UNITED STATES-CUBAN RELATIONS: A DEBATE SEMINAR DESCRIPTION

Transcription

1 Professor Rafael Hernández UNITED STATES-CUBAN RELATIONS: A DEBATE SEMINAR DESCRIPTION This seminar will discuss the complexities of the U.S.-Cuba conflict, a case-study at the crossroads of North-South and East-West tensions, focusing on its most recent developments since the Cold War to the present, on domestic and multilateral interactions, national interests and international actors, as well as points of convergence and clash in the bilateral, regional and extra-hemispheric arenas. This conflict is explored as an intermestic relationship, considering the roles played by both countries in each other s internal affairs. The seminar will emphasize the case of US-Cuba relations as a paradigm to understand nationalism and imperialism, the limits of US power and the dynamics of Third World revolutions. It focuses in depth on the major themes that have shaped current U.S.-Cuban relations, their different political values and national interests, ideological and cultural representations, and their current meanings; but also its ties of singular intimacy, cultural affinities, mutual images and civic cultures. This special relationship offers a case-study to discuss how a conflict matrix also involves instances of cooperation, actual and potential,where creative policies may thrive. The Seminar is divided into 6 sections: 1. The Current Structure of the U.S.-Cuba Conflict. Foreign Policy, Intermestic and Societal-Cultural Paradigms. 2. Historical Background: 2.1 Pursuit of Freedom, Independence Revolutions, Nationalism and the Birth of a Special Relationship (XVIII-XIX Centuries). 2.2 Cuban Subordinate Republican Order and Revolution: Political Interests, Societal Links and Cultural Osmosis ( ). 3. The Cuban Revolution as a U.S.-Cuba Conflict: Self-Fulfilled Prophecies, Heterorepresentations and Missed Opportunities ( ). 4. East-West, North-South and Multilateral: the Many Actors (and Arenas) of a Cold War Conflict ( ). 5. Conflict Intermestic Factors, Stagnation and Change in a Post-Cold War Environment ( ). 6. National Interests and Perceptions. The Potential of US-Cuban Cooperation. Political, Security, Economic, Cultural, Environmental, Regional and International Interests. Alternative policies. Sections 1, 5, 6: the current Post-Cold War conflict (6 weeks) Sections 3-4: U.S.-Cuban Revolution during the Cold War (5 weeks) Sections 1-3: Key political issues in U.S.-Cuban Relations: a Background (3 weeks) Seminar Procedures and Requirements:

2 This is a graduate seminar, based on class discussions led by Professor Hernández. Readings, in English, will include selections from scholarly and political analysis by Cuban, American and other experts, as well as primary sources, speeches, interviews, documents and films. It will be taught in English. A few readings in Spanish (optional for those students that can read Spanish) will be available. Students are required to attend every class, to bring the day s reading to the seminar, to answer the anticipated questions, to participate actively in class discussions, and to complete all reading and writing assignments by the date specified on the syllabus. Coursework will also include the following assignments: o Three short papers (3-pages, single-sided, numbered, 12-point Times New Roman font, 1,5-spaced), based on the required reading for that day and other specific sources mentioned in class. o An in-class group presentation on International Triangles in US-Cuban Relations. o A final 5-10 pages paper on the general subject Alternative Policies between the US and Cuba. These final papers will present policy options in US-Cuban relations, based on current problems and perceptions amongst a diversity of policy oriented actors, chosen by each student. This sample may include executive officials, current or former diplomats, congresspersons, staffers, journalists, lobbyists, experts, think-tanks, entrepreneurs, church leaders, NGOs, involved in US-Cuban affairs, living in the US, Cuba or other countries. The drafts of these reports, based on field research, interviews and documents, will be presented by each student and debated in class. Auditors are welcome to attend the course. Although they are not graded, they are expected to read all the readings and participate actively in the seminar. Non-HKS students are welcome to register. The grade will be determined as follows: Class participation: 30 % Group presentation: 10 % Short papers: 40 % Final paper: 20 % SEMINAR WORK & GRADING Class 1. 13/09 Course Outline

3 1. Section 1: U.S.-Cuban Relations: The Current Structure of the Conflict. Theoretical Paradigms Explaining both Countries Foreign Policies. Discussion topics to be answered in class. o What were the basic factors of the conflict in the Cold War? o What is its rational in the Post-Cold War? o What is its current structure? o What is the weight of both countries national securities? Economic interests? Ideological positions? Regional or international conflict/alliances? o Is the conflict driven by a particular coalition of actors or interest group? o How pregnant is the strictly bilateral agenda? o How are US-Cuba relations evolving, beyond Gov-to-Gov ties? o Imagining alternative scenarios. Jorge I. Domínguez and Rafael Hernández (Ed.) Debating US-Cuban Relations. Shall We Play Ball? (Routledge, 2011). [Chapter II (Hernández, Intimate Enemies ) and III (Domínguez, Reshaping the Relations )] (R) Lars Schoultz, That Infernal Little Cuban Republic. The United States and the Cuban Revolution (UNC Press, 2009) [Chap. 13, 14 and Conclusion; pp ] (R) Julia Sweig, Fidel s Final Victory, Foreign Affairs, Jan-Feb, (R) Philip Brenner and Soraya Castro, David and Gulliver: Fifty Years of Competing Metaphors in the Cuban-United States Relationship, Diplomacy & Statecraft, 20: , (O) Jorge Domínguez, To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba s Foreign Policy, (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1989). Chap 9: How Cuban Foreign Policy is Made? pp (O) Damián Fernández, Opening the Blackest of Black Boxes: Theory and Practice of Decision Making in Cuba s Foreign Policy (Cuban Studies, # 22, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992), pp (O) Rafael Hernández, On Learning the Right Questions. The Changing Future of US- Cuban Relations (ReVista, DRCLAS, Spring-Summer, 2005), pp Class 2 (Friday 16.09, 2:40-4:00 pm, Littauer) Section 2: Historical Background: Pursuit of Freedom, Independence Revolutions, Nationalism and the Birth of a Special Relationship (XVIII-XIX Centuries). a. Cuba and the Thirteen Colonies. The take of Havana by the English (and the Americans). Early trade relations and travel accounts.

4 b. Cuba in U.S. politics and political thinking. c. Annexation, reform and revolution in Cuba: the U.S. factor. d. The independence revolution. José Martí, the Cuban Revolutionary Party and the U.S. e. The making of the Hispanic-Cuban-American War and the military occupation of the island. f. The birth of the first Cuban republic. Exercise # 1 (3 p.). Choice of subjects. o A position paper addressed to the Secretary of State re US strategic interests visa-vis Cuba, based on US Presidents views (XIX century) that remain plausible. o An op-ed piece on US advocacy and role to promote Cuban independence vis-avis Spain (to be published on May 20, the Republic of Cuba anniversary). o A paper to be used by a Washington lobby before the Supreme Court regarding the US-Cuba Treaty of Relations (1934), and the legal status of the Guantánamo Naval Base. o A Hispanic Caucus leader speech re Latino rights, using José Martí s thinking re US Government policies and the Cubans rights. (R) Dick Cluster and Rafael Hernández, The History of Havana (Palgrave, 2006), Chap. 2, 5-7, pp , (R) Louis A. Pérez, Cuba and the United States. Ties of Singular Intimacy (The University of Georgia Press, Athens and London, 1988). Chap. 1 (Sec. 1-4): pp. 1-17; Chap 2: pp (R) José Martí, A Vindication of Cuba, New York Evening Post, March 25, 1889 (José Martí: Selected Writings, ed. and translated by Esther Allan, N.Y.: Penguin Group, 2002) (R) José Martí, The Truth about the United States, March 23, 1894 (José Martí, Selected Writings). (R) José Martí, "La Conferencia Monetaria de las Repúblicas de América", New York, 1891 ( (R) President McKinley, US Recognition of Cuban Independence, 1898" (Internet Modern History Sourcebook; copyright Paul Halsall, halsall@murray.fordham.edu) (R) The Platt Amendment, The Cuba Reader. History, Culture, Politics. Ed by Aviva Chomsky, Barry Carr and Pamela Smorkaloff (Duke University Press, Durham, 2003), p

5 Class 3. 20/09 Section 2: Historical Background: Cuban Subordinate Republican Order and Revolution: Political Interests, Societal Links and Cultural Osmosis ( ). a. Cuba in the U.S. policies towards the Caribbean and Latin America: The new dependencies. b. The Platt Amendment and Reciprocity at work ( ). The 1930 Revolution: The Second Cuban republic and the restructuring of the special relationship. c. Social and cultural ties of intimacy: Education, churches, modernity, popular culture. Discussion topics to be debated and answered in class. o What was the meaning of Cuba in US policy towards Latin America ( )? o The US factor in Cuba s politics: foreign or domestic? Political conflict and the 1930 Revolution. o What was the US role in shaping Cuban modernity and cultural identity? o How was Cuba portrayed in the US political and popular culture representations? (R) Louis A. Pérez, Cuba and the United States. Chap. 3 (Sec.4-5), pp ; Chap 4: pp (R) Dick Cluster and Rafael Hernández, The History of Havana (Palgrave, 2006), Chap. 9-12, pp (R) Louis Pérez Jr.. On becoming Cuban. Identity, Nationality and Culture. (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill and London, 1999), Chap 5, Sec Between Image and Imagining, p (R) Alfred T. Mahan, "The Relations of the United States to their New Dependencies" (Engineering Magazine, January, 1899) (Lessons of the War with Spain and Other Articles, Little, Brown and Co, 1899), p (R) We Were Strangers (film, 1949), by John Houston. (R) Julio Antonio Mella, «Where is Cuba Headed?» (The Cuba Reader. History, Culture, Politics), p (R) Sumner Welles and Cordell Hull, The United States Confronts the 1933 Revolution, p (The Cuba Reader. History, Culture, Politics), p

6 (O) Ramiro Guerra, El fracaso sin esperanza de la república (Sugar and Population in the Antilles, 1927, Chap. 17) in: Ensayo cubano del siglo XX, ed. Rafael Hernández y Rafael Rojas (Fondo de Cultura, México, 2002), p (O) Carmen Diana Deere, Here Come the Yankees! The Rise and Decline of U.S. Colonies in Cuba ( ) (In Sp.: Rafael Hernández ed., Mirar el Niágara. Huellas culturales entre Cuba y los Estados Unidos, Centro Juan Marinello, La Habana, 2000), pp Class 4. 27/09. d. The Cold War and Inter-American relations: The Batista dictatorship and U.S. interests in Cuba. e. Crisis of the Neocolonial Model: State, economy and power structure. f. The Revolution: Armed Struggle and Insurrection ( ). g. The Cuban Revolution as a Postponed Project: Democracy, National Development, Sovereignty. Exercise # 2 (3 p.). Choice of tasks. You are requested to contribute to a policy memo or a speech on Lessons for US policy towards Latin America. The topic you are assigned is What went wrong in US Cuban policy before 1959? o Write a policy memo for (choose the policymaker and the institutional context): a) Chairman of JCS General Dempsey, or b) Former Secretary of State Kissinger, or c) Former President Carter, to be delivered in a) CIA Office of Congressional Affairs workshop, or b) World Bank Civil Society Staff, or c) European Union Special Meeting on Cuba. o Write a speech for (choose the policymaker and the institutional context): a) Senate Foreign Relations Chairman Kerry, or b) Gov Palin, or c) Sec of State Clinton; to be delivered before the a) OAS General Assembly, or b) American Chamber of Commerce, or c) Cuban-Americans for a New Cuba Coalition (CANECUCO). (R) Louis A. Pérez, Cuba and the United States, Chap. 8: pp (R) Morris Morley, Imperial State and Revolution: Cuba and the United States (Cambridge University Press, 1987) Chap. 8: The United States in Cuba : Policymaking and Capitalist Interests," pp (R) Dick Cluster and Rafael Hernández, The History of Havana Chap. 13, pp

7 (R) Jorge Domínguez, Cuba: Order and Revolution (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1978), Chap. 4: pp (R) Program Manifesto of the 26 tth of July Movement (The Cuba Reader. The Making of a Revolutionary Society, Edited By Philip Brenner, William LeoGrande, et al., Grove Press, NY, 1989), p (O) Report on Cuba. Findings and Recommendations of an Economic and Technical Mission organized by the IBRD in collaboration with the Government of Cuba in 1950 [Truslow Report] (The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1951), Book I: pp (O) Robin Blackburn, Prologue to the Cuban Revolution (The Cuba Reader. The Making of a Revolutionary Society), pp (O) James O Connor, The Origins of Socialism in Cuba (Cornell, Ithaca, 1970), pp (O) Lisandro Pérez, La emigración y la crisis estructural de la República (Temas, no , enero-junio de 2001), pp Class 5. 04/10. Section 3: The Cuban Revolution as a U.S.-Cuba Conflict: Self-Fulfilled Prophecies, Hetero-representations and Missed Opportunities ( ). a. The building of a revolutionary counter-power and the transformation of the State. b. The nationalist agenda, the end of the U.S. hegemony and Cuban socialism: Human rights, social policy, race, land reform and anti-imperialism. c. Social conflict, political opposition, exile and U.S. policies. d. The conflict escalates: Economic boycott and nationalizations. e. Bay of Pigs/Playa Girón: Strategic and political implications. Discussion topics to be debated and answered in class. o Was the Cuban Revolution driven by a communist ideology? o Was the Cuban upper class reaction vis-a-vis the Revolution dictated by an ideological rational? o What were the first issues in the US-Cuban collision course after 1959? o What were the main causes for conflict escalation? o What were the main actors in the Revolution and Counter-Revolution blocs? o Why did the US Government perceive Cuba as a Soviet satellite? o Why were the Cuban leaders convinced the US was planning to invade the island?

8 o Why Bay of Pigs? Strategic premises, political perceptions, military and paramilitary clash. (R) Dick Cluster and Rafael Hernández, The History of Havana Chap. 13, pp (R) The US Government Responds to Revolution (The Cuba Reader. History, Culture, Politics), pp (R) Government of Cuba, First Agrarian Reform Law, May 17, 1959 (Julio García Luis ed, 40 Cuban Revolution Reader: A Documentary History, Melbourne: Ocean Press, 2001). (R) Fidel Castro, Castro Calls on Cubans to Resist the Counterrevolution (The Cuba Reader. History, Culture, Politics), p (R) Government of Cuba, Nationalization of U.S. Companies, August 6, 1960 (Julio García Luis ed., 40 Cuban Revolution Reader). (R) Peter Kornbluh, (ed.). Bay of Pigs Declassified. The Secret CIA Report on the Invasion of Cuba (The New Press, NY, 1998), pp. 1-20, , (R) Girón (film, 1972), by Manuel Herrera. (O) Medea Benjamin, Joseph Collins, and Michael Scott, The Agrarian Revolution (The Cuba Reader. The Making of a Revolutionary Society), p (O) Richard Welch, Response to Revolution. The United States and the Cuban Revolution (The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1985), pp (O) Maj.Gen. (DCNG-Ret.) Erneido A. Oliva, Former Second-in-Command of the Assault Brigade 2506, 45 th Anniversary of the Bay of Pigs Invasion, April 13, 2006 ( Class 6. 11/10. f. Covert action in U.S. strategy towards Cuba. g. U.S. Latin American response to other Cubas : The Alliance for Progress and Counter-insurgency. h. The Cuban-Soviet alliance. i. The Missile Crisis, the Caribbean Crisis and the October Crisis. j. The perpetuation of the conflict in the Cold War international system. Exercise # 3 (3 p.) Write a discussion paper, following these steps: 1) First, watch Thirteen Days (film, ), and answer the question: What lessons does this

9 film offer policymakers?. 2) Second, read the other sources, and answer the question: What are the basic issues to understand the lessons of the Missile Crisis that are missing in the movie? (R) Memorandum for the President, Dick Goodwin, Conversation with Comandante Ernesto Guevara of Cuba, August 22, Classified SECRET. Declassified on 8/8/94. 2 pp. (R) Thomas A. Parrott, Memorandum on the Minutes of a Meeting of the Special Group (Augmented) on Operation Mongoose, October 4, 1962 (National Security Archives website). 3 pp. (R) Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Robert Kennedy and His Times (New York, Ballantine Books, 1978), Chap. 22. (R) Jorge Domínguez, To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba s Foreign Policy, (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1989). Chap. 2: pp (R) Bruce Allyn, James Blight, David Welch, Essence of Revision: Moscow, Havana and the Missile Crisis (International Security, Vol 14, # 3, Winter ), p (R) Fidel Castro and Nikita Khruschev, Letters between Castro and Krushchev (James Blight, Bruce Allyn and David Welch, On the Brink, Pantheon Books, New York, 1993), pp (R) Thirteen Days (film, ) (O) Declaración del Gobierno Revolucionario de Cuba (Revolución, La Habana, October 24, 1962), p. 7. (O) Rafael Hernández, Treinta días. Las lecciones de la Crisis de Octubre y las relaciones cubanas con los Estados Unidos (Otra guerra. Estudios cubanos sobre estrategia y seguridad internacional, Ciencias Sociales, La Habana, 1999), pp (O) Senator Frank Church, Excerpt from Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, Church Senate Commission Report, November 1975 (Julio García Luis, ed., 40 Cuban Revolution Reader). 15 pp. Class /10. The class will be divided (in advance) into small groups. Each group will be given an issue to present in weeks 7 and 8: Triangles I, II, III. Section 4: East-West, North-South and Multilateral: the Many Actors (and Arenas) of a Cold War Conflict ( ).

10 a. Triangle I: United States-Cuba-Latin America; and II: United States-Cuba- Africa. From Che Guevara ( ) to the détente ( ). Other Cubas : the Central American Wars ( ). (R) Jorge Domínguez, To Make a World Safe for Revolution, Chap. 5: pp , Chap. 6: pp (R) Piero Gleijeses, Conflicting Missions. Havana, Washington and Africa (Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press, 2002) Prologue, Chap. 1: Castro s Cuba, pp. 1-24; Chap 8: Cubans in Congo, (R) Juan Valdés Paz, Cuba s Foreign Policy Towards Latin America and the Caribbean in the 80s (U.S.-Cuban Relations in the 1990s) pp (R) Philip Brenner, United States-Cuban Relations in the 1980s (The Cuba Reader. The Making of a Revolutionary Society), p (R) Gregory Treverton, Cuba in U.S. perspective (Jorge Domínguez and Rafael Hernández, eds., U.S.-Cuban Relations in the 1990s, Westview Press, San Francisco and London, 1989), pp (R) Carlos Alzugaray, Problems of National Security in the U.S.-Cuban Historic Breach (U.S.-Cuban Relations in the 1990s), pp (O) Rafael Hernández, La lógica de la frontera en las relaciones Estados Unidos-Cuba (Cuadernos de Nuestra América, Vol IV, No. 7, enero-junio, 1987), pp Class 8. 25/10. b. Triangle III: United States-Cuba-USSR. The Soviet proxy and Cuban internationalism ( ). c. The African Triangle revisited: Cuba-Africa-United States. Postcolonial wars: African Southwest and the Horn conflicts and peace settlements ( ). (R) William LeoGrande, Cuba Policy Recycled (Foreign Policy, Fall, 1982). 11 pp. (R) The Soviet-Cuban Connection in Central America and the Caribbean. Released by the Department of State and the Department of Defense, March 1985, Washington, D.C. 18 pp. (R) Fidel Castro, Main Report to the Third Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba, International Situation Section February, pp. (R) Robert Pastor, Cuba and the Soviet Union: Does Cuba Act Alone? (The Cuba Reader. The Making of a Revolutionary Society), pp

11 (R) Jorge Dominguez, The Obstacles and Prospects for Improved U.S.-Cuban Relations (U.S.-Cuban Relations in the 1990s), pp (R) Rafael Hernández, Political Values and Interests in a Changing International System (U.S.-Cuban Relations in the 1990s), pp (R) Wayne S. Smith, Castro s Cuba: Soviet Partner or Nonaligned? (The Cuba Reader. The Making of a Revolutionary Society), p (R) Piero Gleijeses, Conflicting Missions, Chap. 17 Looking Back : (R) Armando Entralgo and David Gonzalez, Cuban Policy for Africa (U.S.-Cuban Relations in the 1990s), pp Class 9. 01/11. Section 5: Conflict Intermestic Factors, Stagnation and Change in a Post-Cold War Environment ( ). a. U.S.-Cuban relations after the end of the USSR, the Central American Wars and the Cuban Military presence in Africa. b. Impact of the end of the Soviet Bloc in Cuba: the Special Period. c. US Cuban Policy: the Miami Factor. d. Isolation and confrontation: the U.S. embargo and the human rights issue. e. Agreement and pragmatism: migration, anti-drug policies, Guantanamo. f. Changing perspectives vs. enduring patterns. Discussion topics to be debated and answered in class. o Why the US and Cuba did not normalize relations after the Cold War and regional conflicts ended? o What changes brought about the Special Period for Cuba s policies? o What s the role of the Cuban-American conservative lobby? o Why a new migration agreement was signed in 1995? What were its political consequences? o What was the impact of the Helms-Burton Law (Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act). o How important are human rights in the US-Cuba conflict? (R) Rafael Hernández, Cuba and Security in the Caribbean (J. Tulchin, A. Serbin and R. Hernández, Cuba and the Caribbean. Regional Issues and Trends in the Post-Cold War Era,W. Wilson International Center-The Latin American Program, SR Books, 1997), pp (R) U.S. Congress, Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act, Title III and IV, March 12, 1996.

12 (R) Kaufman Purcell, Susan, "Why the Cuban Embargo Makes Sense in a Post-Cold War World" (Susan Kaufman Purcell and David Rothkopf ed., Cuba. The Contours of Change), pp (R) David Rothkopf, A Call for a Post-Cold War Cuba Policy Ten Years After the End of the Cold War (Susan Kaufman Purcell and David Rothkopf ed., Cuba. The Contours of Change), pp (R) Edward González, Cuba. Clearing Perilous Waters? (Rand, Santa Monica, 1996), pp. vii-xiv, , (O) Excerpts of: Fidel Castro, Discurso en el Aniversario del 26 de julio, Granma, 27 de julio de [Fidel Castro on Cuban-U.S. cooperation against drug-traffic] (O) Gillian Gunn, Cuba in Transition. Options for U.S. Policy (The 20 th Century Fund Press, NY, 1993), Chap. 4-7, pp Class /11. From class 10 through 12, the seminar will debate work-in-progress of final papers. Every student will present and discuss a draft on Alternative Policies between the US and Cuba, considering perceptions and political actions to change US-Cuban relations, based on a) Costs and benefits for the US; b) Costs and benefits for Cuba; c) Costs and benefits for third actors. Presentations will adopt the form of a minutes meeting with a top decisionmaker: President Obama, President Raúl Castro, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, HR Ileana Ross-Lehtinen. Senator Kerry, Vice President Jose R. Machado Ventura, OAS General Secretary José Miguel Insulza, President Fernando Calderón, Dilma Rousseff or any other Latin American President, European Parliament President, Joint Chiefs of Staff General Martin Dempsey, Minister of the Interior General Abelardo Colomé, President of the National Assembly Ricardo Alarcón, Pope Benedict XVI, Canadian Prime Minister. Section 6: National Interests and Perceptions. The Potential of US-Cuban Cooperation. Political, Security, Economic, Cultural, Environmental, Regional and International Interests. Alternative policies. Rafael Hernández,, Frozen Relations: Washington and Cuba after the Cold War (NACLA Report on the Americas, January-February, 2002), pp Pedro Monreal, Cuban development in the Bolivarian Matriz (NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 39, # 4, Jan-Feb 2006), pp Julie Feinsilver, Cuban Medical Diplomacy (The Cuba Reader. History, Culture,

13 Politics), pp John M. Kirk and Peter McKenna, Canada-Cuba Relations. The Other Good Neighbor Policy (University Press of Floruda, Gainesville, 1997), pp The Cuban Threat to U.S. National Security, Prepared by the Defense Intelligence Agency in coordination with the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of State Bureau of Intelligence and Research, the National Security Agency, and the United States Southern Command Joint Intelligence Center pursuant to Section 1228 of Public Law No , 111 Stat , November 18,1997. US Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism (Entry for Cuba), Pope John Paul II, Farewell ceremony address, Havana airport, January 25, 1998 (Vatican website) Amnesty International, Cuba: Amnesty International Human Rights Concerns (Entry from 2005 Annual Report). Class /11. Rafael Hernández, Conflict Resolution between the U.S. and Cuba: Clarifications, Premises and Precautions (Cuba and the International System. Normalization and Integration, A. Ritter and J. Kirk ed., McMillan, 1995), p Alejandro Portes, The Cuban-American Political Machine: Reflections on its Origins and Perpetuations (Joseph Tulchin, Lilian Bobea, Mayra Espina and Rafael Hernández, ed., Changes in Cuban Society since the Nineties, Wilson Center Latin American Program and FLACSO-República Dominicana, Washington, D.C., 2005), pp U.S. Congress, Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act, Title II: Assistance to a Free and Independent Cuba. Class /11. Rafael Hernández, Toward a New Socialist Society? Changes, Crisis and Social Configurations in Cuba (Rafael Hernández, Looking at Cuba. Essays on Culture and Civil Society, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, 2003). pp Juan Valdés Paz, Cuba in the Special Period : From Equality to Equity (J. Tulchin, L. Bobea, M. Espina and R. Hernández ed., Changes in Cuban Society since the Nineties), pp ). Report of the Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba, Office of the Press Secretary, President George W. Bush, Fact Sheet, May 6, 2004.

14 Lincoln Díaz-Balart, U.S. Sanctions Critical for Cuban Democratic Transition, News Release, October htpp:// Class /11. Jorge I. Domínguez and Rafael Hernández (Ed.) Debating US-Cuban Relations. Shall We Play Ball? (Routledge, 2011) Chap. 4 [Alzugaray, Cuban National Security], Chap 5 [Klepak, Cuban-US] Chap 8 [Ritter, Potential Economic Implications], Chap. 9 [Sánchez, Economic Relations], Chap. 10 [Aja, Emigration], Chap. 11 [Barberia, US Immigration Policies] Chap. 12 [Lutjens, Academic and Cultural], Chap 13 [Martínez, Cultural Exchanges] 12/12. Submission of final papers.