2 Characteristics of the vernacular architecture on the South Western Anatolian coasts and comparisons with the Islands.

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1 Restoration proposals for the examples of vernacular architecture along south western coasts of Anatolia and similarities with some of the islands of Dodecanese Z. Ozcan Department ofinterior Architecture and Environmental Design, Bilkent University, 06533, Ankara, Turkey The south western coasts of Anatolia and the Aegean islands closest to Turkey, are endowed with a traditional architecture which presents similarities in many aspects. These buildings carry the imprints of the rich cultural heritage of both the Greek and Turkish communities, which have developed ties of close cultural interaction despite religious differences. The existing examples of this vernacular architecture have been registered as cultural properties, but hardly preserved, since researches dealing with the problem are not complete. The lack of data creates problems, for which this article aims to propose brief solutions, in town and building scale. 1 Introduction The vernacular architecture which constitutes the subject of the present analysis has been selected among the settlements situated on the south western coast of Anatolia. This region neighbouring the east Aegean islands, covers the area stretching from the island of Kalymnos to that of Castellorizo (figure 1). After a fasditious study lasting for more than five years, it has been found out that, the settlements of both the islands and south western coasts of Anatolia, show distinct similarities despite political boundaries. Within the limits of the paper Castellorizo, Rhodes, Kalymnos settlements will be taken as examples, together with the towns of Ka, Kalkan, Fethiye and Bodrum: 2 Characteristics of the vernacular architecture on the South Western Anatolian coasts and comparisons with the Islands. The buildings selected for this comparative analysis consist of modest residences, mostly constructed in the second half of the previous century. They reflect characteristics common to both the Greek and Turkish communities once lived together. These likenesses are the natural outcome of a similar social life reflected on architecture. Although the existence of wandering master builders may account for the realisation of similar dwellings, it seems clear that both societies were completely content with the

2 30 Architectural Studies, Materials & Analysis plan scheme, appearance and even practially the same architectural details. Despite the religious differences of the two communities, it appears that the same world views, economical, climatic and geographical factors have shaped a special but similar architecture. Official Ottoman registers such as inheritance lists, reveal a considerable amount of house-hold goods and furnitures showing akin examples for both societies. UlQ -3*^ ikoycegiz irmoris c -^ a&2 Figure 1: Map showing the concerning settlements 2.1 Characteristics of settlements on the south western coasts of Anatolia. The towns are generally arranged parallel to the topography, but with a grid-iron plan scheme. Thus, houses are placed side by side facing the sea, along roads parallel to the shore. Still the dead-end roads are coincided as in other parts of Anatolia. In crowded town centers attached order, towards the suburbs with loosely populated zones, detached ones are preferred. In examples from Bodrum, at the northern part of the region, dwellings consist either of one storey and a mezzanine level, or of two and three storeys. In the southern areas such as Kas and Kalkan, houses usually have two storeys and a mezzanine floor, or only two storeys. The main construction material is the local stone where partitions, nonstructural parts and ornaments are of timber. In Bodrum and in the surrounding villages three plan types exist, known as "Musandirali", "Chios" and "Kule." Only the first two types will be examined for comparison. The musandirah type consists of a single storey construction with a mezzanine floor (figure 2). The ground floor is spared for service units like kitchens and storages and contains the staircase leading to the mezzanine called the "musandira". (Bektas [1]). Externally they present a rectangular prismatic appearance. Openings are relatively small and the ratio of their width to height are 1 to 1^. Flat roofs are ornamented with chimneys and parapet corners resembling acrotera (figure 3).

3 Architectural Studies, Materials & Analysis 31 Figure 2: musandirali plan, Figure 3: Elevation example from Bodrum Bodrum (Source: Bektas, C., Bodrum, 1st, 1983) For the typology of the southern part, first floors are taken into account, as they are the actual living flats. The ground floors are used as shops and storages. The plan of thefirstfloorsis dominated by a main rectangular hall with rooms aligned either on one or both sides of it. The shorter end of this hall opens on to a service balcony to which is attached the staircase and wet spaces; a rairty in Anatolia (figure 4). The "Chios" type of plan is formed when the staircase is placed in the hall which is at the center of the house. Rooms are aligned on two sides of it (figure 5). This particular plan scheme coincides with a type existing in the island of Chios after which it is named. (Ozcan[2]). Figure 4: "Hall" type house from Kas (Source: original) Figure 5: "Chios" type house from Fethiye Elevations can be divided into two categories such as "Early" and "Neo-classical" examples. The earlier examples consist of a rectangular prismatic stone body usually white washed, with or without plastering (figure 6). Ratios of the openings are 1 to 2 or to 1^ in width to height.

4 32 Architectural Studies, Materials & Analysis Superstructures have been converted into gabled roofs after 1860's when a tile factory was established in Rhodes. The neo-classical facades are relatively new when compared to earlier examples. They are elaborately ornamented with quoins, sills, architraves, stained glass windows and triangular pediments (figure 7). Sometimes, ornamental symbols placed above the pediments such as moon and star motifs or crosses, may give clues to the cultural identity of the original owners of the houses. There are cases where two houses belonging to inhabitants of two different religious origins may share a common wall. Black and white pebble stone floor finishings were much favoured as a decorative detail. Figure 6: A facade from Kalkan (Source: original) Figure 7: "Neoclassicized" facades from Kalkan 2.2 Comparison with the islands The towns of the islands of Castellorizo, Rhodes and Kalymnos are also organized according to a grid-iron plan scheme. Buildings are placed parallel to the topography, as on the Anatolian coasts and directly face the streets. The study of some examples of vernacular architecture in Rhodes and Kalymnos has revealed the use of single storey plus a mezzanine floor and double storey house plans. (Moutsopoulou, [3], Bogdanou-Elipoulou [4]). In Castellorizo two or two plus mezzanine houses are mostly seen. In single storey houses defined as "Monospito", the mezzanine floors similar to the ones in Bodrum are called "Mousandra" or "Krewatos". The mousandra serve as sleeping area while the ground floors are for daily activities, (figure 8). These buildings also reflect a rectangular prismatic appearance with flat roofs and openings with a height-width ratio of 1 to 1^. Houses defined as "Archondiko" and "Neo-classicized" types as in Kalymnos, show similarities in plans with the "Chios" type houses of Bodrum, Kas and Fethiye (figure 9).

5 Architectural Studies, Materials & Analysis 33 Transactions on the Built Environment vol 15, 1995 WIT Press, ISSN Figure 8: monospito house from Rhodes (Source: Moutsopoulou, A., Rhodes, Athens 1985) Figure 9: neo-classicized house from Kalymnos (Source: Bogdanou-Elipoulou, M., Fetokaki- Sarandidi, A., Kalymnos, Athens, 1984.) Examples from Castellorizo show nearly the same "hall" type plans used in Kas. The distribution of function in flats is the same. In Rhodes, Kalymnos and Castellorizo facades bearing neoclassical influences carry architectural elements such as quoins, sills, pilasters with capitals, pediments and projections which are similar to those in Fethiye and Kalkan. Even the black and white pebble stone mosaics of floor finishings are the same. These houses are generally provided with gabled roofs covered with factory tiles. 3 Restoration proposals for the examples of vernacular architecture along south western coasts of Anatolia. The restoration proposals that will be advanced are two-fold. The first concerns preservation in town scale and the second concentrates on the restoration of individual buildings. 3.1 Preservation proposals in town scale Total conservation should be the principle aim for the preservation of these particular historical zones. This will not be possible without the resolution of the difficulties in obtaining financial means, necessary for the restoration and maintenance of the area. The participation of the inhabitants and related professions is also indispensable for the realizaton of such a project. New functions instigated to vitalize these regions such as tourism should be so chosen that, they will not be extra oppression components in the preservation

6 34 Architectural Studies, Materials & Analysis of the urban fabric. In order to protect the existing traditional urban tissue, measures such as, the limitation of motorized traffic, the provision of lacking social equipments in existing historical buildings and the formulation of appropriate regulations on proportions and sizes for the composition of new building blocks and plots should be taken. 3.2 Restoration in building scale Buildings which are registered as cultural properties showing the characteristics of the region in their interiors and exteriors, should be restored within the confines of international restoration principles. Buildings with sound structural systems contributing to the historic environment, but having less specific significance themselves, should also be restored under permission, in order to realize necessary changes to accomotade the needs of the contemporary life. Timber details as seen on vista and service balconies and interior and exterior ornamental elements should also be preserved. Damaged and deficient parts of existing architectural elements should be repaired again, according to restoration principles with similar materials as stone and timber. 3.3 Restoration or rather repairing activities in the region As conservation aiming master plans are lacking restorations and new constructions in the mentioned towns of Anatolian coasts depend on seperate permissions, emited by the regional Preservation Commission in charge. This situation gives rise to numerous problems where buildings are abandoned to their own fates, as the owners often lack the financial means and appropriate technical skills to cope such problems. Examples with modest architectural characteristics but with a contribution to the environment, are totally destroyed and renewed with facades carrying all the specialities of the region. These are copies reconstructed in reinforced concrete in which original stone and timber details are transformed. On the other hand instead of the design of creative new interpretations expected from the architects, what is faced is the proliferation of new dwellings that are astonishingly faithful duplicates of the old ones, produced in reinforced concrete. 4 Conclusion The buildings discussed above have evolved stylistically and structurally under the influence of the cultural interaction, produced by the Greek and Turkish societies who lived together for centuries. Nowadays within the contemporary Greek frontiers, these dwellings are called "Turkish houses", whereas in Turkey they are recognized as "Greek" residences. Whatever they may be called today, the heterogeneous character of the building terminology proves that, these dwellings are the products of a culture mutually elaborated and shared by both communities. Among many others, words such as

7 Architectural Studies, Materials & Analysis 35 ahni in / Sachnisi, musandira / mousandra, kerevet / krewatos, parmaklik /paramaklikia and the like are still used with nearly the same pronounciation and meanings in both languages. The author still hopes that these regions will be free working areas for the researchers, and cultural properties will survive carrying the characteristics of the regions they belong to. References l.bekta?, C., Bodrum, Publication of T.T.O.K., Istanbul, Ozcan, Z.,Vernacular Architecture of Teke Peninsula Littoral, Unpublished. Ph. D. Thesis in METU Faculty of Architecture, Ankara, Moutsopoulou, A., Rhodes, Melissa Publishing house, Athens, Bogdanou - Elipoulou, M., Fetokaki - Sarandidi, A., Kalymnos, Melissa Publishing House, Athens, 1984.

THE FORMER GIRLS' HIGH SCHOOL IN MOSTAR A D A P T I V E R E - U S E P R O P O S A L F O R

THE FORMER GIRLS' HIGH SCHOOL IN MOSTAR A D A P T I V E R E - U S E P R O P O S A L F O R A M A J O R P U B L I C B U I L D I N G I N T H E O L D C I T Y 1. INTRODUCTION Dr. Stefano Bianca, Director, Historic