Macrourus berglax. Magnus, Olaus ( ) Magerøya. Makarov, Stepan Osipovich ( )

Transcription

1 M Macrourus berglax Macrourus berglax a species in the family Macrouridae. The length is more than 1 m and weight is up to 10 kg. The coloring is silver-gray. M. lives at depths of m; main clusters can be found at depths of m at a temperature of 3 4 C. Its lifespan is 25 years. M. spawns all year round; spawns up to 55 thousand eggs. M. feeds on echinoderms, molluscs, crustaceans, capelin, etc. M. inhabits the North Atlantic, the habitat is shifted to the north, up to Svalbard and Kola Bay. Magerøya Magerøya an island 7 km north of the northern part of the European continent, in Finnmark county, Norway. The island consists of granite and gneiss rock that form steep hills, divided by deep valleys. M. is separated from the mainland by the Magerøysundet Strait. In 1999 the island was connected to the mainland by an underwater tunnel with a length of 6.8 km, constructed at a depth of 212 m. Magnus, Olaus ( ) Magnus, Olaus ( ) a Swedish cartographer and a Catholic priest. In , he traveled around the north of Sweden and Norway as a missionary. In 1539, he crafted wood-inlay map of Northern Europe with annotations. Using Russian sources, M. was the first among Western European cartographers to map the Kola Peninsula, the Kandalaksha Gulf and the area of the rivers Neva and Narva, and Lake Peipus. Makarov, Stepan Osipovich ( ) Macrourus berglax ( Macrourus_berglax) Makarov, Stepan Osipovich ( ) a highly accomplished Russian naval leader, Vice- Admiral (1896), naval commander, oceanographer, polar explorer, inventor, and scientist. In 1865, he graduated from the Naval School in # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 I.S. Zonn et al., The Western Arctic Seas Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia of Seas, DOI /

2 230 Makarov, Stepan Osipovich ( ) Magerøya ( wikipedia.org/wiki/mager %C3%B8ya) Magnus Olaus Carta Marina (1539) ( Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. In , he sailed on the ships of the Siberian Flotilla and the Pacific squadron, and in , sailing with his squadron, he visited the United States. In , he made voyages abroad on the corvette Dmitry Donskoy. In , he was

3 Makarov, Stepan Osipovich ( ) 231 Makarov, Stepan Osipovich ( ) ( polarpost.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=827&start=15) transferred to the Far East by the Tungus schooner chief of the watch. In 1871, he was promoted to lieutenant. In 1872, he was appointed to serve under Vice-Admiral A.A. Popov to examine the problem of ship floodability. Having analyzed the sinking of ships, he introduced the term ship floodability, as well as presented a number of protection measures: Makarov s collision mat, deck hatches, and bilge drainage systems. In 1876, he proposed to equip steam ships with torpedo boats. M. was appointed commander of the ship Grand Duke Constantine of the Black Sea Fleet. During the Russo-Turkish War ( ), he repeatedly went to cruise at enemy shores, fought enemy ships, and attacked Turkish battleships with torpedo boats from Grand Duke Constantine. In , he was in charge of the ships during the Akhal-Teke expedition of General M.D. Skobelev. In , M. explored the Bosphorus and found in it a deep countercurrent. In 1885, he published his work On water exchange in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. In , he captained the circumnavigation on the corvette Vityaz. He temporarily commanded a detachment of ships of the Pacific Ocean fleet, explored ports and islands, determining their suitability as anchorages in the event of hostilities. On his way, he organized oceanographic research. Drawing from the results of measurements made by the crew of the corvette Vityaz, as well as by sailors of other Russian and foreign vessels, he mapped the Northern part of the Pacific. In 1894, he published the book Vityaz and the Pacific, for which he received a Russian Geographical Society gold medal. In 1891, he was appointed acting chief inspector of naval artillery. In 1893, M. was abroad for an inspection of factories manufacturing weapons and armor. In 1894, he commanded a squadron of the Baltic Sea Fleet and was appointed commander of the squadron in the Mediterranean; in 1895 he moved in to the Far East and, until 1896, was part of the Pacific squadron. In the spring of 1897, he proposed to build large icebreakers to mainain navigation in the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea in winter and to provide maritime transportation along the shores of the Arctic Ocean in summer. In 1898, after his plans, an icebreaker named Ermak was built. M. carried out testing of the icebreaker in the Arctic Ocean. He made his first test navigation on Ermak in 1899, reaching Svalbard. M. went on a second expedition in 1901, reaching Novaya Zemlya. During these polar expeditions under his leadership, M. collected extensive information on glaciology, conducted deep-water and magnetic studies, and mapped Novaya Zemlya. In 1901, M. published the book Ermak in the Ice, in which he described the construction of the icebreaker and details of the navigation, as well as scientific data collected during the voyage. In 1899, M. was appointed commander of the 1st naval division of the Baltic Sea, then chief commander of the Port of Kronstadt, garrison commander, and military governor of the city of Kronstadt. After the start of the Russo-Japanese War of , he was appinted commander of the First Russian Pacific Squadron. M. died on March 31, 1904, in the explosion of the battleship Petropavlovsk near Port Arthur. There is a monument to M. in Vladivostok. Two capes and a bay are named after him, as well as a peninsula in Novaya Zemlya, in the Barents Sea, a cape in Strelok Bay, in the Sea of Japan, also numerous coves, banks, islands, and bays in the Sea of Okhotsk, in the Baltic Sea, and the Kara Sea. M

4 232 Malaya Muksalma Malaya Muksalma Malaya Muksalma an island that is part of the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea. M. is situated near the eastern part of the southern coast of Bolshaya Muksalma Island. The eastern end of the island is connected with the southeastern extremity of Bolshaya Muksalma Island. The sandy and rocky surface of the island is covered with a layer of peat. Malozemelskaya Tundra Malozemelskaya Tundra part of the Pechora Lowlands on the continent, between Chosha Bay the Indiga River and the Pechora River on the coast of the Barents Sea, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. The relief is homogenous, a moraine plain with few hills, consists of marine and continental sediments, with separate protruding ridges that gradually recede towards the sea. The average height is m with a maximum of 182 m (Sopka Tenya-Seda). Permafrost is widespread. There are numerous lakes the largest being Urdyuzhskoe Lake and Indigskoe Lake and swamps. The vegetation in the tundra is shrubs and lichen. Among local trades are reindeer herding, fishing, and hunting of fur animals. Maltsev (Maltsov), Alexander Alexandrovich ( ) Maltsev (Maltsov), Alexander Alexandrovich ( ) Major General of the Naval Navigators Corps, an explorer of the Baltic and the Barents seas, as well as Peter the Great Gulf and the Sea of Japan. In 1867, he graduated from the Kronstadt Navigating School as navigator of the Naval Navigators Corps. Two years later he was promoted to ensign. From 1869 to 1882, participating in the Baltic expedition, M. carried out hydrographic surveying work in the Abo-Aland Skerries. In , as chief of the surveying party, he explored Peter the Great Gulf. In 1888, on board the screw boat Nerpa, he managed all operations of the surveying party. From 1888 to 1894, as part of the Baltic Sea surveying party, he performed hydrographic work in the Finnish skerries, in Libau Roadstead, and in the Abo-Aland Skerries. In , in the rank of lieutenant colonel, M. was the assistant of the Pacific Ocean lighthouses and sailing chief. In January, 1898, he was appointed chief of the White Sea separate survey party and went to Arkhangelsk through St.-Petersburg. For a period of 7 years, every year from May 1 to October 1, he was on hydrographic duty and only during winter he returned to the Hydrographic Service. His works laid the foundation of the detailed hydrographic study of the Barents Sea and some of its bays. In 1905, he was promoted to major general of the Naval Navigators Corps and dismissed due to illness. A Cape in Peter the Great Gulf, in the Sea of Japan, is named after him. Malye Karmakuly Malye Karmakuly a polar station, located on the shores of the Yuzhny Island in Novaya Zemlya. It is situated to the southeast of Karmakulsky Island in the Muller Gulf, the Barents Sea, at the height of m above sea level. In 1877, the M.K. encampment was organized in the area. Six Nenets families (24 people in total) settled there, and a rescue station of the Water Rescue Society was built to assist the shipwrecked. In 1880, communicaion by steamer was organized with Arkhangelsk. In , a polar station operated here, created under the program of the First International Polar Year. From 1877 to 1926, M.K. was the de facto center of Novaya Zemlya. In 1942, a German submarine destroyed the building of the polar station. Malygin Malygin a Soviet icebreaker of the Arctic Fleet of the USSR that contributed significantly to the

5 Malygin, Stepan Gavrilovich (? 1764) 233 Malygin ( development of the Arctic and the Northern Sea Route. M. was constructed in England in 1912 and was originally named Solovei Budimirovich. The vessel is of 3200 t displacement, its length is 78.9 m, width is 14.2 m, the power output of the steam engine is 20,608 kw, and calm water speed is 12 knots. In 1921, the icebreaker was renamed M. in honor of the Russian polar explorer Captain- Commodore S.G. Malygin. In the same year, the research staff of the newly created Floating Marine Scientific Institute (Plavmornin) took M. on its first expeditionary voyage to conduct different kinds of observations in the Barents and the Kara seas. In 1928, it was used in the rescue of the airship Italia (the expedition of U. Nobile) with the help of an airplane piloted by M.S. Babushkin, but M. was trapped in ice near Hopen Island (the Svalbard Archipelago). Having escaped from the ice, M. continued the exploration of the Barents Sea areas east of Svalbard. From 1931 to 1939, hydrological studies were carried out on M. in different regions of the Arctic. The steamboat sailed to Rudolf Island (the Franz-Josef Land Archipelago) twice, where, in 1932, on the occasion of the 2nd International Polar Year, the world s northernmost polar station was founded. In 1935, an expedition on M. discovered an archipelago of seven islands in the area of Isachenko Island (the Kara Sea). In 1937, M., together with the steam icebreakers Sadko and Georgiy Sedov, drifted in the ice from Belkovsky Island (the New Siberian Islands Archipelago) up to N, where in September, 1938, with great difficulties, it escaped with the help of the icebreaker Ermak. In 1940, M. was decommissioned. A Cape in the Providence Bay of the Bering Sea is named after M. Malygin, Stepan Gavrilovich (? 1764) Malygin, Stepan Gavrilovich (? 1764) Russian explorer of the Arctic, navigator, and Captain- Commodore (1762). In 1717, he graduated from the Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation and began his service in the fleet as a naval cadet. In 1721, he was promoted to lieutenant. Until 1735, he served in the Baltic Fleet. He wrote the first Russian Guide for Navigation, published in In 1736, M. was appointed head of one of the units of the Great Northern Expedition (Second Kamchatka Expedition), and in summer of the same year, on koch Ob, he sailed from Pustozyorsk on the Pechora River to the Dolgy Island in the Barents Sea. There he waited until the arrival of boats Perviy (First) and Vtoroy (Second) from Arkhangelsk, under the command of A. Skuratov and I. Sukhotin; on the boats, he reached the Kara River, which flows into the Baydaratskaya Bay of the Kara Sea. In the summer of 1737, he rounded the Yamal Peninsula and went up the Ob River to Berezovo, where he handed over command of Skuratov and departed M

6 234 Malygina Strait for St.-Petersburg. As a result of his voyages, M. described the coastline from the Yugorsky Strait to the mouth of the Ob River. For the first time, a map of the coast of the Arctic Ocean was made, from the Pechora River to the Ob. From 1752 to 1762 M. was captain of the port of Riga. In 1762, M. was promoted to Captain- Commodore and appointed head of the Admiralty office in Kazan. A strait between the Yamal Peninsula and the Bely Island is named after him, as well as the southeastern cape of the Bely Island, in the Kara Sea, a bank in the Kara Sea, two icebreakers called Malygin, a steamer Lieutenant Malygin, and the streets in Tyumen and Moscow. Malygina Strait Malygina Strait a strait separating Bely Island from the northern part of the Yamal Peninsula, the Kara Sea. It is approx. 60 km in length, with a width ranging from 9 to 30 km, and a depth up to 4 m. The shore is covered with tundra vegetation. The strait was likely to have been discovered in 1737 by the head of Dvina-Ob party of the Great Northern Expedition of by S.G. Malygin, who was the first to take a sailing vessel through the strait and discovered a passage from the sea to the Gulf of Ob. The strait was named the Malygina Strait by A.E. Nordenskjöld, head of the Swedish polar expedition of on the steamship Vega, in honor of the Russian Arctic explorer S.G. Malygin, who was the first to map the strait. Mammal Hunting Mammal Hunting the traditional fishery of marine animals seals, walruses, whales by the northern indigenous peoples, which were fully self-sufficient in meat, fat, skin, and bone. This craft had developed for several thousand years, giving rise to the common elements of culture. The main fishing tools were with harpoons floats and spears. Currently, along with new types of hunting weapons and transport, the old tools are used as well. In 1997 the Union of Marine Mammal Hunters was created. It has three commissions: for Whaling, for Pacific walruses, and for Polar bear. Mamonta Peninsula (Poluostrov Mamonta) Mamonta Peninsula (Poluostrov Mamonta) located in the north of the Gydan Peninsula, in the east borders on Gydansky Bay, the Kara Sea. The shores are abrasive (thermoabrasive). M.P. is covered by tundra. Previously known as the Bezymianny Peninsula, M.P. received its current name in the 1930s, after a cape of the same name. The cape was named in 1922, by the hydrographic expedition of the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route (Komseveroput) schooner Agnes, which in 1886 found there a corpse of a mammoth. Mangazeya Mangazeya a city in the seventeenth century, situated in Western Siberia. M. was founded in 1600 as a fort on the Taz River, 200 km from its mouth, and became the Russian northern outpost for the establishment of strict customs control over trade and for the security of the Russian territories from the Western European trading companies. M. in the North Ob area became a place where many bold new campaigns to the East were organized. In particular, thanks to these campaigns, in 1607 Turukhansk was constructed on the Yenisei. The town was a stronghold in the promotion of Russian military men deep into northern Siberia, towards the basins of the Yenisei and Lena rivers. Many buildings were constructed, including, barns, churches, etc. The city was of great commercial and industrial importance. The main occupation of the townspeople was barter, fur trades, and fishing.

7 Marina Raskova 235 M. was devastated by fires and finally abandoned. In , excavations were conducted on the territory of M. Mangazeysky Sea Route Mangazeysky Sea Route settled by the Pomors in fifteenth to seventeenth centuries. It unites the two separated areas of Northeastern Passage through the southeastern part of the Barents Sea and through the Kara Sea, up to the Gulf of Ob. M.S.R. starts at the mouth of the Northern Dvina River or the Kuloi River, from where the Pomors traveled to Baidaratskaya Bay through the Yugorsky Strait, along the shores in small koches (carrying capacity of lb or approx. 10 t). Then they sailed down the Mutnaya River (now the Mordy-Yakha River) of the Yamal Peninsula to its headwaters, where they dragged the boats to the Zelenaya River (now the Se-Yakha River), after which they sailed downstream the Taz River to the Gulf of Ob and into Mangazeya. With favorable weather, the route took just over a month. The sea voyages of the Pomors to the Mangazeya, rich in furs, started in the second half of the sixteenth century and continued until 1627, when the tsarist government banned the use of this route to counter the flow of Western Europeans into Siberia. The route had a major impact on trade and crafts in the North Ob area. M.S.R. played a major role in the history of seafaring in the North and the development of the North of Siberia. Marina Raskova Marina Raskova a cargo steamer of the Northern State Shipping Company. It is the former US steamer Ironclad, built in 1919 at the Chester Sb Co shipyard in Chester, United States. The ship is of 7540 t displacement. The length of the ship is m, its width is m, and immersion is 10.6 m. The engine power output is 2500 hp, and the maximum speed is 12 knots. Armament: 76.2 mm gun, four guns of 12.7 mm, and four machine guns of 7.71 mm. The crew number is 50. In July 1942, as part convoy PQ-17, M. arrived in Arkhangelsk. In September 1942, while returning together with the convoy PQ-14 the Severodvinsk Roadstead, the ship ran aground and was holed. After the repairs in November of the same year, the ship ran aground in the White M Marina Raskova (

8 236 Marine Arctic Complex Expedition (MACE) Sea on its way to the United States and was damaged and sank. But in December 1942, it was raised and repaired in Severodvinsk. In March, 1942, it was made part of the Russian Fleet. It participated in numerous voyages. The ship tragically sank in the Kara Sea on August 12, 1944, 60 miles west of the Bely Island, as a result of a torpedo attack by a German U-365 submarine. This was one of the worst disasters in the Arctic during the war. Of the 354 passengers and crew (including 116 women and 20 children), only 145 were saved. Marine Arctic Complex Expedition (MACE) Marine Arctic Complex Expedition (MACE) established in 1984 on the basis of the concept of time capsules (containers) a comprehensive study and preservation of cultural and natural heritage. Over the years, MACE members gathered and information was recorded on the time capsules, including diverse historical, technological, ecological, social, spiritual, and cultural information. This was complemented by historical and geographical experiments. Numerous locations in the Arctic, connected to the well-known and outstanding expeditions, were visited, a wealth of material from the time capsules was collected, which allowed to identify and reconstruct the often tragic events of the past. Work is underway to establish The Russian Arctic national park. Marine Biological Station (MBS) of the St.-Petersburg State University Marine Biological Station (MBS) of the St.- Petersburg State University (SPbSU) was established as a MBS of the then Leningrad State University, by the order of the Minister of Higher and Secondary Special Education of the RSFSR of October 10, 1974, and the order of the head of the Leningrad State University of February 7, 1975, in order to improve the training of students and to expand scientific researchonthe biology and the protection of natural waters. MBS is located on the Sredny Island in the mouth of the Chupa Bay, in the White Sea, the Republic of Karelia. MBS received the buildings and 10 ha of the territory of the former sawmill in the village of Keret, at the mouth of the Keret River, closed in A year after MBS was founded, first-year students of the Biology and Soil Sciences University had practical work here. The work on comparative histology and evolutionary morphology of invertebrates, started earlier in the White Sea, is continued, as well. Later, students having practice here became an annual event, and the range of subjects for scientific research was significantly expanded. Since its very first years, MBS hosted the activities of the Physical Research Institute, connected with the study of the Earth s magnetosphere and the nature of the aurora borealis. At present, biologists, physicists, geologists, and geographers of SPbSU are carrying out unique research of the environment. This contributed to the solution of fundamental and applied problems in the study of the magnetosphere and the ionosphere, of the direction of geological processes, and of the complex and interesting hydrology of the area. It also allowed forming an objective view of the flora and fauna of the White Sea and of the inland waters and the coastline. An important aspect of monitoring the environment is the study of human influence on the biota of local waters, the environmental assessment of mariculture security. Today MBS covers an area of 52 ha. In recent years, there have been practical work carried out and research conducted by the biological, medical, geological, and geographical study departments. MBS hosted practical work by German, Polish, Finnish, and Swedish students, attracted specialists from Germany, Japan, USA, France, Britain, and other countries. MBS also has a research vessel at its disposal. The station is a seperate study and research unit of SPbSU.

9 Marushevsky, Vladimir Vladimirovich ( ) 237 Marresalskiye Koshki Marresalskiye Koshki a group of islands, located along the eastern shore of Baidaratskaya Bay at its mouth, in the Yamal Peninsula, the Kara Sea. Marushevsky, Vladimir Vladimirovich ( ) Marushevsky, Vladimir Vladimirovich ( ) was Russian Major General (1915) and Lieutenant-General (1919). He graduated from the Nikolaev Engineering College (1894) and the Nicholas General Staff Academy (1902). He participated in the First World War: in , as chief of staff of the 2nd Finland Brigade. He was commander of the 3rd (Russian) special infantry brigade in France (Verdun, ). Since September 26, 1917, he was the last chief of the General Staff of the Russian Army. He was arrested on charges of negotiations, aimed against the Soviet power (November 20, 1917) and imprisoned in Petrograd. In December he was released on parole. From January 1918 he was considered a criminal. In August 1918, he escaped from Russia via Finland to Stockholm (Sweden). Since November 1918, participated in the White movement. At the invitation of Prime Minister Chaikovsky of the Northern Oblast, he arrived in Murmansk in November, 1918, and then in Arkhangelsk, where he was appointed commander of the Northern Oblast. In January 1919, having given the command to Lieutenant- General Miller, he de facto continued to lead the combined parts of the Northern Army in the region of Murmansk and Arkhangelsk (about 20 thousand in infantry and cavalry). Combat operations were coordinated with the British troops Expeditionary Force General Poole (later General Allenby) (about 2 thousand soldiers) that landed in the Murmansk Region in June, 1918, and the British troops (August, 1918) of General Rawlinson (later Ironside) in the Arkhangelsk Region (about 10 thousand soldiers). When attacking Petrozavodsk in April 1919, the forces of the Olonets Volunteer Army under General Skobeltsyn (about 2 thousand men) joined the Murmansk Volunteer Army and the British Expeditionary Force. The northern Army under General Miller suffered a series of crushing defeats at the end of 1919 and in the beginning of In August, 1919, M. resigned as chief of staff of the Northern Army, having left to Scandinavia (General Miller was formally sent on a mission to address the issues of military supply to the Allies of the Northern Army). However, the Northern Army was in fact already defeated. Part of it was evacuated from Arkhangelsk by sea, and the bulk of it crossed the border with Finland in February 1920, where it was interned. General Miller on the icebreaker ship Kuzma Minin and 800 soldiers and officers of his army, as well as passengers (civilians), departed from Arkhangelsk under the command of Rear Admiral B.A. Vilkitsky. Marushevsky, Vladimir Vladimirovich ( wikipedia.org/wiki/%) M

10 238 Mashigina Bay M. remained in emigration in Sweden and then in Yugoslavia. Mashigina Bay Mashigina Bay a bay in the Barents Sea on the western coast of the Severny Island of Novaya Zemlya. The width at the entrance is approx. 10 km, and the length is approx. 30 km. There are numerous small islands. A number of small rivers flow into the bay. The coast is covered by Arctic tundra. M.B. was known to Russian Pomors already in the sixteenth century; they named the bay. Matisen Strait Matisen Strait separates the islands of Nansen, Taymyr, Pilot Alexeyev, and other from the Nordenskjöld Archipelago that lies to the north of them. In the north, the strait borders on Vilkitsky and Pakhtusova Islands of the Kara Sea. M.S. was partially surveyed and mapped in 1901 by the Russian Academy of Sciences Polar Expedition on the yacht Zarya, under the leadership of E.V. Toll and named in honor of the surveyor and meteorologist of the expedition Lieutenant F.A. Matisen, who surveyed the Nordenskjöld Archipelago and was the first to define the outlines of M.S. In the north, the strait borders on Vilkitsky and Pakhtusova Islands. Matisen, Fyodor Andreevich ( ) Matisen, Fyodor Andreevich ( ) captain, 1st rank, arctic explorer. In 1892, he graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps with the rank of warrant officer. He served in the Baltic Fleet. In 1895, he graduated from the navigation officer class and was assigned as a junior officer Matisen, Fyodor Andreevich ( ) ( pribaikal.ru/3178.html?print=1) on the cruiser Rurik, on board of which he made a voyage to the Far East. In 1899, on board the transport ship Bakan, he participated in the Academy of Sciences expedition to Svalbard. From 1900 to 1903, first as a senior officer (since 1901 as the commander) of the yacht Zarya, he carried out hydrographic surveys as part of the Russian Academy of Sciences polar expedition under the leadership of the E.V. Toll. In 1901, (during the first winter), he made a survey of the Nordenskjöld Archipelago along the Laptev Sea meridian up to 77 0 N, mapped a number of islands and straits in the archipelago. During the second winter, he surveyed the New Siberian Islands. After the death of E.V. Toll in 1902, he became head of the expedition. In 1903, he was the first to explore Tiksi Bay and to show that it is suitable for the construction of a seaport. In 1904, he was assigned to the Academy of Sciences. He completed the analysis of the materials and the collections and created the first largescale map of the Nordenskjöld Archipelago. In 1906, he was transferred to the Baltic Fleet,

11 Matusevich, Nikolai Nikolaevich ( ) 239 where he commanded the destroyer Prozorlivy and was promoted to captain-lieutenant. In 1907, he became class I officer and was promoted to captain of the 2nd rank. He was assigned to the Hydrographic Service and was appointed to oversee the construction of the two icebreakers for the Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition. In 1915, he was promoted to captain of the 1st rank. Since April 1917, he was in the reserve of the Naval Ministry, and then he was appointed chief of the hydrographic expedition to the East Siberian region. In the summer of 1919, he organized the hydrographic work in the estuary of the Lena River and in the Tiksi Bay (the Ust-Lenskaya Hydrographic Expedition). A strait in the Nordenskjöld Archipelago is named after him, as well as a cape on the Podkova Island (the Kara Sea). Matochkin Shar Strait Matochkin Shar Strait a strait that separates the Severny (Northern) and the Yuzhny (Southern) islands of Novaya Zemlya. It also connects the Barents and the Kara seas. For most of the year it is covered by ice. Its length is more than 125 km, it is quite narrow (width ranges from km), tortuous in some areas and straight in others, and the minimum depth is 12 m. Separate capes, that make the Strait tortuous, are formed by river deltas. Its high and steep shores show traces of glaciation, and only at the eastern entrance, where the Strait expanding up to 10 km, the shores become low and flat. The strait was known to Russian fishermen, navigators already in the fifteenth beginning of sixteenth century. The first known voyage across M.S. from the Barents Sea to the Kara Sea was made in 1767 by Y.Y. Chirakin. For the first time, most of the coast of the Strait, especially its southern shore, was mapped in 1768 by the first Russian research expedition in to Novaya Zemlya by navigator F. Rozmyslov. More detailed surveying of all of the strait was made by the expedition on the brig Novaya Zemlya, under the command of Lieutenant-Commander F.P. Litke Matochkin Shar Strait ( Matochkin_Strait) and the Novaya Zemlya expeditions of P.K. Pakhtusov in and Matusevich, Nikolai Nikolaevich ( ) Matusevich, Nikolai Nikolaevich ( ) engineer, Vice-Admiral, hydrographer, surveyor, explorer of the Arctic seas, doctor of astronomy and geodesy, and professor. In 1892, he graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps with the rank of warrant officer. He began his service in the Black Sea Fleet, and in autumn 1899 he was transferred to the Pacific Ocean, where he received a good marine practice, performing his duties as a junior officer of the watch and navigator on board the cruiser Rossiya and the battleship Sysoy Veliky, a sailing ship Razboynik and the battleship Petropavlovsk. In , he attended the hydrographic department of the M

12 240 Maud Naval Academy. He graduated the Academy and became navigation officer 1st rank. He was appointed senior navigator of the auxiliary cruiser Terek. He participated in the Russian-Japanese war. From 1906 to 1909 he was in reserve. M. graduated from the Physics and Mathematics Department of the St.-Petersburg University. In 1909, he returned to the fleet. He became staffcaptain and promoted to captain of the Admiralty. In , he was trained in astronomy and higher geodesy at the Pulkovo Observatory and was promoted to hydrograph surveyor. He developed and was the first to use the method of determining longitude by using radio signals. In 1911, he was appointed head of the Separate Survey Division of the White Sea. Since then, he has a long period of scientific workin the North. In 1913, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In 1916, he was promoted to colonel, in 1917 to Major General of the Admiralty, and in December was dismissed from service in the Navy. In the autumn of 1918, he organized a Navigational Department at the United Classes to prepare commanders for the fleet, which he headed until 1923, and then until 1925 he continued to lecture on Nautical Astronomy. In 1923, commanding a separate northern hydrographic squad, he led the construction and organization of the Polar Geophysical Observatory and radio stations in the Strait Matochkin Shar in Novaya Zemlya. Since 1924, systematic hydrographic work began in the north. The survey area included the Barents Sea, the Murman Coast, and the coast of Novaya Zemlya. On the basis of his work in the White Sea, The Atlas of Currents was created, which went through several editions. For 20 years M. continuously led the expedition ( ). In 1931, he moved to a permanent teaching job at the Naval Academy, where he served as head of the department of navigation since In 1935, By the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of astronomy and geodesy. In 1943, he was made Vice- Admiral, a year later became an Honored Scientist of the RSFSR. In 1947, he was elected vicepresident of the Civil defense of the USSR, in the same year he retired, but for the rest of his life he continued to work in the Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping. His major works are: Nautical Astronomy (1922), Notes on the theory of map projections (1925), Guidelines for Practical Geodesy and Astronomy (1932), and Modern methods of hydrographic work in the open seas ( ). A bay and a peninsula in Novaya Zemlya are named after him, as well as a bay on the Graham-Bell Island in Franz-Josef Land, a the fjord on Oktyabrsky Island in the Severnaya Zemlya, and a glacier in Antarctica. Maud Matusevich, Nikolai Nikolaevich ( ) Maud wooden motor sailing three-masted schooner. M. was built in 1917 at the Malden shipyard in Norway. It was built specifically for the expeditions of R. Amundsen, with round edges. The length is 29.8 m. The width is 15.5 m with the immersion of approx. 5 m. The ship is of 800 t displacement. The engine power output is 240 hp, and the maximum speed is 8 knots. M. had a food stock for 5 years. In , R. Amundsen and H.U. Sverdrup (captain of M.)

13 Mezen 241 down the Pyasina River to its mouth. He surveyed the banks of rivers and the eastern coast of the Pyasino Gulf. Mezen Maud ( took the Northern Sea Route with two winters. After a short stop in Nome, Alaska, the expedition came to the Chukchi Sea, where the ship lost the screw stopped for another winter. In 1921, M. arrived in Seattle, Alaska, for repairs. In 1922, M. sailed north in an attempt to reach the North Pole. It entered the ice of the Kara Sea, first under the command of R. Amundsen, and later, after he left the ship and returned to Alaska, under the command of O. Visting. Having stuck in the ice, the ship began to drift along the northern margin of the East Siberian Sea, and in 1924 it turned to the north of the New Siberian Islands. In 1925, M. returned to Nome. Soon, the ship was sold and an inexperienced captain put it stranded near Baffin Island, and it was dismantled. Medvedev, Vasily (??) Medvedev, Vasily (??) participant of the Great Northern Expedition. In , as part of the Pronchischev-Chelyuskin party, he participated in hydrographic work on the boat Yakutsk. In December, 1736, after the death of Pronchischev and the departure of Chelyuskin, he remained commander of Yakutsk. In the summer of 1737, he brought the ship to Yakutsk. In , he served in the party of Kh.P. Laptev. In the winter of , he went from the Lower Khatanga River to the mouth of the Dudypta River and then 1. River in the Komi Republic and the Arkhangelsk Oblast, in northwestern Russia. The length is 910 km (according to other sources, 966 km). The basin area is 76.5 thousand km 2, the average annual runoff is 29 km 3. The river originates in the swamps on the western slopes of the Timan Ridge. It flows into Khaypudyr Bay of the White Sea. In the upper reaches, the shores are high and rocky, in the middle reaches there are many rapids, which impedes navigation. Below the mouth of the Vashka River, the channel is full of shoals and rapids. The mouth of M. is characterized by tides, reaching 7 12 m in height (tides reach the mouth of the Peza River, 64 km from the mouth). The river freezes in the upper reaches at the end of October and in the lower reaches by mid-november. The ice breaks in the end of April and beginning of May. Th river is navigable for 200 km from the mouth; in the spring it is navigable for 643 km. M. is the most abounding in the rivers flowing into the Mezen Gulf. The northern winds raise the water level in the river, while the southern lower it. The wide estuary of M. is open to the northern winds, which create large waves. Fishing is developed in the estuary. The town of Mezen is situated on the river. M. is used for river navigation for 650 km and together with its tributaries for rafting. 2. Town; the center of the Mezensky district, the Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. M. is situated on the right bank of the Mezen River, 45 km from the White Sea. The sea and the river ports are located on the left bank of the river, 7 km from the town, in the village of Kamenka. There is an airport. The population is 3350 (2015). The town was founded in the first half of the sixteenth century. In the seventeenth century, it was the commercial and administrative center M

14 242 Mezen Bay of the entire river basin. Mezen was the venue of major trade fairs; through M. went the northern trade route to Siberia. There is a fish processing industry, a sawmill, and a number of hatcheries. 3. Sea and river port, located on the left bank of the lower reaches of the same river, 30 km from its confluence with the top of the Mezen Bay. Towards the south, the river gradually narrows near the town of Mezen and its width does not exceed 3 km. Sand-clay banks of the river are steep and covered with mixed forest; along the coast there are lowland meadows. In the area from the mouth of the river towards the town of Mezen, several tributaries flow into the river, the largest of which are the Semzha, the Pyya, the Bolshaya Chetsa, and the Olkhovka rivers. Mezen Bay Mezen Bay located at the northeastern coast of the White Sea, between the base of the Kanin Peninsula and the mainland in the Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. The bay area covers an area of 5600 km 2. The length of M.B. is 105 km, the width is 97 km, and the depth is 5 25 m. The volume is 75 km 3. The eastern coast of M.B. from the Kanushin Cape to the Mezen River is called the Kanushin Shore. The southern coast of the Bay from the Mezen River to the Voron Cape is called the Abramovsky Shore. The shores of M.B. are mostly high and steep, but in some places there are low-lying areas. Their characteristic feature is the continuous destruction of the clay and sandy cliffs by the sea, which is Mezen Bay (

15 Middendorf, Alexander Fedorovich ( ) 243 especially intense during autumn and winter storms, which causes landslides. The vegetation on almost all shores is that of tundra; only in the estuaries of the Verkhnyaya Mgla, Nizhnyaya Mgla, and Mezen and Kuloi rivers, the forests come close to the sea. The tides are the biggest here. The tides are semi-diurnal (up to 10 m). A lot of rivers and streams flow into M.B.; the largest of them are the Mezen River and the Kuloi River. The waters of M.B. are muddy due to heavy sediment runoff and the strong tides, constantly carrying the material that makes up the bottom. The bay freezes in winter, but the ice is often broken by the tides. There is fishing of saffron cod and herring. Seals are also hunted. The first mapping of the coast of the bay was made by the Admiralty Board in 1727 by the Captain Deoper and the Navigator Kazakov. Mezhdusharsky Island Mezhdusharsky Island part of the Novaya Zemlya, located at the southwestern coast of the Yuzhny Island, the Barents Sea, the Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. The island is separated from the Yuzhny Island by the Kostin Shar Strait. The area of M.I is 748 km 2. The surface is an undulating plain up to 100 m in height. The island is composed mainly of shale and sandstone. M.I. is covered by tundra vegetation and swamps. There are rookeries on the rocky cliffs. M.I. was named in the old Russian-Pomor fishers because of the location of the island between the Kostin Shar Strait and the Podrezov Shar Strait. The island was first mapped in 1766 by Y.Y. Chirakin. Middendorf, Alexander Fedorovich ( ) Middendorf, Alexander Fedorovich ( ) Russian scientist, naturalist and explorer, academician (1860), and one of the greatest explorers of the Arctic Siberia and the Far East. In 1832, he graduated from a gymnasium. In 1837, he received a Middendorf, Alexander Fedorovich ( ) gapeenko.net/day/3253-noyabr.html medical degree from the University of Dorpat, where he became interested in zoology and other natural sciences. To improve his knowledge, he worked for 2 years at the universities of Berlin, Breslau, Vienna, and Heidelberg, under the direction of the greatest experts in the field of zoology, botany, geology, and ethnography. On his return from abroad in 1839, he was appointed Assistant Professor at Kiev University, Department of Zoology, where he lectured on zoology and ethnography. In 1840, during the summer holidays, he took part in the expedition to Novaya Zemlya. In , M. led the Russian Academy of Sciences Siberian expedition, which first explored the Taymyr Peninsula, and then passed through Yeniseisk, Krasnoyarsk, and Irkutsk to Yakutsk. As a result of the expedition, he received the first information about the coastal biota of the high Arctic. In 1843, he began his exploration of the Taymyr. From Dudinka (the lower reaches of the Yenisei River) across the Lake Pyasino and along the northern outskirts Putoran, he went to the lower reaches of the Khatanga River to the Lake Taymyr and down to the Gulf of Taymyr. Thus, he was the M

16 244 Middendorf Bay second after Laptev to cross Taymyr Peninsula, having voyaged for about 1500 km. In 1844, on the basis of observations of permafrost in the well with a depth of 116 m that was dug by the merchant F. Shergin, M. laid the foundations of modern ideas about permafrost. In April, 1844, M. left Yakutsk. In early June, the expedition reached Uda, built a canoe, and went down to the Sea of Okhotsk. They collected a rich zoological collection on the coast and in the coastal mountains and then went on a canoe along the coast. Upon reaching the Bolshoy Shantar Island, they explored it and returned to the mainland. Having sent the collection to Yakutsk, M. continued to survey the southern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. Results of it were so significant that they became the basis for the creation of the Russian Geographical Society, in the activities of which M. later was directly and actively involved. He strongly contributed to the organization of a number of scientific expeditions, including the expedition to Kamchatka by Karl von Dietmar and the expedition to the Amur Region by Schrenk. In 1870, M. accompanied the Grand Duke Alexey in the voyage in the North Atlantic, as well as in the Barents Sea near Novaya Zemlya on the corvette Varyag, where he conducted hydrological and meteorological observations. Regular hydrothermal measurements performed under the direction of M. for the first time revealed the distribution of the northern current of the warm Gulf Stream (Norwegian Current) to the east in the direction of Novaya Zemlya. This current of the Gulf Stream, named Nordkapp Current by M., after passing Novaya Zemlya is divided into two currents, one of which is goes through the Yugorsky Strait and reaches the Kara Sea, while the other goes to the north along the western coast of Novaya Zemlya, not approaching it closer than 60 miles. In 1878, M. visited the Fergana Valley in Central Asia, gathering a lot of factual material about its nature. In , M. led several expeditions to the northern half of the European part of Russia and Finland. Since 1845, M. was a member of the Russian Geographical Society and in 1861 he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Society; in 1865, he was elected an honorary member of the St.-Petersburg Academy of Sciences; in 1846, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society of London and was elected honorary member of the Society for Geosciences in Berlin; in 1862 he was elected an honorary member of the Tartu Naturalists Society, and in 1883 he was elected honorary member of the Russian Geographical Society. In 1885, he received a title of nobility. In 1888, he was awarded the Karl Baer Gold Medal. The first volume of his major work, The Journey to the North and East of Siberia, was published in German in The Russian edition appeared only in the In 1852, M. was elected an Academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences and organized a number of different scientific expeditions. Middendorf Bay Middendorf Bay located in the Kara Sea, in the northwestern coast of the Taymyr Peninsula, Russia. It is shaped like a fjord; the northeastern base of it is the Zarya Peninsula, the southeastern Shore of Laptev, in the west is the open sea with islands. In the waters of the Gulf there are numerous islands, the largest of which is Rykachev Island. Nine months of the year, the bay is frozen and even in summer it is never completely free of ice. The shores of the gulf are covered by tundra. The shores of M.B. were first explored by Kh. Laptev in May 1741, during the Great Northern Expedition. On the south shore of the bay on June 1, 1741, he met with the group of S. Chelyuskin. In 1900, Russian Polar Expedition of E. Toll ( ) on the yacht Zarya explored the bay. It was Toll who named the bay in honor of his teacher, the famous Russian scientist and academician A.F. Middendorf, the first scientists to explore the Taymyr Peninsula. Bay is known by the store of E. Toll. During the stay in the bay, Toll ordered to arrange storage of food, suggesting to explore coast of Taymyr on dog sleds during the polar winter. But he did not use the stored supplies. The supply included: a crate with 48 jars of

17 Minin Skerries 245 canned soup, a sealed tin box with 6 kg of crackers, a sealed tin box with 6 kg of oatmeal, a sealed box containing about 1.6 kg of sugar and four chocolate bars, as well as tea. The spot was marked with a wooden cross. Mikulkin Cape Mikulkin Cape a Western Cape at Chosha Bay, the Barents Sea. It is the northern boundary to Chosha Bay. Near the Cape is the rocky Chaichy Island. Miller Evgeny-Ludwig Karlovich ( ) Miller Evgeny-Ludwig Karlovich ( ) Russian Major General (1909), lieutenant-general (1914). M. graduated from the Cadet Corps (1884), the Nicholas Cavalry School (1886), and the Nicholas General Staff Academy (1892). He was military Attache in Belgium ( ) and Italy ( ). He was head of the Nicholas Cavalry School ( ). M. participated in the First World War: he was Chief of Staff of the 5th Army ( ) and the commander of the 26th Army Corps (1917). He was a representative of the Supreme Command in the Army of Italy ( ). In the White Movement: The Government of Chaikovsky of the Northern Oblast in Arkhangelsk invited M. to take the post of interim governor of the Northern Oblast (August 1918). Having arrived in Arkhangelsk in January 1919, he was appointed manager of foreign affairs of the Chaikovsky Government. He was appointed commander of the troops of the Northern Oblast, the Northern Army, replacing General Marushevsky. After the defeat of the White Army in February 1920, he emigrated, sailed on the icebreaker Kuzma Minin under the command of Admiral B. Vilkitsky to Scandinavia and then to France. He was in emigration in France from 1920 to In 1937, he Miller Evgeny-Ludwig Karlovich ( ) was kidnapped by the agents of the NKVD in Paris with the help of the famous Russian singer Nadezhda Plevitskaya and her husband General Skoblin. He was forcibly taken from Marseille (France) on board the Soviet ship Maria Ulyanova. In May 1939, M. was shot in Moscow. Minin Skerries Minin Skerries a large group of islands and islets, located between the Dikson Island and the Mikhailov Peninsula, in the Kara Sea. M.S. border on the coast of the mainland from the Pyasinsky Bay in the south to the Mikhailov Peninsula in the north. M.S. include the islands of Chellman, Yuzhny Zazar, Circul, Tsiganyuka, Popova- Chuhchina, Olenyi, Malye Plavnikovye, Kuchina, Kosterina, etc. There is a complicated system of winding passages. M.S. were discovered in 1740 by the participants of the Great Northern Expedition, F.A. Minin. In 1900, by the head of the Russian Academy of Sciences Polar Expedition E.V. Toll (on board the Zarya), this group of islands was named the Minin Skerries. M

18 246 Minin, Fyodor Alekseevich (circa 1709?) Minin, Fyodor Alekseevich (circa 1709?) Minin, Fyodor Alekseevich (circa 1709?) Russian navigator and explorer of the Eastern Arctic. Member of the Great Northern (Second Kamchatka) Expedition. In 1726, he graduated from the Naval Academy in St.-Petersburg as a navigator s apprentice. He navigated in the Caspian Sea and from 1733 in the Baltic Sea. In 1735, he made a voyage around Scandinavia. In 1736, he was sent to Tobolsk. M. was under the command of D.L. Ovtsyn. He succeeded him in He made a voyage to the north on the double-boat Tobol. In the summer of 1738, on the boat, Obi-Pochtalion, he sailed around and described the eastern coast of the Yenisei Gulf. In , on the same boat, M. tried three times to sail around the Taymyr Peninsula in the west but only reached N. M. wintered in the estuary of the Kuria River; during the winter he mapped the Yenisei Gulf and sent it with a report to the Admiralty College. After that, it was decided to continue the work to the east of the Yenisei Gulf. In the summer of 1740, he discovered the Pyasino Gulf and a group of rocky islands (since 1900 known as the Minin Skerries). Together with D.V. Sterligov, he mapped the western coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, but the map was not accepted. In 1749, after being denounced, he was demoted to sailor for 2 years. The details of his further life are unknown. Minitsky Stepan Ivanovich ( ) Minitsky Stepan Ivanovich( ) Russian Vice-Admiral, chief commander of the Port of Arkhangelsk, and the Governor-General of Olonetsk, Vologda, and Arkhangelsk provinces ( ). In 1786, he graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps. In , he sailed in the Baltic Sea on various ships. In 1788, on the ship Vysheslav, he participated in the Battle of Hogland. In 1789, M. cruised with the fleet in the Baltic Sea and participated in the Battle of Öland. In 1790, on the ship Pomoshny, he participated in the battles at Krasnogorsk and Vyborg. In 1792, he made a voyage from Kronstadt to Arkhangelsk on the transport ship Kholmogory, and from there on the ship Philip, he returned to Kronstadt. In 1796, M. was sent to Astrakhan, where he commanded 10 transport ships sailing from Astrakhan to the Persian coast. In 1797, he was transferred from the Caspian Flotilla to the Baltic Fleet. In 1798 and 1799, on board the flagship Elizaveta in the squadron of Vice- Admiral Makarov, he sailed from Kronstadt to the shores of England, where he cruised with the British Fleet in the North Sea. In 1801, he returned to Kronstadt. In 1803, he was appointed as an adviser to the Kronstadt control expedition. In 1806, M. asked to resign once again but was appointed captain of the Rowing Fleet. In , he held the post of commander of the Rowing Port. In 1817, M. was promoted to Major General. In 1822, M. was appointed Governor- General of the Olonetsk, Vologda, and Arkhangelsk provinces and the chief commander of the port of Arkhangelsk. In 1829, he was made Vice-Admiral for his previous services. However, a year later M. was dismissed from the service for reprehensible actions, incongruent with his duties. Moiseev, Stepan Andreevich ( ) Moiseev, Stepan Andreevich ( ) Russian Major General and circumnavigator. In 1827, he graduated from the Navigating College. In 1830, on the ship Tzar Konstantin, he went around Europe and returned to Kronstadt. In , he navigated in the Baltic Sea, participated in the expedition of Lieutenant- Commander M.F. Reyneke and mapped the Archipelago Sea. In , as a conductor of the Naval Navigators Corps, on the military transport America, he made a circumnavigation. In 1837, he again participated in the survey and mapping of the Archipelago Sea. In , commanding the schooner Spitzbergen, he

19 Mordovin, Konstantin Pavlovich ( ) 247 participated in the expedition of A.K. Tsivolko to Novaya Zemlya and spent the winter on the Severny Island. After the death of Tsivolko (1839), he took command of the expedition and mapped a part of the western coast of Novaya Zemlya. During this expedition, he discovered a Cape which he called Stepov Cape in honor of Lieutenant-Commander D.M. Stepov. In , he engaged in mapping and surveying of the Baltic Sea near the Aland Islands. In 1879, with the rank of colonel, he led an expedition to study the Ob River and the Ob Bay. In 1884, he was promoted to Major General and was dismissed from service. His major works are: The life in Novaya Zemlya, Species of North-Western Siberia (1881). Molchanov, Nikifor Konstantinovich (? 1764) Molchanov, Nikifor Konstantinovich (? 1764) Russian Rear Admiral and chief commander of the Port of Arkhangelsk ( ). In 1720, he entered service as a naval cadet. In 1727, he was promoted to midshipman. In 1731, he was sent to Astrakhan, where he remained until In 1741, he was sent to Arkhangelsk. In 1743, he arrived in St.-Petersburg. In 1748, commanding the ship St. Nikolai, he made a voyage from Arkhangelsk to Kronstadt. In 1755, he was made captain 1st rank. In 1759, M. was transferred to Arkhangelsk as Captain of the Port and performed the duties of his chief commander. In 1762, he was promoted to Rear Admiral. However, for not following the decrees of the Admiralty Board, he was court martialed. At the end of 1763, he left Arkhangelsk. Mollera Bay Mollera Bay a shallow bay in the Barents Sea on the western coast of the Yuzhny Island in Novaya Zemlya. The length is 22 km and the width at the entrance is 62 km. The depth is up to 50 m. The shores are composed of sandstone and shale of the permian system, heavily indented by numerous bays. In the southern part, there are alluvial formations and several lagoons. There are numerous skerries and pitfalls. The bay was known to the Russian Pomors, who went fishing to Novaya Zemlya, but until 1822 the bay had no name. It was named in honor of the Chief of Russian Naval Staff, Rear Admiral A.V. Moller, later Admiral, Navy Minister ( ). Mongocheyaha River (Sosnovaya River) Mongocheyaha River (Sosnovaya River) a river in the Gydan Peninsula that flows along the border of the Krasnoyarsk Krai and the Tyumen Oblast, Russia, flows into the Ovtsyn Strait, the Yenisei Gulf, in the Kara Sea. The length of M. is 339 km and the basin area is 2760 km 2. It freezes in early October and the ice breaks up in the second half of June. Arctic cisco can be found in the lower reaches of the river. Mordovin, Konstantin Pavlovich ( ) Mordovin, Konstantin Pavlovich ( ) Russian Major General and explorer of the Kara and the Baltic seas. In 1889, he graduated from the Naval Academy. From 1890 to 1892, he sailed as an officer of the watch on the corvette Vityaz, on the cruiser Admiral Kornilov and Vladimir Monomakh, visited the Far East Sea. In 1894, he graduated from the hydrographic department of the Marine Academy and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant (1895). In , he participated in astronomical and geodetic works under the direction of A.I. Vikitsky in the Yenisei and the Ob rivers and in the Kara Sea. From 1897 to 1900 he was head of the Barents Sea surveying party; he supervised hydrographic works in the Baltic Sea. In , he served as assistant editor of the journal Morskoy Sbornik and taught M

20 248 Mordvinov, Semyon Ivanovich ( ) Mordvinov, Semyon Ivanovich ( ) Mordovin, Konstantin Pavlovich ( ) in the Sea Cadet Corps. In March, 1906, he became staff-captain of the Admiralty and a captain. After a month, for excellent service, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and soon appointed editor of the maps of the Hydrographic Service. In 1912, he became head of the geodesic department of the Hydrographic Service and was promoted to colonel. In 1913, he was enlisted into the Hydrographic Society with the title of a hydrograph surveyor. He was an active member of the Russian Geographical Society and was a secretary of the Cartographic Commission. In the spring of 1908, at the 11th International Congress of Navigation, he gave a presentation on the hydrographic surveying of the seas. In 1912, he took part in the First International Conference on the Safety of Navigation. He published many scientific papers, most of which deal with hydrography. His main work was: The Marine Surveying (1911). Two capes and an island in the Kara Sea are named after him. Mordvinov, Semyon Ivanovich ( ) Russian Admiral, captain of the Arkhangelsk Port ( ), captain of the port of Kronstadt, a prominent figure in the Russian Navy, and a scientist in the field of ship navigation. In 1715, at the decree of Peter I, he was sent to the Naval Academy. In 1717, he was sent to study navigation in France, where in the rank of midshipman and then the ship s lieutenant, he served in the French Navy until In , he sailed on various ships of the Baltic Fleet. In 1729, he was sent to map the forests along the Kama and Vyatka rivers. In 1731, he served in the Astrakhan Port, and in was the commander of the Yarkovsky Port in the North Caspian Sea. In 1734, he was recalled to St.-Petersburg and appointed to Kronstadt. In 1736, he was mapping forests in the province of Novgorod. In 1741, commanding the frigate Krondelivde, he sailed from Kronstadt to Arkhangelsk. In 1743, he was appointed Captain of the Port of Arkhangelsk. In 1744, commanding the battleship Poltava, built in Arkhangelsk for the Baltic Fleet, he sailed to Kronstadt. Since 1746 he was Captain of the Port of Kronstadt and then commander of the navigation company. In M. was an advisor to the Admiralty office. In , he navigated in the Baltic Sea under the command of Vice-Admiral Z.D. Mishukov and participated in the siege of the Prussian town of Kolberg. For an unsuccessful landing, he was brought to trial, but pardoned by Empress Catherine II. Since 1761 he was a permanent member of the Admiralty Board, since 1763 a member of Russian Fleets Comission. In 1764, he commanded one of the two divisions, into which the Baltic Fleet was divided. During his last years of service, he paid much attention to education and training of navigators for the Russian fleet. He retired in He made a significant contribution to the development of marine sciences. In , he wrote The Complete Collection on Navigation in four parts, which was an encyclopedia of

21 Morozov, Nikolai Vasilievich ( ) 249 navigation, reflecting the level of development of the navigation science in the Russian Fleet in the middle of the eighteenth century. It was the first major work on navigation by a Russian author. He also worked on improving the tools for navigation. He was the one to propose to magnetize the needle of the compass not by natural but by artificial magnets. Mordy-Yakha River Mordy-Yakha River a river in the Yamal Peninsula, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia. The length is 300 km. The basin area is 8350 km 2. M. originates from the lake Yambuto and flows into the Kara Sea. The influx on the right is called Seyakha. M. was rich in fish (whitefish, cisco, at the mouth: saffron cod and smelt), but as a result unrestricted fishing lost its rich fish resources. Moreyu River Moreyu River a river in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia. The length is 272 km and the basin area is 4530 km 2. The river flows through Bolshezemelskaya tundra. The river is curvy. It flows into Khaypudyr Bay of the Barents Sea. There are numerous lakes in the basin of M. Morozov, Nikolai Vasilievich ( ) Morozov, Nikolai Vasilievich ( ) Major General of the Naval Navigators Corps and explorer of the Peter the Great Gulf, the Sea of Japan, and the seas of the Arctic Ocean. In 1878, after graduating from Realschule, he entered the department of navigation at the Technical School of the Kronstadt Naval Department. In 1882, he was promoted to the rank of ensign of the Naval Navigators Corps and started his service Morozov, Nikolai Vasilievich ( ) ( polarpost.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=1749) in the Baltic Fleet. In , M. studied at the Mine Officer School but then was transferred to the Hydrographic Department. From 1885 to 1887, he was a navigator on the floating battery Touch Me Not and boat Dozhd, guarding the ships of the Peterhof district. In , as a surveyor in the Pacific Ocean seperate survey party, he mapped and measured the Peter the Great Gulf. In , he was junior navigator on the cruiser Vladimir Monomakh and made the voyage to Kronstadt. In 1893, he performed the navigation fairway in the Gulf of Finland. In subsequent years, as the senior navigator of the cruiser Vestnik, he guarded the borders of the Russian sea-hunting and fish industries in the Arctic Ocean and the Barents Sea. M. participated in the hydrographic work led by captain M.E. Zhdanko of the Naval Navigators Corps. As senior navigator on the transport ship Samoyed of the Russian Academy of Sciences expedition, he took part in the observation of a total solar eclipse and the carrying out of complex hydrographic surveys in the area of Novaya Zemlya. Later, he measured and surveyed the common features of the seafloor from the Varangerfjord to M

22 250 Morya Sovetskoy Arktiki (The Seas of the Russian Arctic) the Gulf of Ob. The results of his work allowed him to create and, in 1896, to publish The Sailing Directions of the Samoyed shore, which marked the beginning of his scientific activity. In he was captain and then lieutenant colonel of the Naval Navigators Corps. As assistant Chief and Chief of the Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition (as well as the senior navigator on the steamer Pakhtusov), he led the exploration of the Barents and the Kara seas. The results of this work were The Pomor Dictionary and another edition of sailing directions. From 1905 to 1909, captaining the steamer Pakhtusov, he headed the work of the hydrographic department of the Barents Sea separate survey party. In 1905, he took 22 steamers with the resources vital for the Siberian railway through the mouth of the Yenisei River, thus becoming the first buoyinspector of the Kara Sea. In 1910 he became colonel, head of the cartographic, and then geodetic departments of the Hydrographic Service. At the end of 1912, he was promoted to Major General of the Naval Navigators Corps and dismissed. Having joined the geodesic department of the Hydrographic Service, in the 1913 navigation on the steamship Nikolai, he participated in the exploration and the equipping of the Kara Sea. A year later, he prepared The 1913 Sailing Directions of the White Sea for publication, which was published in Since 1917, he was chairman of the Hydrographic Service Commission on the study of the Arctic Ocean, an organizer and scientist in the marine department of the State Hydrological Institute, a member of the Academy of Sciences Polar Commission, and took an active part in the work of the Russian Geographical Society, of which he was a member for 17 years. The sea route he prepare was used by the first Soviet transport expeditions in the Kara Sea. His major works include: The Sailing Directions of the Samoyed shore of the Arctic Ocean from the Kanin Nos Cape up to Vaygach Island (1896), The Sailing Directions of the Murmansk coast of the Arctic Ocean from the Vardøya Islands to the White Sea (1901), The 1913 Sailing Directions of the White Sea (1915), and The Guidelines for navigation in ice of the White Sea (1921). Two capes in the Barents Sea are named after him, as well as several capes in the Sea of Japan, in the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea, and also an island and a strait in the Kara Sea. Morya Sovetskoy Arktiki (The Seas of the Russian Arctic) Morya Sovetskoy Arktiki (The Seas of the Russian Arctic) the fundamental classical work with the subtitle Essays on the history of exploration by the famous Arctic explorer V.Yu. Vize. From the moment of its only publication in 1948 (when it was called The Seas of the Soviet Union), it was a reference book, an encyclopedia for all those interested in the history of Arctic exploration. In 2008, the Marine Arctic Complex Expedition (MACE), together with the European Editions publishing house, re-released this work in a series of books The International Polar Year in two volumes, after editing the text of the 1948 edition, providing it with higher quality illustrations and changing the original title of the book. Morzhovets Island Morzhovets Island island at the entrance of the Mezen Bay, in the White Sea. The area of the island is about 110 km 2. Loose, sandy-clayey soil with layers of fossil ice compose the island. The coasts are steep and precipitous. The surface is covered with tundra vegetation. The dimensions of M.I. are being significantly reduced by the erosion of waves. The island lies on a shelf with depths less than 10 m that extends from the Abramov Coast. Near the western coast of M.I., the Morzhovsky Lighthouse is situated. There is a fishing village on the island. Apparently, the island was named by the fishers for its rich walrus (Morzhovets Walrus) rookeries.

23 Moskvitin, Luka (? circa 1608) 251 Moscow Canal Moscow Canal (named the Moscow-Volga Canal until 1947) an artificial waterway connecting the Moscow River with the Volga River. The construction of the canal began in late It was completed in July The canal originates from the right bank of the Volga, 8 km above the estuary of the River Dubna. Its overall length is 128 km, 19.5 km of which pass through reservoirs (Khimkinskoye, Klyazminskoe, Pyalovskoe, Uchinskoe, Pestovskoye, and Ikshinskoe). Motels and sports facilities are located along the banks of reservoirs. There are 8 hydropower plants on canal, the largest of them being the Ivan kovskaya. The main piers are Dmitrov, Yakhroma, Bolshaya Volga; local lines piers are Pyrogovo, Tishkovo, Khlebnikovo, Vodniki, Zelenaya Gavan, and Solnechnaya Polyana. In Khimki the Northern Port of Moscow is located. The main cargoes are wood, building stone, oil, food, and industrial products. The creation of the canal solved the problem of the Moskva River water impounding, turned the city of Moscow into one of the largest river ports in the world and connected it by a water way to the seas, washing the shores of the European part of Russia: the White Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Sea of Azov, the Black Sea, and the Caspian Sea. The M.C. is the favorite vacation spot of inhabitants of Moscow and the Moscow Region. The tourist river cruises are being developed. Moskvitin, Luka (? circa 1608) Moskvitin, Luka (? circa 1608) an Arctic navigator, merchant, one of the discoverers of Siberia, he led the government expedition along the coast of Northern Siberia to the east of the Gulf M Moscow canal (

24 252 Motovsky Gulf of Ob. In 1605, on several koches, he went down the Ob, came out in the Gulf of Ob in the Kara Sea and, turning to the east, discovered two islands Oleniy Island and Sibiryakov Island. His ships entered the Yenisei Gulf and then visited the lower reaches of the Yenisei River, continued their way to the east, found the Pyasino Gulf, the mouth, and the lower reaches of the Pyasina River, initiating the discovery of the Taymyr Peninsula. The map of the discoveries of M. was made in 1612 by the Dutch merchant I. Masse (preserved to this day). Motovsky Gulf Motovsky Gulf located to the south of the Rybachy Peninsula, juts out 43 km into the Murmansk coast of the Barents Sea, separates the Rybachy and the Sredny peninsulas (Murmansk oblast, Russia) from the mainland. At the entrance to M.G. the depths are greater than 250 m. The width at the entrance is approx. 15 km, and then it gradually grows narrow. The northern coast of the gulf is the southern coast of the Rybachy Peninsula, the western coast is the Sredny Peninsula, while the south coast is the shores of the mainland. M.G. is a fjord with steep high banks, composed of granites and shales. The shores are covered with tundra vegetation, only in gorges, sheltered from the wind, one can find bushes. The gulf was known to Russian Pomor fishers, apparently, already in the fifteenth century. The gulf was mapped and described in 1823 by Lieutenant N.I. Zavalishin, member of the expedition on the brig Novaya Zemlya under the command of Lieutenant- Commander F.P. Litke. Mudyug Island Mudyug Island an island situated in front of the mouth of the Northern Dvina River, near the coast of the White Sea. The island is sandy and low-lying. The middle part of the island is covered with shrubs and pine forests. The eastern and southern shores are covered entirely by dunes, overgrown with moss and grass. The western shore is a shoal. To the west of the island is a shallow sandbar. To the east of M.I. there is the Sukhoe More Bay, a vast shallow water area, which is navigable for small vessels in the high water. Under Peter I, on an island at the entrance to the Northern Dvina, a lighthouse tower was constructed, in which the pilots from Arkhangelsk lived. On the western coast of M.I. is the lighthouse called the White Tower one of the first lighthouses in the White Sea (construction finished in 1838). In the immediate vicinity, there are office and residential buildings. In 1958, in the southern part of M.I., a monument (a granite obelisk with a height of 24.5 m) was constructed to honor the victims of the intervention. In the past, in summer, the island has always been an outpost for the inspection of merchant and fishing vessels. On the southern tip of the island, there remain the barracks and the penitentiary punishment cells, created by the intervention forces in On the island, the Mudyug-I archeological site was discovered, which belongs to the so-called the White Sea Neolithic Culture. M.I. was mapped in 1757 by navigator Belyakov, who led an expedition to survey and map the Barents Sea in Muksun (Coregonus muksun) Muksun (Coregonus muksun) a semianadromous type of whitefish and a large species, up to 75 cm in length and 8 kg in weight. M. goes into rivers in the second half of the summer. It reaches sexual maturity at the age of 6 12 years. Spawning is not annual, in October and November, in the shallows, at a depth of m. Fertility is thousand eggs. The young fish in the first year lives in the lower reaches of rivers, where it feeds before reaching puberty. It feeds on crustaceans and benthic invertebrates, mollusks, and fish. The life span is 20 years. The fish is of significant commercial value, but its numbers are at a low.

25 Murmanets 253 Muravyov, Stepan Voinovich ( ) Muravyov, Stepan Voinovich ( ) Russian lieutenant-commander, a participant of the Northern Expedition, and an explorer of the southwestern part of the Kara Sea. In 1721, he graduated from the Preparatory Department of the Naval Academy with the rank of warrant officer. From 1721 to 1732, he served in the galley fleet, inspected the preparation of ship timber and the construction of ships in Staraya Ladoga, commanded the packet boat Pochtalion and the boat Elizaveta. In 1733, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant and was transferred to the Port of Arkhangelsk. A year later, he was appointed chief of the Great Northern Expedition party. In the summer of 1734, on two koches (Ekspeditsion and Ob), he left Arkhangelsk to study the sea way to the mouth of the Ob River. As a result of two years of work, he mapped the shores of the Vaygach Island, the Yugorsky Strait, a part of the Kara Sea shore, and the western shore of the Yamal Peninsula. At the end of 1735, following a false denunciation, he was arrested and demoted to sailor. In 1740, he was pardoned and dismissed as captain-lieutenant. Murman Murman see Andrey Pervozvanny. Murman Murman see Murman Coast. Murman Coast Murman Coast the Norman coast, named after the first sailors that visited it. M.C. covers part of the northern coast of the Kola Peninsula, the shores of the Barents Sea from the state border between Russia and Norway in the west to Cape Svyatoy Nos in the east of the Kola Peninsula, in the Murmansk Oblast, Russia. There are the eastern M.C. and the western M.C. the coast to the west of the Kola Bay until the state border between Russia and Norway. Numerous fjords can be found on its shores: Pechenga Bay, Ura-Guba, Kislaya Guba, etc. The largest peninsulas are the Sredny Peninsula and the Rybachy Peninsula. The eastern M.C. is the part of the coast to the east of the Kola Bay (from Kildin Island to Cape Svyatoy Nos). The coast here is less indented. The main settlements are Gremikha and Teriberka. M.C. is rocky and has several bays cutting deep into the coast (Kola Bay, Motovsky Bay, etc.). Along the coast there are islands, the largest of which is Kildin. The territory is covered by moss-lichen and shrub tundra. Fish industry is developed. The port is in Murmansk. Until the early twentieth century, this coast was also named Laplandsky Coast. The first mapping of M.C. from Kildin Island to Kola Island was made in by lieutenant Vinkov. A more detailed survey was made in by the members of the expedition on the brig Novaya Zemlya, under the command of lieutenant-commander F.P. Litke. Murmanets Murmanets a Soviet hydrographic vessel, a motor sailing sea-hunting boat. It was constructed in 1929 in Norway. The body of the ship is made of wood. The length is 30.2 m, width is 7.2 m, and immersion is 4.2 m. The ship is of 143, 25 register ton displacement, the engine power output is 150 hp. Until 1937, M. was used for sea-mammal hunting in the White Sea and the Barents Sea, then it was transferred to the Northern Sea Route. In 1937, it took part in the surveying work in the Kara Sea near Skott-Hansen Islands, Izvestiy TsIK Islands, and the Arkticheskiy Institut Islands. The ship was damaged by ice in the Greenland Sea and along with the ice, it drifted through the Denmark Strait to clean water. All this time, M. served as a radio, allowing the Papanintsy to communicate with the M

26 254 Murmansk mainland. In 1938, M. was used in the next Arctic navigation. In 1939, for exemplary conduct of the ice surveying in the Greenland Sea to help the ice icebreaker Georgy Sedov escape from the ice, M. was awarded the Order of Red Banner of Labor. In 1941, the ship was transferred to Arkhangelsk, and in 1942 it was transferred to the fleet of the Arkhangelsk hydrographic base, to be used in hydrographic work. In the same year, M. took an active part in the rescue of the sailors in the allied convoy PQ-17. The crew of M. saved about 150 sailors of the convoy around Novaya Zemlya, assisted the transport ship Winston Salem, thrown stranded in the area of Litke Bay on the western coast of Novaya Zemlya. In addition, M. surveyed the area of the shipwreck of the icebreaker Sibiryakov. From 1946 until 1952, M. was annually used in the ice patrol of Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute expeditions. Murmansk Murmansk a Hero City, the center of the Murmansk Oblast, Russia. The city is situated 300 km above the Arctic Circle, on the eastern coast of the Kola Bay, 50 km from the entrance to the Barents Sea (the so-called Murman coast). The population is 302 thousand (2016). M. was founded in 1916 as a settlement, due to the construction of the Murmansk railway. At the same time, the village was transformed into a city and given the name Romanov-on-Murman. In 1917, the city was renamed M. Since 1921 it was the center of the Murmansk Province, since 1927 of the Murmansk District of the Leningrad Oblast, and since 1938 the center of the Murmansk Oblast. M. is the largest ice-free Arctic port. M. is the destination of the Murmansk railway and of the St.-Petersburg-Murmansk highway. The city has an airport. The city stretches along the shore of the gulf for more than 10 km. M. is Russia s largest fishing port and the main base of its fishing industry. Among developed industries are shipbuilding and ship repairs, as well as production of building materials. Leading enterprises include: the Murmansk fish factory, Murmansk shipyard, the Nerpa Shipyard, the Arcticmorneftegasrazvedka Unitary enterprise, JSC Marine Arctic Geological Expedition, JSC Sevmorneftegeofizika, JSC Murmansk (

27 Murmansk 255 Arctic Marine Engineering Geological Expedition, Atomflot. M. is the Gates of the Arctic, the starting point of the Northern Sea Route. Historic icebreakers started their voyages from this city. During the Second World War, M. receieved Lend- Lease shipments from the anti-hitler coalition allies. The Alyosha Monument is situated here, a memorial to the protectors of the Soviet Arctic. It is a sculpture of a soldier with a height of 33.5 m. M. is an important scientific and cultural center of the Arctic. In M. there are: the Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, The Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, Northern Fleet Naval Museum, the Murmansk Shipping Company History Museum, a local history museum with the Conquerors of the Arctic memorial, and other museums. The world s first nuclear-powered icebreaker Lenin is moored close to the building of the Maritime Station. The history of the city is connected with the names of many prominent scientists, explorers, and navigators, such as N.M. Knipovich, I.D. Papanin, O.Y. Schmidt, A.G. Golovko, etc. Since 1990, M. has been developing as a center of international tourism (cruises are available to the northern seas and to the North Pole). In M. there are Consulates General of Norway and Finland. Murmansk Murmansk (ex. US Navy cruiser Milwaukee) the first cruiser in the Northern Fleet. In March 1944, The US cruiser accompanied the caravan JW-58 bound for the Soviet Union and upon arrival at the Kola Bay it was given to the Soviet Navy as a result of the division of the Italian Navy. The cruiser was admitted to the US Navy in 1923 and was part of a squadron of the US Pacific Fleet. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, it was selected to serve in the ocean patrol, first in the Caribbean, and then in the South Atlantic. The cruiser was of 10 thousand tons displacement, with a speed of 30 knots, had heavy artillery and torpedo armament. In July of 1944, M., after a number of voyages to the Barents Sea with both teams was finally handed over to the Soviet crew and became part of the Northern Fleet. In October 1944, M. led the military operation to escort the caravan RA-61. The presence of the cruiser M. in the Northern Fleet prevented the Germans from bombing the Kola Bay. After the war, on March 16, 1949, M. was returned to the American side and scrapped. In 1955, the name M. went to the last artillery cruiser, which was scrapped in M Murmansk (ex. U.S. Navy light cruiser USS Milwaukee (CL-5)) ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ USS_Milwaukee_(CL-5))

28 256 Murmansk Biological Station Murmansk Biological Station Murmansk Biological Station the idea to establish a new biological station on the shores of the Barents Sea was put forward by L.A. Orbeli in Soviet leader Joseph Stalin supported the idea. In 1934, Dalnezelenetskaya Bay on the eastern coast of the Murman coast was chosen as the base for the station. The creation of the station was provided in the 1936 plan of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The new station was conceived as a successor to the Murmansk station in Aleksandrovsk. The main areas of the station s activities are: (1) the development of common issues of oceanology; (2) the systematic observation of changes in fauna and flora in connection with the general variations in climatic and hydrological conditions; (3) the study of food chains and the ecology of marine organisms in natural and experimental conditions; the study of the questions of productivity and use of natural resources of the sea; (4) the evolutionary study of basic life functions, based on the rich comparative physiological material of marine animals; (5) the study of the issues of evolutionary morphology, embryology, biology, and so on; (6) the study of the cycle of basic substances in the Barents Sea in connection with microbiological processes; and (7) a comparative study of chemical composition of marine organisms. After the Great Patriotic War of , the station became part of the Department of Biological Sciences of the USSR, and in 1958 it was reorganized into the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute. Currently, it acts as a seasonal biological station of the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute. Murmansk branch of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) Murmansk branch of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) established in 1972 (existed until 1995) for the scientific research on hydrometeorology of the Barents Sea. The branch conducted marine research on research vessels Viktor Buinitsky and Professor Molchanov and the research icebreaker Otto Schmidt. Murmansk Fish Factory (MFF) Murmansk Fish Factory (MFF) one of the largest fish processing plants in the former USSR. It is located in Murmansk, on the shores of the Kola Bay, in the Barents Sea. The fish was delivered to MFF by fishing vessels of the Barents Sea and the Arctic and Atlantic oceans. The factory was built from 1926 to It produce up to 200 types of fish products chilled, frozen, loin, hot-smoked and cold-smoked fish, salted, culinary, vitamins, as well as medical, food, and technical fats. Murmansk Fishery-Research Expedition Murmansk Fishery-Research Expedition it was created at the suggestion of the Northern Commission in The project was supported by the Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte and the Minister of State Property and Agriculture A.S. Ermolov. The expedition was funded by the Russian Government. Its aim was to study the fisheries in the Barents Sea, mostly in the southern part (to the south of 76 0 of the northern latitude) in the waters of Murman, for which it was necessary to study the hydrology and biology of the sea. The expedition was initially (until 1902) led by Professor N.M. Knipovich and later (until 1908) by L.L. Breytfus. The result of the expedition was the first detailed bathymetric map and a map of the currents in the Barents Sea. The work was carried out on a vessel named Andrei Pervozvanny, specially ordered from Germany. The permanent seat of the expedition was the Port of Aleksandrovsk, on the shores of the Ekaterininskaya Harbor in the Kola Bay, the Barents Sea. Over the years, the expedition published about 130 scientific and reference works.

29 Murmansk Marine Biological Institute (MMBI) 257 Murmansk Marine Biological Institute (MMBI) Murmansk Marine Biological Institute (MMBI) the oldest institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the North. MMBI dates back to the second half of the nineteenth century, when, in 1881, Russia s first Marine Biological Station was established on the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea at the initiative of the St.-Petersburg Society of Naturalists. At the end of the nineteenth century, the biological station was moved closer to the Arctic, to the port of Aleksandrovsk (now Polyarny) of the Ekaterininskaya Harbor in the Kola Bay, the Barents Sea. In 1935, it was succeeded by the Murmansk Biological Station of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in the village of Dalnye Zelentsy, reorganized in 1958 into the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute. In different years at the head of MBS and then of the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute were famous Russian scientists: Academician S.A. Zernov, Professor V.V. Kuznetsov, Professor M.M. Kamshilov (the first director of the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute), Y.I. Galkin, I.B. Tokin. From 1981 to present day, the Institute has been headed by Academician G.G. Matishov. Over s, areas of scientific studies and research were formed in the institute, including the research of planktonic and benthic communities, of the fish fauna, in the areas of physical oceanography, marine geology, and hydrochemistry, the experience and the results of which are still relevant. During this period, advanced research methods were mastered, such as experiments in the marine water tanks and electron microscopy. In 1989, the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute was moved to the city of Murmansk, while experimental work in Dalnye Zelentsy was continued. In 1992, on the basis of Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, the first Oceanarium in northern Russia was opened in Murmansk. It was a modern scientific and educational complex, which at the same time was a scientific and experimental base for specialists in the field of physiology, ethology and marine animal psychology, as well for the development of dual-use biotechnology with the use of marine mammals. Currently, these works are done in an experimental aquarium complex of MMBI in the Kola Bay, the Barents Sea. The Institute s activities in the field of marine biology are based on ecosystem principles. The objects of research of MMBI are the ecosystem of the Barents and White seas, the seas of the Arctic shelf, and the southern seas of Russia. On the basis of the results of the institute s research, a comprehensive oceanographic and hydrobiological database was established and a series of electronic atlases were published (the Barents, White, Kara, and Azov seas). The institute collected considerable experience in ecological research, monitoring of the industrial environmental, the environmental impact assessment (EIA), the development of modern biotechnology for a number of maritime industries and environmental protection measures. Technologies for the use of algae as a source of pharmaceutical raw materials and as means of biological protection of the coasts are developed. Starting with the 1980s, the institute carries out monitoring of chemical and radioactive contamination of the Arctic seas. The research work on levels and ways to remove radioactive contamination in the Arctic and the southern seas of Russia, conducted in the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, is widely recognized. Based on them, a new area of research was founded (environmental radiation oceanography). In 1998, a Department of Oceanography and Biology of the Southern Seas was established in Rostov-on-Don; in 2001 it became a branch of the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute of the Sea of Azov. Currently, on the basis of the Azov branch of MMBI and the departments of the Southern Scientific Center (RAS) an Institute of Arid Zones was established. Murmansk Marine Biological Institute is the coordinating center for bioecological studies of various aspects of polar mariculture, natural resources, and protection of the natural environment of the European seas of Russia. Over the past two decades, the institute M

30 258 Murmansk Oblast has been actively involved in the implementation of federal target programs for scientific study of the nature of the oceans. The institute has expeditionary ships Dalnye Zelentsy, Pomor, and Professor Panov (in the Sea of Azov). Murmansk Oblast Murmansk Oblast established in The area is thousand km 2. The population is 762 thousand (2016), city population is 92 %. The regional center is Murmansk (founded in 1916, until 1917 known as Romanov-on-Murman). The city is part of the Northwestern Federal District of Russia. It borders on Finland (approx. 350 km) and Norway (196 km) in the west, in the south it borders on the Republic of Karelia, Russia. The legislative (representative) body of the state power is the Murmansk Oblast Duma. The Oblast consists of: Murmansk, 5 districts, 6 cities with jurisdiction over territories, and 5 Closed Administrative- Territorial Formations (ZATO). M.O. is located on the Kola Peninsula and the adjacent part of the mainland; it is washed by the White Sea and the Barents Sea. Almost all of the territory of the M.O. is located above the Arctic Circle. The Khibiny Mountains (hight up to 1191 m) and Lovozero tundra (up to 1120 m) are situated there. The relief is glacial. The main rivers are: the Tuloma River, the Varzuga River, the Umba River, the Niva, and the Ponoy. Vast lakes of tectonic and glacial origin in the region are: Imandra Lake, Kovdozero Lake, Umbozero Lake, Lovozero Lake, and others. The climate is relatively mild (the influence of the warm North Atlantic Current): the average temperatures in January are 8to 13 C in the north (the central part); in July they are 8 C and 14 C, Murmansk Oblast (