THE FLIGHT OF IPS TYPOGRAPHUS L. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN THE NĂDRAG-PADEŞ CONDITIONS

Transcription

1 THE FLIGHT OF IPS TYPOGRAPHUS L. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN THE NĂDRAG-PADEŞ CONDITIONS ZBORUL DĂUNĂTORULUI IPS TYPOGRAPHUS L. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ÎN CONDIŢIILE ZONEI NĂDRAG-PADEŞ Abstract The spruce bark beetle has two flights on year, in Nădrag-Padeş conditions. The first flight is produced in springtime and second one is produced in summertime. The second flight is prolonged until in autumn. For monitoring I have used traps (type Barieră for Ipidae and type Theysohn) baited with aggregative synthetic pheromones. The pheromones which I have used are Atratyp Plus and Pheroprax Ampulle. Key words: flight, Ips typographus, Nădrag-Padeş Cuvinte cheie: zbor, Ips typographus, Nădrag-Padeş Ciprian George FORA Agricultural and Veterinary University of the Banat, Timişoara, România Rezumat În condiţiile zonei Nădrag-Padeş gândacul mare de scoarţă al molidului prezintă două zboruri pe an. Primul zbor este produs în primăvară şi al doilea zbor în vară. Zborul al doilea se prelungeşte şi în toamnă. Pentru monitorizare am utilizat curse (tip Barieră pentru Ipidae şi tip Theysohn), amorsate cu feromoni sintetici agregativi. Feromonii utilizaţi sunt Atratyp Plus şi Pheroprax Ampulle. INTRODUCTION The importance and the role of forest in environment conservation and protection derive, essential, from the functions which the forests has and in first time from the functions of protection or eco-protective (Machedon, 2). Because of forest importance, for human been and in generally for environment, is necessary to protect them against forest pests which can contribute, in some conditions, at ecosystem destabilization. In this reason it is necessary to maintain at a low level the pest populations, which present high capacity of multiplication and spreading, in this category entering the pest Ips typographus L. (the spruce bark beetle) to. In this direction is necessary a best knowledge of pest biology and the knowledge of flight evolution offer us important elements. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research has been made in the framework of Ocolul Silvic Ana Lugojana, Direcţia Silvică Timiş, which administrate Nădrag-Padeş zone. In the surface of research, I establish ten surfaces, taking account of forest type where the spruce is in composition. The description of surfaces, by the point of view of forest type and the local conditions, is presented in the table 1. For flight monitoring in 5, I have used traps type Barieră for Ipidae (figure 1) and traps type Theysohn (figure 2). For the pest attraction, the traps are baited with attractive synthetic pheromone Atratyp Plus which has cisverbenol 4,7% + ipsdienol,5% + metil-butenol 94,8% as active substances and attractive synthetic pheromone Pheroprax Ampulle which has ipsdienol 8 mg/dispenser, cis-verbenol 75 mg/dispenser, metil-butenol 18 mg/dispenser as active substances. The flight evolution of spruce bark beetle has been followed through the registration of captures once at 6-8 days, on all growing season. The captured beetles have been gathered. Recurrently, pheromone lures has been refresh, because the substances are very volatile and the wind and rainfall can contribute at their dilution. 435

2 Main characteristics of surfaces, from Nădrag-Padeş zone, where have been made the observations in the year 5 Table 1 Zone (u.a.) Surface (Ha.) T.S. T.P. Soil Altitude (m) Exposition Slope (g) Composition Medium age (years) Nădrag 4BR3MO1 12, SV 29 16A FA1CA1DT Nădrag 3MO3FA NV 3 19B 2CA1DT 9 Căpriorul 8MO1BR 6, S 18 48C 1FA Căpriorul 49A Gosta 61B Gosta 67F Cârlionţiu 83B Cârlionţiu 95B Padeş 112A Padeş 119C 2, SE 32 4, S 23 4MO2FA 2BR2DT 6MO2LA 2FA 12, SE 9FA1MO 4, S 31 13, N 34 13, E 32 6BR3MO 1FA 4FA5BR 1MO 4FA3MO1CA 1ME1DT 3, NV 21 6CA3MO 1DT Note: The number of arrangement unit (u.a.); Sites types (T.S.): Upper and lower montane beech forest (Montan-premontan de făgete (Ps), brun edafic mare, cu Asperula-Dentaria); Upper and lower montane beech forest (Montan-premontan de făgete (Pi), brun edafic mijlociu, cu Asperula-Dentartia); Hill beech forest (Deluros de făgete (Ps), brun edafic mare, cu Asperula-Asarum); Hill beech forest (Deluros de făgete (Pm), brun edafic mijlociu, cu Asperula-Asarum). Forest types (T.P.): Normal beech forest with specific flora (Făget normal cu floră de mull); Normal fir-beech forest with specific flora (Brădeto-făget normal cu floră de mull); Montan beech forest on thin soils with specific flora (Făget montan pe soluri scheletice cu floră de mull); Hill beech forest with specific flora (Făget de deal cu floră de mull); Mixed beech forest from hill region (Făget amestecat din regiunea de dealuri). Soils: 312- Brun eumezobazic molic; 311- Brun eumezobazic tipic, Forest species: MO- Spruce; BR- Fir tree; LA- Larch tree; FA- Beech tree; CA- Hornbeam; ME- Birch tree; DT- other Figure 1. Trap type Barieră for Ipidae (source: Institute of chemistry from Cluj-Napoca) Figure 2. Trap type Theysohn (original) 436

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In 5 the traps installation has been done in 1-11 April and has functioned until to the end of October. The captures has been registered, begin with 25 April and 5 May. The moment of the flight unlashing is conditioned of temperature values. Thus medium temperature, registered in the moment of the flight unlashing in 5, is of 14,5-15, C and the maximum registered temperature value has of 2,2-21,4 C. In 5 the temperature value in springtime has been increase gradually. From the calculus of positive temperature values, recording after the last negative value, at which have unleash the flight, we can affirm that in the year 5 this have the value of 5, C, value which is comparable with those from the year 3 when the value was of 3,7 C and from the year 4, when the value was of 428,3 C. In Nădrag-Padeş conditions, in the year 5, the pest Ips typographus present two flights on all growing season. The first flight is unfolding in springtime and it is produced of insects which have survived in wintertime mainly as mature adults and as pupa or larva. The second flight is unfolding in summertime and it is produced of insects which proceed from the insects from first generation. Other aspects will be presented in next rows. The first flight is produced since the end of month April until the middle of month June and it is of high intensity (74-86 % from the flight on all growing season), with a top flight at the middle of the month May. The flight is continuing in the month June too, the general aspect being of decrease intensity. In the interior of first flight I have identify a percentage of young adults (reddish colour) which proceed from insects which have survived in wintertime as pupa or larva. The percentage is low (1-7 %) and confirm the affirmation that, in Nădrag-Padeş conditions, the pest hibernate more as mature adult (colour dark brown) and less as pupa or larva. The length of the first flight is of days. The second flight (14-26 % from the flight on all growing season), begin in the month July, present a top in August and is done in 6 September al 7-9 m high and in 2 September at 3- m (with two weeks earlier). The length of the second flight is of days. In the interior of the second flight I have identify a percentage of young adults (reddish colour) which have done the attack of maturation (12-29 % from the second flight). The environment temperature influenced directly the flight evolution of the pest, flight which is irregular, fact observed in figure The precipitation influenced the flight, caused stomping of flight. The local conditions influenced, the flight evolution, mainly in amplitude. In the surface of research (16A), covered with forest vegetation of hill beech forest with specific flora (mull flora beech forests in the hill area), settled at a height of 3- m, on SV exposition, the flight evolution presented the aspects from figure 3. The first flight is produced on 46 days (25 April 9 June), is of high intensity and represents 74 % from flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects which are of 3 %. The second flight is produced on 68 days (14 July 2 September), is of low intensity and represents 26 % from the flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects participate at the second flight with a percentage of 2 %. In the surface of research (19B), covered with forest vegetation of hill beech forest with specific flora (mull flora beech forests in the hill area), settled at a height of 3- m, on NV exposition, the flight evolution presented the aspects from figure

4 apr 5.mai 2.iun 9.iun 3.iun 7.iul 3.aug 1.aug 7.sep 14.sep 2.sep Adulţi maturi Adulţi tineri Figure 3. The flight of the pest Ips typographus in the year 5 (u.a. 16A) apr 5.mai 2.iun 9.iun 3.iun 7.iul 3.aug 1.aug 7.sep 14.sep 2.sep Adulţi maturi Adulţi tineri Figure 4. The flight of the pest Ips typographus in the year 5 (u.a. 19B) The first flight is produced on 46 days (25 April 9 June), is of high intensity and represents 85 % from flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects which are of 1 %. The second flight is produced on 68 days (14 July 2 September), is of low intensity and represents 15 % from the flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects participate at the second flight with a percentage of 16 %. In the surface of research (48C), covered with forest vegetation of normal beech forest with specific flora (normal mull flora beech forests), settled at a height of 7- m, on S exposition, the flight evolution presented the aspects from figure mai 2.iun 9.iun 3.iun 7.iul 3.aug 1.aug 6.sep Adulţi maturi Adulţi tineri 438 Figure 5. The flight of the pest Ips typographus in the year 5 (u.a. 48C) The first flight is produced on 35 days (5 May 9 June), is of high intensity and represents 82 % from flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects which are of 4 %. The second flight is produced on 54 days (14 July 6 September), is of low intensity and represents 18 % from the flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects participate at the second flight with a percentage of 15 %.

5 In the surface of research (49A), covered with forest vegetation of normal beech forest with specific flora (normal mull flora beech forests), settled at a height of -7 m, on SE exposition, the flight evolution presented the aspects from figure mai 2.iun 9.iun 3.iun 7.iul 3.aug 1.aug 6.sep Adulţi maturi Adulţi tineri Figure 6. The flight of the pest Ips typographus in the year 5 (u.a. 49A) The first flight is produced on 35 days (5 May 9 June), is of high intensity and represents % from flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects which are of 4 %. The second flight is produced on 54 days (14 July 6 September), is of low intensity and represents 2 % from the flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects participate at the second flight with a percentage of 16 %. In the surface of research (61B), covered with forest vegetation of mountain beech forest on thin soils with specific flora (mountain mull flora beech forests on skeleton soils), settled at a height of -9 m, on S exposition, the flight evolution presented the aspects from figure mai 2.iun 9.iun 3.iun 7.iul 3.aug 1.aug 6.sep Adulţi maturi Adulţi tineri Figure 7. The flight of the pest Ips typographus in the year 5 (u.a. 61B) The first flight is produced on 35 days (5 May 9 June), is of high intensity and represents 86 % from flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects which are of 5 %. The second flight is produced on 54 days (14 July 6 September), is of low intensity and represents 14 % from the flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects participate at the second flight with a percentage of 29 %. In the surface of research (67F), covered with forest vegetation of mountain beech forest on thin soils with specific flora (mountain mull flora beech forests on skeleton soils), settled at a height of -9 m, on S exposition, the flight evolution presented the aspects from figure

6 mai 2.iun 9.iun 3.iun 7.iul 3.aug 1.aug 6.sep Adulţi maturi Adulţi tineri Figure 8. The flight of the pest Ips typographus in the year 5 (u.a. 67F) The first flight is produced on 35 days (5 May 9 June), is of high intensity and represents 79 % from flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects which are of 7 %. The second flight is produced on 54 days (14 July 6 September), is of low intensity and represents 21 % from the flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects participate at the second flight with a percentage of 25 %. In the surface of research (83B), covered with forest vegetation of Normal fir-beech forest with specific flora (normal fir-beech forests with mull flora), settled at a height of - 7 m, on S exposition, the flight evolution presented the aspects from figure mai 2.iun 9.iun 3.iun 7.iul 3.aug 1.aug 6.sep Adulţi maturi Adulţi tineri Figure 9. The flight of the pest Ips typographus in the year 5 (u.a. 83B) The first flight is produced on 35 days (5 May 9 June), is of high intensity and represents 83 % from flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects which are of 7 %. The second flight is produced on 54 days (14 July 6 September), is of low intensity and represents 17 % from the flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects participate at the second flight with a percentage of 2 %. In the surface of research (95B), covered with forest vegetation of normal beech forest with specific flora (mull flora normal beech forests), settled at a height of - m, on N exposition, the flight evolution presented the aspects from figure 1. The first flight is produced on 35 days (5 May 9 June), is of high intensity and represents 79 % from flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects which are of 3 %. The second flight is produced on 54 days (14 July 6 September), is of low intensity and represents 21 % from the flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects 4

7 participate at the second flight with a percentage of 25 % mai 2.iun 9.iun 3.iun 7.iul 3.aug 1.aug 6.sep Adulţi maturi Adulţi tineri Figure 1. The flight of the pest Ips typographus in the year 5 (u.a. 95B) In the surface of research (112A), covered with forest vegetation of mixed beech from hill region (mixed beech forests in the hill area), settled at a height of 3- m, on E exposition, the flight evolution presented the aspects from figure apr 5.mai 2.iun 9.iun 3.iun 7.iul 3.aug 1.aug 7.sep 14.sep 2.sep Adulţi maturi Adulţi tineri Figure 11. The flight of the pest Ips typographus in the year 5 (u.a. 112A) The first flight is produced on 46 days (25 April 9 June), is of high intensity and represents 83 % from flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects which are of 1 %. The second flight is produced on 68 days (14 July 2 September), is of low intensity and represents 17 % from the flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects participate at the second flight with a percentage of 13 %. In the surface of research (119C), covered with forest vegetation of mixed beech from hill region (mixed beech forests in the hill area), settled at a height of 3- m, on NV exposition, the flight evolution presented the aspects from figure apr 5.mai 2.iun 9.iun 3.iun 7.iul 3.aug 1.aug 7.sep 14.sep 2.sep Adulţi maturi Adulţi tineri Figure 12. The flight of the pest Ips typographus in the year 5 (u.a. 119C) 441

8 The first flight is produced on 46 days (25 April 9 June), is of high intensity and represents 86 % from flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects which are of 1 %. The second flight is produced on 68 days (14 July 2 September), is of low intensity and represents 14 % from the flight on all growing season. The flight is produced of insects participate at the second flight with a percentage of 12 %. CONCLUSIONS The analysis regarding the Ips typographus L. flight, determinate with traps type Barieră for Ipidae and type Theysohn, baited with attractive synthetic pheromones Atratyp Plus and Pheroprax Ampulle, on all growing season, in Nădrag-Padeş zone, in correlation with observation from field and especially information, show us next conclusions: - the medium temperature recorded in the moment of flight release in the year 5, has been of 14,5-15, C and the maximum temperature recorded has been of 2,2-21,4 C; - the sum of positive temperatures, recorded after the last negative value, at which is produced the flight release, is of 5, C; - the first flight is since to the end of the month April, begin of the month May, until to the middle of the month June, being of high intensity (74-86 % from the flight on all year), with a top at the middle of the month May; - in the interior of first flight I identify a percentage of young adults (reddish colour) in low percent (1-7 %). The length of the first flight is of days; - the second flight (14-26 % from the flight on all year), begin in the month July, present a top in August and is finished in 6 September at height of 7-9 m and in 2 September at height of 3- m (with two weeks later); - in the interior of the second flight I identify a percentage of young adults (reddish colour), which produced the maturation attack (12-29 % from second flight). The length of the second flight is of days. LITERATURE BYERS, J.A., ANDERBRANT, O., & Lofqvist, J Effective attraction radius a method for comparing species attractants and determining densities of flying insects. J. Chem. Ecol. CEIANU I., MIHALCIUC V., SIMIONESCU A., ZAMFIRESCU I., VLĂDUŢ R., 19- Cercetări asupra ecologiei insectelor de tulpină la răşinoase şi combaterea lor prin procedee chimice şi biologice, I.C.A.S., Seria II, Bucuresti CHARARAS C., Etude biologique des scolytides des conifers. Encycl. Entomologique V. 38.P. Lechevalier, Paris DUELLI, P., STUDER, M., & Naef, W The flight of bark beetles outside of forest areas. J. Appl. Entomol. FORSSE E., SOLBRECK C., Migration in the bark beetle Ips typographus L., duration timing and height of flight, Entomology LOBINGER GABRIELA 2- Wissenwertes über Borkenkäfer, LKW Aktuell 33 SIMIONESCU A., CEIANU I., MIHALCIUC V., Tehnologii de folosire a feromonilor în depistarea şi prevenirea atacurilor de Lymantria monacha şi Ips typographus în pădurile de molid, Anuarul Muzeului Suceava, Nr. IX SIMIONESCU A., DAIA M., MIHALCIUC V., CHIRA D., LITESCU M., VLĂDULEASA AD., PETRES C., GAL L., 2- Evoluţia dăunătorilor forestieri în anii în pădurile de răşinoase din zona Covasna- Harghita- Mureş- Bistriţa calamitate in 1995 si 1998, Revista Pădurilor, Nr