Dolja K. Pavlova. Sofia University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany, Sofia, Bulgaria

Transcription

1 Zbornik na trudovi posveten na akademik Kiril Micevski Collection of Papers Devoted to Academician Kiril Micevski UDK: (497.2:23) ENDEMICS AND RARE PLANTS GROWING ON SERPENTINES IN THE RHODOPES MOUNTAINS (BULGARIA) Dolja K. Pavlova Sofia University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany, Sofia, Bulgaria Abstract: The largest serpentine areas in Bulgaria are in the Rhodopes. The serpentine bodies are located within the lower montane belt. The flora and vegetation of the serpentines investigated show similarities to such areas in other Balkan countries. The high number of endemics indicates the importance of the serpentine habitats as centers for floristic differentiation and speciation. In The Red Data Book of Bulgaria 24 taxa from the investigated territory are included. The number of the Bulgarian and Balkan endemics is 40. This number is rather low compared with other serpentine areas on the Balkan peninsula, bearing in mind the low altitude, the relatively uniform climatic conditions and the short biological history of the serpentine areas in Bulgaria. The link between the taxa of the serpentine flora investigated in the Rhodopes testifies to the refugial character of the processes. Plant speciation in these areas is relatively young and a specific floristic complex has not developed yet. Key words: endemics, rare plants, serpentine, Rhodopes Mts., Bulgaria Introduction Serpentine rocks usually shelter a characteristic flora including rare and endemic plants, various morphotypes of typical taxa and a sparse xerothermic vegetation cover, which are of particular interest to botanists and ecologists. The specificity of the serpentine rocks is determined by their chemical composition a relatively high content of Fe, Mg, Cr, Co, Ni and low content of Ca, K, P, Mo (Proctor, Woodell, 1975; Brooks, 1987; Balkwill et al., 1997). The ph values range from basic to ultrabasic (5.5-8). As a result an unusual and specific flora, composed of species tolerant to a high content of heavy metals,

2 158 Dolja K. Pavlova has emerged (Williamson et al., 1997). The serpentine flora differs from the flora developed on the neighbouring either siliceous or calcareous non-serpentine areas, presenting taxonomical, phyto-geographical and ecological phenomena of great interest. The serpentines are characterized by the presence of neo- and paleoendemics. Their formation depends on the biogeohistory of the region and the availability of suitable habitats. The populations are not numerous and are vulnerable (Brooks, 1987; Changwe, Balkwill, 2003). The importance of the basic serpentine rock for florogenesis includes the formation and development of an endemic flora and survival of the relics as well. The high number of endemics indicates the importance of serpentine habitats as centers for floristic differentiation and speciation. According to Kruckberg (1992) the uniqueness of the serpentine flora lies in the mixture of four types of floristic elements: 1) endemics narrowly restricted to serpentine; 2) local indicator species showing high fidelity to but not restricted to serpentine; 3) wide-ranging species that occur in a variety of habitats underlain by both normal (zonal) and ultrabasic soils; 4) species that are excluded from ultrabasic soils. A similar classification for the endemics is proposed by Stevanović et al. (2003), which focuses on the distribution of obligate serpentinophytes on the Balkans. The greatest concentration of species endemic to serpentines on the Balkans is in the mountains of the western part of the peninsula on the territories of Bosnia, Serbia, Albania and Greece, which have different altitudes and a diverse geological composition. According to Tatič, Veljovič (1992) these factors determine the Balkan peninsula as an important refuge for plants during the Quarternary glaciations. Smaller serpentine bodies are also located in Bulgaria and Macedonia. The richness of endemics growing on the serpentine areas of the Balkans, their taxonomical rank, ecology and conservation are of particular interest and the investigations in this direction are still insufficient and incomplete. Study area The serpentine bodies in the Rhodopes massif are part of the pre-cambrian metamorphic complex. According to Kozhoukharova (1984) they are characterized by a great variety in the chemical composition of the rocks and in the soils above them. Nine serpentine areas in the Eastern and the Western Rhodopes were investigated. Their location is shown on an UTM Grid Map (15x15 km) (Fig. 1.)

3 Endemics and rare plants growing on serpentines in the Rhodopes Mts. 159 Figure 1 UTM Grid Map of the investigated serpentine sites in the Rhodopes Slika 1 UTM karta na istra`uvanite serpentinski lokaliteti na Rodopite The study area belongs to the South-Bulgarian climatic region where the Mediterranean influence is highly pronounced (Tischkov, 1982). The climate in the Thracian valley, where two of the investigated sites are located, is characterized by a mild winter and relatively cool summer with an average temperature of C for the warmest month. At altitudes m in the Eastern Rhodopes the mean January temperature is C and the mean July temperature is 18 0 C with moderately warm summers. The winter precipitation exceeds the summer values by 9-11% (Moraliysky, Goceva 1989; Koleva 1989). The area of the sites investigated differs and the largest ones are sites 1, 3, 5 and 6. The displacement is between 150 and 650 m. The nine serpentine bodies are located in the lowermost montane belt ( m) (Velchev et al., 1982). From a phytogeographical point of view these bodies are assigned to the Upper-Thracian and East-Rhodopes region of the Macedonian-Thracian province (Bondev, 2002). The vegetation cover is diverse, represented mainly by Macedonian-Thracian floristic elements that are

4 160 Dolja K. Pavlova xerothermic and specific to this province, and Balkan and Bulgarian endemics as well. Typically, serpentine areas are more barren than their surroundings and in agricultural areas they are recognized as infertile. The serpentine terrains in the Rhodopes are classified into two groups: (1) those with sparsely colonized debris (open habitats), (2) vegetation having limited recognizable serpentine features (covered by coppice oak forests diversifying into shiblyak in some places) (Pavlova, 2001). The voucher specimens of the plants collected are deposited in the Herbarium (SO) of the St. Kl. Ohridski University, Sofia. The endemics are given after Velchev et al. (1992), Dimitrov ed. (2000) and Jordanov ed. ( ). Results and Discussion The investigations on the serpentine flora in the Rhodopes Mts. resulted in the location of the populations of 57 endemic, rare and conservation plants (Table 1). They represent 8.93% of the total number of higher plants (683) established so far on serpentine areas and are placed in the following categories: a) 40 endemics, among them 31 Balkan (36.5% of the Balkan endemics distributed in the Rhodopes) and 9 Bulgarian (11.25% of the Bulgarian endemics distributed in the Rhodopes); b) 24 taxa are included in The Red Data Book of Bulgaria (Velchev ed., 1984) 5 in the category endangered and 19 in the category rare ; c) 14 species are included in The Law of Biological Diversity (2002) for Bulgaria as protected ; d) the species Anthemis rumelica (DC) Ferdinand and Fritillaria pontica Wahl. are included in The Red List of Threatened Plants of IUCN in the category rare. The populations of the Bulgarian endemic Anthemis rumelica are established for three of the sites studied ( 1, 6 and 7). The species is reported for the first time for the Central Rhodopes. Its habitats are stony serpentines with a thin brown-forest soil. The natural vegetation is highly degraded, transformed into shibljak communities with Paliurus spina-christi Mill., Juniperus oxycedrus L., Fraxinus ornus L., Acer monspessulanum L., Cotinus coggygria Scop., Pistacia terebintus L., Rhamnus catarticus L., Cystus incanus L., Dichantium ischaemum L., Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin., Poa bulbosa L., etc. The populations on the northern and eastern slopes of site 7 (Parvenetz) are particularly threatened as large terrains are occupied by artificial plantations of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle and Robinia pseudoacacia L.

5 Endemics and rare plants growing on serpentines in the Rhodopes Mts. 161 The species Fritillaria pontica Wahl. was established in site 4 with single individuals along the edge of a mixed forest of Quercus frainetto L., Carpinus betulus L., Carpinus orientalis Mill., Fraxinus ornus L. and Acer pseudoplatanus L. Until now, the populations of these two rare species in Bulgaria had been found on calcareous and siliceous bedrock. The floristic composition of the endemic, rare and conservation plants on the serpentines in the Rhodopes comprises 21 families, 43 genera and 57 species and subspecies. The highest number of taxa is reported for the following families: Caryophyllaceae (10), Asteraceae (5), Poaceae (5), Scrophulariaceae (4), Lamiaceae (4), Rubiaceae (4), Fabaceae and Apiaceae (3). The richest in taxa genera are Dianthus (4), Verbascum (3), Koeleria (3), etc. This mode of dominance is synchronous with the floristic composition for the country proposed by Petrova (2001) and the composition of the serpentine flora for the Central and Eastern Rhodopes (Pavlova, 2004; Pavlova et al., 2005). The analysis of the biological type of the endemic, rare and conservation plants shows a large diversity. The perennial herbs prevail (32), followed by annuals (14), biannual herbs (4), annual-biennials (2), semi-shrubs (2), shrubs (1) and others (1). This distribution is a result of the ecological conditions on the serpentine terrains and the biological characteristics of the plants. According to Kruckeberg (1992) plants which avoid ultrabasic rocks are found in all life forms, but this is not necessarily so. Site 1 is the richest with Balkan endemics (12), followed by site 3 (8), site 7 (7), site 2 (6), sites 6 and 5 (5 each), etc. The highest number of Bulgarian endemics is found at sites 5 and 7 (3 each), followed by site 1 (2) and sites 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 (1 each). (Fig. 2). The analysis of the distribution of the endemics on the serpentine areas in the Rhodopes shows the following characteristics: a) Bulgarian and Balkan endemics are present at all sites (with the exception of site 9); b) the Balkan endemics prevail; c) the specificity of the flora in the sites studied is clearly expressed by the distribution of the endemics as well, which can be explained by the climate, relief and biogeohistory; d) the endemics common to both floristic subregions are Anthemis rumelica (DC) Ferdinand, Inula aschersoniana Janka, Onosma thracica Velen., Scabiosa triniifolia Friv, Digitalis viridiflora Lindl., and Hypericum rumeliacum Boiss. (15% of all endemics). These species have a wide distribution in the country in different habitats, serpentines and non-serpentines included;

6 162 Dolja K. Pavlova e) the number of the Bulgarian endemics is higher for the Eastern Rhodopes. The distribution of the endemic, rare and conservation plants in groups, depending on their affinity to the serpentine substrate, following Kruckgeberg (1992), reveals the following characteristics: a) endemic taxa closely bound to the serpentine substrate are still not published due to long taxonomical procedures; b) local indicator species with a high affinity but not restricted to serpentines are Asplenium cuneifolium Viv., Convolvulus boissieri Stend. subsp. parnassicus (Boiss. et Orph.) Kuzm. and Thymus bracteosus Vis. ex Benth. The last two species are widely distributed on serpentine terrains in the Eastern Rhodopes; c) the group of widely distributed endemic and rare species found in different habitats, serpentine and non-serpentine terrains included, is very well represented (66.6% of all taxa established). Among them taxa more commonly found on calcareous bedrock (73.7%) prevail, compared to those found on calcareous and siliceous bedrocks (26.3%); d) a considerable number of plants (28%) can be related to the group of exceptions for the ultrabasic terrains Stachys cretica L. subsp. bulgarica Rechb., Festuca thracica (Acht.) Markg.-Dann., Centaurium turcicum (Velen.) Ronn. ex Fritsch, Oenanthe millefolia Janka, Galium velenovskyi Ančev, Serapias vomeraceae (Burm.) Briq, Verbascum nobile Velen., Silene lydia Boiss., etc. Following Kuzmanov (1969), the only Tertiary relics are the species Limodorum abortivum (L.) Shwartz and Serapias vomeracea (Burm.) Briq. They are included in The Law of Biological Diversity (2002). The locality for Serapias vomeracea at site 2 is the third one for this species. The population occupies an area of 0.5 dka on deeper soil with higher humidity. The following plants are listed as protected in The Law of Biological Diversity (2002) Asplenium cuneifolium, Anthemis rumelica, Saponaria stranjensis D. Jord., Silene lydia, Convolvulus boissieri subsp. parnassicus, Micromeria juliana (L.) Benth. et Reichb., Stachys cretica subsp. bulgarica, Thymus bracteosus, Fritillaria pontica, Goniolimon collinum (Grsb.) Boiss., Limodorum abortivum, Apera interrupta (L.) Beauv., Verbascum adrianopolitanum Podp. The only endangered species is Serapias vomeracea. A large number of the Balkan endemics established on the serpentine areas in the Rhodopes are also found in Albania, Greece and in the states of former Yugoslavia. A small number is common only to Bulgaria and Northern

7 Endemics and rare plants growing on serpentines in the Rhodopes Mts. 163 Greece: Micromeria dalmatica Benth. subsp. bulgarica (Velen.) Guinea, Festuca thracica, Verbascum nobile and Cerastium petricola Panč. The species Saponaria stranjensis is common to Bulgaria and the European part of Turkey. The localities of Dianthus moesiacus subsp. moesiacus in the Eastern Rhodopes, common to Bulgaria and former Yugoslavia, are the most southeasterly ones within its area. The taxa Jurinea mollis (L.) Rchb. subsp. anatolica (Boiss.) Stoj. et Stef. and Verbascum humile Janka are found in Bulgaria, Greece and in the European part of Turkey. For these plants Bulgaria is the most northen part of their area. The localities of Saponaria stranjensis, Stachys cretica subsp. bulgarica, Verbascum adrianopolitanum and V. nobile in the Eastern Rhodopes are among the largest in the country. The main part of the area for Saponaria stranjensis, Verbascum adrianopolitanum and V. nobile lies in Bulgaria and until recently these species were considered as Bulgarian endemics. A comparison with the serpentine flora of the Vourinus Mts. in Northwestern Greece (Babalonas, 1989) resulted in the establishement of 9 common endemic and rare taxa: Inula aschersoniana, Dianthus corymbosus, Silene gigantea L., Convolvulus boissieri subsp. parnassicus, Scabiosa triniifolia, Limodorum abortivum, Hypericum rumeliacum Boiss., Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. et Schult. and Crucianella graeca Velen. Most of these taxa are widely distributed on the Balkan Peninsula both on serpentine and non-serpentine areas. Conclusions Endemism reveals the specificity and genetic peculiarities of the Bulgarian flora. The regional Bulgarian endemism shows that the territory of the country is rich in diverse ecological niches and has undergone a complex florogenetic and phytoclimatic history. The endemic, rare and conservation plant species growing on serpentines in the Rhodopes are heliophilous xerophytes, unevenly distributed in the sites investigated. No correlation exists between the number of the endemic and rare species established and the area of the corresponding site. For example, site 1, which is one of the smallest, shelters most of the species analyzed. In contrast, at sites 5 and 6, the number of plants found is only half compared to site 1. (Fig. 2). A smaller number of endemics grows on the serpentine areas in the Central Rhodopes. This fact can be explained by the low altitude of their locations. In principle, the number of endemics found in the foothills is lower, compared to the montane areas (Velchev et al., 1992). The serpentine areas are also highly influenced by anthropogenic activities reforestation, tourism, agriculture and

8 164 Dolja K. Pavlova 14 number taxa Bu E Balk E number of the site Figure 2 Distribution of the Bulgarian and Balkan endemics at the sites Slika 2 Rasprostranuvawe na bugarskite i balkanskite endemi~ni vidovi po lokaliteti cattle-breeding. Despite this impact, the serpentine flora bears specific characteristics, which distinguish it from adjacent non-serpentine areas. The characteristics of the endemic serpentine flora in the Eastern and Central Rhodopes are connected with the local climate, relief, diversity and geohistory of the ecological niches inhabited. Some endemics such as Saponaria stranjensis, Verbascum adrianopolitanum, V. nobile and Micromeria dalmatica subsp. bulgarica are found mainly in the Eastern Rhodopes. The number of endemics distributed on the serpentine areas in the Rhodopes is considerably smaller compared to those on other serpentine regions on the Balkan Peninsula (Reichinger, 1961; Krause et al., 1963; Babalonas, 1984, 1989; Ritter-Studnička; 1970, Tatić & Veljović, 1992; Constantinidis; 2004), most probably due to the lower elevation of their locations and the increasing human impact. Unlike the serpentine floras in Albania, Bosnia and Serbia, the speciation processes on the Bulgarian serpentines are relatively young and a specific floristic complex has still not been shaped. Nevertheless, specific morphotypes

9 Endemics and rare plants growing on serpentines in the Rhodopes Mts. 165 can be found at some of the sites investigated, and quite probably local endemic taxa from the families Caryophyllaceae, Brassicaceae, and the genera Silene, Aethionema, Thlaspi, etc. Efficient measures are needed in the near future for the conservation and protection of the floristically rich serpentine sites in the Rhodopes. Acknowledgements I would like to dedicate this paper to the memory of the prominent Academician Kiril Micevski, in recognition of his substantial contribution to the investigation of the Macedonian and Balkan floras. This paper is a contribution to Project B-VU-6/2005, supported by the National Science Fund in Sofia. References Babalonas, D. (1984): Zur Kenntnis der Flora und Vegetation auf Serpentin-Standorte Nordgrichenlands I. Serpentinvegetation im Voras-Gebiirge. Fedd. Rep. 95: Babalonas, D. (1989): Beitrag zur Flora des serpentinischen Vourinos-Gebirges (Notdgriecheland). Willdenowia 18: Balkwill, K., Williamson, S. D., Kidger, C. L., Robinson, E. R., Stalmans M. & Balkwill, M. J. (1997): Diversity and Conservation of Serpentine Sites in Southern Mpumalanga (Eastern Transvaal), South Africa. In: Jaffre, T., Reeves R. D. & Becquer, T. (eds.) The ecology of ultramafic and metalliferous areas. Noumea: Orstom, Bondev, I. (2002): Geobotanichesko rajonirane. In: Geography of Bulgaria. ForKom. Sofia, (in Bulgarian) Brooks, R. (1987): Serpentine and its Vegetation (A multidisciplinary approach). Dioscorides press: Portland, Oregon. Changwe, K. & Balkwill, K. (2003): Floristics of the Cunbar Valley Serpentinite Site, Songimvelo Game Reserve, South Africa. Bot. Journ. Linn. Society, 143: Constantinidis, Th. (2004): The floristic Diversity of Serpentine in Greece 1. An inventory of the Aliki Area (Sterea Ellas, Central Greece). Phyton (Horn, Austria), 44 (1): Dimitrov, D. (ed.), (2000): Conspectus of the Bulgarian Vascular Flora. Distribution Maps and Floristic elements. Sofia. (in Bulgarian). Jordanov, D. (ed.) ( ): Flora Reipublicae Popularias Bulgaricae Bulagarian Academy of Sciences. Sofia. (in Bulgarian). Koleva, E. (1989): Precipitation and snow cover. In: Michev, K., Velchev, V., Zjapkov, L., Velev, S. & Tischkov Ch. (eds.) Natural and economic potential of the mountains in Bulgaria. I. Nature and Resources. Publ. House, Bulg. Acad. Sciences, Sofia, pp (in Bulgarian).

10 166 Dolja K. Pavlova Kozhoukharova, E. (1984): Origin and structural position of the serpentinized ultrabasic rocks of the Precambrian ophiolite association in the Rhodope Massif. I. Geologic position and composition of the ophiolite association. Geologica Balcanica 14 (4): (in Russian). Krause, W., Ludwig, W. & Siedel, F. (1963): Zur Kenntnis der Flora und Vegetation auf Serpentinstandorten des Balkans. Bot. Jahrb., 82 (4): Kruckeberg, A. R. (1992): Plant life of western North American ultramafics. In: Robertis, B. & J. Proctor (eds.). The Ecology of Areas with Serpentinized Rocks. A World View, Kuzmanov, B. (1969): Some aspects of the origin of the Bulgarian flora. In: Galiano. E. F. (ed.) V Simposio de Flora europaea, , Sevilla, Universidad. Moraliysky, E. & Goceva, A. (1989): Temperature of the air. In: Michev, K., Velchev, V., Zjapkov, L., Velev, S. & Tischkov Ch.(eds.) Natural and economic potential of the mountains in Bulgaria. I. Nature and Resources. Publ. House, Bulg. Acad. Sciences, Sofia, pp (in Bulgarian). Pavlova, D. (2001): Mountain vegetation on serpentine areas in the Bulgarian Eastern and Central Rhodopes Mts. ecology and conservation. In: Radoglou, K. (ed.), Proceedings of International Conference: Forest Research: a challenge for an integrated European approach, August 2001, Thessaloniki, 1: Pavlova, D. (2004): The Serpentine Flora in the Central Rhodopes Mountains, Southern Bulgaria. Proceedings of the II Congress of Ecologists of the Republic of Macedonia with international participation, Ohrid, Macedonia, , Pavlova, D., Dimitrov, D. & Kozuharova E. (2005): Flora of the serpentine complexes in Eastern Rhodopes (Bulgaria). In: Beron, P. & Popov, A. (eds.) Biodiversity of Bulgaria 2. Biodiversity of Eastern Rhodopes (Bulgaria and Greece), Pensoft Pub. & Nat. Mus. Natur. Hist., Sofia. Petrova, A. (2001): The Flora of Bulgaria, Past, Present and Future. In: Ozhatay, N. (ed.), The Proceedings of the Second Balkan Botanical Congress Plants of the Balkan Peninsula: into the next Millennium, 1: Proctor, J. & Woodell, S. (1971): The Plant Ecology of Serpentine. I. Serpentine Vegetation of England and Scotland. Journal of Ecology, 59: Reichinger, K. H. (1961): Die Flora von Euboea. Bot. Jahrb., 80: Ritter-Studnička, H. (1970): Die Vegetation der Serpentinvorkommen in Bosnien, Vegetatio, 21: State newspaper 77/ Law on Biological Diversity in Bulgaria. Stevanović, V., Kit Tan, Iatrou, G. (2003): Distribution of the endemic Balkan flora on serpentine I. obligate serpentine endemics. Plant Syst. Evol., 242: Tatić, B. & Veljović, V. (1992): Distribution of serpentinized massifs on the Balkan Peninsula and their ecology. In: Roberts B. A. & Proctor J. The Ecology of Areas with Serpentinized Rocks. A World View, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, pp Tischkov, H. (1982): Climate. In: Galabov, Zh. (ed.), Geography of Bulgaria. Physical Geography. Natural conditions and resources, Publ. House, Bulg. Acad. Sciences, Sofia, (in Bulgarian)

11 Endemics and rare plants growing on serpentines in the Rhodopes Mts. 167 Velchev, V. (ed.) (1984): Red Data Book of Bulgaria. Bulg. Acad. of Sciences, Sofia. Velchev, V., Ganchev, S. & Bondev, I. (1982): Vegetation belts. In: Galabov, Zh. (ed.) Geography of Bulgaria. Physical Geography. Natural conditions and resources, Publ. House, Bulg. Acad. Sciences, Sofia, (in Bulgarian) Velchev, V., Kozuharov, S. & Ancev, M. (1992): Atlas of the Endemic Plants in Bulgaria. Publ. House, Bulg. Acad. Sciences, Sofia. (in Bulgarian). Williamson, S. D., Robinson E. R. & Balkwill, K. (1997): Evolution of Two Endemic Serpentine Taxa in Mpumalanga. South African Journal of Botany, 63: Table 1 Endemic and rare plants distributed on serpentine terrains in the Eastern and Central Rhodopes Mts. Tabela 1 Endemi~ni i retki rastenija rasprostraneti na serpentinski tereni na isto~ni i centralni Rodopi Taxa IUCN Atlas EP Law BD Red Book Sites Asplenium cuneifolium Viv. per + +R Bupleurum gerardii All. ann +R + 3 Oenanthe millefolia Janka per +R + Bu E 4 O. pimpinelloides L. per +R Anthemis rumelica (DC) Ferdinand per +R + + +R Bu E 6 Crepis stojanovii T. Georg. ann +E + Bu E Endemics 7 Inula aschersoniana Janka per Balk E 8 Jurinea mollis (L.) Rchb. subsp. anatolica (Boiss.) Stoj. et Stef. per + Balk E 9 Tragopogon balcanicum Velen. bi +R + + Balk E 10 Echium plantagineum L. bi +R Onosma thracica Velen. per Balk E 12 Campanula sparsa Friv. subsp. sphaerothrix (Griseb.) Hayek ann + Balk E 13 Cerastium decalvans Schloss. per + Balk E 14 C. petricola Panc. ann + Balk E 15 Dianthus ctruentus Grsb. subsp. turcicus (Velen.) Stoj. et Acht. per + + Balk E 16 D. corymbosus S. et S. ann-bi + Balk E 17 D. gracilis S. et S. per + Balk E 18 D. moesiacus Vis. et Panc subsp. moesiacus per +R + Balk E 19 Moenchia graeca Boiss. et Heldr. ann + Balk E

12 168 Dolja K. Pavlova Taxa IUCN Atlas EP Law BD Red Book Sites Endemics 20 Saponaria stranjensis D. Jord. h + + +R + + Balk E 21 Silene gigantea L. bi + Balk E 22 S. lydia Boiss. ann Convolvulus boissieri Stend. subsp. parnassicus (Boiss. et Orph.) Kuzm. h + +R Scabiosa triniifolia Friv. ann + + Balk E 25 Genista rumelica Velen. h1 + + Balk E 26 Vicia laeta Cesati ann +R + 27 V. incisa Bieb. ann +R Centaurium turcicum (Velen.) Ronn. ex Fritsch bi +E + 29 Hypericum rumeliacum Boiss. per + + Balk E 30 H. umbellatum Kern. per + Balk E 31 Iris reichenbachii Heuff. per Balk E 32 Micromeria juliana (L.) Benth. et Reichb. 33 Micromeria dalmatica Benth. subsp. bulgarica (Velen.) Guinea per + +E + + per + + Balk E 34 Stachys cretica L.subsp. bulgarica Rechb. per + + Bu E 35 Thymus bracteosus Vis. ex Benth. per Fritillaria pontica Wahl. per +R + +R + 37 Linum tauricum Willd. subsp. bulgaricum (Podp.) Petrova per +R Balk E 38 Armeria rumelica Boiss. per + + Balk E 39 Goniolimon collinum (Grsb.) Boiss. per Limodorum abortivum (L.) Shwartz per + +R + + Tertiary relic 41 Serapias vomeracea (Burm.) Briq per + +R + Tertiary relic 42 Apera interrupta (L.) Beauv. ann Festuca thracica (Acht.) Markg.- Dann. per + Bu E 44 Koeleria penzesii Ujh. per + + Balk E 45 K. macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. et Schult. per + Balk E 46 K. simonkaii Adam. per + + Balk E 47 Delphinium balcanicum Pawl. ann +R + Balk E 48 Potentilla regis-borisii Stoj. per + Bu E

13 Endemics and rare plants growing on serpentines in the Rhodopes Mts. 169 Taxa IUCN Atlas EP Law BD Red Book Sites Endemics 49 Crucianella latifolia L. ann +R + 50 C. graeca Velen. ann + Balk E 51 Galium mirum Rechb. per + Balk E 52 G. velenovskyi Ancev per + Bu E 53 Digitalis viridiflora Lindl. per Balk E 54 Verbascum humile Janka per-bi + +E Balk E 55 V. adrianopolitanum Podp. bi + + +R + + Bu E 56 V. nobile Velen. ann +E + + Bu E 57 Viola aetholica Boiss. et Heldr. ann-bi + + Balk E Total ENDEMI^NI I RETKI RASTENIJA KOI SE RAZVIVAAT NA SERPENTINITE NA RODOPSKITE PLANINI (BUGARIJA) Dolja K. Pavlova Sofiski univerzitet, Botani~ki institut, Sofija, Bugarija R e z i m e Najgolemite serpentinski podra~ja vo Bugarija se nao aat na Rodopskite Planini. Glavniot del od serpentinite e lociran pod dolniot planinski pojas. Florata i vegetacijata na istra`uvanite serpentini poka- `uva sli~nost so takvite predeli vo drugite balkanski zemji. Floristi~kiot sostav na endemi~nite, retkite i za{titenite rastenija na serpentinite na Rodopskite Planini opfa}a 21 familija, 43 roda i 57 vida i podvida. Ovoj model na dominantnost e vo soglasnost so floristi~kiot sostav na zemjata predlo`en od Petrova (2001) i so sostavot na serpentinskata flora vo centralnite i isto~nite Rodopski Planini. Rasprostranuvaweto na endemi~nite, retkite i za{titenite rastenija vo grupi se dol`i, spored Kruckerberg (1992), na nivniot afinitet kon serpentnskiot supstrat i gi poka`uva slednite karakteristiki: 1) endemi~nite taksoni, koi se tesno vrzani za serpentinskiot supstrat, s# u{te ne se objaveni poradi dolgite taksonomski proceduri; 2) lokalni indikatorski vidovi so visok afinitet sepak ne se ograni~eni na serpentin; 3) grupata od {iroko rasprostranetite endemi~ni i retki vidovi, pronajdeni na raz-

14 170 Dolja K. Pavlova li~ni stani{ta, vklu~uvaj}i serpentinski i neserpentinski tereni, e dosta zastapena (66,6% od site utvrdeni taksoni). Pome u niv preovladuvaat taksoni koi obi~no se sre}avaat na kamenita varovni~ka podloga (73,7%), za razlika od onie koi se sre}avaat na varovni~ka i silikatna kamenita podloga (26,3%); 4) zna~itelen broj rastenija (28%) se vrzani isklu~itelno za ultrabazi~ni stani{ta. Karakteristikite na endemi~nata serpentinska flora na isto~nite i centralnite Rodopski Planini se povrzani so lokalnata klima, reljefot, raznovidnosta i geolo{kata istorija na nastanatite ekolo{ki ni{i. Brojot na endemi~ni rastenija rasprostraneti na serpentinskite prostori na Rodopskite Planini e zna~itelno pomal sporeden so drugite serpentinski regioni na Balkanskiot Poluostrov, najverojatno poradi malata nadmorska viso~ina na nivnite lokaliteti i zgolemenoto antropogeno vlijanie. Za razlika od serpentinskata flora vo Albanija, Bosna i Hercegovina i Srbija, procesite na specijacija na bugarskite serpentini se relativno mladi, taka {to specifi~niot floristi~ki kompleks s# u{te ne e oformen. Pokraj toa, na nekoi istra`uvani lokaliteti se pronajdeni specifi~ni morfolo{ki formi i sosema verojatno lokalni endemi~ni taksoni od familiite Caryophyllaceae, Brassicaceae, kako i rodovite Silene, Aethionema, Thlaspi itn. Vo bliska idnina potrebni se efikasni merki za da se za~uvaat i za{titat floristi~ki bogatite serpentinski lokaliteti na Rodopskite Planini. Klu~ni zborovi: endemiti, retki rastenija, serpentini, Rodopski Planini, Bugarija Autor's address: Dolja K. Pavlova University of Sofia Faculty of Biology Department of Botany Blvd. Dragan Tzankov 8 Sofia 1164, Bulgaria Е-mail: pavlova@biofac.uni-sofia.bg