Pregled / Overview. arhitektura slovenije. arhitecture of slovenia. vernakularna arhitektura, alpski del. vernacular arhitecture, alpine part

Transcription

1 borut juvanec1 arhitektura slovenije vernakularna arhitektura, alpski del arhitecture of slovenia vernacular arhitecture, alpine part

2 245 3arhitektura slovenije vernakularna arhitektura, alpski del arhitecture of slovenia vernacular arhitecture, alpine part 1borut juvanec Univerza v Ljubljani Založba i2 Ljubljana 2009

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4 vsebina contents Predgovor Pregledna karta V, Teorija 1 Objekti, predstavitve, ček Kratki angleški slovarček Indeks Izvlečki Preface Introduction Map of Slovenia Vernacular Architecture, Theory 1 Objects, presentation, Alpine Part Glossary (Slovene) Short Glossary (English) Index Bibliography Abstracts

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6 predgovor preface prof. dr. Peter Fister kako kvalitetnem, razpoznavnem in znač azmislek o bodočnosti kulturne dediščine v največji me barskimi značilnostmi Te sestavlja tako arhitektura posebnih vrednosti kot še bolj tista arhitektura (=stavbarstvo), ki jo označujemo kot ano. Vse človekovo oblikovanje bivalnega okolja je bilo namreč itev posebne identitete, ki mu je zagotavljala uveljavitev njegovih zahtev po njemu prilagojenem načinu življenja in odnosu do prostora Če torej iščemo eno od osnovnih vrednot stavbne dediščine in s tem bivalnega okolja, je to lahko le vrednost dosežene s, ki jo je človek ustvaril ali ki jo še ustvarja. Ker pa čas danes neusmiljeno pozablja na te vrednosti, ker jih preprosto ne razpozna več, je njihova predsta ih najbolj značilnih sestavin vernakularne arhitekture v izbranih regionalnih okvirih a tudi bralcem izven meja Slovenije, je to hkrati posebna oblika predstavitve in promocije tega izjemnega dela Evrope. Pričakujemo lahko, da bo zato spodbudila večji ponos, kulturno dediščino in a i Recognition of the high-quality, identifiable and characteristic space in which we live and, at the same time, consideration of the future of the cultural heritage of our living environment, appear very largely today precisely in connection with the characteristics of its buildings. This consists of both architecture of special value and, even more, architecture (= building) which is designated anonymous, folk or vernacular architecture. All human shaping of the living environment, in fact, has always been directed at establishing a particular identity, which ensures the possibility of meeting mankind's demands for a particular way of life and a relation to space adapted to man. If, therefore, we seek one of the basic attributes of the building heritage, and thus the living environment, this can only be that of the achieved level of design of space and architecture that man has created or is still creating. Because these attributes are today mercilessly forgotten, because they are simply no longer recognised, presenting them to the public is so much more important. A presentation of the most characteristic elements of vernacular architecture still preserved today, within selected regional frameworks, such as Dr. Juvanec has achieved, offers Slovenia several possibilities. It familiarises today's inhabitants of the country with features because of which they can be proud of their home. It shows that, over the course of many generations, people in this apparently small part of the world have created their own, high quality image of the living environment, from the smallest detail to shaping the landscape as a whole. At the same time, it providesacomparisonwiththewidereuropeanspaceandpresentsthese attributes as a special contribution to this wider area. Because the presentation has been prepared in such a way that it is understandable to everybody, including to readers outside the borders of Slovenia, it is simultaneously a special form of presentation and promotion of this exceptional part of Europe. It can thus be expected to encourage greater pride that we have such a cultural heritage and to encourage many visitors to go and see these presented pearls of Slovene vernacular architecture for themselves, which should in turn encourage the inhabitantstopreservethemastheexceptionalattributesthattheyare. ARHITEKTURA SLOVENIJE, ALPSKI DEL 7 ARCHITECTURE OF SLOVENIA,ALPINE PART

7 uvod introduction Značilnosti slovenske vernakularne arhitekture sledijo predvsem oblikovanju narave: od ostrin kraške pokrajine do ravnin panonskega sveta, od visokih Alp do mehkih, zelenih gričev Dolenjske in Bele krajine. Arhitektura Slovenije odraža obilico gozdov, ki j Enotne slovenske značilne hiše ni. Seveda so v zgodovini delili in razkosavali našo deželo; na primer na Kranjsko, Štajersko, Dolenjsko. Do danes do popolne razdelitve ne na arhitekturnem ne na kakem drugem področju nismo prišli. Naj omenim le nekaj rešitev: Ivan Sedej je bil bolj širokogruden in je določil 17 regij [Fister 1993: 9], pri čemer gre ponekod v podrobnosti, drugod pa pušča ogromne nedeljene pokrajine. Očitno je bolj cenil tisto, kar je poznal. Vzhod in Jug sta daleč od Ljubljane. orabna za resno obdelavo. Znanstveno je regionalizacijo arhitekture leta 1993 obdelal Peter Fister, ki je našel 74 regij, poenostavil pa jih je v 14 značilnih skupin [Fister 1993: 247]. za uveljavitev novih kriterijev identitete, ki naj postavijo merila in specifične oblike nadzora nad varovanjem, oblikovanjem ter smotrnim razpostavljanjem vseh vrst stavb in naselij, ki soustvarjajo identiteto slovenskega prostora Arhitekturna krajina je torej prostorska enota, v kateri je mogoče prepoznati enotna merila identitete prostora em se naslanja predvsem na Listino iz Granade iz leta 1985, ki govori o skupnem spominu Evrope kot priporočilu o zaščiti in prenovi ruralne The characteristics of Slovene vernacular architecture primarily follow the design of nature: from the sharpness of the Karst landscape to the flatness of the Pannonian plain, from the high Alps to the soft, green hills of Dolenjska and Bela krajina. The vernacular architecture of Slovenia reflects the abundance of forests that we have, and is thus predominantly ofwood, thoughitalsousesstoneandclay. ThereisnouniformtypicalSlovenehouse. Slovenia has of course been historically divided and partitioned: for example into Kranjska, Štajerska and Dolenjska. A complete division in neither the architectural sphere nor in any other sense has yet occurred. Letmementiononlyafewsolutions: The geographer Anton Melik divided Slovenia into nine regions: Alps, Škofja Loka, Cerkljansko, Primorska, Central Slovenia, Pannonia and the sub-regions: Bovška, Vrhhlevna, Dolenjska, Belokranjska and Kozjanska [Fister1993:8]. Ivan Sedej was more broad-minded and decided on 17 regions [Fister 1993: 9], whereby he goes in some places into detail and elsewhere leaves huge undivided regions. He clearly valued more those that he knew. East andsoutharefarfromljubljana. This is of course a division of architecture made by non-architects and is more or less unusable for practical purposes. Peter Fister dealt with the regionalisation of architecture scientifically in 1993 and found 74 regions, but simplified them into 14 characteristic groups [Fister 1993: 247]. With the architectural regions of Slovenia, Professor Fister introduced a fresh attitude for establishing new criteria of identity, which should set standards and specific forms of control over the protection, design and sensible location of all kinds of building and settlement which help create theidentityoftheslovenespace [Fister1993: 17]. It is a matter of protecting the quality of the space, with the sole purpose ofraisingthequalityoflifeandpreservingidentity[fister1993: 20]. The architectural landscape is thus a spatial unit in which it is possible to recognise uniform standards of the identity of the space [Fister 1993: 21]. 8

8 arhitekturne dediščine Za arhitekturo je to vsekakor logična in umna razdelitev, a za splošen pregled še vedno prezahtevna. Pri tem je seveda marsikaj treba prilagoditi. Za Severovzhodni del bi bil bolj logičen in ožji naziv Pomurski del, saj je Pohorje zadnji obronek Centralnih Alp, a se po arhitekturni kulturi naslanja tako na eno kot na drugo stran. Odločil sem se za manj primeren izraz Severovzhodna Slovenija, ki bolj logično povezuje tipiko in materiale, pri čemer žal izstopa manjši, zahodni del Pohorja, ki se po tipiki naslanja na Koroško. Enako je poenostavljeno Posočje, ki ga geografija reže na tri območja, a je smiselna njegova povezava v eno samo, vertikalno spreminjajoče se območje med Sredozemljem in Alpami. Že to je posebna značilnost tega območja. Arhitektura to nedvomno potrjuje. GPS pomeni Global Positioning System ali Splošni umestitveni sistem, ki v svetu niso enotni in ne enaki. Obstajajo stopinje, ki si jih kot dolžinske enote pač ne predstavljamo, metri pa nastopajo v več sistemih. Izbral sem pravokotno mrežo projekcije UTM na elipsoidu WGS 84, ki je pa je mreža vrisana v vijoličasti barvi. Lokacija je izjemnega pomena za prostorsko predstavo, z GPS podatki pa knjiga postane pravi turistični vodnik. Pri tem ne mislim na masovni, pač pa na kulturni turizem. Slovenija je premajhna za množice, ki tekajo od posebnosti do posebnosti, se It relies primarily on the Granada Document of 1985, which talks about the'common memory of Europe' as a recommendation for the protection andrenovationoftheruralarchitecturalheritage[grobovšek2003]. Fisterdevelopseightgroupsofregions[simplifiedfromatotalof74]: Primorsko Gorenjsko Dolenjsko Štajersko Koroško Podravsko- Pomursko Idrijsko- Notranjsko Ljubljansko. It is certainly a logical and understandable division for architecture, but stilltoodemandingforageneraloverview. The geographers Žiberna, Natek and Ogrin simplified it further, when they established five macroregions [Žiberna 2004: 85], made up as follows: Alpine Subalpine Dinarid-Karst CentralSlovenia Pannonian[Žiberna2004:86]. For a review of architecture, and especially vernacular architecture, this division is fairly suitable, since it corresponds both to the design of nature and settlement and the materials that people used there. The names couldalsobeadaptedtoarchitecturewithminormodification: 1Alpinepart 2North-easternpart 3CentralSlovenia 4Dolenjska 5Mediterranean[andKarst]part Itisofcoursenecessarytoadaptanumberofthingshere:Pannonianpart would be a more logical and narrower title for the North-eastern part, since Pohorje is the final flank of the Central Alps, but in terms of architectural culture, it relies as much on one as the other side. I decided on the less appropriate expression North-eastern Slovenia, which more logically connects typology and materials, although it unfortunately leaves out the smaller, western part of Pohorje, which in terms of typology is closer to Koroška. Posočje is similarly simplified, which is divided by geography into three regions but is sensibly combined into a single vertically changing region between the Mediterranean and the Alps. This is already a special characteristic of this region. Architecture undoubtedly confirmsthis. The books The Vernacular Architecture of Slovenia will also be published in this order, from the first to the fifth. I would like to stress that is in no sense a reflection of the quality of architecture; merely that Slovenia is unfortunatelytoosmallamarkettopublishallfivebookssimultaneously. A further note on GPS [Global Positioning System] data, which is neither uniform nor the same throughout the world. There exist degrees which ARHITEKTURA SLOVENIJE, ALPSKI DEL 9 ARCHITECTURE OF SLOVENIA,ALPINE PART

9 pehajo za številom obiskov, fotografirajo in si zapisujejo, potem pa vse skupaj varno zaklenejo v predal. omoč in vodilo umnemu človeku, ki ga zanima kultura na področju oblikovanja prostora. Namenjena ni arhitektu in ne nearhitektu: posvečena je vsem kulturnim ljudem. we do not present as a unit of length, and metres appear in a number of systems. I chose a rectangular net projection UTM on ellipsoid WGS 84, which is drawn on the maps in the books, on a of scale 1:50,000 [Geodetic Administration of Slovenia] and the network is drawn in violet. Location is extremely important for a spatial presentation, and with GPS data, a bookbecomesarealtouristguide.iamnotthinkinghereofmasstourism, but cultural tourism. Slovenia is too small for the crowds which run from feature to feature, scramble after the highest number of visits, photographandrecordthemandthenlockitallsafelyinadrawer. The Vernacular Architecture of Slovenia is an aid and guide to the intelligent person who is interested in culture in the sphere of spatial design. It is meant neither for the architect nor the non-architect: it is devotedtoallpeopleofculture. Not just architecture, in it is concealed the entire culture of the Slovene nation, of which we are too little aware. If they talked in Granada of the common memory of Europe, Slovenia is in an enviably high place. We still have what many preserve only in museums, westilluseit, developit, thinkaboutit. Theheritageisnot something obsolete and unusable, it is the basis of our thought and development for tomorrow. We cannot build or use vernacular architecture today, let alone in the future, but familiarity with it and understanding of it will undoubtedly build a better life for tomorrow.evenbetterarchitecture. 10

10 Reka Mur Drau Gail / Zilja Hermagor Šmohor Cividale Čedad GORIZIA GORICA Spittal BOVEC Kobarid S Pietro al Nat. Špeter Slovenov Soča Soča JESENICE Mojstrana Sava Dolinka Bohinj Boh Bistrica Sava Bohinjka Tolmin N GORICA Idrijca VILLACH BELJAK Kranjska Gora Most na Soči Studor Idrija Velden Vrba Bled Cerkno Poertschah Poreče Radovljica Poljane Logatec Ajdovščina Sava Železniki St Veit Št Vid Ferlach Borovlje Škofja loka Tržič Polhov Gradec Vrhnika KRANJ Ljubljanica Ig Borovnica Eisenkappel Žel. Kapla Sava Grosuplje Voelkermarkt Velikovec Solčava Savinja Kamnik Tuhinj Domžale Iv Gorica Drau Lavamuend Labot Drava Črna Ravne na K. Mozirje Gornji Grad Litija Zagorje Trebnje Trbovlje Slovenj Gradec Velenje Žalec Hrastnik Sava Savinja Mokronog Sevnica Drava Slov Bistrica Krka RADKERSBURG Mura Rogaška Slatina Krško Brežice Sava G.Radgona Lenart PTUJ MURSKA SOBOTA Ormož Drava Lenti Mura Čakovec Grado Gradež Soča POSTOJNA Sežana Divača Pivka Cerknica Ribnica Žužemberk Krka Kočevje NOVO MESTO KOPER CAPODISTRIA Izola Piran Isola Pirano KLAGENFURT CELOVEC CELJE 5.ooo.ooo m Ilirska Bistrica Kolpa Kupa Črnomelj Karlovac Kupa 5oo. ooo m o km ARHITEKTURA SLOVENIJE, ALPSKI DEL 11 ARCHITECTURE OF SLOVENIA,ALPINE PART

11 Arhitektura v prostoru Positioning in space Hiša je bivalna hiša ali hlev, domačija pa je sklop vseh objektov v organizirano celoto. Ta sklop je lahko enoten ali v več objektih, ki so lahko tudi nekaj kilometrov vsaksebi, odvisno pač od potreb [Juvanec 1998: 15 ]. Teren - ravnina: Redkokje pri nas je prostor, ki bi dovoljeval postavitev domačije v ravnini, povsem prosto v teren. Taka postavitev je vedno pogojevana: predvsem z uporabo zemljišča, predvsem za polja. Zato se je treba tem kakovostnejšim kulturam umikati na rob. Kadar so te postavitve možne, so tlorisi bodisi razloženi bodisi sestavljeni. Redko nastopajo vzdolžne, preproste oblike tlorisov, pa še takrat so dopolnjevani z nadstreški, podaljški, vkopi, da je arhitektura v terenu razgibana in da ne nastopa v ravnini kot povsem tuj element. Nagnjen teren, strmina: Najbolj uporabljan teren za postavitev je strmina. Večji ali manjši padec dovoljuje umno izrabo za dostope v različne nivoje. Postavitev v padcu dokazuje umik arhitekture z osrednjih, plodnih delov na obrobje, kar je uporabno in koristno hkrati: večja izraba površin in pogled nanje, kar predstavlja tudi kontrolo. Abuildingcanbearesidentialhouseorstable,afarmsteadisthecomplex of all objects in an organised entity. This complex can be a single unit or a number of objects, which can even be several kilometres apart, dependingonneed[ Juvanec1998:5 ]. Terrain-plain:TherearefewplacesinSloveniathatallowthelocationofa farmstead on a plain entirely in the open. Such a location is always conditioned by other aspects: mainly the use of land, for the most part arable land. So it is necessary to shift to the edge of this better quality cultivatedland. When such locations are possible, the groundplan is either dispersed or condensed: occasionally longitudinal, simple forms of groundplan appear, and these are then supplemented with roof spaces and extensions, so that the architecture is 'broken' in the terrain and does not appearasanentirelyforeignelementontheplain. Inclined terrain, steep slope: The most frequently used terrain for a building is a steep slope: the greater or lesser fall allows sensible access to thedifferentlevels. Positioning on a slope highlights the shift of architecture from central, fertile parts to the edges, which is functional and simultaneously beneficial: a greater use of surface area and the view from it, which also providescontrol. Skica 1/Figure 1 Sleme: Tudi na gričevnatem terenu so naselja postavljena razloženo, tako da ne nastopajo izrazito strnjeno, pač pa posamično. Zgradbe so praviloma tik pod slemenom, ob cesti, ki se spušča s slemenske prometnice. Ridge: On hilly terrain, too, settlements are constructed in a dispersed manner, so that they do not appear particularly contiguous, but individual. Buildings are usually immediately below a ridge, beside a road whichcarriestrafficalongtheridge. 22

12 Skica 2/Figure 2 Strnjena poselitev (najbolj običajno okrog cerkva) je značilna tudi na slemenih, mnogokrat na spoju več slemen. Tukaj so zgradbe postavljene v enotni veduti, nobena ne izstopa. V kolikor gre za funkcionalno potreben višji objekt (visok hlev, silos), je postavljen v padec terena pod gabarit celote vasi. Korito, jarek: V jarku ali v ozki dolini praviloma ni strnjenih naselij, pač pa le posamične domačije, ki so zaradi zamakanja in poplav postavljene tik nad dnom, strnjeno in nikoli razloženo. Bolj običajna postavitev je v širših dolinah, kjer so na isti način postavljena naselja: strnjeno, nekoliko nad dnom in okrog nekega objekta družbenega pomena, ki navadno predstavlja dominanto. A condensed settlement (usually around the church) is also characteristic on ridges, often at the conjunction of a number of ridges. The buildings here are erected in a uniform veduta, none of them standing out. Insofar as there is a functional need for higher objects (high barn, silo), they are locatedonfallinglandbelowtheheightofthewholevillage. Gorge, ravine: There are not normally condensed settlements in gorges or narrow valleys, only individual farms, which are located immediately above the floor because of damp and floods, and are condensed, never dispersed. Positioning in wider valleys is more normal, where settlements are built in the same way: condensed, slightly above the floor and around some objectofsocialimportance, whichnormallyprovidesthedominant. Plastnice - vzporednost: V ravninah so zgradbe postavljene praviloma ob prometnicah, v navezavi z vodotoki, na smeri neba in tako, da odpirajo možnost formiranja funkcionalnega dvorišča. Pri tem vzporednost in pravokotnost na te elemente ne igrata posebne vloge: nastopata oba primera, z rahlo prednostjo v vzporedni postavitvi. Skica 3/Figure 3 Contours - parallelism: Buildings on plains are generally located beside traffic routes, bound to water, oriented to the sun or so that they provide the possibility of forming a functional courtyard. Parallelism and rectangularism do not play a special role in these elements: both types appear,withaslightprevalenceofparallelpositioning. Skica 4/Figure 4 Kadar nastopa sklop bivalne hiše in gospodarskega poslopja, sta praviloma postavljena pravokotno drug na drugega. Pri tem je bivalna hiša največkrat vzporedna, gospodarski del pa pravokoten na plastnice, kar omogoča večjo izkoriščenost ravni (dostopi). Pravokotnost: Pravokotno na plastnice so postavljeni le objekti delavcev in nikoli hiša lastnika. Gospodarski objekti, tako za hrano kakor za krmo, so orientirani pravokotno. Tako zgradba dobi dva vhoda v terenu: v klet in nadstropju oziroma v pritličju, spredaj in zadaj. When a complex of residential house and outbuildings occurs, they are normally set at right angles to each other: the residential house is usually parallel and the outbuildings at right angles to the contour, which enablesgreateruseofdifferentlevels(accesses). Perpendicularity: Only objects for workers are ever set at right angles to the contour, never the owner's house. Anciliary buildings, both for food and for fodder, are oriented at right angles: the building thus obtains two entrances onto the terrain, basement and upper storey, or ground floor frontandrear. Orientation to the sun: Orientation to the sun influences the logic of the location because of the use of the interior premises: front facades as far as ARHITEKTURA SLOVENIJE, ALPSKI DEL 23 ARCHITECTURE OF SLOVENIA,ALPINE PART

13 Doma ija Farmstead Domačija v severnem delu Slovenije, predvsem na Gorenjskem, je specifična zaradi svoje lokacije. Gre za alpski svet z ozkimi dolinami ali s tamarji, ki so bili v preteklosti dobršen del leta nedostopni zaradi snega. Zato so morale domačije obsegati vse: od bivalnega dela do vseh gospodarskih poslopij, ki so nujni za življenje. Pri tem ni nujno, da je gospodarski del ali del njega neposredno povezan z bivalno hišo ali da je celo del hiše, čeprav so povezave, tudi pokrite, mogoče in predvsem praktične. Medtem ko imamo v osrednji Sloveniji značilni razvoj tlorisa z osrednjo črno kuhinjo (ki se je razvil iz hiše ), okrog katere se potem simetrično nanizajo drugi prostori, predvsem spalni, je na Gorenjskem črna kuhinja mnogokrat dvojna: kot značilni prečni prostor v hiši in kot posebni, majhen, praviloma kvadratast prostor z odvodom dima. Ta prostor služi za prekajevanje in za kuho ob večjih potrebah. Dimnik take črne kuhinje je izjemnih dimenzij, tudi do dva metra v stranici, in skoraj vedno pokrit vsaj s pločevinasto strešico. Zunanje stene so mnogokrat nagnjene navznoter. Tudi višina je na Gorenjskem značilna. Medtem ko v Sloveniji prevladuje pritlična hiša, je tukaj zaradi potreb mnogokje nadstropna, včasih ima spalne prostore tudi na podstrešju. Streha je vedno simetrična, dvokapna, navadno ima čopa. Naklon je ena proti ena, redko je naklon bolj strm, blažji nikoli. Mnogokrat bivalna hiša nastopa v kombinaciji z gospodarskim delom, ko ima v kleti hleve za svinje in za kokoši ter zajce, za večjo živino v podaljšku, nad katerim so tudi svisli za krmo: tam so tudi drugi prostori, shrambe in včasih kašča. Domačija severnega dela Slovenije, od Cerkljanskega, Gorenjskega do Koroške, je postavljena v teren, ki je pač dosegljiv. Polja, njive in sadovnjak so v ravninah, hiša pa je umaknjena v breg. Zato so dostopi vedno s terena, včasih celo s petih ravni, s klančino tudi na podstrešje, kjer hranijo krmo. Domačija je postavljena tako, da ima bivalna hiša vhod in vsaj stranico hiše proti jugu, kar seveda vpliva na druge objekte, ki so tako z vhodi usmerjeni proti severu, na delovno dvorišče. Redko so domačije zaključene, zaprte, ko imajo kamnito ograjo. Navadno so odprte in z glavnim vhodom vabijo mimoidoče, medtem ko zadnji vhod domači uporabljajo vsak dan. Slovenska vernakularna arhitektura ne pozna ograj, razen v Beli krajini. Tako so tudi domačije na Gorenjskem omejene le z lesenimi ogradami za živino, včasih pa jih definira tudi stegnjen kozolec. Domačija ima nekatere objekte vedno dlje od hiše. Blizu zaradi varnosti in dlje zaradi ognja. A farmstead in the northern part of Slovenia, above all in Gorenjska, is specific in terms of its location. This is an Alpine world with narrow valleys, or with stockpens that were inaccessible for a good part of the year in the past because of snow. Farmsteads had therefore to include everything: from living quarters to all the ancillary buildings necessary for life. It is not important whether the ancillary part, or some of it, is directly connected with the dwelling or is even part of the house, although they are linked, perhaps also covered, and above all practical. While in central Slovenia there is a characteristic development of a ground plan with a central black kitchen (which developed from the house, or living room) around which were then symmetrically ranged the other rooms, mainly bedrooms, in Gorenjska the black kitchen often had two meanings: the characteristic transverse space in the house or a special, small, generally square space with an outlet for smoke. This room served for smoking produce and for cooking at times of greater need. The chimney of such a black kitchen is of exceptional dimensions, even up to two metres at the sides and is almost always covered with a chimney pot. The external walls are often inclined inwards. The height, too, is characteristic in Gorenjska: while single storey houses predominate in Slovenia as a whole, need gives rise to an upper storey in many places, sometimes also with sleeping quarters in the attic. The roof is always symmetrical, gable, normally with a hip. The slope is one to one, occasionally steeper, but never less steep. The residential house is often combined with the working part of the farm. There may be space in the cellar for pigs, chickens and rabbits, and for larger animals in an extension, above which there is a hayloft. It can also include other spaces, such as storerooms and sometimes a granary. A farmstead in the northern part of Slovenia, from Cerkljansko through Gorenjska to Koroška, is located in such terrain as is available: fields, arable land and orchards are on the level, and the house must make do with slopes. Each storey is thus always accessible from the ground, sometimes even on five levels, with a ramp to the the roof space where the fodder is kept. A farmstead is arranged in such a way that the residential house has the entrance and at least one side of the living room facing south, which of course has an impact on other objects, which are thus oriented with their entrances facing north, towards the working yard. Occasionally, farmsteads are enclosed within a stone wall. Normally, they are open, with their main entrance inviting passers-by, and the back door used by the family everyday. Walls are not a feature of Slovene vernacular architecture, except in Bela krajina. So farmsteads in Gorenjska, too, are only bounded by wooden stock fences, and sometimes also defined by an elongated kozolec. Some buildings are always at a distance from the house: closer for security and more distant because of the risk of fire. 66

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15 Senik Hay Barn Senik je preprosta zgradba, postavljena na senožetih, praviloma daleč od domačije, povsod tam, kjer doma ni zadosti krme. Objekt hrani seno kot krmo za živino. Na Gorenjskem so seniki razmeroma majhne zgradbe, tloris ne preseže nekaj kvadratnih metrov. Gre seveda za hribovit teren in za zahtevno ter naporno košnjo, tako da je velikost kar primerna. Zgradba ima vsega eno samo celico, s podstrešjem vred. Majhnost namreč zagotavlja konstrukcijo brez osrednjega poveznika, ki bi povezoval ostrešje. Streha je lesena, skodlasta ali danes iz desak, dvokapna, z naklonom ena proti ena ali petinštirideset stopinj. Čopa ni, saj gre za najpreprostejšo konstrukcijo. V Radovni in predvsem na Tolminskem ima senik v sprednjem delu nekak trem, pokrit predprostor. Streha je potegnjena naprej in je podprta z dvema stebroma. Prostor trema služi ljudem pred delom in po njem, pa za nakladanje med delom. Posebni so seniki na Cerkljanskem, kjer imajo le nekaj kvadratnih metrov veliki tlorisi masivne zidane kamnite stebre. Ti so včasih le vizualno povečani, saj so v obliki črke L, da je notranji prostor vseeno malo večji. Ker stojijo v strmem naklonu, imajo dve celici, drugo pod drugo.v spodnjo je dostop spredaj, v zgornjo z zadnje, zgornje strani s terena. Mnogokrat nimajo zadnjih vrat in je zgornja celica dosegljiva kar skozi odprt zatrep. 88

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17 ALPSKI DEL 2 SEVEROVZHODNI DEL 3 OSREDNJI DEL 4 JUŽNA HRIBOVJA 5 KRAŠKO - MEDITERANSKI DEL 144

18 borut juvanec arhitektura slovenije 1 arhitecture of slovenia 1 36,50