2/26/2012. Lecture 14: Egypt s 18 th Dynasty
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1 Lecture 14: Egypt s 18 th Dynasty HIST 213 Spring 2012 New Kingdom ( BCE) (18-20 th dynasties) aggressive foreign policy Thutmose I forge a new form of Egyptian Imperialism Conquers Nubia and Kush Monumental rock-cut tombs Valley of the Kings Utility of the foreign invader for Egyptian unification Hyksos act as a foil for a new national narrative expulsion of foreign invader and reestablishment of central monarchy memorialized as a traumatic experience and a moment of national glory Royal representation also changes king now endows temples to show piety helps with legitimacy and bureaucratic administration embellishment of temples (Amun-Ra at Thebes) 1
2 18 th Dynasty Campaigns Amenhotep I Nubia between 2 nd and 3 rd Cataracts Thutmose I Nubia into 4 th cataract military annexation NW into Levant no forts indirect control Tutmose I pacifies south Nubians giving Tribute Amenhotep I Amun is contented Son of Ahmose I and Ahmose-Nefertari consolidation of Ahmose I s empire campaign in Nubia significantly improved Egypt s economy. Continuation of temple buildings Temple of Amun at Karnak Temple at Abydos, the site of the Osiris s cult. Amun s rise to supreme deity in the Egyptian Pantheon syncretism with Re results the combined god Amun-Re Relocation of the royal necropolis the Valley of the Kings west bank of the Nile near Thebes. 2
3 The Avenue of Sphinxes The Luxor Temple 3
4 Divine Adoratrice Powerful position royal women could hold women exercised power in many affairs of the state. the greatest Egyptian queen, Hatshepsut discredited so-called Royal Heiress Theory Egyptian society was matrilinear royal succession was through royal heiresses but these women could rule only through their husbands Visible proof for this is the many incestuous marriages during the 18th Dynasty Queen Hatshepsut Regent to 10 y.o. Tutmose III A figure of Hatshepsut from her temple in Luxor, on the west bank of the Nile Half sister of Thutmose II acts as Regent for Thutmose III 1/3 way into her reign, she assumes the guise of Pharaoh hair esp. the beard was considered sacred (power) Ammaru (Canaanite tribes in Syria) chafe under Egyptian Empire rebellion crushed by Thutmose III At Deir el-bahari on the westbank of Thebes, Hatshepsut built a unique funerary temple. 4
5 Tutmose III General-Pharaoh Aggressive into Levant and Syria Battle of Megiddo (1457) War against Mitanni (1446) 20,000 men transported hundred of rafts by wagon over 300 miles to cross Euphrates commander s conference field intelligence 17 campaigns victorious Nubia to 4 th Cataract (1425) Battle of Megiddo (1456 BCE) Egyptian Army marches North foreign forces gathering in Palestine They arrive in the town just S. of Megiddo Thut III addresses his commanders Battle of Megiddo (1456 BCE) Against Canaanite coalition organized by the King of Kadesh 1. Thutmose chooses a narrow and risky path to Megiddo for surprise Large Egyptian force of soldiers and chariots (6000 men/ pack animals) 2. Canaanites routed, defenders of Megiddo refused to open the gates and pulled their fleeing charioteers over the walls to safety. 3. Instead of attacking the city the Egyptians began to loot the abandoned camps, which gave the Canaanites time to organize their defense 4. City besieged for 7 months Egypt was victorious 5
6 His Majesty ordered to tell the whole army: Your valiant lord will guide your steps on this road which becomes narrow. For his Majesty had taken an oath, saying: I shall not let my valiant army go before me from this place! This his Majesty resolved that he himself should go before his army. Every man was informed of his order of march, horse following horse, with his Majesty at the head of his army. Annals of Tutmose III, Battle of Megiddo Tel Megiddo 6
7 7
8 Modern Analysis casts Doubt Yaham-Aruna =21km Aruna-end of pass =15.3km Pass =13.4km End of pass-megiddo =.8km narrow pass = chariots no more than 2 across column = 1.6 km 5 hours to pass through encampment 6000 needs 60 acres 8
9 Karnak Temple at Thebes Dc&feature=channel PY&feature=related Amenhotep III The Magnificent One of the most peaceful and prosperous period The court becomes a center of international diplomacy. Openness towards foreign cultures; Married Tiya (of modest origins) in childhood and she with the title Chief Royal Wife became a powerful queen. Also married two of his daughters, two Mitanni princesses and a Babylonian princess. tomb contain spectacular funerary items in the Valley of the Kings also includes their well preserved mummies and their funerary masks. 9
10 Started the worship of Aten named one of his daughters Hand-Maiden of Aten Solarization of the gods. Re and Osiris are two aspects of the sun-god. Deified himself (by claiming that his mother was impregnated by Amun) and Tiy (as incarnation of Hathor) The king is a bodily son of Amun through a sacred marriage of the queen mother reenacted during the Opet festival Held heb-sed festivals irregularly after the first. 10
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NAME DATE CLASS Lesson 1 The Nile River Terms to Know ESSENTIAL QUESTION cataracts dangerous, fast-moving waters delta a fan-shaped area of marshy land near where a river flows into the sea shadoof a bucket
Babylon. Ancient Cities by the River Lesson 5 page 1 of 6. Code of Hammurabi monument. E u p h. T i g r i s. r a t e s. Babylon, Mesopotamia
Ancient Cities by the iver Lesson 5 page 1 of 6 1700s BCE, and established the importance of the city for the region He was responsible for a code of laws/decrees to reestablish justice in the land His