THE Mw 6.8 OCTOBER 26, 2018 ZAKYNTHOS (IONIAN SEA, GREECE) EARTHQUAKE

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1 Issue No.10 November 2018 THE Mw 6.8 OCTOBER 26, 2018 ZAKYNTHOS (IONIAN SEA, GREECE) EARTHQUAKE Dr. Efthymis Lekkas Professor of Dynamic, Tectonic & Applied Geology & Natural Disaster Management President of the Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization Director of the Post Graduate Program Environmental, Disaster, and Crises Management Strategies PhD c. Spyridon Mavroulis Geologist MSc Prevention & Management of Natural Disasters

2 Issue No. 10, November About Non-periodic publication of the Post-graduate Studies Program Environmental Disasters & Crises Management Strategies" of the National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, issued after significant events for the immediate information of the scientific community and the general public. The publication includes also scientific data from various research teams from universities, organizations and research institutes. Publishers: Dr. Efthymis Lekkas Dr. Nikolaos Voulgaris Dr. Stylianos Lozios Technical Editing: PhD c. Spyridon Mavroulis Communication: PhD c. Spyridon Mavroulis (smavroulis@geol.uoa.gr) MSc Alexia Grambas (agram@geol.uoa.gr) MSc Katerina-Nafsika Katsetsiadou (knavsika@geol.uoa.gr) Copyrights All copyrights of scientific data belong to their respective owners, while the copyrights of this publication belong to the publishers. Cited as Lekkas, E., Mavroulis, S. (2018). The Mw 6.8 October 26, 2018 Zakynthos (Ionian Sea, Greece) Earthquake. Newsletter of Environmental, Disaster and Crisis Management Strategies, 10. Scientific Mission Of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Department of Dynamic Tectonic Applied Geology Contributors Dr. Efthymis Lekkas, PhD c. Spyridon Mavroulis The scientific team visited the earthquake affected area shortly after the earthquake in order to conduct a geological reconnaissance of the affected area which is mainly affected by the earthquake and to assess the effects on the natural environment and buildings. This study was funded by the Environmental, Disaster and Crises Management Strategies Post graduate Program of the Department of Geology and Geoenvironment of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.

3 Issue No. 10, November MAIN TECTONIC ELEMENTS IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION THE HELLENIC ARC AND TRENCH SYSTEM From Papanikolaou et al. (2004), the TRANSMED Atlas

4 MAIN TECTONIC ELEMENTS IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION THE HELLENIC ARC AND TRENCH SYSTEM Issue No. 10, November

5 THE HELLENIC ARC AND TRENCH SYSTEM Issue No. 10, November

6 Issue No. 10, November GEOTECTONIC MAP OF GREECE GEOTECTONIC UNITS AND TECTONOSTRATIGRAPHIC TERRANES From Papanikolaou (2015), Geology of Greece

7 Issue No. 10, November OFFSHORE ZAKYNTHOS BASIN IN EASTERN ZAKYNTHOS OFFSHORE AREA Outline structural map of continental shelf around Cephalonia and Zakynthos Islands Seismic section SW-NE across offshore Zakynthos Basin, northern part of Hydra Bank and offshore Cephalonia Basin and Simple structural interpretations of seismic sections from Zakynthos and Cephalonia Channels From Brooks and Ferentinos (1984), Journal of the Geological Society, London

8 Issue No. 10, November OFFSHORE ZAKYNTHOS BASIN IN EASTERN ZAKYNTHOS OFFSHORE AREA Outline structural map of continental shelf around Cephalonia and Zakynthos Islands Seismic section WNW-ESE across offshore Zakynthos Basin, northern part of Hydra Bank and offshore Cephalonia Basin and Simple structural interpretations of seismic sections from Zakynthos and Cephalonia Channels From Brooks and Ferentinos (1984), Journal of the Geological Society, London

9 Issue No. 10, November OFFSHORE ZAKYNTHOS BASIN IN EASTERN ZAKYNTHOS OFFSHORE AREA Outline structural map of continental shelf around Cephalonia and Zakynthos Islands Seismic section across deeper part of Zakynthos basin between Zante harbour and Killini From Brooks and Ferentinos (1984), Journal of the Geological Society, London

10 Issue No. 10, November OFFSHORE ZAKYNTHOS CHANNEL AND BASIN (a) Single channel, air-gun, geophysical record across the Zakinthos and Kephalonia Basins (location and line interpretation shown in b and c, respectively), highlighting the development of peripheral sinks and synsedimentary unconformitites adjacent to the diapirs (D). Section and scale after Brooks and Ferentinos (1984). From Underhill (1988), Journal of the Geological Society, London

11 Issue No. 10, November ACTIVE SUBMARINE VALLEY/CANYON SYSTEM: ZAKYNTHOS VALLEY/CANYON Detailed bathymetry (in m) of the Zakynthos valley/canyon system, based upon survey data and U.S. Navy Hydrographic Chart No. NAR-8, 3407 and U.K. Admiralty Charts. Arrows show longitudinal axis of the valley/canyon system and its tributaries. From Ferentinos et al. (1985), Marine Geology

Issue No. 10, November 2018 12 SEISMIC PROFILES AND SETTING OF SOUTHERN ZAKYNTHOS OFFSHORE AREA From Kokkalas et al.

12 Issue No. 10, November SEISMIC PROFILES AND SETTING OF SOUTHERN ZAKYNTHOS OFFSHORE AREA From Kokkalas et al. (2013) Tectonophysics The interpreted seismic profile Z-141 through the Ionian (Ion) and Pre-Apulian (P-A) zones in Zakynthos offshore area showing the different lithoseismic sequences, the structural features and the details of data acquisition and processing sequence of the seismic line. IT: Ionian Thrust, ZSF: Zakynthos-Strofades Fault, ZSB: Zakynthos-Strophades Basin.

Issue No. 10, November 2018 13 SEISMIC PROFILES AND SETTING OF SOUTHERN ZAKYNTHOS OFFSHORE AREA From Kokkalas et al.

13 Issue No. 10, November SEISMIC PROFILES AND SETTING OF SOUTHERN ZAKYNTHOS OFFSHORE AREA From Kokkalas et al. (2013) Tectonophysics The interpreted seismic profile Z-141 through the Ionian (Ion) and Pre-Apulian (P-A) zones in Zakynthos offshore area showing the different lithoseismic sequences, the structural features and the details of data acquisition and processing sequence of the seismic line. IT: Ionian Thrust, ZSF: Zakynthos-Strofades Fault, ZSB: Zakynthos-Strophades Basin.

14 Issue No. 10, November GENERAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE PELOPONNESE CONTINENTAL MARGIN General morphology of the Peloponnese continental margin from Zakynthos to the northern Matapan trough and the Mediterranean Ridge inner basins (From Wardell et al. 2014, Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata)

15 Issue No. 10, November TOPOGRAPHY-BATHYMETRY OF THE SOUTHWESTERN HELLENIC ARC Morphology from the Island of Zakynthos to the area of Pylos), based on swath bathymetric data collected by the R/V Explora (DTM at 50 m). Note the very narrow continental shelf, the wide plateau-like middle slope (bypassed by several active channels related to canyons and gullies), the westward bordering Strophades deep basin, the Zakynthos - Strophades massive Ridge and the deep bordering continental slope. In insert, track lines of the R/V Explora swath survey in From Camera et al. (2014), Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata

Issue No. 10, November 2018 16 TOPOGRAPHY-BATHYMETRY OF THE SOUTHWESTERN HELLENIC ARC A - The upper slope west of Cape Katakolo showing many small canyons, gullies and sedimentary scars.

16 Issue No. 10, November TOPOGRAPHY-BATHYMETRY OF THE SOUTHWESTERN HELLENIC ARC A - The upper slope west of Cape Katakolo showing many small canyons, gullies and sedimentary scars. B - The area just west of Kyparissiakos Gulf, with a very narrow shelf, many gullies and slope-bypassing channels; its northern shelf area is subjected to syn-sedimentary faulting leading to important destabilizations and submarine slides. C - The acoustic basement ridge just south of the Zakynthos Island which appears shaped by many probable fault scarps. D - The massive acoustic basement rise from which the small Strophades Islands are emerging. In insert, locations of the four illustrated areas on a general morphologic map. From Camera et al. (2014), Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata

MARGIN Simplified bathymetry showing the seismic lines used in Wardell et al.

17 Issue No. 10, November BATHYMETRIC AND STRUCTURAL MAP OF THE PELOPONNESE CONTINENTAL MARGIN Simplified bathymetry showing the seismic lines used in Wardell et al. (2014) Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata Structural sketch map of the Peloponnese continental margin From Wardell et al. 2014, Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata

Issue No. 10, November 2018 18 VP VELOCITY MODELS FOR THE PELOPONNESE CONTINENTAL MARGIN (Right) Vp velocity model of Line P1_2006 with tectonic interpretation.

Crust thickens to the ENE to approximate 20 km below the Alpine units. Alpine nappes glide over the pre-apulia limestone over the Triassic evaporites.

18 Issue No. 10, November VP VELOCITY MODELS FOR THE PELOPONNESE CONTINENTAL MARGIN (Right) Vp velocity model of Line P1_2006 with tectonic interpretation. LaFZ: Lapithas fault zone, KFZ: Kyparissia fault zone, FI-FZ: Filiatra fault zone. (Middle) Final velocity model of Line P south of Zakynthos. Crust thickens to the ENE to approximate 20 km below the Alpine units. Alpine nappes glide over the pre-apulia limestone over the Triassic evaporites. (Left) Final velocity model along the Line P2-2007, south of P1-2007, between the islands of Zakynthos and Strophades. Triassic evaporites separate the Alpine from the pre-apulia limestones and sediments. From Makris and Papoulia (2014), Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata

Issue No. 10, November 2018 19 SEISMICITY OF THE SOUTHWESTERN HELLENIC ARC Depth distribution of recorded seismicity along profiles AB and CD. Moho depth is constrained by active seismic observations.

19 Issue No. 10, November SEISMICITY OF THE SOUTHWESTERN HELLENIC ARC Depth distribution of recorded seismicity along profiles AB and CD. Moho depth is constrained by active seismic observations. Potential active faults from various sources (Mariolakos et al., 1985; IGME, 1989; Papanikolaou et al., 2007) are drawn along the profiles. From Papoulia et al. (2014), Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata

topography-bathymetry (top), basement geometry (middle) and crustal thickness (bottom) in the south western Hellenic

20 Issue No. 10, November TOPOGRAPHY-BATHYMETR AND OFFSHORE TECTONIC STRUCTURES 3D presentation of the topography-bathymetry (top), basement geometry (middle) and crustal thickness (bottom) in the south western Hellenic Arc From Papoulia et al. (2014), Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata Simplified tectonic map offshore western Peloponnese derived from active seismic observations From Makris and Papoulia (2014), Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata

and 178.7km Seismic line ION-7, 86.3km to 131.

21 Issue No. 10, November SUBSURFACE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF WESTERN GREECE AND OFFSHORE NORTHERN ZAKYNTHOS ION-7 General interpretation of seismic line ION-7 between 0km and 178.7km Seismic line ION-7, 86.3km to 131.3km: Part north of Zakynthos Island Seismic line ION-7 From Kokinou et al. (2006), Marine Geophysical Researches) ION-7

22 Issue No. 10, November SUBSURFACE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF WESTERN GREECE AND THE IONIAN SEA Block diagrams of Western Greece and the Ionian Sea based on digitized contours of surface and subsurface relief. The W-E cross-section corresponds to seismic line ION-7, and illustrates the subsurface structures and stratigraphy. From Kokinou et al. (2005), Journal of Petroleum Geology

23 Issue No. 10, November GEOLOGICAL MAP OF ZAKYNTHOS ISLAND From Lekkas (1993)

24 Issue No. 10, November GEOTECTONIC UNITS AND TECTONIC STRUCTURE OF ZAKYNTHOS ISLAND From Lekkas (1993), Neotectonic Map of Zakynthos Island

25 Issue No. 10, November TECTONIC STRUCTURE OF ZAKYNTHOS ISLAND Faults in Zakynthos Island Classification of faults based on their throw From Lekkas (1993), Neotectonic Map of Zakynthos Island

26 Issue No. 10, November DRAINAGE SYSTEM AND INCISION ZONES IN ZAKYNTHOS ISLAND Drainage system Incision zones From Lekkas (1993), Neotectonic Map of Zakynthos Island

27 Issue No. 10, November MORPHOLOGICAL DISCONTINUITIES AND PLANATION SURFACES IN ZAKYNTHOS ISLAND Morphological discontinuities Planation surfaces due to deposition and erosion From Lekkas (1993), Neotectonic Map of Zakynthos Island

28 Issue No. 10, November ACTIVE FAULTS IN ZAKYNTHOS ISLAND AND PERIOD OF ACTIVATION From Lekkas (1993), Neotectonic Map of Zakynthos Island

29 Issue No. 10, November MAIN ACTIVE FAULT ZONES AND NEOTECTONIC FAULT BLOCKS IN ZAKYNTHOS ISLAND From Lekkas (1993), Neotectonic Map of Zakynthos Island

30 Issue No. 10, November NEOTECTONIC MAP OF ZAKYNTHOS ISLAND From Lekkas (1993)

31 Issue No. 10, November

32 Issue No. 10, November GEOLOGY OF ZAKYNTHOS ISLAND From Institute of Geology and Mineral Explorations (1983)

Ionian geotectonic unit From Karakitsios and Rigakis (2007), Journal of

33 Issue No. 10, November IONIAN GEOTECTONIC UNIT Lithostratigraphic column of Ionian geotectonic unit From Karakitsios and Rigakis (2007), Journal of Petroleum Geology Triassic to Quaternary stratigraphic column for the Ionian unit From Kokinou et al., 2005, Journal of Petroleum Geology

34 Issue No. 10, November PAXOI GEOTECTONIC UNIT Lithostratigraphic column of Paxoi geotectonic unit From Karakitsios and Rigakis (2007), Journal of Petroleum Geology

35 Issue No. 10, November AREAS PRONE TO NATURAL DISASTERS IN ZAKYNTHOS ISLAND Lekkas (1994) Lekkas (1993) Areas prone to tsunamis, landslides and rockfalls, liquefaction phenomena, soil flows and forest fires From Lekkas (1993), Neotectonic Map of Zakynthos Island Lekkas (1994), Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece

36 Issue No. 10, November FAULT BLOCKS IN ZΑKYNTHOS ISLAND From Lekkas (1993), Neotectonic Map of Zakynthos Island

37 FAULT BLOCKS IN ZΑKYNTHOS ISLAND Issue No. 10, November

38 Issue No. 10, November EARTHQUAKE (Χ) 1893 EARTHQUAKE (IΧ)

39 Issue No. 10, November SEISMICITY AND SEISMIC SOURCES IN ZAKYNTHOS GREATER AREA A VII 1759 VIII 1867 IX 1658 X L A3 L A2 L Depth (km) 0-15 Magnitude M = M = 4.0 > X X 1766 IX 1729 VIII 1752 VIII 1714 VIII 1554 VIII From Voulgaris (2002) X IX 1592 IX ΖΑΚΥΝΘΟΣ IX M = 7.2 IX VIII X IX M = VIII VII VIII XIX IX VIII 1514 VIII

40 Issue No. 10, November SEISMICITY AND SEISMIC SOURCES IN ZAKYNTHOS GREATER AREA New seismogenic zonation of Ionian islands, Kyparissiakos gulf and western Peloponnese and major tectonic lineaments associated to seismogenic faultsand earthquakes with Mw 6.0 From SEAHELLARC Working Group (2014), Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata

Issue No. 10, November 2018 41 From Voulgaris (2002) PEAK GROUND-MOTION PARAMETERS FOR ZAKYNTHOS ISLAND 20.60 20.70 20.80 20.90 21.00 21.10 38.00 38.00 20.60 20.70 20.80 20.90 21.00 21.10 38.00 38.00 20.60 20.70 20.80 20.90 21.00 21.10 38.00 38.00 37.

60 37.60 220 210 37.60 37.60 12 10 37.60 37.60 5 4 37.50 37.50 20.60 20.70 20.80 20.90 21.00 21.10 PGA (cm/sec 2 ) map for exceeded probability of 10% in 50 years 20.60 20.70 20.80 20.90 21.00 21.10 38.

60 20.70 20.80 20.90 21.00 21.10 38.00 38.00 37.90 37.80 37.70 37.60 ΖΑΚΥΝΘΟΣ 37.90 37.80 37.70 37.60 440 430 420 410 400 390 380 370 360 350 340 330 320 310 300 Acceleration (cm/sec/sec) 37.90 37.80 37.70 37.60 ΖΑΚΥΝΘΟΣ 37.90 37.80 37.70 37.60 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 Velocity (cm/sec) 37.

41 Issue No. 10, November From Voulgaris (2002) PEAK GROUND-MOTION PARAMETERS FOR ZAKYNTHOS ISLAND ΖΑΚΥΝΘΟΣ Acceleration (cm/sec/sec) ΖΑΚΥΝΘΟΣ Velocity (cm/sec) ΖΑΚΥΝΘΟΣ Displacement (cm) PGA (cm/sec 2 ) map for exceeded probability of 10% in 50 years PGV (cm/sec) map for exceeded probability of 10% in 50 years PGD (cm) map for exceeded probability of 10% in 50 years ΖΑΚΥΝΘΟΣ Acceleration (cm/sec/sec) ΖΑΚΥΝΘΟΣ Velocity (cm/sec) ΖΑΚΥΝΘΟΣ Displacement (cm) PGA (cm/sec 2 ) map for exceeded probability of 10% in 100 years PGV (cm/sec) map for exceeded probability of 10% in 100 years PGD (cm) map for exceeded probability of 10% in 100 years

42 Issue No. 10, November HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DEFORMATION OF ZAKYNTHOS ISLAND FOR THE PERIOD FROM AUGUST 2005 TO JULY 2006 Large-magnitude earthquakes that occurred offshore to the south in October 2005 and April 2006 most likely contributed to the observed deformation as deduced from DGPS measurements for an encompassing period (August 2005 to July 2006). The largest amount of horizontal deformation occurred in the south, where its western part moved in a W NW direction, while the eastern part moved towards the NE, with magnitudes ranging from 15 to 26 mm. The southern part of the island uplifted a maximum of 65 mm whereas the north subsided from 12 to 28 mm. From Lagios et al. (2007) Tectonophysics

ZAKYNTHOS ISLAND FOR THE PERIOD FROM 2006-2012 Horizontal and

43 Issue No. 10, November HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT OF ZAKYNTHOS ISLAND FOR THE PERIOD FROM Horizontal and Vertical displacement (mm) of the Zakynthos Island GPS network observed for the period (a) and (b) (ITRF2008)

Issue No. 10, November 2018 44 SEISMIC ZONES IN IONIAN ISLANDS Zakynthos falls in the third seismic zone of Greece which is characterized by a ground acceleration coefficient of 0.

44 Issue No. 10, November SEISMIC ZONES IN IONIAN ISLANDS Zakynthos falls in the third seismic zone of Greece which is characterized by a ground acceleration coefficient of 0.36g corresponding to the greatest seismic strength demand according to the Greek code for Seismic Resistant Structures From Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization (2003) From Mavroulis et al. (2017), 16 th WCEE

45 Issue No. 10, November HISTORICAL SEISMICITY OF IONIAN ISLANDS Significant historical and instrumentally recorded earthquakes and epicenters that affected the geodynamic evolution of the Ionian Islands From Lekkas et al. (2018), Geotechnical and Geological Engineering

46 THE OCTOBER 26, 2018 ZAKYNTHOS EARTHQUAKE Issue No. 10, November

47 Issue No. 10, November RECORDED TIME-HISTORIES OF ACCELERATION, VELOCITY AND DISPLACEMENT Zakynthos City Keri

48 MOMENT TENSOR SOLUTION OF THE 2018 ZAKYNTHOS EARTHQUAKE Issue No. 10, November

49 COULOMB STRESS CHANGE AND VETRICAL DISPLACEMENT OF THE 2018 ZAKYNTHOS EARTHQUAKE Issue No. 10, November

50 GROUND DEFORMATION OF THE 2018 ZAKYNTHOS EARTHQUAKE Issue No. 10, November

51 Issue No. 10, November COSEISMIC GROUND DEFORMATION OF THE 2018 ZAKYNTHOS EARTHQUAKE Type: co-seismic Master: :39:26 Slave: :40:08 Orbit Number: 80 Mode: DESCENDING

52 Issue No. 10, November COSEISMIC GROUND DEFORMATION OF THE 2018 ZAKYNTHOS EARTHQUAKE Type: co-seismic Master: :31:29 Slave: :30:56 Orbit Number: 175 Mode: ASCENDING

53 Issue No. 10, November PRE-SEISMIC AND POST-SEISMIC GROUND DEFORMATION OF THE 2018 ZAKYNTHOS EARTHQUAKE Type: pre-seismic Master: :39:55 Slave: :39:13 Orbit Number: 73 Mode: ASCENDING Type: co-seismic Master: :39:55 Slave: :39:13 Orbit Number: 73 Mode: ASCENDING

54 INTERFEROGRAM FOR THE 2018 ZAKYNTHOS EARTHQUAKE Issue No. 10, November

55 SLOPE FAILURES INDUCED BY THE 2018 ZAKYNTHOS EARTHQUAKE Issue No. 10, November

56 Issue No. 10, November SLOPE FAILURES INDUCED BY THE 2018 ZAKYNTHOS EARTHQUAKE

57 Issue No. 10, November SLOPE FAILURES INDUCED BY THE 2018 ZAKYNTHOS EARTHQUAKE

58 SLOPE FAILURES INDUCED BY THE 2018 ZAKYNTHOS EARTHQUAKE Issue No. 10, November

59 Issue No. 10, November TSUNAMI INDUCED BY THE 2018 ZAKYNTHOS EARTHQUAKE

60 Issue No. 10, November VARIATIONS IN SEA LEVEL OBSERVED AT THE SEA OF KATAKOLO (WESTERN PELOPONNESE) INDUCED BY THE 2018 ZAKYNTHOS EARTHQUAKE

coasts and alert levels (red, yellow and green colored triangles).

61 Issue No. 10, November TSUNAMI INDUCED BY THE 2018 ZAKYNTHOS EARTHQUAKE Map with earthquake epicenter (red star), arrival times on coasts and alert levels (red, yellow and green colored triangles). Variations in sea level observed at the sea of Le Castella, in the province of Crotone (station managed by INGV, ISPRA and JRC). The long variations due to the tide and those with the highest frequency are noticed in the early hours of October 26 th.

62 Issue No. 10, November TSUNAMI INDUCED BY THE 2018 ZAKYNTHOS EARTHQUAKE 0 min 10 min 20 min 30 min 40 min 50 min 60 min 70 min

63 Issue No. 10, November Dr. Efthymis Lekkas Professor of Dynamic, Tectonic & Applied Geology & Natural Disaster Management President of the Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization THE Mw 6.8 OCTOBER 26, 2018 ZAKYNTHOS (IONIAN SEA, GREECE) EARTHQUAKE Director of the Post Graduate Program Environmental, Disaster, and Crises Management Strategies PhD c. Spyridon Mavroulis Geologist MSc Prevention & Management of Natural Disasters Zakynthos, 2018

EQUIDAS. The M6.5, Nov 17th 2015, Lefkada earthquake Reconaissance Report. Christos Giarlelis, Christos Mpoutsoras Structural Engineers

EQUIDAS. The M6.5, Nov 17th 2015, Lefkada earthquake Reconaissance Report. Christos Giarlelis, Christos Mpoutsoras Structural Engineers The M6.5, Nov 17th 2015, earthquake Reconaissance Report Christos Giarlelis, Christos Mpoutsoras Structural Engineers December 2015 1. The event The earthquake occurred at 09:10am (07:10 GMT/UTC) November