THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL TOPOGRAPHY OF CROATIA IN CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY, ROMAN VILLAS IN CROATIA (PART OF ROMAN PANNONIA, HISTRIA AND DALMATIA)

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1 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL TOPOGRAPHY OF CROATIA IN CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY, ROMAN VILLAS IN CROATIA (PART OF ROMAN PANNONIA, HISTRIA AND DALMATIA) Vlasta Begović Institut za arheologiju Ul. Grada Vukovara 68, Zagreb, Croatia Davorin Kereković GIS Forum Ilica 191 e, Zagreb, Croatia Ivančica Schrunk University of St. Thomas St. Paul; Minnesota 55105, USA The project of establishing the archaeological topography of Croatia has been ongoing for years. It is the basis for a future archaeological map of Croatia. The marking of a topography is a basis for knowing the total number of localities, their type, degree of preservation and value, as well as their spatial setting and precise position. The data refer to the entire Croatia (land, underground, and underwater), with a special emphasis on the architecture heritage of both urban and rural character, as well as archaeological finds and the registered historical road network (hodology), the limes on the river Dunav, along with consultation of historical sources and toponomy. As a supplement to data from the existing literature and reports on archaeological excavations, non-aggressive archaeological methods are also used interpreting satellite and aerial photographs and the results of electromagnetic detection (following the recommendations of the European convention on protection of the archaeological heritage). A data base is formed (data in computer analysis) and mapping is performed on a topographic map and on a digital map of Croatia. Their inscription in the computer database will enable fast search and easy access to information. These data are very important for researchers, students, public institutions, various offices in state administrations, ministries, and all other potential users. Keywords: archaeological topography, remote research and photographic interpretation, geographical coordinates, limes, hodology, Roman villas Determination of geographic coordinates (geocode) are done on the basis of topographic maps in the scale of 1: and town plans (Great Atlas of Croatia, published in 2002) and by GPS (Global Positioning System) by direct readings on the archaeological sites. Satelite and aerial images are used. For each archaeological site a series of 10 data entries are given 1. site; 2. name; 3. geocod; 4. identification data; 5. type; 6. conducted archaeological excavations; 7. spatial division in classical antiquity; 8. county; 9. municipality; 10. bibliography. For requirements of mapping topographic data a printout was acquired from the graphic base of the registry of spatial units in the digital record in the DWG format. Each attribute card receive its datum on the digital map of Croatia. The consultation of the historical sources and toponymy, such as checking the sites on Tabula Peutingeriana and Tabula Imperii Romani. The aim was to form an information and documentation data base. On the base of archaeological topography it was able to determine the number and sites of Roman villas in Croatia. Country villas as historical testimony of Roman civilization show the traditional ties between the Romans and their land. The Roman ideal of a gentlemen's life in the countryside put equal value on the agriculturally productive landscape, as on the harmonious architecture of villas, which were built to provide maximum enjoyment of that countryside. The villas had both economic and residential functions and they were the centres of properties. In the time of the late Republic and Early Empire Pannonia, Histria and Dalmatia were a notably productive region planted with in Histria and 131

2 Dalmatia with vineyards and olive groves and in Panonia with wheat fields (and other cereals). Local manufacturing was producting ceramic goods, wool, wood and quality building stone. The Roman beginnings of the settlement have the roots in the commercial and strategic needs of the expanding power in the eastern Adriatic therritory and Pannonia region and the exploatation of the local goods. On the base of archaeological finds we can determinate the building fase of the Roman villas in Dalmatia and Histria started from 2-1 century BC and in Pannonia from 1. century AD. The grand villas were still central in the landscape in the sixth century when Cassiodorus wrote in a leter how they glistened far and wide, like a line of pearls (Variae XII, 22). On the territory of Roman Pannonia Roman villas on the river Drava - Batina Gornja east of Belec the fundations were found; Nova Gradiška mosaic with the motiv of palms was found; Novigrad Podravski east of Koprivnica Roman villa with the bath; Rimske toplice the luxury villa; Središće south of Ptuj (Poetovio) Roman villa with bath; Tuhovec near Varaždinske toplice (Aquae Jasae) Roman villa with the remains of mosaics and frescoes; Benkovac Okućanski near Okućani, near Nova Gradiška, Roman villa with polihrome mosaics; Klanjec on the river Sutla Roman villa with frescoes in red, green and grey colour; Gornji Stenjevec today the part of the town Zagreb, the remains of water pipes and Diocletian coin were found (Thomas 1964); Bapče, Novo Čiće near Velika Gorica; Roman villas on the river Sava Osekovo Roman villa with mosaics floors and the bath, the hypocaust was found (Bobovec 2002) Fig 1 Andrijaševci, Fabrički gaj; Gradište, Kamenište; Petrovci, Bogdanovci; Sotin, Zlopolje near Vukovar; Kamenac, main street, Roman necropola and Roman villa; Cerić, Plandište near Vinkovci architectural remains, brick with insription, coins, fibula (Dimitrijević 1979); Cage near Okućani, walls, floors, coin of Valentianus; Veliko Korenovo near Bjelovar; Velika Mlaka near Zagreb, foundations and walls; Ostrvica near Gospić; Orljavac near Požega, Striježevičke njive, the remains of architecture, tegulae, bricks, porttary (Mirnik 1972, 20-22); Imbrijevci near Požega, walls, bricks with the circles (Sokač Štimac 1983) ; Orešac near Virovitica, foundations, bricks, porttary, coins; Letičani near Bjelovar, Veliko trojstvo, foundations, walls, coin of the imperor Probus?(Lovrenčević 1980); Laduč near Zaprešić and Zagreb (Koščević 2004); Kupinovac near Bjelovar, Ljutica forest (Lovrenčić 1980); Kravarsko near Velika Gorica and Zagreb close to Roman Andautonia (Klemenc 1938); Šimunčevec near Sesvete, Zagreb, the remains of architecture, bricks, grave; Donja Glavnica, Sesvete, Zagreb, the remains of luxury architecture with bath, three semicircular pools, import fine porttary (Sokol 1981); Rečice near Letovanić and Sisak (Siscia), the remains of architecture and the road (Klemenc 1938); Remetovac near Bjelovar (Lovrenčić 1969); Trnava Resnička, Dubrava, Zagreb, foundations, walls, bricks, tegulae, porttary (Klemenc 1938); Miljana near Klanjec, the remains of the architecture close to the castle Miljana; Mlinovac near Bjelovar (Lovrenčević 1966); Ivanovčani near Bjelovar, bricks, the remains of the bath, porttary (Lovrenčić 1960); Horvati near Zagreb, bricks; Gornji Miklouš near Čazma? (Lovrenčević 1980); Gornji Križ near Bjelovar (Lovrenčević 1980); Gornji Andrijevci near Slavonski Brod (Salaić 1981); Gornje Plavice near Bjelovar, the remains of architecture with the bath, tegulae, porttary (Lovrenčević 1980); Dužica near Sisak (Siscia) the remains of architecture, bricks, coins, gold ring with lapis lazuri from 4. century (Klemenc 1938). In Histria the grand maritime villas were built on the peninsula of Catoro (Ca d'oro Domus Aurea) near Umag; Fig 2 peninsula of Sorna near Poreč with panoramic views; Fig 3 Loron near poreč large villa with a figuline; Červar Porat, villa with a brick kiln; Barbariga, villa with two separate complexes; Fažana, villa with a figuline; on the islands of Brioni several villas, one of them maritime villa in Verige bay with residential block, temles and bath. Fig 4 (It is interesting that the economic capacity of the villa in Madona Bay was growing in the Early Empire at the same time that the level of luxury building was growing on the maritime villa in Verige Bay. The same owner, the family of Laecanius Bassus more likely than not, was responsible for the development and prosperity of both sites during the Augustan and Julio-Claudian times (Bezeczky 1998; Begović and Schrunk 2007). There is no clear evidence that the Brioni estate came into the imperial possession together with Laecanius' figlina in Fazana during the Flavian rule. However, the commercial and defensive developments on Brioni in the Late Empire give indication of some state involvement on the island); Valbandon near Pula, luxurious villa with semi-round rooms and pavement designed in opus scutulatum; Fig 5 Vižula, Medulin, villa on peninsula, luxurious villa on terraces with porticoes built on the shore; Banjole, villa with panoramic views. 132

3 Other villas in Histria Azan, near Tučan and Pula; Tar Valeta; the site of Boras near Rovinj (Starac 1994); Zambratija; Novigrad Karpinjan; Nova Vas near Brtonigla; Kuje southeast of Medulin roman villa vith bath and early christian church constructed above it (Ujčić 1995); Banjole, Paltana bay (Matijašić 1999, 135); Lakuža near Marić (Matijašić 1999, 949); Rudela near Šijana; Radeki, Muntić near Pula; Velika Šaraja (Peroj); Labinci near Kaštelir not far from Poreč (Matijašić 1998, ); Fizela (Matijašić 1998, 157); Roman villa under the romanesque church of St. Mary, Galižana; roman villa nearby church of St. Lucia, Vodnjan; Cisternele near Pula; Vintijan near Pula (Gnirs 1927); Vidrijan near Pula (Schiavuzzi 1908); Ušićevi dvori near Pula; Turini near Buje; Limski kanal, Draga; Lozari near Buje, Krasica near Buje; Šeget near Umag (Degrassi); Svarnjan near Šišan (Schiavuzzi); Štinjan, Roman villa with mosaics (Gnirs 1902, Mirabella Roberti 1935); Rupe near Buje (Puschi 1927), Radeka near Pula, Roman villa with cisterne and tegulae with stamps; Pauletići near Buje; Marić bay north of Peroj and Fažana (Schiavuzzi 1908); Modrušan near Rovinj (Matijašić 1983); Momjan near Buje, walls, tegulae with stamps (Benussi); Mlun near Buzet; Maštelići near Pula; Brtonigla; Mutvoran near Vodnjan and pula with the church of St. Jacob constructed on it (Schiavuzzi); Muraci near Pula, the remains of architecture and cistern (Gnirs); Mulandrija near Poreč; Gustinja near Rovinj, the remains of architecture and the harbour (Vrsalović 1979); Dolac near Pula, east of Valtura; Betiga, on the position of the villa an Early Christian comlexwas constructed, which developed around cellae trihorae. On the north Adriatic coast and the islands on the island of Unije near the Unije bay; Jadranovo on the peninsula Havišće, the remains of architecture, bricks with the stamps; Selce in front of today hotel Slaven. On the island of Krk Jurandvor, Baška under the church of St. Lucia and the monastery (Fučić 1960); Njivice; Pinezići; Punat; Vrana (Bolonić, Žic 1977); Voz. On the island Lošinj in Liska Bay and on the island Male Srakane; Vele Srakane island. On the island of St. Peter southeast of the island Lošinj (Čus Rukonić 1982, 9, 17); Veli Lošinj, villa with mosaics. On the island of Rab in Supetar bay near the St. Peter monastery; near Lopar on the site Ivin garden; Miral on the promontotry Kaštelin in Kampor bay; near Barbat on the site Grce or Grcerija the remains of architecture and mosaics were found (Nedved 1989, 30-38). On the island Žirje roman villa was found. On the island Cres Hamlac near Nerezine; Miholašćica; Martinšćica (Čus Rukonić 1982, 17); Veli Bok, walls, tegulae with stamps, glass, porttary (Imamović 1975, ) On the island of Pag Novalja, Dabovi stani; Novalja, Šankovi stani; Pag; Šimuni; in Lun bay Tovarnele; Kolan; Povljana, Stara Povljana bay; Zamet near Old town Pag (Suić 1953; Šonje ; Škunca 1989, 27). The island of Pašman, Neviđane, Roman villa with harbour In Vidovac east of Karlobag Roman villa with mosaic floors (Zaninović 1980); Velo Ruino on Velebit mountain; Rovanjska; Jurjevo. On the Ugljan island Supetar; Batalaža; On the south part of the island Ugljan in Muline maritime villa with mosaic floors and cistern was found, in Late Antiquity, to the east of the villa a number of buildings was constructed a martyrion, later dissected by adding memorial cellae, basilica with annexes and arched mausoleum (Suić 1976, 244) The island of Silba Roman villa. The island Ilovik, Roman villa with graves, walls, coins, situated near the later monastery (Čus Rukonić 1984, ) Mala Proversa between the island of Dugi otok and Katina, the remains of architecture and piscina vivaria( Vrsalović 1976) Roman villa in Bribir (Varvaria) near Skradin (Scardona) The islad of Murter -Gospodska gomila; maritime villa in Murter built on the terraces with porticoes, cistern and the bath. Fig 6 Near Zadar (Iader) Roman villa in Pridraga; Oštri Rat, Puntamika; Diklo the remains of architecture with the bath, mosaics, tegulae, columns (Fadić 1985); Dračevac (Suić 1956; Fadić 1985, 1987); Begovača near village Kašić; Danilo near Šibenik (Rendić Miočević 1990, 478); Privlaka near Nin (Škegro 1999, 186); Ivinj near Šibenik Roman villa with early christian church and the baptistery constructed above the old structure (Zorić 1999, ); Kument near Biograd; Pakoštane with the 133

4 Roman harbour; Vilišnice; zidine Rogovske near Filip Jakov; Crkvine Vrana; Crvena luka; Tinj, Benkovac; Lištane Tinjske near Zadar (Batović 1984) Krmčina near Biograd (Ilakovac 1965, ); Raštević near Zadar, Roman wila with graves; Petrčane near Zadar, Roman villa with harbour (Vrsalović 1979); Gornji Raštani near Zadar (Batović 1984) On the south Adriatic coast - Morinje near Šibenik (Zaninović 1967); Donje Polje near Šibenik, the remains of architecture with the bath, mosaics, frescoes (Gunjača 1978); Ostrvica, Mirine near Gata, near Omiš, windows with semicircular arch, tegulae (Rapanić 1985?); Donje Biljane near Benkovac, Begovača, the remains of architecture, coins, graves, early christian church; Bijači (Siculi) in Kaštela field with Early Christian basilica (kirigin, Marin 1989, 125); Orlić near Knin, Roman villa with mosaics with inscriptions. Maritime villa in Stari Trogir bay with big cistern and the bath. Villa urbana with polyhrome mosaics was found in the territiry of antique Salona, in the vicinity of Porta Cesarea, known as the Provincial Governor's Palace. Obviously at the site of Diocletian's Palace there was a building from the earlier period of a highquality construction. Finds in the substructions of the Palace (in the southeastern corner) indicate a high level of artistic skill in the making of the architrave, impost, frieze, and tympanum. Fragments of a theater found on the same place and the find of an odeum on the Ad basilicas pictas site on the road to Salona suggests the existance of a maritime villa before Diocletian's Palace. Roman villas near Split Žrnovnica; Stobreč; Polju; Lora; Spinut; Resnik; Vranjic;Tarac west of trogir (Zaninović 1995, 93). The island of Šolta (Solentia) Roman villa in Rogač, Banje bay; Roman villa in Nečujam, Piškera bay had a large fishpond that occupied the entire bottom of the bay; Mirine near Donje Selo; Studenac near Donje Selo; Bunje near Gornje Selo (Oreb 1990, 49-61). Polače in Strožanac near Postrana Roman villa and the church of St. Mary constructed above it; Ostrovica. The island of Brač Lovrečina, Early Empire villa; Povlja with Early Christian complex with the baptistery; Bol, Zlatni rat with harbour remains; Postire; Mirje; Sutivan;Pučišća; Splitska; Škrip; Donji Humac; Nerežišće; Bunje near Novo Selo. The island of Hvar Jelsa, St. Lucas bay, the remains of architecture and harbour; Vrbanj; Dol, Kupinovnik, the remains of architecture, cistern; villa urbana in Stari Grad; Dol, drainage channels and presses; Roman villas in Hvar field between Starigrad and Jelsa; Soline bay; Poljica; Zastražišće; Gdinj; Bogomolje; Pitavska plaža; Njive east of town Hvar; Kutac west of jelsa; Vrban near Jelsa; Zavala near Jelsa; Stagnjica, Vrboska; Mlaska bay near Sućuraj (Zaninović 1995; Škegro 1999, ; Jelić Radonić 1996). The island of Šćedro Roman villa. Pakleni islands, St. Clement Roman villa in Soline Bay. The island of vis Velo Polje; Smokovo polje; Zlopolje; Borovo polje; Plisko polje; Vinopolje (Zaninović 1997; Škegro 1999, 159) The island of Biševo near the island Vis Roman villa.. The peninsula Pelješac Viganj; Trstenice; Dol near Podvlašćica, (Zaninović 1967); Žuljana (Predium Iuliarum); Orebić, St John; Trpanj; Lovišta; Divovića vlaka west of Orebić; Trstenice near Orebić; St. Mary of Karmela near Orebić; Zamošće near Kučišće; Pokučje near Sreser; Rat, Sreser bay near Janjina (Zaninović 1995, 92; Fisković 2001, 51-74; Škegro 1999, 162). The island of Korčula Maritime villa in Lumbarda the island of Korčula with walls in opus reticulatum; Fig 7 Bradat, Mirje, Roman villa with the press; Kale bay; Vrbovica, Poplat bay, Roman villa with cistern; vela Luka, Bobovišća; Beneficij, the church of St. kuzma and Damian constructed on the villa; Zmalovčica, Rudodman, Roman villa with the bath; Blato, Gospa od polja; Potirna Mirje; Potirna Humac; Mala Krtinja, Prižba; Podobavje; Dračevica; sevca, višnja Polje; Prapratna, mirje; Zlampolje, Čara, sutudar; Sić, Konopjica, Kneža bay; Banja, Žrnovska banja (Radić 2001, 36-43). The island of Grubeša - villa with the bath; The island Majsan Roman villa. The island Lučnjak Roman villa (Radić 2001, 41). 134

5 Near harbour Ploče; Metković and Makarska Zadje near Ploče; Gradac, Crkvina near Ploče; Šipčine; Gorož; Borovci near Kula Norinska; villa suburbana on Erešove bare near Narona; Mala duba bay; Bratuš, Zakuće; Mirine Donje, Drvenik bay; Baška voda; Tučepi; Zaostrog (Čače, Jurić 1995, ; Medini 1970). The island of Lastovo Roman villa in Ubli bay; Skrivena luka; on the island of Sušac, Portić bay (zaninović 1995, 92; Jelić Radonić 2001, ). Duba Stonska, Tajan near Ston Roman villa; Stone bare; Ston, Prapratno bay; Popova luka, Mirine; Dingač, Ruzmarin promontory; Slano (Zaninović 1988, 97-98). The island of Mljet Pomena, Roman villa; Sobra; Okuklja; Polače, the Late Antique palace was built directly next to the villa and the thermae from the Early Imperial period. In the Late Antique the island was imperial property, and as such it was donated by the Ostrogoth leader Odoacer to Comes Pierius on March 13, 489, as a debt for a loan. Comes Domesticorum Pierius probably began the construction of the monumental palace in the bay of Polače as a country residential complex. Mlini near Dubrovnik, Roman villa ; Molunat near Dubrovnik, Roman villa. The island Koločep Donje Čelo bay, Roman villa. The island Lopud Roman villa (Zaninović 1988, 97). The island Šipan - Fratija Roman villas near Cavtat (Epidaurus) Tiha bay, north of the port of Cavtat, where the inscription in the honor of the Regent of Dalmatia, Publius Cornelius Dolabella, and parts of his statue were found (Zaninović 1988, 95); peninsula Sustjepan, Roman villa was built on the terraces and on a slope along the shore. Finds of antique pottery and glass data the villa to the Early Empire period. In Late Antiquity the villa was rebuilt and there are finds of Late Antique graves near the villa. Grave finds are very significant a golden earring decorated by saphire and aquamarine and twelve bronze coins of Justinijan (Zaninović 1988, 92-94). Fig 8 On the examples of the network of Roman villas we can see that same of the owners of the villas were the military officers and high positioned administration send directly from Rome. In the case of Publius Cornelius Dolabella the Regent of Dalmatia who have had maritime villa in Tiha bay near Cavtat (Epidaurus) with panoramic views to the city and the harbour, we can imagine the owner's control of the maritime navigation route. The same example is maritime villa in Lumbarda on the island of Korčula where the owner controled the navigation along the channel of Pelješac peninsula. Same of the owners of the villa were so powerfull that the route of the road have changed because of their poperties. The extend of the influence and power that Caius Laecanius Bassus had in time of the rule of Emperor Claudius is clear from the inscription from Materija, in which the emperor ruled a property line dispute with the native Rundictes in Laecanius ' favour. The aforementioned examples show that the architecture of the villas of Roman Pannonia, Histria and Dalmatia (sites today in Republic of Croatia) according to its scope and quality does not lag behind contemporary works in the territory of Italy. The largest obstacle to their classification is insufficient excavation, the neglect of stratigraphy and finds in older archaeological excavations, and insufficient publishing of the results of archaeological excavations, a very small number of completely excavated sites with defined groundplans and especially divided Early Empire and Late Antique stages. But it is still important to make a catalogue of villas and finished the work on topography of the villas sites. Also it will be very important to make a reconstruction of same tipical types of Roman villas. 135

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9 Figures: Roman villa on Ciglenicama, Osekovo (Bobovec, Butjer 2001) Roman villa on Katoro near Umaga (Matijašić 1998, Glušćević, Bolšec Ferri 2003) 139

10 Roman villa on Sorna near Poreč (Jurkić Girardi 1981) Roman villa in Verige bay, the Brioni islands (Begović Dvoržak 1994) 140

11 Roman villa in Valbandon near Pula (Gnirs 1911) Roman villa on the Murter island (Faber 1998) 141

12 Roman villa in Lumbarda on the Korčula island (Zaninović 2001) Roman villa on sustjepan near Cavtat (Zaninović 1988) 142