Conflicts with foreign powers

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Amberly Garrison
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1 To Yokohama

2 Conflicts with foreign powers The Richardson Incident, 1862 (Satsuma clan) Bombardment of Kagoshima, 1863 (Satsuma) Bombardment of Shimonoseki, 1864 (Choshu)

3 Meiji Restoration, 1868 Led by 4 anti-tokugawa clans from SW Each very anti-foreign, but strengthened by foreign influences Restoration accomplished with little violence

4 Revere the Emperor Expel the Barbarian! Sonnō Jōi!

5 Meiji Emperor

6 From Edo to Tokyo Edo remained capital But with New ruling elite (SW samurai) New Imperial institutions (from 1872) Western presence

7 Meiji goals Preserve the state Systematic (and selective) westernization Ideological intensification of nationalism Standardization of national life also Westernization as popular (non-state) trend

8 Slogans of the Age Rich Country, Strong Army! Fukkoku Kyohei Eastern morality, Western technology! Civilization and Enlightenment Bunmei Kaika

9 Fukuzawa Yukichi

10 Era of Foreign Experts British railway engineers British architects German constitutional lawyers French military advisors American business people Educators from all over

11 Lafcadio Hearn ( )

12 Josiah Conder ( ) leading British architect of Meiji-era Tokyo Rokumeikan Iwasaki villa many other major public buildings

13 Rokumeikan

14 Conder

15 Iwasaki Family Iwasaki Yataro born a poor samurai in Kochi Founded NYK shipping lines Which became basis for Mitsubishi Iwasaki became governor of Tokyo and confidante of Meiji Emperor

16 Baron Iwasaki ( )

17 Zaibatsu The Iwasaki enterprises = Mitsubishi zaibatsu Typical pattern of Meiji entrepreneurship Close ties to government and privatization of government investments Mitsui, Sumitomo, Shibusawa, Yasuda, and many many more

18 Western fads Spenser the Balloon Man in Ueno Park

19 Meiji Gyūnabe Meiji period introduction of beef eating One of the first Western food booms Gyūnabe beef hot pot (sukiyaki) became fashionable symbol of Civilization and Enlightenment

21 Meiji Gyūnabe Anyone warrior, farmer, craftsman, or merchant, young or old, male or female, clever or stupid, rich or poor I repeat, anyone who does not eat beef is an unmitigated boor from Aguranabe ( ), by Kanagaki Robun

22 First rail Yokohama to Shimbashi, 1872

23 Shimbashi station

24 Meiji rail

25 Tsukiji Foreign Settlement (til end of extraterritoriality) Never very large population Yokohama remained the major center of foreign presence until well into 20 th century Major political issue of extraterritoriality

26 Tsukiji foreign settlement Western influence not dependent on numbers of foreigners at Tsukiji Key institutions hospitals, schools, universities founded in Tsukiji still remain important Popular imagination of West regardless of numbers

27 Tsukiji Foreign Settlement

28 Tsukiji

The real last samurai Saigo Takamori (1828-1877) led samurai rebellion in

30 The real last samurai Saigo Takamori ( ) led samurai rebellion in Kyushu in Committed suicide when battle was lost Posthumously pardoned in 1889

32 Meiji Westernization Technology Government institutions Military Popular culture (beef bowls, haircuts, clothes, ball gowns, hot air balloons, squeaky shoes!)

33 New sense of subjectivity Japanese vs. Western (Japanese vs. Asian) Imperial subjects Abolition of class structures From Edo to Tokyo new sense of metropolitan possibility

34 Tropes of difference & distinction Enduring aspect of Western hegemony in 19 th century Difference/distinction/otherness complex cultural phenomenon Consumption as medium of expression Distinctions Japan v. West v. Orient ; Tokyo v. Japan; elite v. commoners

35 Western Japan craze Gilbert & Sullivan s The Mikado 1885

36 Boston s Japan craze Charles Longfellow William Sturgis Bigelow Edward Sylvester Morse Ernest Fenolloso Okakura Tenshin (The Book of Tea) The Great Wave, by Christopher Benfey (2003)

37 Charles Longfellow and William Sturgis Bigelow, old Bostonians and Japan hands

39 Okakura Tenshin Okakura Tenshin ( ) Born in Yokohama, started studying English at age 9 Attended Tokyo Imperial University, where he studied with Ernest Fenollosa (from Boston) Worked closely with Fenollosa to catalogue and preserve Japanese art during the Meiji period

40 Okakura Tenshin Stressed the importance of preserving Japan s artistic traditions Founded Tokyo National Museum of Art 1890 founded Japan s first art academy 1904 came to Boston to head Oriental division of MFA good friend of Isabella Stuart Gardener, the grand patron of the arts of Boston

41 Okakura s English language books The Ideals of the East (1903) The Awakening of Japan (1904) The Book of Tea (1906) Wrote about the aesthetics of Japanese civilization to introduce them to the West, at the same time to urge his fellow Japanese to preserve their own cultural identity

42 The secretary of the Harvard class of 1871 wrote to William Sturgis Bigelow requesting some news, "or a story." Bigelow replied, "Story? God bless you, I have none to tell, sir. Since '81 I have spent about seven years in Japan, when [sic] I saw a great many folks of high and low degree, got together some things of various sorts for the Boston Museum of Fine Arts...and learned a little about Eastern philosophy and religion. I have neither wife nor children, written no books, received no special honors and I belong only to the regular clubs and societies."

So it is probable that Richard would have been involved in the expansion of the railway from Aberdeen north and east to Inverness and Fraserburgh.

So it is probable that Richard would have been involved in the expansion of the railway from Aberdeen north and east to Inverness and Fraserburgh. Richard Henry Brunton F.R.G.S..(26 th December 1841 to 24 th of April 1901 ) was born in the Coastguard house Muchalls Kincardineshire now 11 Marine Terrace to Richard Brunton a semi retired? lieutenant