Lecture 11. Container Ships

Transcription

1 Lecture 11 Container Ships

2 CONTAINER SHIPS LECTURE STRUCTURE Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Construction Stability Classification Ships Carrying Containers

3 CONSTRUCTION SHIP YARDS

4 CONSTRUCTION NEW ORDERS (ALL SHIP TYPES)

5 CONSTRUCTION NEW DELIVERIES (NUMBER OF SHIPS)

6 CONSTRUCTION NEW DELIVERIES (MILLION GT)

7 CONSTRUCTION CAPITAL COST Emma Maersk (2006) US$145m 14,770 TEU = US$9,817 per TEU slot 13 crew = 1136 TEU per crew member Triple E Class (2013) US$190m 18,000 TEU = US$10,556 per TEU slot 13 crew = 1385 TEU per crew member

8 CONSTRUCTION NEW BUILD PRICES

9 CONSTRUCTION NEWBUILD PRICE INDEX

10 CONSTRUCTION IMPORTANCE OF STEEL

11 CONSTRUCTION STEEL PLATE CUTTING & SHAPING

12 CONSTRUCTION MODULE BLOCK CONSTRUCTION

13 CONSTRUCTION MODULE BLOCK CONSTRUCTION

14 CONSTRUCTION MODULE BLOCK CONSTRUCTION

15 CONSTRUCTION MODULE BLOCK CONSTRUCTION

16 CONSTRUCTION MODULE BLOCK CONSTRUCTION

17 CONSTRUCTION SHIP LAYOUT CONSTRUCTION

18 CONSTRUCTION ENGINE 2300 TONNES

19 CONSTRUCTION PROPELLOR

20 CONSTRUCTION RUDDER

21 CONSTRUCTION TANKS Ships have many tanks to store fuel oil, lube oil, hydraulic oil, drinking water, fresh water, ballast water etc. Fuel & diesel oil tanks Bunker tanks stores fuel and diesel oil Settling tanks (heated) contaminants (water, solids) sink to bottom of tank Service tanks (heated) - stores treated oil for main engine and auxiliary engine Over flow tanks - to collect overflowed oil from bunker tank Emergency generator diesel oil tank - capacity subject to SOLAS rules Main lubricating oil tanks Main engine crank case oil tank Main engine cylinder oil tank Main engine cylinder oil daily tank Auxiliary engine lube oil tank Ballast ship trim and stability Fresh water Sewage and dirty water Fuel Tank Locations

22 CONSTRUCTION TANKS EXAMPLE HANNOVER EXPRESS General details Length overall m Molded beam m Depth to main deck m Design draft m (max m) Container capacity 4,407 TEU On deck 2,125 TEU Below deck 2,282 TEU Reefer on deck 348 below 104 units Power Engines Main MAN B&W 9K90MC TCS 4 diesel generators 1 emergency diesel generator Fuel consumption at 12m draft & 23kn 138 tonnes fuel oil tonnes/day 10 tonnes/day (diesel engines) Range at 23kn = 24,000nms Tanks Heavy oil tank capacity 7,360 m³ at 60 C = +7m litres 6,500 tonnes of fuel Diesel oil tank capacity 360 m³ at 60 C = +0.36m litres 320 tonnes of diesel Fresh water tank 280 m³ (0.28m litres) 280 tonnes Weight of fuel + fresh water 7,100 tonnes Ballast water tank 16,770 m³ (16.7m litres) 16,700 tonnes

23 CONSTRUCTION CONTAINER SHIP CONSTRUCTION

24 CONSTRUCTION VIDEO EUGEN MAERSK

25 CONTAINER SHIPS LECTURE STRUCTURE Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Construction Stability Classification Ships Carrying Containers

26 STABILITY & DRAFT STRESS BENDING (SAGGING)

27 STABILITY & DRAFT STRESS BENDING (HOGGING)

28 STABILITY & DRAFT STRESS BENDING (SHEAR FORCES)

29 STABILITY & DRAFT STRESS TRIMMED BY THE HEAD

30 STABILITY & DRAFT STRESS TORSION

31 STABILITY & DRAFT SHIP STABILITY TENDER Two forces keep a ship stable Downward force of gravity Upward force of buoyancy Centre of gravity (G) depends on location: Weight of ship structure Cargo Fuel Ballast Centre of buoyancy (B) determined by Ship s draft Tender Ship

32 STABILITY & DRAFT SHIP STABILITY TENDER & STIFF Two forces keep a ship stable Downward force of gravity Upward force of buoyancy Centre of gravity (G) depends on location: Weight of ship structure Cargo Fuel Ballast Centre of buoyancy (B) determined by Ship s draft Tender Ship Stiff Ship

33 STABILITY & DRAFT STABILITY UNLOADING & BALLAST

34 STABILITY & DRAFT STABILITY LOADING & BALLAST

35 STABILITY & DRAFT STABILITY VOYAGE BALLAST

36 STABILITY & DRAFT SHIP STABILITY CARGO OPERATIONS Empty ships Roll more But less likely to roll over Full ships Roll less But are more likely to roll over Stability during working Small geared ships at risk Barges layer loaded Moving fuel and ballast while loading

37 FUTURE SHIP DESIGN CONTAINER SHIP SIZE CHALLANGES Torsion/Warping stress Fatigue Acceleration forces on lashing Engine power Shaft alignment Parametric roll Slamming/Bow impact (flat forward bottom area) Loading manual strength and lashing

38 STABILITY & DRAFT SHIP CHARACTERISTICS Length Overall (LOA) extreme length Beam Overall (BOA) - extreme width Draft depth below waterline Airdraft height above waterline Airdraft Draft BOA

39 STABILITY & DRAFT SHIP MEASUREMENTS TIDAL RANGE Tidal range amount of water from surface to seabed Changes due to Hour-by-hour Time of year Low Tide High Tide

40 STABILITY & DRAFT SHIP MEASUREMENTS SEABED Tidal range amount of water from surface to seabed Changes due to Hour-by-hour Time of year Seabed (riverbed) High Tide Low Tide

41 STABILITY & DRAFT MEAN DAILY TIDAL RANGE Tidal Range Number of Ports 0 to 1 m 2874 >1m to 2m 503 >2m to 3m 222 >3m to 4m 71 >4m to 5m 30 >5m to 6m 9 >6m to 7m 1 >7m to 8m 1 >8m to 9m 3 >9m Source: WORLD PORT INDEX 150 (2011) 21 st EDITION NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

42 STABILITY & DRAFT TIDAL RANGE OVER TIME Tidal day - 24 hours and 50 minutes Tidal Range Number of Ports 0 to 1 m 2874 >1m to 2m 503 >2m to 3m 222 >3m to 4m 71 >4m to 5m 30 >5m to 6m 9 >6m to 7m 1 >7m to 8m 1 >8m to 9m 3 >9m Source: WORLD PORT INDEX 150 (2011) 21 st EDITION NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY

43 STABILITY & DRAFT SHIP MEASUREMENTS SEABED Dredging Siltation Obstacles High Tide Low Tide

44 STABILITY & DRAFT SHIP MEASUREMENTS DRAFT Draft Depth below waterline Requires safety margin (under keel clearance) Changes due to Weight of cargo Amount of fuel onboard Ballast water Empty Ballast 70% loaded 100% loaded

45 STABILITY & DRAFT DRAFT TIDE SEABED/RIVER BED High Tide Low Tide

46 STABILITY & DRAFT SHIP MEASUREMENTS BRIDGE HEIGHT Length Overall (LOA) the extreme length of the ship Beam Overall (BOA) - the extreme width of the ship Draft depth of ship below waterline Airdraft height above the ship s waterline Low Tide HighTide

47 STABILITY & DRAFT AIRDRAFT Height above the ship s waterline Clearance depends on overnight obstacles Bridges Cables Clearance

48 STABILITY & DRAFT AIRDRAFT TIDE & DRAFT Tide changes Hour-by-hour Time of year Draft changes Ballast Cargo Fuel Empty Ballast 70% loaded 100% loaded Low Tide Clearance

49 STABILITY & DRAFT AIRDRAFT TIDE & DRAFT Tide changes Hour-by-hour Time of year Draft changes Ballast Cargo Fuel Empty Ballast 70% loaded 100% loaded

50 STABILITY & DRAFT AIRDRAFT TIDE & DRAFT Tide changes Hour-by-hour Time of year Draft changes Ballast Cargo Fuel Empty Ballast 70% loaded 100% loaded High Tide Clearance

51 STABILITY & DRAFT AIRDRAFT TIDE & DRAFT & SEABED Empty Ballast 70% loaded 100% loaded High Tide Empty Ballast 70% loaded 100% loaded Low Tide

52 CONTAINER SHIPS LECTURE STRUCTURE Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Construction Stability Classification Ships Carrying Containers

53 CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION PROCESS Ensure marine operations are performed in a way to safeguard: Life & property The environment Sets standards to ensure ships are Safe to sail Represent minimum hazard to others Enforced through surveys (inspections) of ships During ship construction to approve its design Before entering service (being launched) Regularly during the life of a ship Include Materials used Hull, equipment and machinery design and operation Electrics, piping and pressure controls Communication and safety equipment Comply with international conventions and laws SOLAS Safety of life at sea MARPOL - Prevention of pollution from ships LOADLINE safe loading and stability of ships

54 CLASSIFICATION SEEK TO PREVENT

55 CLASSIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS Primary role Set and maintain rules of ship design Reports failures to national authorities (the government responsible for the ship) Issue Classification Certificates to prove a ship is safely designed and maintained Recognised as Experts in the marine industry Financially independent (Eg not controlled by ship owners or builders) Highly technically competent Undertake research and development Skilled workforce Continually learn through Ships surveys Studies of accidents and damage reports World-wide survey network Operate in ports all over the world Have global information and reporting systems

56 CLASSIFICATION PURPOSE IS TO ASSIST Governments Statutory (legal) requirement for ships to be surveyed Accept ships for registry Allow ships into their territorial waters Insurance companies Ensure ships they insure are fundamentally safe Ensure cargo they insure is transported on safe ships Finance institutions (banks and lenders) Ensure they invest in safe ships Allow accurate valuation of a ship Ship yards Guide the design and construction of ships Prove to potentially buyers ships built are safe Ship owners / operators ensure ships They build are designed correctly They buy are safe They charter (rent) are safe They buy or charter are correctly maintained Cargo owners Ensure their cargo is transported on a safe ship

57 CLASSIFICATION EXAMPLE - ICE CLASS SHIP DESIGN

58 CLASSIFICATION ICE CLASS PROPELLORS & AZIPODS

59 CLASSIFICATION ICE BREAKING

60 CLASSIFICATION ICE INLAND WATERWAYS

61 CLASSIFICATION ICE CLASS CONTAINER SHIP

62 CLASSIFICATION ICE DAMAGE

63 CLASSIFICATION ICE CLASS CLASSIFICATON Ships that operate in ice covered waters Must be designed for ice class requirements Countries developed own rules 1930 s Finnish-Swedish Ice Class Rules (FSICR) 1972 Canadian Coast Guard - Canadian Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulation (CASPPR) Requirments include Ship design Engine and fuel requirements Navigation Safety features Crewing levels Pollution control Classification Societies Develop own requirements Ensure these meet National and International requirements

64 CLASSIFICATION WINTERISED OPERATIONS

65 CLASSIFICATION WINTERISATION DESIGN FEATURES

66 CLASSIFICATION NORTHERN PASSAGES

67 CLASSIFICATION ICE CLASS SHIPS

68 CLASSIFICATION ICE CLASS SHIP - NORTHERN PASSAGE

69 CONTAINER SHIPS LECTURE STRUCTURE Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Construction Stability Classification Ships Carrying Containers

70 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS GENERAL CARGO TRADES Bulk Trade s General Cargo Trades Tanke r Bulk Carrier Specialised Carrier Breakbulk Container Specialised Oil Tanke r Major Bulk Chemical Carrier Loose Cargo Deep-sea Wheeled Cargo Chemical Tanke r Minor Bulks Car Carrier Standard Units Short-sea Project LNG Reefer Breakbulk - loose cargo, a wide range of cargo types, sizes and shapes Container domestic, international, deep-sea, short-sea Other accompanied and unaccompanied Ro-Ro, palletised

71 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS GENERAL CARGO SHIP TYPES RoRo RoLo LoLo RoRo Passenger Container CoRo Conbulker Open Bulk Container Multipurpose Semi container Heavy Lift

72 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS MODERN TWEENDECKER

73 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS CONVENTIONAL / LOOSE CARGO

74 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS MULTI PURPOSE VESSELS

75 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS REEFER Container and breakbulk Temperature controlled shipments Specialised trade Highly seasonal Vertical integration Declining sector Average age of vessels increasing Being replaced by containers

76 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS WHEELED RORO UNACCOMPANIED

77 Details Total 652 TEU 12 barges (800 tonnes) 28.5 beam 6.65m draught LOA 205m Built 1980 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS LASH SHIPS

78 CARGO CAPACITY 11 cargo holds Total of 2,286 TEU Under deck 4 high, 11 across Above deck 4 high 11 across 22 reefer plugs Grain capacity of 65,338m³ Bale capacity of 65,298m³ SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS SHIP CONBULK

79 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS WHEELED CORO VESSELS

80 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS WHEELED CORO VESSELS

81 Source: HIS FairplayJan 2012 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS GENERAL CARGO SHIP FLEET

82 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS DEDICATED CONTAINER SHIPS Geared cellular 3 rd Generation 4 th Generation 5 th Generation Hatchless Container Barge

83 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS CONTAINERS

84 Highly capital intensive 1 ship = +$100m High handling rates tonnes ship working hour High vessel productivity Low per TEU freight cost Fast delivery times Good cargo quality control Catalyst for world trade SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS CONTAINER CHARACTERISTICS

85 Details Total 2,500 TEU 960 TEU under deck 1536 TEU on deck 350 Reefer points 29.8 beam 12m draught LOA 212m Built 2002 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS CONTAINER GEARED SHIPS

86 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS CONTAINER GEARED SHIPS

87 Details Total 8,204 TEU TEU 6143 (14 tonne) 700 Reefer points 42.8m beam (17 wide) 14.5m draught LOA 334m Built 2006 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS CONTAINER FULLY CELLULAR

88 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS CELL GUIDES ABOVE DECK

89 Details Total 533 TEU 126 TEU underdeck 397 TEU ondeck 75 Reefer points 18.2 beam 6.6m draught LOA 100m Built 1996 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS CONTAINER FULLY CELLULAR

90 Details Total 1,620 TEU 308 Reefer points 27.2 beam (10 wide) 9.0m draught LOA 169m Ice Class 1A-Super Built 2005 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS SHIP SEMI HATCHLESS

91 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS CONTAINER BARGES

92 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS DEDICATED CONTAINER SHIP FLEET

93 SHIPS CARRYING CONTAINERS GENERAL CARGO SHIP TYPES RoRo RoLo LoLo RoRo Passenger Container CoRo Conbulker Open Bulk Container Multipurpose Semi container Geared cellular 3 rd Generation 4 th Generation 5 th Generation Hatchless Container Barge Lash Heavy Lift