Vocabulary Pre and Post Test

Transcription

1 Vocabulary Pre and Post Test Name Directions: Define each of the terms below in your own words. 1. archaeology: 2. petroglyph: 3. mean 4. median 5. conservation

2 Vocabulary Pre and Post Test Answer Key Directions: Define each of the terms below in your own words. 1. archaeology: the science of studying past cultures and items they left behind 2. petroglyph: a picture carved into a rock 3. mean: the average of a sequence of numbers; divide the sum of the addends by the number of terms 4. median: the number that is in the middle of a sequence, when listed in order from least to greatest, or greatest to least. 5. conservation: activities that help to preserve, repair, and/or prevent the destruction of archaeological sites and artifacts

3 Student Reading 1 Rock Art Ranch By Roger Naylor Encompassing 5,000 acres between Winslow and Holbrook, Rock Art Ranch is a cattle ranch and home to one of the best preserved and most extensive collections of ancient petroglyphs in the world. Images etched into rocks adorn cliff faces, alcoves and overhangs in scenic Chevelon Canyon. Rock Art Ranch has immense archaeological significance, with researchers from the Smithsonian Institution, Heard Museum and other museums and universities visiting regularly. Each summer the University of Arizona School of Anthropology conducts a five-week field school to study and excavate pueblos and other significant sites on the property. Baird also opens Rock Art Ranch to visitors. The ranch features a museum stocked with artifacts found on the property as well as those passed down through the family, which has deep Arizona roots Chevelon Canyon is a narrow, steep-walled gorge carved by a perennial creek. The only access to the canyon for several miles occurs at the ranch, where a break in the wall creates a sort of natural stairway. At these steps along with a few man-made ones and handrails guests climb down into the heart of the rock-art displays. Petroglyphs can be seen throughout a 2-mile stretch of canyon, with the highest concentration covering a quarter-mile section flanking the entry point. You ll spot the first markings as you descend the steps. Upon reaching the creek, continue straight ahead to see one of the most dramatic images, believed to be a fertility symbol. Archaeologists dubbed it the birthing panel. Petroglyphs are created by carving or incising a rock surface. In this case, the images are scratched into the black patina covering the sandstone walls of the canyon. They are not to be confused with pictographs, which are images painted on rocks. The Rock Art Ranch petroglyphs date from 6000 B.C. to The lush canyon bottom is easy to navigate, with sandy paths curving through willows and mesquite. A couple of small foot bridges help with the stream crossings, but for the most part the water level is low and presents no problems as you move from panel to panel. There are large groupings of petroglyphs as well as solitary drawings. There are human-like and animal figures, a variety of abstract designs and enough alien-looking creatures to get a sci-fi fan s blood pumping. Back in the day, Rock Art Ranch was part of the vast holdings of the Aztec Land and Cattle Co., commonly known as the Hashknife Outfit because of the shape of its brand. The Hashknife Outfit claimed a range nearly 90 miles long and 40 miles wide, stretching from Holbrook to Flagstaff. A bunkhouse built in about 1900 and full of original furniture is the last standing structure of the Hashknife and one more treasure that makes a visit to the ranch remarkable.

4 Student Reading 2 Painted Rock Petroglyph Site Painted Rock Petroglyph Site is a fairly primitive recreation site near Gila Bend, Arizona known for hundreds of primitive rock etchings. The rock etchings, known as petroglyphs, were created by the ancient Hohokam Native Americans that inhabited the areas around present day Phoenix. In addition to the Hohokam drawings you will also find etchings created by people that passed through the area while making their way west. The BLM officially designates this Painted Rock Petroglyph Site as a primitive campground. The campground includes picnic tables, barbeque grills, fire rings, and primitive toilets. There is no access to the Painted Rock Reservoir or the Gila River from the recreation area. The rocks at Painted Rock also have inscriptions of more recent people that visited the area. Juan Bautista de Anza passed near here during his expedition, followed by the Mormon Battalion in the 1840s, the Butterfield Overland Mail, and countless numbers of pioneers. During World War II, General George Patton used the desert areas near the campground as headquarters for tank training.

5 Student Reading 3 Petroglyph National Monument New Mexico What are Petroglyphs? Petroglyphs of two macaw parrots along the Macaw trail in Boca Negra Canyon. PETR/NPS Petroglyphs are rock carvings (rock paintings are called pictographs) made by pecking directly on the rock surface using a stone chisel and a hammerstone. When the desert varnish (or patina) on the surface of the rock was chipped off, the lighter rock underneath was exposed, creating the petroglyph. Archaeologists have estimated there may be over 25,000 petroglyph images along the 17 miles within the monument boundary. It is estimated 90% of the monument's petroglyphs were created by the ancestors of today's Pueblo people. Puebloans have lived in the Rio Grande Valley since before 500 A.D., but a population increase around 1300 A.D. resulted in numerous new settlements. It is believed that the majority of the petroglyphs were carved from about 1300 through the late 1680s. The arrival of Spanish people in 1540 had a dramatic impact on the lifestyle of the pueblo people. In 1680 the Pueblo tribes rose up in revolt of Spanish rule, and drove the settlers out of the area and back to El Paso, Texas. In 1692 the Spanish resettled in the Albuquerque area. As a result of their return, there was a renewed influence of the Catholic religion, which discouraged participation by the Puebloans in many of their traditional ceremonial practices. As a consequence, many of these practices went underground, and much of the image making by the Puebloans decreased. A small percentage of the petroglyphs found within the park pre-date the Puebloan time period, perhaps reaching as far back as B.C Other images date from historic periods starting in the 1700s, with petroglyphs carved by early Spanish settlers.

6 Student Reading 4 Nine-Mile Canyon Utah Some of the most spectacular rock art in Utah is to be found in Nine Mile Canyon northeast of Price. The canyon is actually 40 miles long, do not let the name deceive you. Nine Mile Canyon is remote, and roughly beautiful. Called "the world's longest art gallery" it is home to numerous rock art panels, including the famous "Hunter Panel". Most of the rock art was created by the Fremont Indians who occupied this area some 1,000 years ago. The Native Americans who made Nine Mile Canyon home as early as 300 A.D. are part of a civilization in Utah known as the Fremont Culture. The Fremont are a distinct and unique prehistoric culture that once inhabited the western Colorado Plateau and the eastern Great Basin. "Fremont" is actually a catch-all term used to describe scattered groups of hunters and farmers as diverse as the landscapes they inhabited. By 750 A.D., village life had developed in the heart of the Fremont region, with a number of farming villages consisting of timber and mud pithouses and above-ground granaries. Fremont farming techniques appear to have been like those of other contemporary farming societies, involving water diversion techniques such as irrigation. Between 1250 and 1500 A.D., the Fremont culture vanished. The exact reason for this disappearance is not known. More aggressive Ute, Paiute and Shoshoni peoples, are believed to have migrated into the region around this time, and may have displaced the Fremont or absorbed the Fremont into their own culture. Whatever the case for the Fremont demise, it is clear that these resourceful and impressive ancients had great knowledge of the land that they inhabited.

7 Ethics Principles of Leave No Trace Travel and camp on durable surfaces Durable surfaces include established trails and campsites, rock, gravel, dry grasses or snow. Protect riparian areas by camping at least 200 feet from lakes and streams. Good campsites are found, not made. Altering a site is not necessary. In popular areas concentrate use on existing trails and campsites. Walk single file in the middle of the trail even when wet or muddy. Keep campsites small. Focus activity in areas where vegetation is absent. In pristine areas disperse use to prevent the creation of campsites and trails. Avoid places where impacts are just beginning. Leave What You Find Preserve the past: examine, but do not touch, cultural or historic structures and artifacts. Leave rocks, plants and other natural objects as you find them. Avoid introducing or transporting non-native species. Do not build structures, furniture, or dig trenches. Respect Wildlife Observe wildlife from a distance. Do not follow or approach them. Never feed animals. Feeding wildlife damages their health, alters natural behaviors, and exposes them to predators and other dangers. Protect wildlife and your food by storing rations and trash securely. Control pets at all times, or leaves them at home. Avoid wildlife during sensitive times: mating, nesting, raising young, or winter. Be Considerate of Other Visitors Respect other visitors and protect the quality of their experience. Be courteous. Yield to other users on the trail. Step to the downhill side of the trail when encountering pack stock. Take breaks and camp away from trails and other visitors. Let nature's sounds prevail. Avoid loud voices and noises.

8 Reading Worksheet Name We were responsible to read Student Reading # We learned these things about our archaeological site. What do you know about the people who made the petroglyphs and how they lived from this reading? What does the location look like today? What does the rock art looks like What questions do you have?

9 Day 1 Exit Ticket Explain three pieces of information that you learned today. Be sure to provide clear examples to support what you learned. Then write two questions you still have about archaeology, or what else you would like to learn. 10 points Day 1 Exit Ticket Explain three pieces of information that you learned today. Be sure to provide clear examples to support what you learned. Then write two questions you still have about archaeology, or what else you would like to learn. 10 points Day 1 Exit Ticket Explain three pieces of information that you learned today. Be sure to provide clear examples to support what you learned. Then write two questions you still have about archaeology, or what else you would like to learn. 10 points

10 Name(s) Sites Rock Art Ranch Calculating Which Site to Visit Miles from Phoenix Painted Rock Petroglyph Site Petroglyph National Monument New Mexico Nine-Mile Canyon Utah What is the mean distance from Phoenix? What is the median? Which site will you visit and why?

11 Calculating Which Site to Visit Answer Key Sites Rock Art Ranch Painted Rock Petroglyph Site Petroglyph National Monument New Mexico Nine-Mile Canyon Utah Miles from Phoenix 125 miles 50 miles 325 miles 450 miles What is the mean distance from Phoenix? = 950/4 = miles What is the median? 50,125,325, = 450/2 = 225 miles Which site will you visit and why?

12 How Does Archaeology Link the Past and the Present? What can archaeology teach us about humanity? The biggest lessons of archaeology, however, go beyond dates and places. The most important things we can learn from the past are what mistakes to avoid and what useful, beneficial activities to copy. By studying ancient battle strategy, modern military leaders can be better prepared to meet their enemies. By examining ancient technologies, modern engineers can build stronger and longer-lasting structures. And by analyzing various forms of government, the leaders of our cities, states and nations can establish systems that more effectively serve their citizens. History teaches everything including the future." Archaeology connects the past with the present There are many ways in which you can connect with your ancestors. You might look at old photographs, read family history documents, listen to stories told by your relatives, and more. Have you ever thought, however, about how archaeology can help you understand the past and make that connection? Archaeology is the study of past lifeways, cultures, and the investigation of what items people have left behind. Cultures are studied which may take us back in time hundreds of years, and archaeologists analyze things which you might not have even thought of or learned about! Perhaps some relatives have talked about what it was like to attend a one-room schoolhouse. Can you imagine going to a school with just a few fellow students and learning all together in one room? Archaeologists record one-room schoolhouses which might still exist, and their investigations can tell us about the activities which took place and what types of items the students might have used. We can, therefore, compare how today s learning environment might have differed from that of the past. Archaeology as a social science The study of archaeology has several advantages for studying past societies. First, it is the only source of information about the human past before the invention of writing. Thus, archaeology gives scholars access to the full range of the human experience in modern or historical times. Second, archaeology can including commoners, peasants, the underclass, and slaves, groups often left out of early historical accounts. Third, archaeological findings provide a long-term perspective on change, documenting the origins of something and how it changes.

13 Name How is Archaeology of Past Cultures Linked to the Present Scoring Guide Requirements Points Possible Your Score Has appropriate title 2 Includes a topic sentence 5 Has 3 or More supporting details 10 Includes a conclusion 5 Used archaelogy and petroglyph correctly 3 Has good spelling 5 Has good grammar 5 Has well written sentences 5 Divided into paragraphs 5 Total 40 Petroglyph Drawing Rubric Petroglyph Symbols Personal Symbols Creativity Drawing includes two symbols Drawing includes at least three petroglyph symbols Includes at least three symbols that depict something of meaning to the student Student took the time to complete the assignment, as shown by the effort in the drawing At least two symbols of meaning to the student Attempted to put effort into the assignment Drawing has only one symbol, Only one symbol of meaning to the student Student did not take the time and effort to complete the drawing to the best of his or her ability