MODERN GREEK STUDIES YEARBOOK A PUBLICATION OF MEDITERRANEAN, SLAVIC, AND EASTERN ORTHODOX STUDIES

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1 MODERN GREEK STUDIES YEARBOOK A PUBLICATION OF MEDITERRANEAN, SLAVIC, AND EASTERN ORTHODOX STUDIES Volume 26/ /2011

2 CONTENTS Editor s Note ix ARTICLES Seeking Miracles in the Rubble: Anna Akhmatova, Boris Pasternak, and the Orthodox Legacy in Stalin s Time 1 Edith W. Clowes, University of Kansas Right Singing: The Orthodox Liturgical Tradition An Ethnomusicological Perspective 25 Jeffers Engelhardt, Amherst College On the Early U.S. Interest in Cyprus: The Annual Report (1863) by Consul J. Judson Barclay 39 Kyriakos Chatzikyriakidis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki The Challenge of the West and Challenging the West: Ion Dragoumis and the Place of Modern Greece in the East-West Cultural Continuum 57 John A. Mazis, Hamline University The Apogee of Greek-Ottomanism: Greece s Stance toward the Declaration of Bulgarian Independence 71 Spyridon Ploumidis, University of Athens Cutting the Gordian Knot: The Implementation of the Lausanne Convention for the Exchange of Greek-Turkish Populations and the Ankara Convention of 10 June Antonis Klapsis, Panteion University, Athens Georgios Melas, the Greek Embassy in Washington, and the Cyprus Question, Manolis Koumas, University of Cyprus and Christos Christidis, University of Athens Cyprus: The Fictitious Atlantia of MILEX 05: The EU in a Self-Limiting Crisis Management Role? 117 Yiorghos Leventis, International Security Forum, Cyprus and Monarch Business School, Switzerland v

3 vi Table of Contents UN Peacekeeping and Peacemaking Efforts in Cyprus 129 Christos Zagkos and Argyris Kyridis, University of Western Macedonia Eastern and Western Traffic Lights: Cretan Cultural Crossroads 157 Maria Hnaraki, Drexel University Songs of the Hard Traveler from Odysseus to the Never-Ending Tourist 189 Thomas G. Palaima, University of Texas at Austin HISTORY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE GREEK-VENETIAN EAST An Introduction to the History and Historiography of the Greek-Venetian East 211 Anastasia Papadia-Lala, University of Athens Scenes of the Venetian Naval Hospitals in the Levant 219 Helen Beneki, Piraeus Bank Group Cultural Foundation A Notary-Secretary at the Ducal Chancellery in Venetian Crete 239 Kostas Lambrinos, Academy of Athens, Center for Medieval and Modern Greek Research Living Outside the Margins: Catholic Nun Refugees from Crete to Venice ( ) 251 Eleni Tsourapa, University of Athens The Port of Chios Seen through the Maritime Activities of the Ionian Islanders ( ) 271 Gerassimos D. Pagratis, University of Athens TEXT TRANSLATIONS Stratis Myrivilis, The Flower of Fire 283 Irvin H. Ziemann, Southeastern University RESEARCH AIDS The Scholarly Legacy of Andrei Ivanovich Pliguzov ( ) 307 Georg B. Michels, University of California, Riverside with David Goldfrank, Georgetown University

4 Table of Contents vii REVIEW ARTICLES Old Belief and Russian History 321 Charles J. Halperin, Bloomington, Indiana and Barbara Skinner, Indiana State University Surveying the History of Modern Greece 331 Katerina G. Lagos, California State University, Sacramento Turkey Turns East 347 John L. Scherer, Minneapolis BOOK REVIEWS Christopher Schabel, ed., Bullarium Cyprium, vol. 1, Papal Letters concerning Cyprus, , vol. 2, Papal Letters concerning Cyprus, by Charles Frazee Gerassimos D. Pagratis, The Reports of the Venetian Baili and Provveditori of Corfu (Sixteenth Century) 356 by Benjamin Arbel Robert O. Crummey, Old Believers in a Changing World 359 by Gregory Bruess O. E. Petrunina, Grecheskaia natsiia i gosudarstvo v XVIII-XX vv.: Ocherki politicheskogo razvitiia 363 by Lucien J. Frary Barbara Skinner, The Western Front of the Eastern Church: Uniate and Orthodox Conflict in Eighteenth-Century Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia 365 by Matt Miller Christine Philliou, Biography of an Empire: Governing Ottomans in an Age of Revolution 369 by John Mazis Theophilus C. Prousis, Lord Strangford at the Sublime Porte (1821): The Eastern Crisis, vol by Lucien J. Frary Constantinos Papoulidis, H Politikhv thı Rwsivaı sth Cristianikhv Anatolhv to 19 o kai 20 o Aiwvna 374 by Theofanis G. Stavrou Metropolitan Arsenii (Stadnitskii), Dnevnik, , vol by Denis Vovchenko Harry J. Psomiades, Fridtjof Nansen and the Greek Refugee Crisis by Alexander Kitroeff Bryn Geffert, Eastern Orthodox and Anglicans: Diplomacy, Theology, and the Politics of Interwar Ecumenism 382 by Matt Miller

5 viii Table of Contents Nikos Kazantzakis, Lhvmmata tou` Nivkou Kazantzavkh sto; Egkuklopaidiko;n Lexiko;n Eleuqeroudavkh 385 by Theofanis G. Stavrou Anastasia Yiangou, Cyprus in World War II: Politics and Conflict in the Eastern Mediterranean 387 by Diana Markides Nikos Christodoulides, Ta Scevdia Luvshı tou Kupriakouv ( ) 389 by Van Coufoudakis Lois Labrianidis, Ependuvontaı sth fughvú H diarrohv episthmovnwn apov thn Ellavda thn epochv thı pagkosmiopoivhshı 391 by John Mazis OTHER BOOKS RECEIVED 395

6 EDITOR S NOTE FROM its inception, the Modern Greek Studies Yearbook has consistently held to its commitment to encourage research and disseminate scholarly information about all aspects of study within its mission and scope the history and culture of Eastern Orthodoxy at large in its multi-dimensional and diachronic context. This commitment and scope are amply illustrated by the contents of the present volume. And, following tradition, the lead articles are the latest presentations at the Annual James W. Cunningham Lecture by Edith Clowes (2010) and Jeffers Englehardt (2011), respectively. Clowes s contribution focuses on the work of two prominent Russian writers, Anna Akhmatova and Boris Pasternak, and their creative role in preserving the Orthodox legacy during Stalin s era. Englehardt s contribution, on the other hand, deals more broadly with the musical heritage, or right singing, as the title cleverly suggests, in the Orthodox tradition, as practiced in diverse ethnic and cultural settings. Focusing again on the complex history of Orthodoxy in Russia, Charles Halperin and Barbara Skinner s review essay concerning Old Belief and its development in Russian historiography is a fitting complement to a tribute by George Michels and David Goldfrank to the life and work of one of Old Belief s most devoted scholars, Andrei Ivanovich Pliguzov ( ). Here, Michels and Goldfrank outline Pliguzov s work and prescription for the future study of Old Belief, both at home and in the Russian Diaspora. Another major theme in the present volume is Cyprus, which has been featured extensively in past issues of the Yearbook and continues to be an important focus, as it has acquired a more visible presence in the international community. The earliest U.S. interests in Cyprus, dating back to the midnineteenth century, are documented in a carefully constructed and fascinating essay by Kyriakos Chatzikyriakidis, while later U.S. involvement is examined in the contribution by Manolis Koumas and Christos Christidis which provides a glimpse of the role of Greek ambassador George Melas in Washington in the 1950s and Greek and U.S. relations vis-à-vis the Cyprus Question and greater U.S. interests in the eastern Mediterranean. The position of Cyprus in the politics of the eastern Mediterranean and Europe is examined further in three other contributions. In their article, Christos Zagkos and Argyris Kyridis look at historic efforts of the UN to mediate in the Cyprus conflict, while John Scherer s essay on recent historiography ix

7 x Editor s Note on the Cyprus Question assesses Turkey s relations with its international allies concerning its policy on Cyprus in particular and the Middle East in general. Finally, that Cyprus as a member of the European Union since 2004 has reached a level of visibility that cannot be ignored is discussed by Yiorghos Leventis, who uses the British Sovereign Bases on the island as a take-off point for a sophisticated discussion of hypothetical circumstances that call into question Cyprus s role in EU crisis management. The Yearbook has always been a forum for both established scholars and new voices, who continue to survey modern Greek historiography and actively reassess basic questions and address controversial issues. Katerina Lagos provides an overview of recent historical surveys of Greece, while John Mazis takes up the question of Greece s integration into the modern world through the prism of the ideas of Ion Dragoumis, and his sometimes controversial ideas concerning Greece and the West. Spyridon Ploumidis discusses the contentious issue of Greek Ottomanism in reaction to Bulgarian independence, while Antonis Klapsis engages the still sensitive process of the exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey following World War I. That the Yearbook is a forum for new scholarship is further illustrated by a special section in this volume on the Venetian presence in the Mediterranean, guest edited and introduced by Anastasia Papadia-Lala. Some of the essays on this important topic were originally presented at the conference, The Mediterranean and Its Seas, held at the University of Minnesota (2008) and the University of Athens (2009). In keeping with its tradition of promoting modern Greek literature in English, this volume of the Yearbook presents the translation by Irvin Ziemann of the powerful short story, The Flower of Fire, by Stratis Myrivilis, one of the most eminent writers of twentieth-century Greece. Set against the unfolding Asia Minor disaster, the story paints a raw picture of the miseries of war. On the other hand, Maria Hnaraki talks about the island of Crete as a meeting place of cultures, where life is imbued with music and dance, where life is music and dance. Finally, Thomas Palaima brings a discussion of Greek cultural influences back home to Minnesota, presenting a sensitive diachronic appreciation of the image of the traveler in song, from Homer to Bob Dylan. It is gratifying that the broad support afforded the Modern Greek Studies Program by the University of Minnesota makes possible the ongoing collaboration with scholars and institutions. We are happy to inform our readers of the publication in 2011 of the proceedings of the 2005 conference on Russia and the Mediterranean, the first scholarly collaborative between the University of Minnesota and the University of Athens. The two-volume publication, Rwsiva kai MesovgeioıÚ Praktikav AV Dieqnouvı Sunedrivou (Aqhvna, Mai>vou 2005) / Russia and the Mediterranean: Proceedings of the First International Conference (Athens, May 2005), was edited by Olga Katsiardi-Hering and her associates at the University of Athens. We are also pleased to announce that, beginning with this volume, Olga Katsiardi-Hering has agreed to join the editorial board of the Modern Greek Studies Yearbook. Finally, the long collaboration between the University of Minnesota and the

8 Editor s Note xi University of Athens has attained a new level with a formal agreement for an exchange program at the professorial level. This exchange program, inaugurated in the spring of 2012 with the visit to Minnesota of Konstantinos Raptis, a specialist in modern European and Austrian history, points to future collaborative projects. It remains for me to express my appreciation to colleagues and friends at the University of Minnesota and the University of Athens for their support. Lastly, I wish to thank my supporting staff for their hard work and dedication. Theofanis G. Stavrou Director, Modern Greek Studies University of Minnesota