A CHANGING URBAN CONDITION

Transcription

1 A CHAGIG URBA CODITIO This lesson plan is designed to help students explore SAH Archipedia Classic Buildings, an open-access website that features more than 100 of Michigan s most significant buildings. Students will analyze Michigan s change over time in terms of population, building development, cultural identity, and industry. SKILLS - Historical research - Research and analyze Michigan architecture - Summarize opinons of others MICHIGA STADARDS Era 6 refers to years maps are of years population data are from the censuses Urbanization - location and expansion of urban centers - growth of cities linked by industry and trade Population Changes - describe changes in composition, distribution and density - analyze causes, such as the Great Migration and urbanization. ATIOAL STADARDS High School Lesson Plan Project Objectives and Goals Students will be able to read and interpret a figure ground map of a city. Students will be able to read and interpret a population graph of a city. Students will be able to compare city maps and graphs and draw conclusions from the information provided by the maps. Students will be able to use maps describing different sets of information to draw conclusions regarding the urbanization of U.S. cities from 1870 to Materials Project Overview Project Steps Reading & Analyzing City Maps Teacher Guide Sample Student Answers A Changing Urban Condition Student Packet Map Comparison Matrix Student Worksheet Glossary of Architectural Terms 9. The characteristics, distribution and migration of human populations 11. The patterns and networks of economic interdependence 12. The processes, patterns and functions of human settlements. Project Overview T.1

2 A CHAGIG URBA CODITIO ASSESSMET POITS Read and interpret city maps and population graphs. Draw conclusions about information provided by maps and graphs. Research and interpret architectural history. Project Steps Day One 1. Handout... - Worksheet Packet to the class - Discuss the project and its goals using A Changing Urban Condition Overview (S.1). 1. Understand the significance of the Industrial Revolution in Michigan and its impact 1870 to Understand and draw conclusions from maps and graphs, including figure ground maps and population trend graphs. 3. Draw conclusions about the urbanization and industrialization of Saginaw by comparing information from different maps and graphs. Prep: Print and copy A Changing Urban Condition Student Packet Time: 5-10 minutes 2. Explain... - Key terms and definitions. - How to read and interpret figure ground maps. - Use Sample Answers & Examples (T.6-7) to provide some possible answers and explanations about how to begin. Prep: Reading & Analyzing City Maps (T.3), Sample Answers & Examples (T.6-7) Students will complete the A Changing Urban Condition Packet #(S.2-5) Time: minutes 3. Discuss... - The urbanization and industrialization of American society between 1870 and Have students offer evidence and examples from the various transportation and building growth maps. Time: minutes 4. Explain... - How to access and use the SAH Archipedia Classic Buildings website at - Building information can also be printed from SAH Archipedia. - Instruct students to finish A Changing Urban Condition (S.6-9) using information from SAH Archipedia. Prep: Provide access to computers or consider printing information on relevant buildings from SAH Archipedia. Students will complete A Changing Urban Condition (S.7-10) outside of class. Time: minutes Project Steps T.2

3 A CHAGIG URBA CODITIO Project Steps (Continued) ASSESSMET POITS Support answers with historical evidence from maps, graphs and architectural research. Day Two 1. Handout... - The Map Comparison Matrix (S.10) - Explain categories and terms. Prep: Print and copy Map Comparison Matrix (S.10). Time: minutes 2. Discuss... - Have students discuss their research in small groups. - In these groups have students begin the Map Comparison Matrix (S.10) and prepare to share their answers with the class. Prep: Create student groups Students will work in groups to complete the Map Comparison Matrix (S.10). Time: minutes 3. Present... - Draw or project the Map Comparison Matrix (S.10) at the front of the classroom. - Complete the matrix as a class, encouraging students to provide examples from the maps and buildings to support their claims. Prep: Draw or project the Map Comparison Matrix (S.10). Students will add to their Map Comparison Matrix (S.10). Time: minutes Project Steps T.3

4 READIG & AALYZIG CITY MAPS This teacher s aid helps you to understand how to read and analyze the city maps with the students. Below are suggestions on how you can begin to compare the maps. There are also discussion points about what the students should be learning. DISCUSSIO POITS How did transportation change in Michigan from 1870 to 1930? What were Michigan s predominant industries in 1870 versus 1930? How did cities grow to accommodate these changes? What other factors might have shaped the growth of cities during this time period? Figure Ground Maps 1. Identify black shapes from blank, white space. The black shapes are buildings and the blank spaces are roads or open space. 2. To compare figure ground maps, look at and study the density of building, the scale of the buildings, and the organization of the buildings. The density refers to how closely or loosely packed the buildings are within the blocks. The scale refers to the size of the individual buildings. The organization refers to any underlying patterns and arrangement around the streets. 3. The changes in these elements will tell you how the growth of the city has changed. An increase in density can tell you about areas that had increases in growth and activit. Larger buildings can show areas of greater wealth or commercial activity, whereas smaller buildings may show residential areas. Organization can tell you about the structure of the city, with clusters surrounding railroads implying the importance of transportation to building growth. Transportation Maps 1. Identify the different types of transportation using the key located at the bottom of the maps. 2. To compare transportation maps, look at the proportion of each type of transportation and the area covered by each type of transportation. 3. The amount of each kind of transportation can tell you about the most commonly used transportation at that time, and the area covered by each transportation type will tell you about the distances covered by that means of transportation. Teaching Aid T.4

5 Examples & Student Responses These examples provide some possible responses to the questions in the student packet. They should not be considered the only acceptable responses. Other examples regarding architecture and classic buildings can be found on the SAH Archipedia Classic Building website. MAP COMPARISO MATRIX Urban Growth IDUSTRY BUILDIGS POPULATIO CULTURE AREA OE Industry appears to be a key part of the growth of area one, and is fed largely by the new railroad lines. Mostly commercial buildings cluster around the major streets and railroads, with residential buildings appearing only at the edges. Though there are few residences, the growth in commercial buildings is probably providing jobs to fuel the population growth. The Saginaw Post Office sits at the center of this area, and the ornate building was likely a very important part of the cities culture and communication. AREA TWO The industrial growth is much more limited here, only along the waterfront and railroads, showing the importance of transportation to commercial growth. Here the growth is mainly residential showing how the residential areas and commercial areas of Saginaw seem very separate. Yet the growth in houses is extreme The population growth of Saginaw clearly required a large number of new houses, entire blocks that consisted of only one house now are filled with up to ten. The Ring House shows a rather large example of a new home, yet the location is close to both the residential neighborhoods and the commercial section. AREA THREE The industrial growth is very limited in this area, though the western side of the river shows growth again along the railroad. Very few new residences as well, the distance from commercial jobs and shops might have limited the appeal for housing this far from the city center. The creation of the Saginaw Water Works clearly supported the large population growth Saginaw Experienced during this time. The importance of the Water Works, as well as the importance of open spaces to escape from the city seems demonstrated by the large park. COCLUSIOS The industrial growth seems to be largely connected to the areas that are best served by the new railroads. The building growth is very separated with commercial and residential buildings both clustering away from each other. The growth of industrial areas along side residential ones seems to show the importance of industrial jobs to the growth of the city. The many large cultural buildings, like the Post Office and Water Works shows a pride in public spaces/ Map Comparison Matrix S.10 Teaching Aid T.5

6 Examples & Student Responses These examples provide some possible responses to the questions in the student packet. They should not be considered the only acceptable responses. Other examples regarding architecture and classic buildings can be found on the SAH Archipedia Classic Building website. IDUSTRY COECTIOS Mapping Transportation Saginaw, MI Michigan Ave 2 Michigan Ave Bristol Ave Farely St 3 Lake Linton 3 Ezra Rust Ave Lake Linton Key Railroads Docks Roads 1. Compare the two maps and identify the changes that occurred between ? The 1877 map shows a few railroads but mainly docks along the riverfront. The 1935 map shows a large growth in the number and extent of railroads, as well as an increase in street width, but nearly all of the docks appear to have been removed. 2. Based on your comparison, what do these maps tell us about the changes in industry and transportation in Saginaw between 1877 and 1935, and why might these changes have taken place? The growth in railroads and street widths clearly shows an increase in ground transportation between the years 1877 and The increase in areas served by railroads also implies a growth in industrial areas that needed fast and reliable transportation. The increased width of streets might be due to the growing prevalence of the automobile or simply a growth in population. The decrease in docks is probably due in part to the growth of railroads, but also to the decline of the timber industry which primarily used the river for transportation. Industry Connections S.2 Teaching Aid T.6

7 Examples & Student Responses These examples provide some possible responses to the questions in the student packet. They should not be considered the only acceptable responses. Other examples regarding architecture and classic buildings can be found on the SAH Archipedia Classic Building website. BUILDIG GROWTH Figure Ground Map Saginaw, MI Area One Williams Ave Cass Ave Warren Ave Park Ave Janes Ave Baum Ave Post Office Warren Ave Park Ave Key Residential Public Commercial Parks Railroads Docks One historically significant structure that still remains today is the Saginaw Post Office, now the Saginaw County Castle Building, built in 1898 by the architect William M. Aiken. 1. Compare the two maps and identify the changes that occurred between ? The 1877 map shows a lightly populated area that contains a mix of residential and commercial buildings. The 1935 map shows a huge increase in density, particularly along. where commercial buildings have grown to almost fill the entire blocks. Most of the growth seems commercial, though there is some residential growth in the south-eastern corner. The 1935 map also shows an increase in railroad access. 2. Based on your comparison, what do these maps say about building construction in eastern Saginaw between 1877 and 1935, and why might these changes have taken place? The growth in eastern Saginaw seems more commercial and is likely fueled by the large number of rail lines that terminate in the area. While there are some residential buildings at the edges of the commercial area, they rarely mix. The post office at the center might imply that this is a very central location for many homes and businesses. Industry Connections S.3 Teaching Aid T.7

8 Harrison St Examples & Student Responses These examples provide some possible responses to the questions in the student packet. They should not be considered the only acceptable responses. Other examples regarding architecture and classic buildings can be found on the SAH Archipedia Classic Building website. BUILDIG GROWTH Figure Ground Map 1877 Saginaw, MI Area Two Michigan Ave Porter St Porter St Clinton St Harrison St Miller St Michigan Ave Farely St Clinton St Miller St Harrison St Bristol St Michigan Ave Ring House Key Residential Public Commercial Parks Railroads Docks One historically significant structure that still remains today is the Clark L. & Lizzie Merrill Ring House, now the Saginaw Art Museum, built in 1904 by the architect Charles A. Platt. 1. Compare the two maps and identify the changes that occurred between ? The 1877 map shows a very sparsely populated area with about a fiftyfifty mix of residential and commercial buildings. The 1935 map shows a huge growth in residential buildings, and a limited growth of commercial buildings mainly near the river and railroads. Residential buildings now outnumber commercial buildings by a large amount and there are even some public buildings being built. 2. Based on your comparison, what do these maps say about building construction in western Saginaw between 1877 and 1935, and why might these changes have taken place? The residential growth implies a very large growth in the urban population of Saginaw, but with little commercial growth it seems that jobs must be elsewhere. The density of homes certainly increased between 1877 and 1935, even in areas that already had homes. The northern section also includes a number of large public buildings that are being constructed presumably to serve the growing population, as well as a large park possibly to make up for the increasingly urban city blocks. Building Growth S.4 Teaching Aid T.8

9 Examples & Student Responses These examples provide some possible responses to the questions in the student packet. They should not be considered the only acceptable responses. Other examples regarding architecture and classic buildings can be found on the SAH Archipedia Classic Building website. BUILDIG GROWTH Figure Ground Map Saginaw, MI Area Three Court St Lake Linton Court St Ezra Rust Dr Lake Linton Lake Linton Saginaw Water Works Key Residential Public Commercial Parks Railroads Docks One historically significant structure that is still in use today is the Saginaw Water Works built in 1929 by the architect Victor André Matteson. 1. Compare the two maps and identify the changes that occurred between ? This area appears to have the least growth. The major difference appears to be the construction of the Saginaw Water Works and the division of Lake Linton. The western shore already appears to have a considerable number of commercial buildings in 1877 and few residential buildings, where as by 1935 the residential areas have been filled in with more commercial areas. The biggest change is the shore line, which seems to have been filled to allow for more usable space. 2. Based on your comparison, what do these maps say about building construction in southern Saginaw between 1877 and 1935, and why might these changes have taken place? The lack of buildings in these maps seems to imply that this is a more rural area that did not experience the same industrial growth that the city did. In addition the large amounts of construction and earth moving needed to construct the Water Works seems to imply that there was a considerable need for more drinking water, probably due to the increase in population elsewhere in the city. The creation of a park around the Water Works likely shows that it was being considered a public space as well as a public utility. Building Growth S.5 Teaching Aid T.9

10 Examples & Student Responses These examples provide some possible responses to the questions in the student packet. They should not be considered the only acceptable responses. Other examples regarding architecture and classic buildings can be found on the SAH Archipedia Classic Building website. POPULATIO GROWTH Population Trend Graphs Population of Saginaw County: ,000 Manufacturing Jobs in Saginaw County: , ,000 14, ,000 12,000 Population 100,000 80,000 Jobs 10,000 8,000 60,000 6,000 40,000 4,000 20,000 2, Decade Decade 1. Explain the trends shown by each graph: The population in Saginaw county clearly increased from Overall the population increase is fairly stable, increasing at the same rate, but it does level out a little between 1890 and The manufacturing jobs also increases, but the trend is less clear. Jobs actually decrease at two points: from and from Comparing the graphs, what can you determine about the growth of Saginaw between 1870 and 1930 and why might this have happened? Saginaw clearly experienced significant growth between these years. Comparing the two graphs it would seem that population and manufacturing jobs are very related, with decrease in population growth occurring at the same time as decreases in manufacturing jobs. This could mean that much of the growth in population was fueled by these new manufacturing jobs, or that more jobs were added to supply the growing population. Population Growth S.6 Teaching Aid T.10

11 Examples & Student Responses These examples provide some possible responses to the questions in the student packet. They should not be considered the only acceptable responses. Other examples regarding architecture and classic buildings can be found on the SAH Archipedia Classic Building website. CULTURAL IFLUECES Saginaw Post Offi ce 1898, William M. Aiken Saginaw Post Office, now the Castle Building 1935 Saginaw Post Offi ce and Surroundings Post Office Baum Ave Warren Ave 1870 Balthazar Korab, Library of Congress 1. Research the history of the Saginaw Post Office (1898), now the Saginaw County Castle Building, on the SAH Archipedia Classic Buildings website at and describe the design of the building and its placement within the city. The Saginaw Post Office is a very ornate building in the French Châteauesque style that appears to be far more than a normal post office. The towers give it a definite presence that is probably very visible, and its sits almost by itself on a large open block. In addition it is located in a busy business part of eastern Saginaw. 2. What does the design of this building suggest about the importance of long distance communication, and how people communicated in Saginaw? The Saginaw Post Office is clearly an important building in Saginaw. It is both very ornate and centrally located at the edge of the commercial and residential areas of eastern Saginaw. Because of this, it is likely that mail was the major form of long distance communication for many people and businesses, and helped to connect Saginaw to the outside world. This probably helped commercial industries grow, shipping and ordering goods to many distant places. 3. Using the SAH Archipedia, identify a building with similar traits (e.g. same type of building, similar style, same materials, close in date, same architect). Compare and contrast the buildings and hypothesize the best location in Saginaw based on what you learned about the growth of the city. Answers will vary. Cultural Influences S.7 Teaching Aid T.11

12 Examples & Student Responses These examples provide some possible responses to the questions in the student packet. They should not be considered the only acceptable responses. Other examples regarding architecture and classic buildings can be found on the SAH Archipedia Classic Building website. CULTURAL IFLUECES Clark L. & Lizzie Merrill Ring House 1904, Charles A. Platt Ring House, now the Saginaw Art Museum 1935 Ring House and Surroundings Bristol St Michigan Ave Ring House Roger Funk, Society of Architectural Historians 1. Research the history of the Clark L. and Lizzie Merrill Ring House (1904), now the Saginaw Art Museum, on the SAH Archipedia Classic Buildings website at and describe the design of the building and its placement within the city. The Ring House appears to be a large home in the Georgian Revival style. It is has considerable ornamentation as well as a very ornate garden. The building is placed near the edge of a residential section of western Saginaw, but nearly boarders the railroad on its rear side. 2. What does the design of this building suggest about culture and society in Saginaw? The size and decorative nature of the Ring s home makes it clear they were very wealthy. The choice not to live within the denser city blocks might mean that having a large estate was important to show your status in Saginaw. In addition the board near the railroad might imply that railroads were seen as signs of progress rather than commercial eyesores. 3. Using the SAH Archipedia, identify a building with similar traits (e.g. same type of building, similar style, same materials, close in date, same architect). Compare and contrast the buildings and hypothesize the best location in Saginaw based on what you learned about the growth of the city. Answers will vary. Cultural Influences S.8 Teaching Aid T.12

13 Examples & Student Responses These examples provide some possible responses to the questions in the student packet. They should not be considered the only acceptable responses. Other examples regarding architecture and classic buildings can be found on the SAH Archipedia Classic Building website. CULTURAL IFLUECES Saginaw Water Works 1929, Victor André Matteson Saginaw Water Works 1935 Ring House and Surroundings Lake Linton Ezra Rust Dr Saginaw Water Works Detroit Publishing Company, Library of Congress 1. Research the history of the Saginaw Water Works (1929) on the SAH Archipedia Classic Buildings website at and describe the design of the building and its placement within the city. The Saginaw Water Works is a very ornate building, especially for a building with such a utilitarian purpose. It is placed outside the city, probably in connection with the location of Lake Linton and has been surrounded by a large park. The areas around the park have a very low density of both residential and commercial buildings. 2. What does the design of this building suggest about the importance of clean water in Saginaw? The Water Works building seems like a very important structure and likely means that clean water was a high priority for the growing city. Yet its distance from the city center makes it less visible on a daily basis. The placement of the park around the building might mean that it was meant to be a public place as well as just a public utility. 3. Using the SAH Archipedia, identify a building with similar traits (e.g. same type of building, similar style, same materials, close in date, same architect). Compare and contrast the buildings and hypothesize the best location in Saginaw based on what you learned about the growth of the city. Answers will vary. Cultural Influences S.9 Teaching Aid T.13

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15 A CHAGIG URBA CODITIO Map Comparison Worksheet Packet By

16 A CHAGIG URBA CODITIO Using SAH ArchipediaClassic Buildings, you will analyze Michigan s change over time in terms of population, building development, cultural identity, and industry. To do so, you will study maps and graphs describing Saginaw, Michigan, in 1870 and Afterward, you will review and discuss your findings with your peers and instructor. VOCABULARY Figure Ground Map An aerial map that shows buildings and structures as shaded shapes and roads and open space as blank white space. Population Trend The rhythm of growth and decline in the population of an area. Urbanization The expansion of cities and towns due to the growth of industries such as manufacturing. Industrialization The social and economic change that transforms an agricultural society into an industrial one. Project Objectives and Goals 1. Understand the significance of the Industrial Revolution in Michigan and its impact from 1870 to Understand and draw conclusions from maps and graphs; including figure ground maps and population trend graphs. 3. Draw conclusions about the urbanization and industrialization of Saginaw by comparing information from different maps and graphs. What to Turn In Completed Map Comparison Packet (S.2-9) Completed Map Comparison Matrix (S.10) Project Overview S.1

17 IDUSTRY COECTIOS Mapping Transportation 1877 Saginaw, MI Michigan Ave 2 Michigan Ave Farely St Bristol Ave 3 Lake Linton 3 Ezra Rust Ave Lake Linton Key Railroads Docks Roads 1. Compare the two maps and identify the changes that occurred between ? 2. Based on your comparison, what do these maps tell us about the changes in industry and transportation in Saginaw between 1877 and 1935, and why might these changes have taken place? Industry Connections S.2

18 BUILDIG GROWTH Figure Ground Map 1877 Area 1: Saginaw, MI (East) 1935 Williams Ave Cass Ave Warren Ave Park Ave Janes Ave Baum Ave Post Office Warren Ave Park Ave Key Residential Public Commercial Parks Railroads Docks One historically significant structure that remains today is the Saginaw Post Office, now the Saginaw County Castle Building, designed in 1898 by the architect William M. Aiken. 1. Compare the two maps and identify the changes that occurred from 1877 to Based on your comparison, what do these maps say about building construction in eastern Saginaw between 1877 and 1935, and why might these changes have taken place? Industry Connections S.3

19 BUILDIG GROWTH Figure Ground Map 1877 Area 2: Saginaw, MI (West) 1935 Harrison St Michigan Ave Porter St Porter St Clinton St Harrison St Miller St Michigan Ave Farely St Clinton St Miller St Harrison St Bristol St Michigan Ave Ring House Key Residential Public Commercial Parks Railroads Docks One historically significant structure that remains today is the Clark L. & Lizzie Merrill Ring House, now the Saginaw Art Museum, desgined in 1904 by the architect Charles A. Platt. 1. Compare the two maps and identify the changes that occurred from 1877 to Based on your comparison, what do these maps say about building construction in western Saginaw between 1877 and 1935, and why might these changes have taken place? Building Growth S.4

20 BUILDIG GROWTH Figure Ground Map 1877 Area 3: Saginaw, MI (South) 1935 Court St Lake Linton Court St Ezra Rust Dr Lake Linton Lake Linton Saginaw Water Works Key Residential Public Commercial Parks Railroads Docks One historically significant structure that is still in use today is the Saginaw Water Works designed in 1929 by the architect Victor André Matteson. 1. Compare the two maps and identify the changes that occurred from 1877 to Based on your comparison, what do these maps say about building construction in southern Saginaw between 1877 and 1935, and why might these changes have taken place? Building Growth S.5

21 POPULATIO GROWTH Population Trend Graphs Population of Saginaw County: ,000 Manufacturing Jobs in Saginaw County: , ,000 14, ,000 12,000 Population 100,000 80,000 Jobs 10,000 8,000 60,000 6,000 40,000 4,000 20,000 2, Decade Decade 1. Explain the trends shown by each graph. 2. Comparing the graphs, what can you determine about the growth of Saginaw between 1870 and 1930, and why might this have happened? Population Growth S.6

22 CULTURAL IFLUECES Saginaw Post Office 1898, William M. Aiken Saginaw Post Office, now the Castle Building 1935 Saginaw Post Office and Surroundings Post Office Baum Ave Warren Ave 1870 Balthazar Korab, Library of Congress 1. Research the history of the Saginaw Post Office (1898), now the Castle Museum of Saginaw County History, on the SAH Archipedia Classic Buildings website at and describe the design of the building and its placement within the city. 2. What does the design of this building suggest about the importance of longdistance communication, and how people communicated in Saginaw? 3. Using SAH Archipedia, identify a building with similar traits (e.g. same type of building, similar style, same materials, close in date, same architect). Compare and contrast the buildings and hypothesize how it would best fit in Saginaw based on what you learned about the growth of the city. Cultural Influences S.7

23 CULTURAL IFLUECES Clark L. & Lizzie Merrill Ring House 1904, Charles A. Platt Ring House, now the Saginaw Art Museum 1935 Ring House and Surroundings Bristol St Michigan Ave Ring House Roger Funk, Society of Architectural Historians 1. Research the history of the Clark L. and Lizzie Merrill Ring House (1904), now the Saginaw Art Museum, on the SAH Archipedia Classic Buildings website at and describe the design of the building and its placement within the city. 2. What does the design of this building suggest about culture and society in Saginaw? 3. Using SAH Archipedia, identify a building with similar traits (e.g. same type of building, similar style, same materials, close in date, same architect). Compare and contrast the buildings and hypothesize how it would best fit in Saginaw based on what you learned about the growth of the city. Cultural Influences S.8

24 CULTURAL IFLUECES Saginaw Water Works 1929, Victor André Matteson Saginaw Water Works 1935 Saginaw Water Works and Surroundings Lake Linton Ezra Rust Dr Saginaw Water Works Detroit Publishing Company, Library of Congress 1. Research the history of the Saginaw Water Works (1929) on the SAH Archipedia Classic Buildings website at and describe the design of the building and its placement within the city. 2. What does the design of this building suggest about the importance of clean water in Saginaw? 3. Using SAH Archipedia, identify a building with similar traits (e.g. same type of building, similar style, same materials, close in date, same architect). Compare and contrast the buildings and hypothesize how it would best fit in Saginaw based on what you learned about the growth of the city. Cultural Influences S.9

25 MAP COMPARISO MATRIX Urban Growth IDUSTRY BUILDIGS POPULATIO CULTURE COCLUSIOS AREA THREE AREA TWO AREA OE Map Comparison Matrix S.10

26 GLOSSARY Architectural Terms and Definitions GOTHIC REVIVAL FAÇADE FIGURE GROUD MAP CHÂTEAUESQUE GEORGIA REVIVAL IDUSTRIALIZATIO ORAMETATIO POPULATIO TRED PEDIMET URBAIZATIO A movement in Europe and orth America devoted to reviving the forms and the spirit of Gothic architecture of the twelfth through fifteenth centuries in Europe. The movement originated in the mideighteenth century and flourished during the nineteenth century. For some building types, notably churches, it was used into the twentieth century. Gothic Revival typically has towers, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and stained glass, and it emphasizes verticality and light. Collegiate Gothic is a plainer version of Gothic Revival that became popular for orth American colleges, universities, and schools from the 1890s through the 1920s. The buildings tend to be symmetrical and often have a taller central section with elaborate pointed-arched ornamentation around the door. The exterior face of a building, especially the principal or entrance front. An aerial map that shows buildings and structures as shaded shapes and roads and open space as blank white space. A term applied to masonry buildings from the 1870s to the 1920s in which stylistic references are derived from Early French Renaissance country houses (chateaux), from the reign of François I ( ) or even earlier. Chateauesque buildings typically have asymmetrical floor plans and rooflines broken by pointed turrets and towers. Sometimes called Chateau Style, Chateauesque Revival, or François I Style. The revival of Georgian period forms from the 1880s to the present. The Georgian period begins with the coronation of George I of Great Britain in 1714 and extends until about 1781 in the area that became the United States. Georgian Revival architecture is characterized by the use of symmetrical floor plans and facades, red or tan brick or stone walls, unadorned windows, and doors often surrounded by white columns and pediments. The growth of cities and towns due to the growth of industries such as manufacturing. Intricate and expensive details added to a building that serve no structural purpose, but are intended to increase the visual and aesthetic appeal of the building. The rhythms of growth and decline in the population of an area. The triangular or curvilinear culmination of a prominent part of a façade. The expansion of cities and towns due to the growth of industries such as manufacturing. A Changing Urban Condition was created by Kelly Lyons for the Society of Architectural Historians (SAH), a professional, scholarly association with an international membership that promotes the study, interpretation and preservation of architecture worldwide. Learn more about SAH at and learn more about American architecture at Glossary S.11