Lecture 12. Layout & Securing

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1 Lecture 12 Layout & Securing

2 LAYOUT & SECURING LECTURE STRUCTURE Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Ship Layout Demolition Container Securing

3 SHIP LAYOUT FULLY CELLULAR Details Total 13,344 TEU 800 Reefer points 51.2 m beam 15.5 m draught 366 m LOA Built 2009

4 SHIP LAYOUT LAYOUT

Depending on vessel size nine or more holds 5. Holds separated by bulkheads 6.

5 SHIP LAYOUT CELLULAR CONTAINER SHIP FEATURES 1. Wide, uncluttered weather deck 2. Large hatchways 3. Superstructure to stern (no cranes or derricks) 4. Depending on vessel size nine or more holds 5. Holds separated by bulkheads 6. Holds consist of steel framework 7. Steel girders form vertical stacks of cells guides 8. 1, 2, or 4 bays per hold 9. Walkway 10.Hatchway extends over entire hold

6 SHIP LAYOUT HATCH COVERS

7 SHIP LAYOUT HATCH COVERS

8 SHIP LAYOUT CONTAINER FULLY CELLULAR Design of containership dictates where Container length can be stowed Container types can be stowed Cell guides Ease handling operations Support stacked containers. May be reconfigured

9 SHIP LAYOUT SHIP LASHING METHODS Stacked Stowage Block Stowage

10 SHIP LAYOUT CELLULAR CONTAINER SHIP FEATURES

11 SHIP LAYOUT CELL GUIDE DESIGN V-shaped to guide container into cell. Cell guides Tank top to mirror curvature of hull

12 SHIP LAYOUT CELL GUIDES ABOVE DECK

13 SHIP LAYOUT REEFER SLOTS

Accommodation location (sightline) Propeller design & coating Number and

14 SHIP LAYOUT CONSTRUCTION ISSUES Hull shape (wave creating) and appendages Hull coating and friction reduction Hold configuration (space utilization) Accommodation location (sightline) Propeller design & coating Number and location of engines Power type (oil, LNG) Optimum design speed Reduced ballast water requirements

15 When is a ship too large to build? Too large for a ship yard Strength of ship thicker steel Design Hull shape (wave creating) Number and location of engines Hold configuration Accommodation location (sightline) SHIP LAYOUT FUTURE DESIGN SIGHTLINE

16 SHIP LAYOUT BAYS ROWS - TIERS Bays the container blocks stored in the transverse (crossways) direction of a ship Rows - the lengthwise rows of containers stored in each bay Tiers the vertical pile of containers in each row

SHIP LAYOUT BAY NUMBERING 20 & 40 FOOT 38 01 Container ship only able to transport 20 foot containers - thirty-eight 20 foot bays ( 1 to 38) 19 01

17 SHIP LAYOUT BAY NUMBERING 20 & 40 FOOT Container ship only able to transport 20 foot containers - thirty-eight 20 foot bays ( 1 to 38) Container ship only able to transport 40 foot containers - nineteen 40 foot bays ( 1 to 19) Container ship of mixing 20 foot and 40 foot containers in each bay

SHIP LAYOUT BAY NUMBERING 20 & 40 FOOT 42 38 34 30 26 22 18 14 10 06 02 43 41 39 37 35 33 31 29 27 25 23 21 19 17 15 13 11 09 07 05

18 SHIP LAYOUT BAY NUMBERING 20 & 40 FOOT Container ship able to carry 20 and 40 foot containers 20 foot bays = odd numbers 40 foot bays = even numbers

19 SHIP LAYOUT BAY NUMBERING

Bay 26 Row 15 Tier 86 = 26-15-88 18 16 14 12 10 08

20 SHIP LAYOUT FULL CELL REFERENCING BAY 25/26 Tier Bay 25 Row 15 Tier 84 = Bay 26 Row 15 Tier 86 = Rows

21 SHIP LAYOUT ROW NUMBERING

22 SHIP LAYOUT ROW NUMBERING

23 SHIP LAYOUT ROW NUMBERING

24 SHIP LAYOUT BAY ROW - TIER

25 SHIP LAYOUT BAY-ROW-TIER NUMBERING BAY 25/26 BAY foot container = 20 foot container = 40 foot container =

SHIP LAYOUT BAY-ROW-TIER NUMBERING BAY 25/26 BAY 27 20 foot

26 SHIP LAYOUT BAY-ROW-TIER NUMBERING BAY 25/26 BAY foot container = foot container = foot container =

27 SHIP LAYOUT ISO 9711 ISO Information related to containers on board vessels Part 1 Bay Plan System Part 2 Telex data transmission

28 SHIP LAYOUT CON-RO

29 SHIP LAYOUT SHIP PLANNING SOFTWARE SHIP VIEW

30 SHIP LAYOUT SHIP PLANNING SOFTWARE

31 LAYOUT & SECURING LECTURE STRUCTURE Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Ship Layout Demolition Container Securing

32 DEMOLITION DISPOSALS AND LOSSES

33 DEMOLITION DISPOSALS BREAKING COUNTRY DEMOLITION

34 DEMOLITION INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

35 LAYOUT & SECURING LECTURE STRUCTURE Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Ship Layout Demolition Container Securing

During loading of cargo During transportation Lifting Loading Accelerating Braking

36 CONTAINER SECURING MECHANICAL STRAINS Gravitational Acceleration Static strains Storage and stacking Depends on dimension, weight, shape and height Dynamic strains During loading of cargo During transportation Lifting Loading Accelerating Braking Shunting Ship movement Setting down Forms Acceleration Shock Vibration engines, suspension

37 CONTAINER SECURING SHIP LASHING

38 CONTAINER SECURING LASHING ON A SHIP

39 CONTAINER SECURING LASHING SOFTWARE

40 CONTAINER SECURING LASHING BELOW DECK

41 CONTAINER SECURING FIXED FITTINGS ON A SHIP

42 CONTAINER SECURING LOOSE FITTINGS ON A SHIP

43 CONTAINER SECURING LOOSE FITTINGS ON A SHIP

44 CONTAINER SECURING LOOSE FITTINGS ON A SHIP

45 CONTAINER SECURING LOOSE FITTINGS ON A SHIP

46 CONTAINER SECURING SHIP RELEASING & SECURING Block Stowage Under Deck Block Stowage on Deck Stacked Stowage under Deck Stacked Stowage on Deck

47 CONTAINER SECURING MANUAL & AUTOMATIC TWIST LOCKS

CONTAINER SECURING FORCES ON CONTAINERSHIP Green water loads from bow slamming and boarding seas, particularly for lower freeboard feeder vessels

deformation, from bow slamming, whipping & twisting Stack dynamics, including racking & transverse forces Mis-declared container weights Adjacent stack

48 CONTAINER SECURING FORCES ON CONTAINERSHIP Green water loads from bow slamming and boarding seas, particularly for lower freeboard feeder vessels Extreme motions, such as parametric rolling Accelerations at extreme geometric centre of gravity Loads by horizontal hatch cover motions Hull flexing & deformation, from bow slamming, whipping & twisting Stack dynamics, including racking & transverse forces Mis-declared container weights Adjacent stack interaction Human error Wear & tear or condition of containers & fittings Source: Study (2008) Slamming Surging Rolling Pitching Yawing Heaving

49 CONTAINER SECURING SHIP ROLLING LIGHT SEA - VIDEO

50 CONTAINER SECURING SHIP ROLLING HEAVY SEA - VIDEO

51 CONTAINER SECURING FORCES ON CONTAINERSHIP

52 CONTAINER SECURING MECHANICAL STRAINS

53 CONTAINER SECURING MECHANICAL STRAINS

has rigorous unit weight constraints Improper lashing of 2 x 20 in 40 position on weather deck

54 CONTAINER SECURING THE COST OF POOR LASHING Major % containerised claims Non compliance to certified ship securing process Structural collapse of container due to stack weight +4 high stacking usually has rigorous unit weight constraints Improper lashing of 2 x 20 in 40 position on weather deck Sub-standard securing equipment Rogue securing equipment; Improperly maintained Not enough correct Overloading

CONTAINER SECURING CLIMATIC STRAINS Alternating climatic zones during shipment Truck Rail Barge Ship (on deck or under-deck) Storage All closed units / containers protect cargo against Rain Snow Sea

55 CONTAINER SECURING CLIMATIC STRAINS Alternating climatic zones during shipment Truck Rail Barge Ship (on deck or under-deck) Storage All closed units / containers protect cargo against Rain Snow Sea water spray Dust Sun (heat and UV) Condensation may occur inside unit / container Inside humidity determined by cargo, packaging, inside air Condensation may occur inside unit / container Damage includes rust, mould, stains, discoloration, sticking of cargo and packages, collapse of stack

CONTAINER SECURING BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL STRAINS Biological strains High temperature,

packing mostly contaminated prior to loading Some countries require fumigation Chemical strains

Explosive Class 2 Gas Class 3 Flammable liquid Class 4 Flammable solids, dangerous wet Class 5

56 CONTAINER SECURING BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL STRAINS Biological strains High temperature, humidity and reduced air flow promote: Insects Fungal, bacteria and micro organisms Cargo and packing mostly contaminated prior to loading Some countries require fumigation Chemical strains Temperature, humidity and vessel movement Self heating and ignition IMDG Classes Class 1 Explosive Class 2 Gas Class 3 Flammable liquid Class 4 Flammable solids, dangerous wet Class 5 Oxidizing & unstable goods Class 6 Toxic & infectious Class 7 Radioactive Class 8 Corrosive Class 9 Miscellaneous

Lecture 11. Container Ships

Lecture 11. Container Ships Lecture 11 Container Ships CONTAINER SHIPS LECTURE STRUCTURE Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Construction Stability Classification Ships Carrying Containers CONSTRUCTION SHIP YARDS CONSTRUCTION