Chapter 10 CANADA. Last one in Unit 3! Wooo hooo! So much info, but so interesting!

Transcription

1 Chapter 10 CANADA Last one in Unit 3! Wooo hooo! So much info, but so interesting!

2 Canada Dontcha know, eh? 2nd largest country in the world! One of the smallest populations. Much in common w/ USA World s longest peaceful border in history! 3,987 mile border w/ L48 1,538 mile borer w/ AK One of the richest & most industrialized nations in the world (like USA) Many raw materials are extracted and sent globally British & French roots crafted from the wilderness Shared history at times, shared geographic features

3 Population distribution of Northern America 1 dot represents 10,000 persons What do you see from Canada & USA?

4 The Maritime Provinces 10 provinces in Canada total 4 smallest are located in the eastern corner along the Atlantic Coast known as the maritime provinces maritime : bordering the sea Citizens of these territories depend upon the sea for living a way of life Seafood fish, lobster, etc Remember the Cod fishery being shut down? Whaling oil

5 Newfoundland NOO fun land new found land Island & a large, rocky strip of land on the mainland As of 1964, the name is officially Newfoundland and Labrador Gives both parts of the province equal honor A Rural Island Is actually the northern edge of the Appalachian Mountain system (portion lies underwater) Rocky coasts, rolling hills are covered by stunted forests (dwarfed trees) Fjords gouged by glaciers Bird sanctuaries puffins Most citizens live on the island Cool climate, but Gulf Stream keeps cold from becoming too harsh Capital: St. John s Sits near Grand Banks world famous fishing grounds (esp. cod!) Viking outpost was located here England claimed in 1583, but did not settle for fear of local natives ability to fish better

6 Newfoundland Native fisherman built winter camps in coves (small, sheltered bays) that dotted the coast England couldn t compete with this very well then In fact, local fisherman dominated in the way for centuries until finally joining Canada in 1949, as the last province to join the federation Labrador Peninsula off the mainland is cold year round Frigid Labrador Current carries Arctic water and icebergs past the coast Air temps dip below -50 F in winter Surface coastal waters actually freeze into a special ice called ballicater Fresh caught fish freeze nearly instantly when caught during these times! (haha!) actually led to the frozen fish industry because it kept the fish fresher longer Clarence Birdseye in 1915 Rocky tundra covers the north & in the south thick forests of spruce and pine Several mountains have alpine summits Mount Caubvick (highest peak east of the Canadian Rockies) dominates the Torngat Range World s largest herd of caribou migrate to Labrador in spring to calve

7 Newfoundland Underneath Labrador s rocky mountains like zinc and iron ore Labrador City s mine produce more iron than any other province Only Minnesota produces more iron than Newfoundland Logging takes place in the summer months Produce newsprint (cheaper paper for newspapers) Canadian dialect: `My face was frore, my collars was frore, an' everything was ballicatered.... I couldn't hear her now, way I was muffled up, 'cause I was ballicatered up - I was frore up.'' That is Newfoundland English, at least what you might hear from an outport fisherman. It's quoted in the Dictionary of Newfoundland English in a reference to the verb ``ballicater'' - to cover with a layer of ice. The speaker also uses a word from West Country England, ``frore'' or ``vrore,'' meaning frozen solid. Presumably he's talking about being out on a windy, cold day with the sea water splashing, and freezing on his boat, his face and neck cold, but his head wrapped up in enough clothing so that he can hardly hear.(10/20/1988)

8 Acadia 3 southernmost Maritime Provinces were settled by the French New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia French named the region Acadia Port Royal, the first French settlement in the New World in 1604 in the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem Evangeline helped make Acadia famous Tells of a tragic conflict between British & French settlers 1621 trouble beings when Scottish colonists arrive and claim land that the French wanted After multiple wars the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 awarded the area to GB Disputes continue 1755, GB decides to resolve the problem by forcing thousands of the French Acadians out of their homes and shipping them south Some settled in New Orleans become Cajuns Some escaped in the Acadian wilderness French is still spoken and French culture is still prevalent

9 Nova Scotia Once home to the largest French settlement, but most were removed by the British, and now descendents are mainly of British Scottish named the province New Scotland Nova Scotia long, narrow peninsula surrounded by ocean except for one 20-mile strip that connects it to the mainland A.k.a. The Ocean Province sandy beaches are always around Canso Causeway connects the island to Cape Breton Island The Atlantic Upland dominates the land (similar to Maine) Canso Strait is the deepest water ever bridged! Few coastal lowlands permit fruit growing and dairy farming Forests provide many of the Christmas trees sold throughout Canada Capital: Halifax largest port, city, and industrial area in the Maritime Provinces Leader in lobster and scallop catch

10 New Brunswick French Acadians make up 40% of the NB Represent the 2nd largest French population in Canada after Quebec Others are mainly of British descent or American Loyalists/Tories who fled to Canada only Maritime Province to share a border with USA Mostly coastal lowlands Not where we get the stew that comes from Brunswick County, NC Farmers grow potatoes (like Maine) SW is a continuation of the Atlantic Uplands (like maine) Appalachian Mts extend into the northern parts of NB are mined for lead, copper and zinc Forests provide lumber

11 Prince Edward Island (PEI) Who the heck is Prince Edward?! Previously called St. Johns (and still referred sometimes as such) Home of Anne of Green Gables Crowded island is actually quite rural and spread out Just seems crowded compared to the rest of Canada s large wilderness A.k.a Spud Island as a leader in potato production House of Green Gables at Cavendish, PEI, inspired AofGG Smallest Canadian Province (just a little larger than Delaware) Capital: Charlottetown Farmland supports the highest population density of any Canadian prov. ~62 ppl/ sq. mi Duke of Kent ( ) 4th son of King George III, and father of Queen Victoria Red rusted oxide soil is great arable land and fertile Beef & dairy cattle enjoy pasturelands Quaint villages and sandy beaches make the scenery picturquese and inviting 1996 bridge connecting to mainland was completed after much dispute Most descendants are of Scottish heritage bagpipes and kilts common Many last names have a Mac

12 Bay of Fundy In between Nova Scotia & New Brunswick Most famous bay of the Atlantic Ocean Has the highest tides in the world 40 feet difference between 12 hours (5 story bldg) Mainly due to the irregular coast shape funnel-like Tides affected by moon s gravitational pull Tide also affects the St. John River by making the rapids flow backwards The Rocks are dry, beach like at low tide, but at high tide, they are mostly covered l5wl3m (time lapse video)

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14 SRQ Pg What two European countries competed for control of Canada? Who is Canada's major trading partner? Contrast Newfoundland with the provinces of Acadia. What causes tides? Where are they highest? Name a major product in each Maritime Province. List all the similarities you can find between Maine and the Maritime Provinces.

15 The Central Provinces Canada lies far above the Equator, so the sun provides little warmth Huge inland areas lack the moderation of the oceans (water maintains temp better) Because of the weather, most cities are in the south of Canada (Southern strip/ US border) less severe weather ⅔ of all Canadians live within 100 miles of US border Ribbon development: the building of farms, towns, and industries along a narrow band of good land Humid continental climate region along Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Canada s ribbon development with the 100 miles Summer temps get into 80s here, farmlands remain frost free for nearly 6mo. Quebec & Ontario here rich plains Pioneers cleared mixed forests of pine, hemlock, sugar maple, beech Few ppl live in the northland Canadian Shield: solid mass of har rock covers most of north & surrounds the Hudson Bay like a giant horshoe

16 The Central Provinces Thin, poor soil in Canadian Shield Subpolar climate dominates the Canadian Shield Needle-leaf evergreen trees spruce, pine, fir are the only trees that grow But become increasingly stunted as travel north Coniferous forests, called tiaga, cover most of the Central Provinces Most likely that glacier scrapped the land and wore down mountains and hills, exposing the bedrock Glaciers also cut out many depressions for lakes and even some marshes Area is good for mining with rich deposits of iron, copper, gold, lead, zinc and cobalt Moose, eavers, and black bears live in the cool forests Insects are plentiful in warm months Northern extremes give way to tundra where no trees grow Remember: frozen desert?

17 Quebec

18 Quebec A.k.a. The French Heartland Capital: Quebec (Quebec City) Earliest explorers to Canada were Frenchmen Jacques Cartier, Samuel de Champlain, and Robert de la Salle (mapped Great Lakes & St. Lawrence River) Named the region New France (Original? New England, New Spain, New Jersey, New Netherlands, New York, New Hampshire, etc.) FURS $$ Mink, beaver, otter, muskrat Men who hunted animals for furs were called coureurs de bois ( runners of the wood koo-rer de BWAH Became part of Canadian folklore (similar to US cowboys, frontiersmen, etc) Crisscrossed the interior lakes and frigid rivers & Often times had to carry canoes on back for miles until reaching the next river/lake Portage: FR describes the land routes used by canoe toters French traded with Huron Indians (Lake Huron) English started Hudson Bay Company started trade w/ Algonquian Indians Eng began to squeeze French out economically and territorially Seven Years War a.k.a. The French & Indian War ( ) raised the question of how to treat the French

19 Quebec CONTRAST to USA: 1974 French became the sole official language of Quebec Melting pot Canada refers to their cultural makeup as a cultural mosaic Meaning the varied people who have settled Canada have retained more of their specific cultural (distinct attributes) identity than Americans Easily seen in Quebec 95% of residents speak French, some 80% would classify French as their native tongue All government docs and road signs are in French People from Quebec are called Quebecois Kay beh KWAH Cities of the St. Lawrence Valley Most productive land lies in the St. Lawrence Valley (southern edge of the providence) Season just enough for fruits to grow, some vegetables (cold veg), and some grains Leads nation in dairy production, maple syrup Most people live here Quebec City Capital & 2nd largest city 1608 Overlooks St. Lawrence River Cradle of French Civ. in New World/N Am. French built only walled city north of Mexico here (QC) captured in 1759 by GB ending Fr rule in Canada

20 Quebec Cities of the St. Lawrence Valley (cont.) Montreal Largest city Located on an island in the middle of St. Lawrence River Named by Cartier Mont Réal Fr Mount Royal after climbing the highest point (700 feet) Located at the farthest navigable point of the river became the commercial center of the province Over 1.75 million inhabitants Second largest French speaking city in the world 2nd only to Paris Large minority of English speakers Offer both Fr & Eng newspapers, schools, radio, tv, etc. Most Canadians are bilingual to have an advantage Underground mall to avoid cold winters! Stores, hotels, restaurants, businesses, hotels The metro shuffles people from one side of underground city to the other HOCKEY National sport & invented in Canada Montreal Canadiens it is an e for the sports team, not an a In summer, Montreal Expos (baseball)

21 Quebec Land s End MINING North & west of the St. Lawrence River on the Canadian Shield Some to the east on the Gaspé Peninsula (gas PAY) from Micmas Indian Gespeg, Land s End Mineral rich Appalachian Mts Mount Jacques Cartier (4,190 ft) Portions are protected parks Pebble beaches Sea cliffs whales

22 SRQ Pg What two conditions keep temperatures cool throughout most of Canada? What term describes Canada s settlement pattern? What important water routes serve the two provinces of central Canada? What is the Canadian Shield? Which province has the largest French-speaking population? Why are the Montreal Provinces more populous than the Maritime Provinces?

23 Ontario

24 Ontario A.k.a. The Nation s Heartland 2nd in size, 1st in population British heritage (sharply contrasting Quebec s) Capital: Toronto Northern Ontario Sparsely populated A narrow strip of swampy lowlands and coastal plains run along Hudson Bay Large portion of area is protected for Polar Bears by Polar Bear Provincial Park (PP) Some commercial shipping along Hudson Bay here when not frozen over Canadian Shield covers half of provinces, mostly in the north Magnificent forest, and 250,000 (quarter million) lakes! Many furry animals furs = $ Ontario is Iroquois for shining waters Leads nation in gold & nickel mining

25 Ontario Canada s Population Centers ~90% of Ontario s population lives south of Canadian Shield on a tiny finger of land between Lake Huron & Lake Ontario Southernmost region in Canada City of Windsor, Canada lies further S than Boston, MA, USA Relatively warm climate, fertile soil and shipping advantages of the Great Lakes Plains make region the center of Canadian industry & population LIFE Very similar to bordering US diary states w/ dairy farms, orchards, veg gardens, grain fields Golden Horseshoe area of industry on the western shore of Lake Ontario's Close proximity to iron mines and ports 19th century growth Leading automobile manufacturing (similar weather to Detroit, MI, USA)

26 Ontario Toronto Hub of population centers w/ ~9 more large cities, largest metropolitan area Commercial center cities of: Hamilton, London, Windsor Canadian stock exchange Great Lakes Plain Where Toronto lies Last place invaded by foreign troops War of 1812 US launched 2 major invasions 1st in 1812 was driven back by GB & resulted in capture of Detroit and Fort Dearborn (Chicago) 2nd 1813, USA captured Toronto (then York), burned gov t buildings Retaliation for burnings? GB burns White House and major parts of DC in 1814 Demilitarization of region after wars end common border of 49 N to the Rockies Outcomes? Longest peaceful border in the world s history Common sense of Canadian-ship (unification of Canadian)

27 Ottawa: The Nation s Capital Like DC, it is a district located in between two provinces (Ontario & Quebec) Sits on the Ottawa River, a tributary of the St. Lawrence River 1837 colonists of Upper (Q) and Lower Canada (O) rebelled against GB GB squashed the rebellion & combined the two Canada Granted the right to govern own internal affairs (Perhaps had they done this with the US colonies, we wouldn t have separated) Union lasted until 1867 when the British North America Act established a confederation (loosely tied together) of four provinces: Ontario, New Brunswick, Quebec, and Nova Scotia Since then 6 more have joined July 1 is Canada Day (except in Quebec)

28 Why not in Quebec? A Canadian citizen from a blog claims: Canada Day is celebrated in Quebec to some degree. Just not as energetically as in most of the rest of the country. June 24 (St-Jean-Baptiste) is the more popular day for sure and where you have the biggest celebrations. It is also referred to as "la fête nationale (du Québec)". It's worth noting that the June 24 celebration has a much longer history than Canada Day (July 1). June 24 is basically the original national holiday in this part of the world. Some people trace back its roots to the first half of the 1600s. It has had its ups and downs since then but has always been celebrated in some way. Canada Day marks the current Canadian political set-up (Confederation) that was agreed upon on July 1, I believe it was marked by ceremonies and other events even in the first part of the 20th century but it only truly became a huge public celebration (in Ottawa and other cities) around the 1970s and 1980s. This coincided with a major resurgence of St-Jean-Baptiste festivities in Quebec, with a nationalist and even separatist angle to them. The Canadian government wanted something to compete with that so they boosted the July 1 holiday significantly, changed the name from the old "Dominion Day" to "Canada Day", and the rest is history. Read more:

29 Ottawa: The Nation s Capital The Dominion of Canada is modeled after the British Parliamentary system Parliamentary system Elect representatives to the House of Commons Similar to House of Representatives (law-making body) The leader of HoC becomes the Prime Minister PM is similar to the executive branch But is both speaker of the Commons & chief executive Senate is chosen by the PM (all 104) and job is to protect the interest of the provinces (imagine if the POTUS selected all 100 senators?) US Senate is 2nd part of legislative branch Different from US s political system (as noted above) All power essentially resides in the hand of the PM (US is dispersed between the 3 branches) Canada voluntarily chooses to be a part of the British Commonwealth They remain loyal to the monarch (Elizabeth II) She remains the ceremonial head of state, but does not deal in their internal affairs (the monarch must remain apolitical) a governor is appointed to represent her

30 Ottawa: The Nation s Capital Parliamentary System cont. Federal system of gov t Meaning Ottawa share power with the provinces (Provinces rights?) Each province has its own unicameral legislature & a premier (a governor) Mini version of parliament premier is chosen by legislature Constitutional Crisis Never had a civil war, but a fragile union nonetheless French Canadians desire a veto power over anything that might jeopardize their culture SO, Quebec refused to sign/ratify the 1982 Charter of RIghts and Freedoms (equivalent to the Bill of Rights) English & French were made official languages of the nation 1993 saw party changes Major political party wiped out from 153 to 2 seats in parliament lead to 2 new parties Separatist Party (mainly in Quebec) Reform Party (western provinces) against Ottawa s big gov t programs & special treatment Canada has more than 2 major parties, as seen in USA 1995/1996 a referendum was voted on to become a sovereign country, but failed 49.4% to 50.6% Future looks grim still Current PM: Justin Trudeau (Liberal Party essential follows US Democratic Party)

31 Great Circle Routes Distances can be deceptive on maps Special maps are required for flying, especially internationally Requires a globe Here s a airplane capitan to explain it: KzYsb3Bys9Y

32 SRQ Pg Which province has the largest population? Who is the head of state in Canada? Who chooses the prime minister of Canada? How many provinces are in Canada s confederation? To what church do most Canadians belong? Compare and Contrast Quebec s regionalism with the Southern states of the United States.

33 The Western Provinces Common traits shared by the US & Canada continue into the west Vast tracts of land have so few people that they still remain territories today! Trans-Canada Highway is 4,860 miles Links east & west Follows the ribbon development just north of US border Only 2 other nations have more railroads (RR) than Canada Frontier spirit still lives in Canada USA & Russia Many people depend on airplanes for supplies because they re so far forth & isolated Think Alaska for a lot of it

34 The Prairie Provinces The Central Plains of the USA extend north into Canada s heartland Temps in the southern regions are comfortable in the summers But can get hot due to the dryness, and drop very low in the evenings Located in the rainshadow ^see above^ Steel plow revolutionized region s use Remained a frontier for longer than US frontier because of the colder climate Between the Canadian Shield & the Rockies Main immigrants came from: Germany, Poland, Russia Struggled to farm wait til next year became the saying Shared in the Dust Bowl misery of the 1930s (remember a Great Depression in the USA led to a global depression) known as the Dirty Thirties in Canada Seed and irrigation improvements from the Green Revolution have improved Canada s use of the land Breadbasket of Canada Wheat, barley, and global leader in flax Skyscrapers of the prairie are grain elevators that store grain and barley Northern Canadian Shield to the east is mostly empty, but a few indian tribes inhabit the area and eke out a living

35 Manitoba A.k.a. Gateway to the West Capital: Winnipeg Sits on the Red River flows into Lake Winnipeg lakes are found in the center Population: 1.5 million in the whole prov. NC has 10 million ppl... Lake Winnipeg (main water source is from Minnesota!) Lake Manitoba Lake Winnipegosis Métis: descendants of French men & Indian women inhabit here Descended from the coureurs de bois (French Woodsmen) mostly hunting for fur Irish & Scottish came in 1812, but all were attacked and killed by the Métis Red River Rebellion 1867 Métis rebelled after the dominion of Canada established Why? Feared farmers would take their land. To which they had no title forced Canada to grant the locals a bill of rights in 1870 & create the 5th province MANITOBA Prairie found in the easternmost region Produces flax, buckwheat, sunflowers, peas Riding Mountain National Park has wolves, bison, and lynx Canadian Shield covers the majority of MB North swampy lowlands along the Hudson Bay Churchill, MB, is the Polar Bear Capital of the World

36 Cigarettes Outlawed? a Things that make MB great: Caribou Maple syrup Lots of lakes Honey Dill Sauce Drinking age: 18 Marijuana legal (but MANY regulations) Worst Parts of MB: They do have mosquitoes! Caterpillar infestations No public transp.

37 How can we protect the Polar Bear Population?

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39 Saskatchewan A.k.A. Canada s Breadbasket Capital: Regina Settled by Métis that moved out of MB & established farms along the North Saskatchewan & South Saskatchewan Rivers Saskatchewan Plain, productive extension of the Interior Plain in USA Whites moved west w/ railroads As whites moved in the Métis revolted again & set up their own gov t But Canada fought back this time sent troops & caught Louis Riel, the rebel leader, and hanged him Became a prov. In 1905 Wheat leading producer in Canada & even more than USA states Processed in Regina or Saskatoon Cypress Hills have highest point between Labrador & Canadian Rockies Prince Albert National Park buffalo roam here Wilderness mostly in the north also uranium Taiga & tundra covers this part of Canadian Shield World leader in uranium production

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41 Alberta Capital: Edmonton Leader in barley & beef (for Canada) Canadian Shield covers the NE tip Sand dunes, salt plains, boreal forests, gypsum karst formations, river deltas (see pictures) World s largest herd of Wood Buffalo Calgary Region is known for its oil reserves which are said to exceed Saudi Arabia! 1922 Wood Buffalo NP Agricultural center of the prov. A.k.a. The Gateway to the Canadian Rockies 2nd largest city Tourism & petroleum field nearby have spurned growth Calgary Stampede annual rodeo most famous for chuck wagon races Hosted Olympics in 1988 Calgary Zoo has tons of dinosaurs & camels SW border follows continental divide in Canadian Rockies Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump Indians hered buffalo over the ridge to kill them & then butchered below aces-you-have-to-visit-i n-alberta-canada/

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43 Royal Canadian Mounted Police Federal level police force In May 1873, the Parliament of Canada established a central police force, and sent 150 recruits west to Manitoba. The officers established a permanent post at Fort Macleod, Alberta, where approximately half of the Force was posted. The remaining members were either sent to Fort Edmonton or to Fort Pelly, Saskatchewan, which had been designated as headquarters. In 1904, King Edward VII conferred the title of "Royal" upon the North-West Mounted Police. Women were first accepted as uniformed members in The 70s also brought an expansion of responsibilities in areas such as airport policing, VIP security and drug enforcement. TODAY: scope of operations includes organized crime, terrorism, illicit drugs, economic crimes and offences that threaten the integrity of Canada's national borders. Information found at:

44 Indep.) Main trade fur w/ coastal Indians Americans came in 1788 to explore the Columbia River from the West (Lewis & Clark explored inner continent 1803) Ownership was not agreed between the warring countries Americans went into Oregon after land became GB s War almost broke out again between USA & GB in 1840s over B.C. USA demanded all lands south of N GB wanted lands north of Columbia River Slogan Fifty-Four Forty or Fight British Columbia Capital: Victoria 3rd largest prov. & 3rd most populous & Only prov. In P. NW Rocky Mts & Pacific Ranges cut the prov. Off from the rest of the continent British ships did not see the shores until 1778! (That s 2 years after Dec. Of

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46 Western Cordillera from Southerns USA to Alaska Cordillera: Spanish for Backbone mountain chains Covers most of B.C. Encompasses 1,000-mile wide band of three mountain systems: In Canada the cordillera encompasses 500-mile wide band of 2 mountain systems: Logging Lead mining Tourism National Parks that display pristine mountain beauty: 1. The Rockies 2. Coast Mountains Coast Ranges run into Pacific Ocean in Canada Industries: 1. The Rockies 2. Sierra Nevada & the Cascades 3. Coast Ranges 1. Yoho 2. Kootenay 3. Glacier 4. Mount Revelstoke Highest Peak Mount Robson 12,972 ft Plateau separates the Canadian Rockies from the Coast Mts Coast Mts contain all of the highest peaks in all of Canada Copper mines (2nd only to AZ) British Columbia

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48 LOTS OF PROTECTED LANDS

49 British Columbia The Pacific Coast Japan current brings warm waters up into BC marine west coast climate Most pleasant climate in all of Canada Wet winters, generally above freezing Warm summers around 80 F Orchards fill the valleys, salmon fill the rivers Tall dense forests douglas firs, red cedars, hemlock trees Leading producer of lumber (more than any prov. Or US state) Vancouver largest city Located at mouth of Fraser River which empties into Pacific O via Puget Sounds Most fertile soil in province Rapidly grew in 1885 after completion of nations first transcontinental railroad CP RR Canadian Pacific Railway Deep port is busiest in the nation lumber, salmon, minerals, and prairie wheat pass through here Go through USA & Japan

50 All Make UP Japan Current

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52 Off the coast, a small island chain protects the Inside Passage Victoria Capital Sits across from Vancouver on the southern edge of Vancouver Island One of the few Canadian cities where British traditions have been kept intact Houses & streets appear much like British cities Some speakers still retain a British accent If not on many words Double decker busses & formal gardens Butchart Gardens world famous British Columbia Islands are actually tops of Coast Range from USA Ocean floor has flooded this range it has been called the Insular Mountains It is the largest island off the west coast of the American Continents

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54 SRQ Pg Name the Prairie Provinces. What is the only province on the Pacific? Define cordillera. Which two provinces contain part of the Western Cordillera? Where is Canada s mildest climate? Why is it so mild? Name a product of and a national park in each Western Province. What are Canada s Coastal Mountains called after the enter the United State? Why does the name change?

55 Canada s Territories Over 40% of Canada s land is located in its Northern Territories But all combined they have the fewest people WHY? IT S COLD! Only a few Eskimos, Indians and European Canadians brave the cold. Work: Reservations, trading posts, mines, and military installations Native Peoples: Inuit means real men but a.k.a. Eskimos mean eaters of raw meat Eat whales, seals, walruses, caribou Traded blankets, knives, guns and other goods for furs and skins Trade led to establish friendly relations 300,000 Indians today Still live traditional lives but hold regular jobs via the military or mining Rifles have replaced harpoons for hunting Snowmobiles & dog sleds Bones crafts are popular trinkets Dwindling population 25,000 All Native Americans in both Canada & USA are prone to alcohol abuse So you may hear about alcoholics are more in these gene pools

56 Yukon Territory Yukon Cornelius! Capital: Whitehorse North of BC, larger than CA Gold brought thousands of miners to the Klondike region in 1890s Alaskan Highway Lead & zinc surpass gold now leader Al-Can (Alaskan-Canadian Highway) Winds through the mountains to connect Dawson Creek, BC to Anchorage, AK 1st used by US Army during WW2 for supplies Same geographic regions as AK Narrow central valley lies along Yukon River Established Whitehorse here only real city between Dawson & Anchorage Mount Logan (Canada s highest mountain) 19,524ft Wolverine? (j/k)

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58 Northwest Territory 2nd largest ter Capital: Yellowknife ⅕ of the population lives in Yellowknife Located near Great Slave Lake (deepest lake in North America) Great Bear Lake largest lake by space entirely inside Canada Mackenzie River longest river system in North America Winds north from the Great Slave Lake into western part of the territory, and empties into Arctic Ocean Named for: Sir Alexander Mackenzie a trapper who first explored the river in 1789 (same year as US Const.) Most NWT settlements are scattered among this river as winds through the territory Note: settlements NOT cities very tiny Oil has been found in the delta (delta is mostly frozen) Evergreen forests are found near the river, but most of the land lies above the timber line (where trees don t grow) Major Industries: Mining for lead & zinc Trapping (fur) Fishing Diamonds (discovered in 1991 biggest mineral rush in Canadian history) near Lac de Gras

59 Named for the Slavey Indians not actual slaves

60 Northwest Territory Just off the continent but still in the territory is an archipelago (islands grouped together) a.k.a. Arctic Islands 9 exceed 10,000 sq miles Southern islands are flat Northern islands are mountainous Barbeau Peak located on Ellesmere Islands 8,582 ft highest peak of islands Sit above the Arctic Circle Mostly uninhabited Barren, covered in snow all year Polar, tundra climate -30 F or lower in the winter Summer, barely reaches above 50 F Permafrost keeps large plants from growing Some small bushes and grasses can grow for about 2 months

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62 The archipelago Shard w/ Nunavut

63 Nunavut Split from the Northwest Territory in approved in 1992 to create Nunavut ~20% of Canada Split finalized in 1999 Gave the Inuit the power to self-govern Nunavut: our land in Inuit Includes most of the old territory except ARctic Islands and Mackenzie River valley Only 28 villages in the whole expanse of this territory Baffin Island, largest of the Canadian Archipelago Iqaluit is located here Thousands of glaciers creeping off the island

64 Nunavut Some archaeological evidence as recently as 2008: Found caucasian bones (not Inuit) Vikings! "Dating of some yarn and other artifacts, presumed to be left by Vikings on Baffin Island, have produced an age that predates the Vikings by several hundred years. So [ ] you have to consider the possibility that as remote as it may seem, these finds may represent evidence of contact with Europeans prior to the Vikings' arrival in Greenland." (Jane George, "Kimmirut site suggests early European contact: Hare fur yarn, wooden tally sticks may mean visitors arrived 1,000 years ago", Nunatsiaq News, September 12, Retrieved October 5, 2009) Very restrictive laws on Alcohol Easier to obtain arms

65 SRQ Pg Distinguish the two native peoples of Canada. What industry mutually benefited the Europeans and the native peoples? What two ranges extend through British Columbia to Alaska? Where is CAnada s highest mountain? Where are the most settlements in the Northwest Territory? Why did many Canadians oppose the creation of Nunavut?

66 END CHAPTER 10 CANADA