tombs were excavated in this area. Particularly, the rectangular tomb in Photo (5) is seen as the one that related to Himiko Queen in the Yamatai-Koku kingdom who ruled Wa (Japan) in the 3rd Century, although not accurate. (Chp.7, C) (6) Coast Area of Itoshima-Hanto Peninsula (Itoshima City) The coast of Itoshima Peninsula is a scenic area consisting of white sand and green pine trees, and rocky place that was formed by the wave of Genkai Sea (Photo 9 and (6)). The driving to pass through lots of scenic scenes will be comfortable. (7) Karatsu District in Karatsu City. to the UNESCO world intangible cultural properties. If you hope to see them, please note the day and time of visiting. (Pfoto ➃ and (3)) Peninsulas and Islands in westernmost Kyushu. (Q-❸,⓭,⓮,❻) The region along National road No.3 is usually the western Kyushu which stretches to Kagoshima from Fukuoka via Kumamoto. But, Nagasaki Peninsula, Amakusa Islands and Satsuma Peninsula are on the west side further, crossing Ariake Sea and Yatsushiro Sea. In this westernmost area, 4 routes of landscape were registered: ❸ NAGASAKI, ⓭ AMAKUSA, ⓮ SATSUMA, and ❻ KAGOSHIMA. In these scenic byways, the final sunset in the mostwestern area of Japan is seen. The sun shines in red color over the sea, and sinks into the horizon. Besides, the scenic trip under the silhouette of many long bridges would cross the sea and are spectacular. The rare subtropical plant as cycad and banyan tree is seen along the road despite of the high latitude, because the warm Tsushima Current flows in offshore. All of western civilization, and religion of Buddhism and Christian were introduced to our country by going through East China Sea. However, the introduction of a new religion was faced to hardship always. There were big tragedies of the crucifixion of 26 saints in Nagasaki City and the rebellion of Amakusa/Shimabara. Many Christians were tortured and were forced to try the allegiance test by the stepping of Christ picture. From these, the faith of Christianity was inherited secretly at islands and peninsulas in the west coast area. Their hardship cannot find in other history of the world. Besides, in South Kyushu, the sect of Jodo-Shu (Buddhism) was banned by Satsuma Clan and Sagara Clan, and its believers continued to pray secretly hiding in a cave through the Edo period. One million trees of black pine were planted on Karatsu seashore in Edo era, and the interesting pine forest, Nijino- Matsubara, was created (Photo 20). In addition, the neighboring Karatsu Castle and Mt.Kagamiyama are popular scenic spots in this district. Top of Kagamiyama has legends on the exchange with ancient Korea, and the wide area of Genkai Nada Sea and Karatsu Bay area are looked. (Photo (7)) (8) District of Nagoya-Jo ruins in Karatsu City. Hideyoshi Toyotomi constructed the frontline base in Nagoya district for the dispatch of troops to Korea, in the end of 16th century. The Nagoya castle trace is a special historic site of the country now. (Chap.7, F and Photo 46 ). (9) Genkai Town of terraced rice fields The rice terraced field was built so as to face the sea depending on the terrain, in the Hizen-Cho district of Karatsu City and Genkai Town. The scenery is different from the terraced fields surrounded by mountains, and is the open type. (See Photo (9)). On the other hand, unique and fantastic festivals are held here and there in the region of Genkai route, also. In particular, the Hakata-Gion festival and Karatsu-Kunchi festival were registered Four scenic byways of the most Western Region in Kyushu. 27

31 City Matsuura,Hirado, Sasa(Town), Sasebo,Saikai,Nagasaki Interntional access traffic to Munakata City Airport Ngasaki from Tokyo, Tyubu, Kansai,Naha Shanghai,Soul Railway ConventionSasebo st. Nagasaki st. Length of main route about 280km Further information Nagasaki Prefecture Convension and Tourism Association Tel FAX Multilingual Call Center for Foregin Travelers Tel Nagasakishi Toulist Information Center Tel Sasebo Soghtseeing Information Center Tel (8) Two-arched bridge, Meganebashi (Nagasaki City) (1)Takashima isle 26km (2)Fukushima isle 51km (3)Hirado city 69km (4)Sasebo city 18km (5)Huis Ten Bosch 45km (6)Ohshima isle 38km (7)Sotome district 29km (8)Nagasaki city 26km (9)Nobozaki cape (2) St. Francis Xavier Memorial Church (Hirado City, Nagsaki) When given these facts, the travel in the western Kyushu is meaningful as for visiting of important holy ground and churches for the Faith. The journey is similar to going the pilgrimage route of Santiago de Compostela of the north Spain. Q-❸ Nagasaki Sunset Highway. NAGASAKI (Nagasaki Pref.) -Hidden Christian, Sunset road, Long-span bridges. The main route of Nagasaki Sunset Roads is National roads of No.204, 202, and 489, which is stretched to the south from the north of the West Sea National park. The theme of this route is the hidden Christians, and the sunset in the mostwestern sea of Japanese Q-❸ Nagasaki Sunset Highway (NAGASAKI) 28 archipelago. It is the islands and peninsulas tied by long bridges, also. The scenic area in NAGASAKI is divided into five blocks of Matsuura, Hirado, Sasebo, Saikai, and Nagasaki. Though all of those blocks are an island or a peninsula, they are involved with valuable resources such as a world cultural heritage. When describing the brief, a series of landscape spots will be traced as following. (1)Japanese navy of Matsuura Party in the 1500s (Matsuura City, Nagasaki) (1) Matsuura District facing to Genkai Sea In Matsuura District, beautiful islands floating in the Imari bay are famous. The samurai navy in several hundred years ago make an activity on the stage of islands and sea. The old samurai group in the Matsuura area was called Matsuura Party, and fought

32 bravely with Mongolia soldiers who invaded to Japan in the 13th century. The related ruins can see in the Imafuku district in Matsuura City or Takashima Island. (Photo (1)). Another one of the interesting island is Fukushima Island. The island is famous with an expanse of the rice terraced fields and the spontaneous generation of the camellia tree, and can see a rarer geological feature, too. The rare magma (black basalt), which has penetrated into sandstone layer and hardened in funnel-like or wall-like, is see at coast in Fukushima Island. It is natural outdoor display of earth interior geology. In addition, each long-span bridge was built in islands of Takashima and Fukushima, and you can access islands by car easily. (2)& (3) Districts of Hirado Islands. The Matsuura clan governed Hirado area in the Edo period, and the Hirado castle 48 was the base. On the other hand, the Hirado district is islands where Christianity was introduced into in 1594 by San Francisco Xavier. Many people of islands became Christians. Christians, however, were tormented by the ban of Christianity over a long period of the Edo era. After the ban edict was abolished in the Meiji era, Christians revived and many churches were built in each place. A part of them changed to the another secret religion like nature worship. Many traces of ordeal have been left in islands, and the related ruins and materials are very important to understand the significance of faith. (World culture heritage candidate, Chapters of 6 and 7). (4) Sasebo City, and (5) theme park of Hius Ten Bosh. Sasebo City is a town of navy. Ships of Japanese Maritime Self- Defense and U.S. Navy are in and out the harbor. There is a group of factories of Sasebo Heavy Industries which has promoted the ship industrial modernization, too. The number of Kujuku islands in Gotonada Sea is about 200, which can look from several observation places of Sasebo City. (3)Houki Kyoukai (church) and (2) Tabira Tenshudo (church) (Hirado City) (Photo 17). And, if going to south a little from Kujuku islands, you can reach the very popular theme park, Huis Ten Bosch, which is reflecting the image of a town of Netherlands. The tour takes one day in itself, because of large scale and many shows or events. (6) Saikai City in Nishisonogi peninsula. In this region, coal was excavated in a small island, and ruins of the marine coal mine are still left. At such circumstances, Oshima Island was fortunately rebuilt by the shipping industry after the closure of coal mining. As another scenic spot in Saikai City, there is the Memorial Park of Nakaura Julian. He was the vice envoy of Tensho Boys Mission, who visited Europe in the 17th century, and became a martyr in (3) Islands of Ikituki(left) and Hirado(right) for hidden Cristians, and Ikitsuki Ohashi (Hirado City) (5) Theme Park, Huis Ten Bosch (Sasebo City) (7) Sotome District in Nishisonogi Peninsula. (8) Ioujima Ohashi (bridge) (2011, Nagasak City) (7) Oono Kyoukaido (Church) (Nagasaki City) (8) Nagasaki is the stage of opera Madam Butterfly (Puccini) (Nagasaki City) (8) Nagasaki harbor which is surrounded by many sites of the world's industrial heritage (Nagasaki City) (8) Lanthanum Festival in a Chinatown (February. Nagasaki City) (8) Jyaodori (Snake Dance) in Nagasaki-Kunchi Festival (October. Nagasaki City) 29

33 The Sotome district in the peninsula is a beautiful seaside hill where are lighted up with the sunset, but was ever a village of the secret Christian and the poverty, also. That is, the district is the stage of Christian historical novel "Silence" that was written by Shusaku Endo. By the past oppression and the severe topography, people struggled in the extreme poverty, and French Missionary, Marc Marie de Rotz, contributed to help them. He built an orphanage and a rescue facility, and constructed two Church in each district of Shitsu and Oono. People appreciated his great devotion and built his statue. (Photos 34 and 36 ). (8) Nagasaki City Nagasaki City was destroyed by an atomic bomb in World WarⅡ, catastrophically. But various cultures were preserved in the mind of citizens since the Edo period. Nagasaki has the uniqueness which can t be seen in other cities, in which civilizations of Japan, China and Holland were blended. (Photo 49 ). The Peace Park on Ground Zero 3, and Nishisakano-Oka (hill) for 26 Saints 35 are the precious scenery spots which are seen only here. In addition, Nagasaki is a town of "World industrial heritage in Meiji" which has many historical traces, as in Chap.6. The artificial island, "DeJima", was built for foreign trade in the Edo era, and rebuilt to a theme park in the present. In the urban area, two old stone bridges formed by arch are seen, and Chinese food Town is gorgeous as in Photo. In short, Nagasaki City is the scenery area which has a lot of interesting sights. (9) Southern area of Nagasaki Peninsula Takashima and Hashima islands float in the sea of the offing of Nagasaki Peninsula and are a world industrial inheritance together. In particular, Ha-Shima island 30 is also called as an island of warship from the form. After it has been abolished, many facilities for coal mining are as it is. Therefore, annihilation process of seabed coal mine is observed, and many people are visiting to understand the significance that lose an early modern industry. In this sense, these ruins are the unique scenic spots that are not seen at other routes. We recommend you to visit those. Yatsushiro Sea side. These islands are included to the Shimabara/Amakusa National Park. (Map Q-⓭). Amakusa's five bridges was constructed in In 1974, Amakusa Seto Ohashi (large bridge) completed between Kami- Shima and Shimo-Shima. In Ushibuka-Chou in the Amakusa city, the large bridge of Haiya-ohashi, which cross the port, was built up in Four islands are completely tied by those long-spanning bridges now. By the way, Misumi West port which was registered to the world industrial heritage of Meiji era is the start point of this scenic route in the tip of Uto Peninsula. Main roads are National Roads of No.266, 324 and 384, as shown on the following Map. The southern part of Amakusa Islands, however, must be complemented with local roads. Goshono-ura Island which is famous with a fossil, must approach by a ship, as in Map. The scenic route has two important scenic spots. The first one is related to the riot of people of Amakusa and Shimabara. In the early 17th century, a group of farmers who were led by a 16-yearold Christian boy, Shiro Amakusa, revolted against the Shogunate. He was the almost same age as the Maid of Orleians, Jeanne d Arc. Suwa Shrine in Amakusa Kami-Shima Island was the beginning place of battle. After the fierce battles of Hondo Castle (3) and Tomioka Castle (4), rebellion farmers crossed Shimabara Bay as shown by arrows of Map. Then, barricades were built in Shimabara Castle. This story is similar to Noah's ark. But in the end, all of (1) Misumi west port of World heritage (Uto City) (1)The 1st bridge of Amakusa five bridges and new bridge under construction. (3) Statue of Amakusa Shiro (Amakusa City) (6) Sakitsu Church (Amakusa City) Q-⓭ Amakusa Islands Drive. AMAKUSA (Kumamoto Pref.)- Rebellion of Amakusa/Shimabara, Sunset road of west coast, Geopark Island. All of Amakusa Islands in Kumamoto Prefecture is the scenic area of Amakusa Islands Drive. The main scenic area is 4 islands which line up to the south from the north and Goshonoura islands on the (6) Oe Church ( Amakusa City) (5) Myoukenngaura (Amakusa City) (7)Ushibuka Haiya Ohashi (big bridge) 30

34 more than 30,000 farmers were killed or suicided. Such a tragedy is unlikely to be seen elsewhere in the world. Then, the Christian faith was secretly kept in the south area of Amakusa City, and revived in the Meiji era. Oe-Kyokai (church) and Sakitsu-Tenshudo (Cathedral) were built. And, five literary youths in the Meiji era, developed the European literature after visiting these churches. Another scenic spot is the Japan Geo-park of Amakusa Islands. The main site is Goshono-ura Island, in which fossils of dinosaur and ammonite were found. In the Amakusa west coast, you can see the strange shaped rock, and enjoy the tropical marine park in (4) Tomioka Castle (Reihoku Town, Kumamoto) (8) Fossil of Goshoura-Islands City Amakusa, KamiAmakusa, Reihoku(Town) Interntional access traffic to Amakusa Airport Fukuoka from Tokyo, Narita, Cyubu, Kansai, Naha 21 cities of foreign countories Amakusa from Fukuoka, Itami, Kumamoto Railway High-speed Kumamoto st. Conventional Misumikou st. ( JR Misumi Line) Length of main route about 142km Further information Amakusa Shirou Toulist Association Tel FAX Amakusa Takarajima Toulist Association Tel Q-⓭ Amakusa Islands Drive (AMAKUSA) (3) MeitokuJi Temple and Statue of Niou (Amakusa City) (4)Dolphin Watching (Amakusa City, Kumamoto Pref.) (8) Ammonite (left) and dinosaur fossil (right) in the Goshoura Shima (Amakusa City, Kumamoto Pref.) 31

35 south coast. In addition, Amakusa Shimo-Shima is a production center of the clay of chinaware, and 80 percent of stones is produced in the whole country are mined here. (1)& (2) Amakusa Pearl Line Amakusa s 1st Bridge is also called as the Tenmon Bridge, and is across the strait near Misumi West Port. And, the section to the 5th bridge from the 1st bridge on National road No.266 is called as the Amakusa Pearl Line. When crossing these 5 bridges, you can see the splendid scenery of small islands such as a box garden as in Photo. There are Amakusa-Shiro Memorial Hall and the tombolo-island as scenic spots along the Pearl Line. In addition, there is the hot spring in Matsushima. Taking on a bath in a hot spring, while watching the small islands, please heal your tiredness of trip. (3)Hondo district When entering the national road No.324 from National road No.266, the road is called the octopus road partially and Suwa Shrine on the way is the place that happened the revolt as in abovementioned. Then, crossing a loop bridge afterwards, you can reach the Hondo district in the center area of Amakusa Islands. Hondo Castle was the site of hard-fought battle of the revolt of the Amakusa. In the place in the rare stone bridge, which was over the river nearby there was the fight that a river was dyed with blood, too. In brief, the Hondo district was a big stage of the revolt of Amakusa. The mound ( 47 ) for martyrs of both forces in battle is the memorial scenic spot, and the stone bridge with a large number of pillars is the national important cultural property. The Hondo castle trace is the ruins park at the Present. The gorgeous Meitoku temple was founded in 1645 to help the conversion to Buddhist of Christians. (4) Reihoku Town Area and Tomioka Castle. The main scenery point of this district is the marine dolphin show and Tomioka Castle. Although the northwest of Amakusa Shimoshima is the entrance of Shimabara Bay, dolphins are setting there. Watching a swimming show by groups of wild dolphin is much exciting unlike aquarium. (2) Amakusa Matsushima & Amakusa 5 bridges If going to the south of west coast and seeing the rough sea, you can find a tombolo island at the Tomioka district of the Town of Reihoku. As shown in Photo (4), Tomioka Castle was built in the island and is very difficult to attack. The castle was attacked by the rebellion armed forces, but they could not occupied the castle. It was used as the administrative office in the Edo Period afterwards, and a part of castle is rebuilt and is the visitor center now. (5)& (6) South district in Amakusa city When going to south through National road No.389, you enter again in Amakusa City and can reach the district of Shimoda spa. And, if going toward further south from here, you may meet the wonderful Sunset at the background of the strange form of rock. Some of them are famous as eight scenic spots of sunset in Amakusa. French priest Garnier built a Church, which is white elegant, on the top of hill in Oe by pouring his private property. And he spread the Western culture. At the place adjacent to SakiTsu Fishing Port, the grayish Gothic church was constructed so as to pierce the sky and the floor was made with the Japanese Tatami mat. This site was the trace of Shoya (village headman) in the Edo period, and is the place that Christians were tortured by trampling the picture of Christ. (7) Ushibuka District Ushibuka district is the birthplace of Haiya Folk Music. Haiya means the south wind. And, its song and dance originate to the banquet of sailors who stayed temporarily in the harbor to wait the wind for sailing. In modern times, the dancing large parade of Haiya Festival in every spring is carried out near Haiya Ohashi Bridge, which is a loop shaped bridge. (8) Goshono-ura Island. Goshono-ura Island in Amakusa City was ever Global Geopark, but now, it is designated as the Japan Geopark together with the other islands of Amakusa. Fossils of dinosaur skeleton and ammonites were discovered. They are displayed in a fossil park and a municipal museum. In the walking of town, it is interesting to look for the fossil in the stone of the wall and garden in a house, also. The trip around the islands of the fossil is the scenic byways by the bicycle and ship, in this island. Q-⓮ North Satsuma Scenic Tour. SATSUMA (Kagoshima Pref.)-Untouched nature, Unique Samurai residence district, Special soil layer of Shirasu. This scenic route is in the northern Satsuma, which is composed of five cities and one town. The main route is the national roads No.3 and No.389, and is complemented by the national roads No.504 and No.328. In the Koshiki Jima (island), the route is given (2) Dole Rock of the west coast in Northern Satsuma (Akunei City) 32

36 City Izumi, Akune, Satsumasendai, Itikikushikino, Hioki, Nagashima(town) Interntional access traffic to Amakusa Airport Kagoshima from Tokyo(Haneda, Narita), Chubu,Kansai, Naha, Fukuoka Soul,Shanghai, Taipei, Hong Kong Railway High-speed Izumi st., Sendai st. Conventional Sendai, Itikikushikino, Ijuin etc (JR Kagoshima main line) Hisatsu Orange railway Length of main route about 152km Kami Koshiki Isl Naka Koshiki Isl (1) Crane looked down from the Gyounin Dake Simo Koshiki Isl Q-⓮ North Satsuma Scenic Tour (SATSUMA) by three prefectural roads. Under the network of these roads, Satsuma scenic area is divided into 5 blocks as in Map. Best characteristic landscape is the special social system named "To-Jo system" (system of regional domination) or "Fumoto" (community or village). This system in Edo era was a kind of collaborative society of people who usually engage in agriculture and fight as a soldier in an emergency. This unique network of selfgovernment was made up to obey the instruction of one castle in one state by Edo Shogunate. Despite of the poor financial situation of the Satsuma clan, it is the construction of a samurai society which defense capability was required, and the typical one is the formation of semi-agricultural samurai town Fumoto. As the scenic spot in this viewpoint, places where the situation is remained well in Izumi City, are Fumoto-Town and Noda-Fumoto village. The zone of Iriki Fumoto in Satsuma-Sendai City is a typical Samurai residence village, and the images in Edo era are still retained. Because resources in the island are limited, two areas of samurai mansions in Koshiki islands is unique style. Miyama- Fumoto village of City of Hioki is a special case which gathered Korean potters. If visiting Fumoto village of the Satsuma clan, you will be able to understand the Japanese local society of the Edo era. (1) Izumi City and Nagashima Town In Edo era, Izumi City in Kagoshima Prefecture was a town for defense of the north of the Satsuma clan. There was the barrier on the Satsuma Kaido road, and the trace is still remained. By the way, as major landscape places in the region, there are three spots. One spot is a group of cranes that count ten thousand or more. They come from Siberia region into Izumi plain in every winter. You can see the beautiful dance of cranes in the sky, during winter period. In every March, you can see as bird's-eye the group of cranes that soar in the sky for the return to the north of Siberia, 33 (1) Cranes on the Izumi plain (Izumi City, Kagoshima) from Gyonin-Dake (Mt.) in Nagashima Town. It is a splendid scene and can look in no other place. The second scenic spot is the village which is referred to as a Fumoto town, which was the system of local samurai as described above. Although the town of samurai residences is seen at various places, Fumoto town was particularly large, because of border town. The third is a landscape from Nagashima Island which are between Amakusa City and Izumi City. You can overlook Kyushu Main Island or Yatsushiro Sea from various hills of Nagashima Island. (2) West coast of Northern Satuma. The main route between Akune City and Satsuma-Sendai City is a scenic drive course along the west coast of northern Satsuma. (3) Old Masuda family housings at Iriki-Fumoto (Satsumasendai City) (4) Miyama-Fumoto (Village of Satsuma-Yaki porcelain) (Hioki City.)

37 (5) Samurai residence area in Sato of KamiKoshiki Island (Satsumasendai City, Kagoshima Pref.) (5) Nagameno Hama (beach) in Kami- Koshiki Island ancient mountainous Buddhism, and an outlook park is arranged in KanmuriDake Mt. On the other hand, Hajima port which youths of Satsuma Clan departed secretly to the United Kingdom, in order to lay the foundation of modern Japan, is in seashore side of the Itiki-Kushikino city. In the Present Age, the Satsuma UK Students memorial hall is built. The materials related to young men who looked at the other side of the sea prior to the Meiji Restoration are displayed there. In addition, Fukiage-Hama of the long beach and towering steep slope or cliff was formed by eruptions of volcanoes in the ancient times. (Photo 17). The sea is one straight line to Asian Continent through the East China Sea, and the sunset on the horizon is impressive. The scenery of rocks that were formed with stormy waves is magnificent. Under the intense sun in the summer, the beach which "Shirasu (white sand soft rock)" makes is shining brightly. (See Photo 16). (3) Basin of Sendai River. The Basin of Sendai River may be divided into the zones of upper and lower stream, which are characterized in each. Hiwaki River is a tributary of Sendai River. In its upper stream, Imuta Lake which was registered to the Ramsar Convention, is surrounded with several small mountains. It is a caldera lake that formed by lava domes of the ancient volcanos. Many small peaty islands floating on the pond are a national natural monument, and the tortoise shell dragonfly of endangered species is seen in autumn. (Photo 26 ). (5) Giant rock in Shimo-Koshiki Island (Satsumasendai City, Kagoshima Pref.) (5)Sand beach at Teuchi Bay (Shimo-Koshiki Island, Satsumasendai City, Kagoshima Pref.) Going to the downstream of Hiwaki River, you reach the village of Iriki Fumoto. The district has the atmosphere of the medieval times or early Edo era, even now. Old Masuda family house with a thatched roof is a national important cultural asset. (Photo (3)) The downstream zone of Sendai River is the section reaching to the mouth of River from CBD of Satsuma-Sendai City. Centerpiece of scenery spot in this area is the mausoleum, Enomisasagi, which is believed to worship Ninigino Mikoto (God). (Chap.7). (4) Zone of Ichiki-Kushikino City and Hioki City Itiki-Kushikino City is located in the south of Satsuma-Sendai City. The mountain side of inland is said to be the birthplace of (5)Kanoko Ohashi (big bridge) in Naka-Koshiki Island (Satsumasendai City, Kagoshima Pref.) (5)The long span bridge in Koshiki-Islands (Satsumasendai City, Kagoshima Pref.) 34 (5)Koshiki Islands with un-touched nature Three islands in Koshiki Shima float in the East China Sea, and the access time is about 50 minutes from the Sendai port (high-speed ship) or the Kushikino new port (ferry). And, all of three islands will be connected perfectly by long bridges soon. (Photos ➁ and (5)). Koshiki Islands are the best place which Nature is untouched. Kashima Cliff has been formed since 80 million years ago, and is the rare example that whole cliff can be seen. (Photo ➄). On the other hand, there are several beautiful sand beaches. One beach of them is Nagameno Hama, which is a sandbar that was formed by the sea breeze, over a length of about 4km and is 50m in width. Another one is the beach which draws an arc in the Teuti bay, and is very beautiful and brilliant as in Photo (5). A large town is in the tombolo of Kami Koshiki island. And, a district with unique samurai residence is in the same island. Q-❻ Kagoshima Scenic Byways. KAGOSHIMA (Kagoshima Pref.) Active volcano, Subtropical zone, Lead activities toward Meiji era. The area of Kagoshima Scenic byways is in Satsuma Peninsula and SakuraJima volcano, and the main route is National roads of No.224, No.225 and No.226, as in Map. Several tens of thousands of years before, Kagoshima Bay was a big trough. But, after volcanoes erupted repeatedly, the caldera lake changed into the bay. Since then, SakuraJima continues to erupt, and the mean of eruptions at the present is about 590 time/year. Residents are surprised sometimes by the explosion, or plagued by the fall of ash. Instead, there are many blessings from volcanoes: SakuraJima Daikon (large radish), industrial product of volcanic lava, and hot spring. The magnificent shape or eruption of volcano is an attractive resource for tourists, also. Further, the local people is

38 trained by the eruption and is called as Satsuma Hayato who has fortitude. (1) SakuraJima Island 25 SakuraJima was tied with Osumi peninsula by the large eruption in 1914, though it was an island in Kagoshima Bay originally. You can't see the crater directly, but can near see the impressive plume or spectacular lava of volcano at two observation places. (2) Central area of Kagoshima City Ferry (15 minutes) from SakuraJima leads directly to the center area of Kagoshima City. This area was headquarter of the Satsuma clan in the Edo era, and produced many people who became the driving force of the Meiji Restoration. In particular, the three great persons shown in the picture making a big contribution, to it and are pride of citizens. For the honor of their achievements, their statues were built in several places of Kagoshima City. If going toward the south from the north of the city, main scenic spots are given by the industrial building Shusei Kan (world industrial heritage), Shimazu clan s annex residence "Iso Teien", the park of stone bridges, Tsurumaru castle, Meiji Restoration Museum, etc. In any case, they are related to the Satsuma Clan. (3) Chiran-District in Minami-Kyushu City. The Chiran town in the Minami-Kyushu City is apart about 40 km to the south of Kagoshima City. And, the highlights of the scenic route are the Chiran-Fumoto village in Chiran Town and the base of special flight attack corps. Samurai residential street of Chiran Fumoto is the representative one in Kagoshima Prefecture and remains the image of Edo era, as in Photo. The region has sufficient consideration for landscape and defense. And, seven Japanese gardens in those residences were registered as the National site of scenic beauty. Chiran Airfield was constructed as a training base of special attack corps around the last period of World War II. Though flight bases existed in many places of the country, the large formation flight took off mainly from this base. Lots of related materials and Nariakira Shimazu. Takamori Saigou. Toshimiti Okubo. (Load at end of Edo era) (Soldier, Politician) (Elder statesman) Key persons of Satsuma in Meiji Restoration period (2) Shouko Shuseikan (World industrial heritage, Kagoshima City) (3) Street of Sumurai residences in Chiran (Minamikyushu City) (2) Nishida-Bashi (length 49.6m. Kagoshiam stone bridge memorial park) 35 Cities Kagoshima, Ibusuki, Minamikyushu, Minamisatuma, Makurazaki Internatinal access traffic to Kagoshima Airport from Tokyo, Narita, Chubu, Kansai,Fukuoka, Naha from Soul, Shanghai, Taipei, Hong Kong Railway Shinkansen Kagoshima Tyuou St Conventional Kagoshima Tyuou St Length of main route about 192km Further information Kagoshima Convention &Visitors Bureau Tel FAX Q-❻ Kagoshima Scenic Byways (KAGOSHIMA) documents are exhibited to the Chiran Peace Museum which was built in the site of the airfield trace. (4) Ibusuki hot spring area in busuki City. Ibusuki area is a town of very famous hot springs in southern Kyushu. Especially, the sand steam spa which is warmed by terrestrial heat is good for health. Nearby there is KaimonDake (active volcano) of a wonderful form called as Satsuma-Fuji, also. (5) Makurazaki City and Minami- Satsuma City. Fishery is active in Makurazaki City in the west of Ibusuki City. Particularly, the dried bonito is used to bring out the basic taste of Japanese cooking, and its amount of production is No.1 in our country. At the southern tip of the city, the silhouette of Tategami Rock in the sunset in the Park of God of Fire is fantastic, and it is a symbol of Makurazaki. This scenic spot is drawn in the Ukiyoe print of Hiroshige Utagawa in Edo era also. (Photo (5)). The Makurazaki area receives often the attack of typhoon and is called as Typhoon

39 8.4 Mountain area in Central Kyushu. (Q-❽, ❾, ⓫). (4) Kaimondake (924m) in Kirishima Yakushima National Park (Ibusuki City, Kagoshima) (4) Bathing of sand steamed spa (Ibusuki City, Kagoshim) Ginza. Its west district is Bonotsu Town in Minami-Satsuma City, and Rias coast extends 52 km. Ganjin is a famous priest in times of Tang in China (7th century). In response to the request of Emperor of that time in our country, he came over to confer the religious precept to Japanese priest. Overcoming many difficulties, he landed to the Bonotsu Town, in 754. From this fact, Ganjin Memorial Museum was built here. Then, he entered the capital city, Nara, and greatly contributed to diffuse Buddhism culture. When you go around the Noma peninsula from Bonotsu, you will reach the beach of FukiageHama. The sand Art-Festival which has the longest history in Japan is held in every May, and you can enjoy lots of sand statues or sand artistic buildings. (5) Tategami rocks (Makurazak City, Kagoshima) At a journey in the central cross section of Kyushu connecting to the West from the East, the drive to mountain from mountain is inevitable. In addition, volcanic activities will force the big detour of travel course. (See the following Map). However, many roads which are across Kyushu mountains area were constructed since the Ancient Age. There was the Dazaifu road in the Ancient. Higo Kaido road was constructed in Edo era. Many castle towns were linked by shuttle roads to Hita Magistrate's office which was directly under the Shogunate and located in the mountain area. Such a situation is evident from the present network of national roads which inherited them in the mountainous area. And, the Yamanami Highway was also constructed for the tourism of mountains, after World War II. Three scenic routes, ❽ YAMANAMI, ❾ ASO/KUMAMOTO, and ⓫ MIDORINOSATO, are set up in this road network. Although the volcanic eruption is fearful, the tours of many landscape spots are given by the scenic Nature, spacious highlands, experience of mountain living, blessings of mountain, and healing by spa. Q-❽ Yamanami Highland Parkway. YAMANAMI (Oita Pref.)- Scenic Nature, Hot Spring, Driving on highlands. The landscape area is the coloring range in the Map (Q-❽), and the major scenic zones are four: Beppu, Yufuin, Kokonoe and Takeda. The common resources in these districts are active volcano and hot spring. The main route is the prefectural road No.11, which is the section to Mizuwake-Touge (Pass) in the Yufu City from Aso- Ichinomiya in the Aso City, and is named as Yamanami Highway. As a drive course, it is most popular in Kyushu. (1) Beppu Spa town in Beppu City. (2) Aveneu corner of YunotuboDori (2) Mt. YufuDake is a symbol of Yufuin Three Scenic Byways of the Mountain area in (3)Handa highland (Kokonoe Town, Oita) (4)Tadehara wetland (Kokonoe Town, Oita) 36

40 (1) Takegawara Public Bathhouse built in 1879 Cities Beppu,Yufuin,Takeda, Kokonoe(Town) Interntional access traffic to Munakata City Oita from Tokyo,Narita,Chubu,Kansai Railway Conventional Beppu St.(Nippou Main line) BungoTakada St~Shounai St (Kyudai line) BungoTakeda (Houhi line) Length of main rout about 163km Further information Beppu Toulist Association Tel Fax Yufuin-Onsen Toulism Information Center Tel Fax (1) Statue Kumahati of Kumahati statue Aburaya Buddhist priest type Mountain type Blood pond type (1) Tour of hells of Beppu hot spring (Beppu City, Oita) Q-❽ Yamanami Highland Parkway (YAMANAMI) In the Beppu area, landslides happened frequently by the eruption of Mt.Tsurumi-Dake, in Ancient Ages. Then, the mud and sand flowed out in Beppu Bay, and the land of the alluvial fan was formed. While the Beppu city was created by these geologic activities, the best hot springs in Japan were developed. The modern Beppu tourism which is mainly spa was realized by the effort of Mr.Kumahachi Aburaya, in 20 th century. His statue which spreads hands is in front of the Beppu station square. His motto was the unique phrase: Mountain is Fuji, Sea is Setouchi, and Hot Spring is Beppu. It is stressed that Beppu Onsen is a major tourist destination which is equal to Mt.Fuji and the Seto Inland Sea, in Japan. The main items of scenic byways in the Beppu area are the tours of Hatto and Hell in Japanese word. (See Photos). Hatto means eight types of hot springs in quality, and Hell is various spouts of hot spring. In addition, Takegawara Public Bathhouse which was registered to the modernization industrial (2) Kinrin Lake at the foot in Mt.Yufu-Dake. 37 heritage (2009), are meaningful scenic spots, also. You will meet to the naked citizen at the public bath, if followed the Japanese custom in bathing. Of course, men and women are separated. (2) Yufuin Annex town in th Yufu City. Yufuin Spa Town is famous as an annex town of Beppu City. Symbols of town are the quiet spa street (Yunotsubo Dori), the lake in the foot of mountain (Kinlinko), and Volcanic mountain (Yufu- Dake Mt.). Although KinrinKo Lake is a water resource pond in Oita River, you can enjoy the impressive scene on quiet surface of lake. And there is the lineup of trees in Yunotsubo Street, the (5) Rentaro Taki (composer of Kou-jyo-no Tsuki ) and Ruins of Oka Castle (Takeda City, Oita)

41 promenade in the countryside is along the creek, and various cultural facilities welcome you. (Photo (2)). (3) & (4) Driving Kuju Highlands This district is the area of Kuju Mountains and highlands. The tour in the area is to drive the highland, while looking-up at volcanoes and mountains of more than 1000 m. As shown by big yellow arrow in the Map, there are four entrances for this highland area. Further, rustic hot springs exist in various places along every routes. Your body and spirit will be healed with each distinctive spa. (5) Castle Area in the Takeda City. When driving to Takeda City in Oita Prefecture through Kujyu Highland, trace of Oka-castle is found in the top of hill. The castle is famous by the song which means moon illuminating the devastated Castle (composition: Rentaro Taki). The castle town is at the foot of hill. Some facilities are the one since Edo era, and the relation between the castle and the town are similar as some towns of the Middle Ages of the romantic highway in Germany. As other scenery site, we will recommend the carbonated hot spring in Naoiri Onsen and the waterfall of Sobo Mt. Including them, the green tourism in forest is enjoyable enough. Q-❾ Aso/Kumamoto Scenic Roads. ASO /KUMAOTO (Kumamoto Pref.)-Aso volcano and caldera, Bungo Kaido, Kumamoto Castle. The principal landscape area of Aso/Kumamoto Scenic Roads is the Mountainous zones as in Map; Oguni and Ubuyama ((6) & (7)), the Aso Volcano zone ((2) ~ (5)), and the Kumamoto Castle Town (1). Zones of (2) ~ (7) belong to the Aso-Kujyu National Park. Main roads in this landscape highways are National Road No.57 and Yamanami Highway. Many visitors, however, have a journey through a variety of routes spanning both regions, because this area is adjacent to the above mentioned Yamanami Highway Parkway. The main scenery zone in Aso area is the biggest tourist attraction even if seeing it in all of Kyushu. We can hear the heartbeat of the earth. Kiyomasa Kato who built Kumamoto castle (1562) Musashi Miyamoto of swordsman Soseki Natsume of the great writer (7)Stone pavement of former Bungo road going over a mountain (Ubuyam Village) (6) Hot spring district in Kurokawa (Minamioguni Town, Kumamoto Pref.) (1) Three greats who made nationally famous Kumamoto Q-❾ Aso/Kumamoto Scenic Roads (ASO/KUMAMOTO) 38

42 (1) Kumamoto Castle and its town. The main route to Kumamoto Castle Town from Aso Mountains is the old route in National Road No.57. The section between Fetae Pass and Otsu Town was also called as Otsu-Kaido road. In Edo era, cedar tree was planted along the road, the cobbled road was arranged, and the label tree of distance was set up. Because they are along road, you can find them easily. (4) Aso-Jnja Shrine (Aso City, Kumamoto Pref.) Main sightseeing spots are a group of clean spring water, outer rim mountain, and the wonderful view of Mountains in Aso Volcano. Especially, Shirakawa water source is one of hundred selected Water in Japan. And, the magnificent view in the morning fog will also remain in your eye as an unforgettable memory. (3) Area of Aso volcano Aso Mountains consist of five volcanoes. (3) Aso volcano ( Aso City) (1) Suizenji Park of Japanese style (Kumamoto Cty) (1) Otsu Kaido (Kikuchi City) Kumamoto Castle 48 (National Historic Site) is one of three greatest castles in Japan, which various facilities such as Castle tower and Honmaru (main official building of lord) were rebuilt. They were seriously damaged, however, by the big earthquake in 2016, unfortunately. The restoration will take a long period. In Kumamoto, three great persons appeared till Meiji era from Edo era. One person of them is Kiyomasa Kato, who took the first castle owner of Kumamoto clan early in the Edo era. He constructed the Kumamoto castle and various social infrastructures such as the renovation of rivers in Kumamoto area, the construction of Bungo- Kaido road, the reclamation of seashore, etc. Musashi Miyamoto is the most famous swordsman in Japan. After the duel battle on "GanryuJima" Island in Shimonoseki City in Yamaguti Prefecture in 1612, he was invited by Hosokawa Clan of Kumamoto. He issued GorinnoSho (book of five rings) which described the method of swordsmanship. Another great person is Soseki Natsume. He came in Kumamoto as a professor of the fifth high school (present Kumamoto University). Although Soseki spent in Kumamoto for the period of several years, he traveled many areas in Fukuoka and Kumamoto; Mino mountains, Kinpo Mountain, Aso mountains and Amakusa Islands. And he made many Haiku (Japanese style of Poem) in these experience. Afterwards, he turned into a writer and wrote many famous novels such as Bocchan (Master Darling) or Wagahaiha-Neko- Dearu (I am a Cat). Some of them were published by English versions also. The scenic route in this area is given by footprints of three great men. For example, scenic spots are Kumamoto Castle, MusashiZuka Park, the hiking course that was described in the works of Soseki, and so on. In them, Kumamoto Castle is representative. (Photo 48 ). (2) Region of MinamiAso village and Takamori Town. This area is south of Mt.Aso, and it is along the outer rim of caldera. Heading through National roads of No.57 and No.325, you can reach the area (2) in Minami-Aso Village and Takamori Town. 39 The steam smoke is standing up from the west crater of Mt.Nakadake even now, as in Photo ➀. There is sometimes the big explosion, too. This crater can be reached by going Prefectural roads of No. 111 and No.292 from National highway as in Map. In other words, there are three routes to crater, which are connected on the way. And, all of roads are put together on the middle of route, and are provided the ropeway. (4)& (5) Zone of the Aso Shrine and Mt.Daikanbou. If returning to Kumamoto prefectural road No.11, the intersection of the HigoKaido road and the Yamanami highway is the central area of the Aso City. In its surrounding area, you can enjoy the prairie of Kusasenri-ga-Hama in the old crater, and the charming shape of Kometsuka Mount which is the style of cone. AsoJinja (Shrine) in the Aso City is the big scenic spot and is related to Aso clan which ruled the Aso area in the Medieval Ages. The Aso shrine is also the head of 450 branch shrines. In every February, the famous fire festival (National intangible folk cultural property) is held, and is prayed on the abundant harvest. Climbing up the outer rim from Aso Shrine, you can access to Peak of Daikanbo, where the superb view spot in the Aso National Park is obtained. You can see the whole caldera and 5 volcanoes. (6) Healing area of Oguni and Minami Oguni Region of Oguni and Minami Oguni is a healing zone that are surrounded by the deep green forest, and is the origin of Chikugo River. Advancing along national highways of No.442 and No.387 to Oguni Town, you meet to any rustic hot springs in various places and can rest your body. (7)Ubu-Yama Village UbuYama village is a natural rich plateau that extends over the outer rim of Aso, and is a typical mountainous village. In this area, the driving together with the breeze of highland is truly exhilarating. Besides, Bungo-Kaido road of the prefecture border is the historic cobbled road.

43 Q-⓫. Green Village in Minou-Mountains. MIDORINOSATO (Fukuoka Pref.) Minou Mountains, Byways of Cherry and Wax-tree, Gardens of Camellias and Azalea Looking at the map, you shall notice that Minou Mountains extends into the length of 26 km to the west from the east. Minou fault was created by the major earthquake in 679. While the southern side has the gradual slope, and the northern side is the steep one. On the other hand, the Chikugo River is flowing toward west in the same plains in parallel. The region of Minou Landscape is between Mountains and River. Main route is National road No.210, and is parallel to Prefectural road No.151. The route also is supported by Oita Expressway and JR Kyudai Main Line. The region is a so-called agricultural land. Farming of Garden tree as well as rice are popular. At the land on the slopes, various kinds of tree are grown. Flower trees, such as camellia, flower magnolia, cherry, azalea, and hydrangea, will bloom in each season. Besides, you can taste many kinds of fruits: pear, persimmon, fig, grape, and so on. Depending on a season, the events such as the persimmon hunting, the festival of a flower and garden planting market are held. The scenic area is in Kurume City and Ukiha City, and it can be branched as three zones, as shown in Map. The highlights in these blocks are Minou-Sky-Line along the faults, the ancient tombs, historic ruins of the prosperity of the Kusano clan since the Medieval Ages, and rich flowers and fruits. In any case, it is a scenic byways that enjoys suburban hiking. (1) Kora-Taisha Shrine and Minou-Skyline (Kurume City) The best scenic spot in this area is the Korataisha shrine (a national important cultural asset), which is the highest rank in the Chikugo region, and is located at the southern part of a little from Kurume IC of Kyushu Expressway. In addition, driving a mountain by car from there, it's possible to enjoy the forest road, Minou-Sky- Line, along the faults. (1) Camellia house of the world (Kurume City) (2) Yamamoto-Machi in Kurume City If going the national road No.210 toward east from the Kurume IC of Kyushu Expressway, you reach the SenkouJi temple in about City Kurume, Ukiha Interntional access traffic to Munakata City Airport Fukuoka from Tokyo, Narita, Cyubu, Kansai, Naha 21 cities of foreign countories Railway High-speed Kurume st. Convention Kurume st. JR Kyudai main line Length of main rout about 72km Further information Kurume Bureau of Tourism & International Exchange TEL: FAX ktie@ktarn.or.jp Q-⓫ Minou Foothills Byways (MIDORINOSATO) (3) "Susanoo Shrine" (left) in Kusano town flourished in the Edo period, and the brilliant colored "Sennen Ji" (right) which is said Kyushu s Nikko (Kurume City, Fukuoka). (6)Hirakawa residential house that was arranged into the U-shaped (Ukiha City, Fukuoka) 40

44 (1)Kora Taisha Shrine (Kurume City) (4) Statue of Kappa in Tanushimaru (Ukiha City) (5)Town of white wall-street in Yoshii-machi (Ukiha City (1)Kurume Tutuji (Azelia) (Kurume City) (2) Line of Wax Trees in Yanagizaka-Sone (Kurume City) (3) Chery trees in Hosshin Park (Kurume City) 20 minutes. It is well-known as a hydrangea temple. 5,000 pieces of hydrangeas are planted in the garden. In the surrounding area, there are many temples and shrines decorated with other flowers, also. In the end of April, azaleas over 20,000 pieces in the world azalea center are full bloom. In short, there are many flower garden in the area. (3) Kusano-Machi in Kurume city Kusano-Machi Town is in the east district of Kurume City. The major scenic spot in this area is the inheritance of the Kusano clan, which have the atmosphere of the Medieval Ages. The colored SennenJi Temple is called the Nikko of Kyushu. The adjacent Susanoo Shrine is gorgeous. You shall understand the strength of their faith by those. (See Photo). (4) Tanushimaru - Machi in Kurume City Magnolias and the big tree of cherry are famous, and this district is said to be the birth place of garden planting. In addition, there are several ancient tombs. Tanushimaru Otsuka Kofun (tumuli) is 130m in length and is the largest in Kyushu. The area around JR Tanushimaru Station is Kappa's town. Promotion of town started by the theme of the Kappa, which is mythical creature that lives in the water. Many sculptures of Kappa are exhibited in roads, or bridges to cross the waterways. Kappa of various form will welcome all of travelers. (5) Yoshii-Machi in Ukiha City Yoshii-Machi town is the post inn town in the Edo era, and flourished with commerce, finance and brewery in the Meiji era. As a result, the street of white walls has been constructed in the town as a symbol of wealth, and it was kept till today. You shall notice the picture on the outer white wall which was drawn by the use of trowel. (6) Therapy road in forest in Ukiha City When going the mountains along the road No.106 from National road No. 210, you can find house of Hirakawa Family in about 20 minutes of driving. As in Photo, this house in the Edo era is the structure of U-shaped arrangement by two buildings at the right side, and has been designated as an important cultural property of the country. When driving Prefectural Road No.52, you reach the therapy road with four waterfalls, and can soak in cool breeze in the summer. (For Fourteen Scenic Byways in Kyushu, Please check Fig.1 again.) Wonderful Views & Historic Spots in Scenic Byways Japan Kyushu Province 1 st Edition March 2017 Editorial committee of Guidebook for Kyushu Province Member Takeshi CHISHAKI (Responsibility Author) Takamiti TAMAGAWA Masafumi TSUTSUMI Tetunobu YOSHITAKE Hideaki MASUTANI Publishing and Copy right Promotion Conference of Kyushu Scenic Byways Secretariat: Kyushu Regional Development Bureau Road planing Second Division (Copyright 2016 Promotion Conference of Scenic Byways Kyushu. All Rights Reserved) 41