Appendix E Archaeological Assessment

Transcription

1 Appendix E Archaeological Assessment

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3 ARCHEOWORKS INC. Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment for the: Northwest Brooklin Transportation Study Municipal Class Environmental Assessment Within Lots 21-35, Concessions 6-9 Town of Whitby Regional Municipality of Durham Ontario Project #: 148-WH Licensee (#): Kim Slocki (P029) PIF #: P Original Report March 13 th, 2013 Presented to: AECOM 300 Water Street Whitby, Ontario L1N 9J2 T: F: Prepared by: Archeoworks Inc Yonge Street, Suite 1029 Newmarket, Ontario L3X 1X4 T: F:

4 Archeoworks Inc. i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Town of Whitby has initiated a Municipal Class Environmental Assessment (EA) study to investigate the need for improved transportation capacity in northwest Brooklin and assess opportunities to solve the problems with traffic flow through downtown Brooklin. Archeoworks Inc. was retained by AECOM to conduct a Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment (AA) in support of this study, which covers the northwest corner of the Town of Whitby from Lots 21 to 35, Concessions 6 to 9, in the Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario. The Stage 1 AA identified potential for the recovery of Euro-Canadian and Aboriginal archaeological remains within undisturbed portions of the study area due to the presence and proximity of watercourses, which carry archaeological potential within 300 metres of their limits. In addition, a review of historical mapping revealed that the study area was well-settled in the 19th century, contributing to the potential to discover historical Euro-Canadian archaeological remains. A review of reports documenting archaeological fieldwork within the study area as well as within 50 metres of its limits has revealed that many areas surrounding the community of Brooklin had already been subjected to Stage 2 AA. With these previous assessments having fulfilled Stage 2 AA requirements within their respective areas of coverage, it is recommended that the previously assessed areas within the study area be exempt from further archaeological concern. Areas of obvious disturbance, such as residential developments, railroad alignments and paved roadways, are also recommended to be exempt from further assessment. A desktop review of field conditions with the use of satellite photography has determined that much of the study area has retained its rural character, with many portions remaining largely undisturbed. Testable areas include (but are not limited to) undisturbed margins adjacent to paved roads, rural residential frontages, agricultural fields, wooded and fallow lands. As such, with large areas of the study area still containing archaeological potential, it is recommended that, following the selection of a preferred solution and the identification of areas of proposed construction, a Stage 2 AA be undertaken at all undisturbed locations, where previous field assessments have not yet cleared the land of archaeological concern. The above recommendations are subject to MTCS approval. No construction activities shall take place within the study area prior to the MTCS (Heritage Operations Unit) confirming in writing that all archaeological licensing and technical review requirements have been satisfied.

5 Archeoworks Inc. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary... i Table of Contents... ii Project Personnel... iii 1.0 Project Context Development Context Historical Context Archaeological Context Confirmation of Archaeological Potential Analysis and Conclusions Previously Surveyed Lands Identified Deep and Extensive Disturbances Identified Areas of Archaeological Potential Conclusion Recommendations Advice on Compliance with Legislation Bibliography and Sources Tables Table 1: History of Occupation in Southern Ontario Appendices Appendix A: Maps Appendix B: Summary of Archaeological Potential Appendix C: Land Use Information from Historical Maps Appendix D: Heritage Properties Appendix E: Registered Archaeological Sites Within One Kilometre of the Study Area Appendix F: Inventory of Documentary and Material Record... 54

6 Archeoworks Inc. iii PROJECT PERSONNEL Project Director... Kim Slocki MTCS licence P029 Report Preparation... Jay Villapando Report Review... Kim Slocki MTCS licence P029 Historical Research... Lee Templeton MTCS licence R454 Graphics... Mike Lawson Lee Templeton MTCS licence R454 Jay Villapando

7 Archeoworks Inc PROJECT CONTEXT 1.1 Development Context The Town of Whitby ( the Town ) has initiated a Schedule C Municipal Class Environmental Assessment (EA) study to address transportation concerns related to Provincial Highway 7/12 as it passes through the community of Brooklin in northern Whitby. With the intention of accommodating long-distance provincial traffic and future travel demands, the EA study will consider establishing an alternative route for Highway 7/12 so the Town can gain control over Baldwin Street as it passes through downtown Brooklin, including investigating the need for improved transportation capacity in northwest Brooklin and assessing opportunities to solve the problems with traffic flow through downtown Brooklin. Archeoworks Inc. was retained by AECOM to conduct a Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment (AA) in support of this study. It covers the portion of the Town of Whitby bounded by Lakeridge Road in the west, Winchester Road in the south, Thickson Road in the east, and Townline Road in the north, corresponding to Lots 21-35, Concessions 6-9 (see Appendix A Map 1). This area is henceforth referred to as the study area. This study was triggered by the Ontario Municipal Class EA (Class EA) process. This Stage 1 AA was conducted under the project direction of Ms. Kim Slocki, in accordance with the Ontario Heritage Act (2009) and under the archaeological consulting licence number P029. Permission to investigate the study area was granted by AECOM on January 11 th, Historical Context The 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists ( 2011 S&G ), published by the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (MTCS) considers the following features or characteristics to be indicative of archaeological potential: previously identified archaeological sites; water sources (i.e., primary water sources, secondary water sources, features indicating past water sources; accessible or inaccessible shoreline); elevated topography; pockets of welldrained sandy soil, especially near areas of heavy soil or rocky ground; distinctive land formations; and resource areas (i.e., food or medicinal plant; scarce raw material; and early Euro-Canadian industry). Additionally, the 2011 S&G considers areas of early Euro-Canadian settlement, including places of early military pioneer or pioneer settlement (e.g., pioneer homesteads, isolated cabins, and farmstead complexes), early wharf or dock complexes, and pioneer churches and early cemeteries, as having archaeological potential. There may be commemorative markers of their history, such as local, provincial, or federal monuments or heritage parks. Early historical transportation routes (trails, passes, roads, railways, portage routes), properties listed in a municipal register or designated under the Ontario Heritage Act or a federal, provincial, or municipal historic landmark or site, and properties that local histories or informants have identified with possible archaeological sites, historical events, activities, or occupations are also considered to have archaeological potential.

8 Archeoworks Inc. 2 To establish the archaeological and historical significance of the study area, a comprehensive review of listed and designated heritage properties, and registered archaeological sites within close proximity to its limits was undertaken. Furthermore, a review of the physiography of the overall area and its correlation to locating archaeological remains, as well as consultation of available historical documentation was performed. The results of this background research are documented below and summarized in Appendix B Pre-Contact Period The region where the study area is situated was first inhabited after the final northeast retreat of the North American Laurentide ice sheet. As the glacier continued to retreat, massive amounts of glacial till was deposited across Whitby as the ice retreated over the Oak Ridges Moraine. Glacial meltwater began to erode the terrain that was heavily deposited by till, loose sand and soil, forming streams and rivers, such as the Lynde Creek, the West Lynde Creek and its tributaries, which flow into Lake Ontario from their headwaters in the Oak Ridges Moraine. Initial vegetation of southern Ontario was tundra-like and by 12,000 B.C., pine trees began to dominate he pollen record (Karrow and Warner, 1990, p.28). As the average climatic temperature warmed, deciduous trees slowly began to permeate throughout southern Ontario and by 9500 B.C., the forest environment of southern Ontario consisted of mixed deciduous and coniferous forests (Karrow and Warner, 1990, p.30). At this time, small groups of Palaeo-Indians entered Southern Ontario. Palaeo-Indians consisted of small groups of nomadic hunter-gathers who depended on naturally available food resources such as game or wild plants (Ellis and Deller, 1990, p.38). Sites in Southern Ontario appear to be small campsites used during travel episodes and can be found on loamy well-drained soils in an elevated location which would provide a more comfortable location in which to camp and view the surrounding territory (Ellis and Deller, 1990, p.50). The artifact assemblage from this period is characterized by fluted and lanceolate stone points, scrapers and small projectile points produced from specific chert types (Ellis and Deller, 1990). These items were created and transported over great distances as a result of following migratory animals within a massive territory. As the climate steadily warmed, the extensive forest environment of the Lynde Creek watershed, with greater densities of deer and other migratory resources, permitted a more dispersed seasonal settlement pattern than those in eastern Ontario (Karrow and Warner, 1990, p.30; Wright, 1995, p.238). Archaic Period peoples exploited seasonally abundant resources in a variety of geographic locations as they continued to hunt large game in small bands during summer months and returned to their family groups by the winter (Bursey et al., 2013a). House structures were moveable and the size of these small villages gradually grew in size as population numbers increased. The artifact assemblages from this period can be characterized by a reliance on a wide range of lithic raw materials in order to make stone artifacts; presence of stone tools shaped by grinding and polishing; an increase in the use of wood working tools; and the appearance of tools made from native copper (Ellis et al, 1990, p. 65).

9 Archeoworks Inc. 3 In approximately 800 B.C. the Woodland period began, marked by the increased reliance on domesticated plants, the utilization of both hunting and gathering to procure a larger variety of foods, and the introduction of pottery indicative of a successful subsistence pattern that would require long-term storage of abundant resources. Furthermore, grave goods gradually became more exotic and frequent, indicative of the growing complexity and trade networks between Great Lakes communities. During the Woodland period, the distinct cultural groups of the postcontact period had begun to develop (Bursey et al, 2013b). Beginning in 900 A.D until the 17 th century, the Ontario Iroquoian Tradition flourished throughout much of western and central Ontario. The Iroquoian Tradition refers to a cultural pattern and a linguistic family in North America which includes the Huron (Wendat), Neutral (called Attiewandaron by the Wendat), Petun (Tionnontaté) in Ontario and the Five Nations of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) of Upper State New York (Birch, 2010, p.31). Each group had their distinctive traits but shared in a similar pattern of life already established before the first European contact (Trigger, 1994, p.42). Villages developed as horticulture began to take on a more central importance in subsistence patterns, particularly the farming of maize, squash and beans, supplemented by fishing, hunting and gathering. Each village comprised numerous multi-family longhouses whose residence was determined on matrilineal descent (Kapches, 2007, p.176). The longhouses were compacted within a defensive palisade that overlooked cultivated fields of corn, squash and beans. Most Iroquoian sites were occupied for years with minimal reoccupation of the same site (Warrick, 2007, p.127). The village was often located near primary and secondary waterways to optimize its economic and trading capabilities. Intertribal trade consisted of small luxury items that could be carried overland (Trigger, 1994, p.44) Contact Period At the time of first contact with the French, the Wendat population was reported to be approximately 30,000 individuals whose territorial homeland, known as the Wendake, roughly stretched between the Canadian Shield, Lake Ontario and the Credit River Valley (Warrick, 2008, p.13; Heidenreich, 1978, p.369). It is speculated that four tribes the Attignawantan, Tahontaenrat, Attigneenongnahac, and Arendahronon amalgamated to form the Huron (Wendat) Confederacy, in defence against the continual aggression of the Haudenosaunee (Warrick, 2008, p.11; Trigger, 1994, p.41). The Arendahronon of the Huron Confederacy became interested in establishing a direct trading relationship with the French to obtain larger quantities European goods at cheaper prices and for the French, this opened larger fur territory to ensure greater quantities of furs would be available for trade (Trigger 1994, p.47). By 1615, the Arendahronon concluded a direct French-Huron trading alliance and by mid-1620, exhausted all available pelts in their own hunting territories and opted to trade European goods for tobacco and furs from the Attiewandaron (Trigger, 1994, pp.49-50). During the 1630s, Jesuit missionaries attempted to convert the entire Huron Confederacy to Christianity as their initial phase of missionary work to convert all the Native people in Southern Ontario (Trigger, 1994, p.51). However, the Jesuits presence in the region had become precarious following a series of major epidemics of European diseases that killed nearly two-

10 Archeoworks Inc. 4 thirds of the Wendat population, lowering the total population to 10,000 individuals (Warrick 2008, p.245; Heidenreich, 1978, p.369). These epidemics hit children and elderly the worst. The death of the elders deprived the Wendat of their experienced political, war and spiritual leaders leaving them more susceptible to convert to Christianity (Trigger, 1994, p.52; Heidenreich, 1978, p.371). By 1645, having grown dependent on European goods and with their territory no longer yielding enough animal pelts, the Haudenosaunee became increasingly aggressive towards the Huron Confederacy (Trigger, 1994, p.53). Armed with the guns and ammunition from the Dutch, the Haudenosaunee engaged in brutal warfare with the Confederacy and brutally attacked and destroyed several Wendat villages throughout southern Ontario (Trigger, 1994, p.53). The small groups that remained of the Huron Confederacy became widely dispersed throughout the Great Lakes region. As early as 1653, the Anishinaabe, of the Algonquin-speaking linguistic group, wanted to further their role in the fur trade (Johnston, 2004). After a major smallpox epidemic in 1662, the capture of New Netherlands by the English in 1664 which curtailed access to guns and powder, and a series of French military expeditions against them in 1665 the Haudenosaunee were forced to sue for peace (Warrick, 2008, p.242). In 1701, representatives of several Anishnaabe Nations and the Haudenosaunee assembled in Montreal to participate in Great Peace negotiations, sponsored by the French (Johnston, 2004; Trigger, 2004, p.58). These two groups remained peaceful well into the 18 th century Settlement History By the end of the 1700s, a small tribe within the Anishinaabe nation, called the Mississaugas, claimed portions of Ontario County. After the American War of Independence in the late 1700s, a large number of United Empire Loyalists and American immigrants began to move into southern Ontario, putting greater demand on the quantity of available lands of settlement within Ontario County. In 1787 and 1788, senior officials from the Indian Department meet with Mississauga bands at both the Carrying Place on the Bay of Quinte and at Toronto to acquire land along the northern shores of Lake Ontario (Surtees, 1994, p.107). As a result of these meetings, officials believed that they had successfully obtained and paid for the large portion of land on the north shore of Lake Ontario extending northward to Lake Simcoe that would allow individuals to acquire the land from the Crown and settle there (Surtees, 1994, p.107). However, the document which formalized the transaction did not include a description of the area surrendered, and the matter of land ceded within Ontario County remained a legal issue until After the Anishinaabe continually pressured the federal government to review the land cession documents for lands south of Lake Simcoe, it became apparent land had not been correctly purchased by the British (Surtees, 1994, p.107; Surtees, 1986, p.19). The William s Treaty provided for the last surrender of the last substantial portion of the territory that had not been given up to government (Surtees, 1986, p.19). The Township of Whitby, which covers the present-day municipalities of Whitby and Oshawa, was partially surveyed in 1791 and completed in 1795 (Beers, 1877, p.viii). The Township of

11 Archeoworks Inc. 5 Whitby was surveyed utilizing the single-front system, where long and thin lots equalling 200 acres in size were arranged in single tiers between concession-line roads, resembling the singlerang system in Quebec (Harris and Warkentin, 2000, p.123). Whitby Township was originally known as Township No. 8 of the Lake Shore townships, and renamed from Norwich to Whitby after an English seaport and market town (Farewell, n.d., p.18; Gardiner, 1899 p.210). Whitby Township was divided into two separate townships in 1857, the eastern portion becoming a separate municipality named East Whitby (Beers, 1877, p. ix; Mika and Mika, 1983, p.129), which now corresponds to the present-day City of Oshawa. Communities that were founded in the 19th century within the northwestern portion of Township of Whitby include Brooklin. Initially named Winchester, it was founded by John and Robert Campbell in 1840 after they opened a flour mill on the Lynde Creek (Mika and Mika, 1977, p.230; CLOCA, 2008, p.9). In 1845, Baldwin Street, or the Whitby-Scugog Plank Road, was built through Winchester and a post office was established. At the time of the establishment of a post office, another village of Winchester existed in eastern Ontario and to avoid duplication of village names, Winchester was renamed to Brooklin (Mika and Mika, 1977, p.230). In 1874, the Whitby & Port Perry Railway was completed and a station was opened at Brooklin with the intention of bringing larger quantities of grain to Port Whitby to export (Cooper, 2008). Brooklin functioned as a milling centre for grinding wheat into flour for the surrounding agricultural lands until well into the twentieth century. The settlement of Ashburn, located around the intersection of Myrtle Road and Ashburn Road, was originally named Butler s Corners after Richard Butler, the area s first settler. Ashburn was later selected as the village name as a result of the community s link to the potash industry where asheries were built to produce potash from trees that were cleared during the settlement of Whitby Township (CLOCA, 2008, p.14). The hamlet of Myrtle, located around the intersection of Highway 12 and Myrtle Road, was officially established in the 1840s but settlers had been in the area since the 1830s. Prior to 1860, Myrtle was known as Well s Corners, then Lenwood and finally Myrtle, although the origins of the name Myrtle remain unknown (CLOCA, 2008, p.16) Past Land Use To assess the study area s potential for the recovery of historical pre-1900 remains, several documents were reviewed, namely the 1860 Tremaine s Map of the County of Ontario and the 1877 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Ontario. The study area encompasses Lots 21-35, Concessions 6-9, in the former Township of Whitby. At least 35 structures in the rural countryside, along with many more undifferentiated structures within the communities of Ashburn, Lenwood (Myrtle) and Brooklin, are depicted in 1860 Tremaine s Map (see Map 2; Appendix C). Despite the study area remaining predominantly agricultural in character, the 1877 Illustrated Historical Atlas showed a threefold increase in the number of structures in the countryside. An expansion of the contiguous built-

12 Archeoworks Inc. 6 up urban areas of the Ashburn, Myrtle and Brooklin can also be observed (see Map 3; Appendix C). In addition to the documented presence of Euro-Canadian historic structures, the study area also encompasses several historical concession (east-west) roads and side (north-south) roads, that were originally laid out during the survey of Whitby Township. Also depicted within the historical maps are other thoroughfares associated with Brooklin village, and the now-defunct Whitby, Port Perry and Lindsay Railway. Transportation routes such as early settlement roads and trails (buffered by zones of 100 metres either side) also contain potential for heritage features adjacent to their rights-of-way. Therefore, potential for the location of Euro-Canadian historical archaeological resources within undisturbed portions of the study area within 300 metres of historical structures, and 100 metres of transportation routes can be established Designated and Listed Cultural Heritage Resources Consultation of the Ontario Heritage Properties Database 1 which records heritage resources that have been designated for their Provincial cultural value or interest under the Ontario Heritage Act (O.Reg. 10/06), confirmed the presence of eight Provincially designated and listed heritage properties within and three within 300 metres of the study area (see Appendix D Tables D1-D2). Consultation with the Planning Department at the Town of Whitby, which maintains an inventory of all designated and significant municipal heritage properties that have cultural value or interest, confirmed the presence of 120 designated heritage properties and 15 significant heritage properties within the study area (many of these form part of the Brooklin Heritage Conservation District) and an additional 21 designated and seven significant properties within 300 metres of the study area (see Map 4; Tables D3-D4) (Ashton, 2013). These properties, being of significant cultural heritage value (with many of them also pre-dating 1900), are considered to have high archaeological potential within 300 metres of their limits. Additional consultation with the Township of Scugog Heritage Committee Coordinator, Clerk s Department (Frey, 2013) confirmed the absence of both designated and listed heritage properties within 300 metres of the study area that extends into the Township of Scugog. In an attempt to procure a list of designated and significant heritage properties within 300 metres of the study area that extends into the City of Pickering, the Senior Planner at Development Review & Heritage, City of Pickering had been contacted; however, no response had been received by report completion. 1 Clarification: As of 2005, the Ontario Heritage Properties Database is no longer being updated. The Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport is currently updating a new system which will provide much greater detail to users and will become publicly accessible in the future. (

13 Archeoworks Inc Archaeological Context Registered Archaeological Sites In order that an inventory of archaeological resources could be compiled for this study area, the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database (OASD) maintained by the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (MTCS) was consulted. Every archaeological site is registered according to the Borden System, which is a numbering system used throughout Canada to track archaeological sites and their artifacts. The study area is located within Borden blocks BaGr, BaGs, AlGs and AlGr. According to the MTCS (2012), 71 archaeological sites have been registered within a 1- kilometre radius of the study area; 46 of these fall within the study area and additional seven within 300 metres (see Appendix E). Having noted the presence of these sites in relation to the study area, it is useful to place them in the proper context by reviewing the cultural history of occupation in Southern Ontario provided in Table 1 below. This data provides an understanding of the potential cultural activity that may have occurred within the study area. Table 1: History of Occupation in Southern Ontario Period Archaeological Culture Date Range Attributes PALEO-INDIAN Early Gainey, Barnes, Crowfield BC Big game hunters. Fluted projectile points Late Holcombe, Hi-Lo, Lanceolate BC Small nomadic hunter-gatherer bands. Lanceolate projectile points ARCHAIC Early Side-notched, corner notched, bifurcate-base BC Small nomadic hunter-gatherer bands; first notched and stemmed points, and ground stone celts. Middle Otter Creek, Brewerton BC Transition to territorial settlements Late WOODLAND Narrow, Broad and Small Points Normanskill, Lamoka, Genesee, Adder Orchard etc BC More numerous territorial huntergatherer bands; increasing use of exotic materials and artistic items for grave offerings; regional trade networks Early Meadowood, Middlesex 800BC-0BC Introduction of pottery, burial ceremonialism; panregional trade networks Middle Point Peninsula, Saugeen, Jack s Reef Corner Notched 200 BC-AD 900 Cultural and ideological influences from Ohio Valley complex societies; incipient horticulture Late Algonquian, Iroquoian AD Transition to village life and agriculture Algonquian, Iroquoian AD Establishment of large palisaded villages Algonquian, Iroquoian AD Tribal differentiation and warfare HISTORIC Early Huron, Neutral, Petun, Odawa, Ojibwa AD Tribal displacements

14 Archeoworks Inc. 8 Period Archaeological Culture Date Range Attributes Late Six Nations Iroquois, Ojibwa, AD s Migrations and resettlement Mississauga Euro-Canadian AD present European immigrant settlements Previous Archaeological Assessments In order to further establish the archaeological context of the project area, descriptions of previous archaeological fieldwork carried out within the limits of, or immediately adjacent (i.e., within 50 metres) to the project area, as documented by all available reports that include archaeological fieldwork carried out on the lands to be impacted by this project are presented below and in within Map 5. Twenty-four reports were identified, all of which were previous assessments associated with other development projects: 1. Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of Highway 7, From Brock Road to Highway 12 (New Directions Archaeology Ltd., 2006) New Directions Archaeology Ltd. conducted a Stage 1 AA of the Highway 7 corridor from Brock Road to Highway 12 in 2006 and identified moderate to high potential for the recovery of archaeological remains within undisturbed portions of the study corridor. This was based on the documented presence of two historical structures in close proximity to the study corridor, and the bisection of several watercourses with the Highway 7 study corridor. Additionally, a total of 15 archaeological sites had been previously encountered within a two-kilometre radius of the study corridor, which also helped establish the moderate to high potential for the discovery of additional archaeological remains in the immediate area. Therefore, a Stage 2 AA was recommended along the Highway 7 study corridor. 2. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment (AA) of: Highway 7 Widening From Brock Road to Approximately 200 m East of Highway 7/12, GWP , Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Class EA, Ontario (Archeoworks Inc., 2009a) In 2008, Archeoworks Inc. conducted a Stage 2 AA of an approximately 11.5 km-stretch of Highway 7 (Winchester Road) from Highway 7/12 to Brock Road, located at the southern edge of the current study area. During the Stage 2 assessment, a total of 19 historic Euro-Canadian sites were discovered: H1 through H19. Sites H3, H4 and H5 are located within the current study area; H1 and H2 fall within 50 metres of the current study area; and H6 through H19 were located greater than 300 metres from the current study area limits and therefore represent no concern. Further Stage 3 AA was recommended for H1 through H5. 3. Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment of Historic Sites H1 (AlGr-205), H2 (AlGr-216) and H3 (AlGs-386) of Highway 7 Widening From Brock Road to Approximately 200 m East of Highway 7/12, GWP , Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Class EA, Ontario (Archeoworks Inc., 2010a).

15 Archeoworks Inc. 9 In June 2009, Archeoworks Inc. conducted a Stage 3 AA on H1 (AlGr-205), H2 (AlGr-216) and H3 (AlGs-386). The overall site assemblage recovered at H1 support a predominantly s occupation period of the site and a Stage 4 excavation was recommended to further the understanding of the site. The artifact assemblage from H2 supports an 1870 to 1890s occupation date for the site. Due to the late timeframe, no further investigations were recommended. The artifact assemblage from H3 supports an 1850 to 1860s occupation date for the site. As no actual house structure or additional cultural features were located, the assemblage was identified as domestic refuse. Given the pre-1870 timeframe of the site, a Stage 4 excavation was recommended. 4. Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment of Historic Sites H4 (AlGs-387) and H5 (AlGs-388) of Highway 7 Widening From Brock Road to Approximately 200 m East of Highway 7/12, GWP , Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Class EA, Ontario (Archeoworks Inc., 2010b). From May to June 2009, Archeoworks Inc. conducted a Stage 3 AA on sites H4 (AlGs-387), and H5 (AlGs-388). The overall site assemblage recovered at H4 indicated a predominantly early 1860s occupation of the site, which was associated with the Steveson family. A Stage 4 excavation was recommended as this site appears to have been part of a domestic continuum, with H4 representing the initial settlement of the lot, and H5 representing the Stevesons second homestead. The artifact assemblage from H5 supported an 1860 to 1870s occupation date for the site. Although no cultural features were located, the site may represent domestic refuse left behind by the Stevesons (1839 to 1892) and the McGees ( ). A Stage 4 excavation was recommended for the site. 5. Stage 4 Mitigation Report: Historic H1 Site (AlGr-205) for the Proposed Highway 7 Widening From Brock Road to Approximately 200 m East of Highway 7/12, GWP , Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Class EA, Ontario (Archeoworks Inc., 2010c) From October to November 2009, Archeoworks Inc. carried out a Stage 4 excavation of the historic, Euro-Canadian site H1 (AlGr-205). The overall site assemblage, particularly the recovered ceramic component, supports a predominantly 1840s to 1850s occupation date for the site. No cultural features were identified within the site area s limits, but the refuse left behind is undeniably domestic in nature; it was likely spread across the landscape by over a century of farming. Based on the archaeological information recovered from the Highway 7 H1 Site, the mid-19th century inhabitants to whom this assemblage may be attributed, the Balls ( ) and/or Mitchels ( ), appear to have been of modest economic resources, living very much the life of the average early settler in Canada West. It remains unclear if H1 extends further south; should construction activities extend further south, further archaeological assessment of this area may be required. 6. Stage 4 Mitigation Report: Historic H3 Site (AlGs-386) of the Proposed Highway 7 Widening From Brock Road to Approximately 200 m East of Highway 7/12, GWP 2110-

16 Archeoworks Inc , Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham. Class EA, Ontario (Archeoworks Inc., 2010d) From October to November 2009, Archeoworks Inc. undertook a Stage 4 excavation of the historic, Euro-Canadian site H3 (AlGs-386) which involved the mechanical topsoil removal and the excavation of features. A post mould and undifferentiated pit yielded one additional artifact. It is likely that the majority of this site lies outside of this study area (i.e. to the north) or that it was disturbed or destroyed during the construction of the original Highway 7. As such, should construction activities extend further north, further archaeological assessment may be required. 7. Stage 4 Mitigation Report: Historic H4 Site (AlGs-387) for the Proposed Highway 7 Widening From Brock Road to Approximately 200 m East of Highway 7/12, GWP , Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Class EA, Ontario (Archeoworks Inc., 2010e) From October to November 2009, Archeoworks Inc. conducted a Stage 4 excavation of the historic, Euro-Canadian site H4 (AlGs-387). The overall site assemblage, the ceramic component in particular, supported the proposed c to early 1860s occupation date for the site. The high percentage of burnt artifacts in the collection, as well as the sheer number and variety of artifacts found on the site in general, indicates that the assemblage represents more than just accidental breakage, garbage burning and/or housecleaning. It was most likely a house fire that precipitated the Stevesons move from this site. With Stage 4 excavation within the defined study corridor limits complete, the site should be deemed cleared of further archaeological consideration. However, should the area outside the study corridor limits lying immediately north of the mitigated H4 site area be impacted by construction or future development activities, further assessment may be required. 8. Stage 4 Mitigation Report: Historic H5 Site (AlGs-388) for the Proposed Highway 7 Widening From Brock Road to Approximately 200 m East of Highway 7/12, GWP , Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Class EA, Ontario (Archeoworks Inc., 2010f) From October to November 2009, Archeoworks Inc. undertook a Stage 4 mitigation of the historic, Euro-Canadian site H5 (AlGs-388). The overall site assemblage, the ceramic component in particular, supported a predominantly 1860s to 1870s occupation timeframe for the site. Based on the archaeological information recovered, the 19th century inhabitants of this site appear to have been of fairly modest economic resources, and managed to build a comfortable brick cottage by 1877, and more than likely moved into it from their original frame or log home located elsewhere on the property. While the Stage 4 excavation of H5 within the study corridor limits is complete, it is highly probable the site extends northerly, beyond the limits of the study corridor. Should construction activities extend north of the current study corridor limits, further archaeological work may be required.

17 Archeoworks Inc Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of: 625 Columbus Road West within Part of Lots 27 & 28, Concession 6, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario (Archeoworks Inc., 2012b) Archeoworks Inc. conducted a Stage 1-2 AA for the proposed subdivision development at 625 Columbus Road West, within part of Lots 27 and 28, Concession 6. This subject area falls within the current study area. One historic, Euro-Canadian collection was discovered and identified as the Arnold Site (AlGr-318), representing an occupation period of ca and The site was considered to have cultural heritage value, therefore the site was recommended to be subjected to Stage 3 AA. 10. Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment (AA) for the: Brooklin North Landowner s Group Study Area, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario (Archeoworks Inc., 2007a) In January 2007, Archeoworks Inc. undertook a Stage 1 AA of twelve parcels of land totalling hectares of landowner holdings. The Stage 1 AA involved a review of lands within and within 50 metres of the current study area. This assessment established high archaeological potential for those lands that had not been subjected to previous archaeological assessment. Therefore, it was recommended that, due to the established high archaeological potential, a Stage 2 AA be undertaken in all undisturbed locations within each parcel. The Stage 2 AA was addressed by Archeoworks Inc. 11. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment (AA): Brooklin North Landowner s Group Study Area, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario (Archeoworks Inc., 2011) Between 2007 and 2011, Archeoworks Inc. undertook the Stage 2 AA of all twelve parcels within the landowners holdings, of which all fall within the current study area limits or within 50 metres of the study area limits. The assessment resulted in the discovery of a total of 12 Aboriginal findspots (P1 through P10, P12 and P13), one Aboriginal lithic scatter (P11) and 17 historic, Euro-Canadian collections (H1 through 17) within the study area. Based on the archaeological significance of nine of the historic, Euro-Canadian sites (Brooklin H2, H4, H5, H7, and H12-H16) and one Aboriginal lithic scatter (Brooklin P11), further Stage 3 investigations were recommended at these site locations. The remaining sites were determined to be unlikely to contribute to a better understanding of early settlement within the Whitby area, and, as such, no further work was recommended for these sites. 12. Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment of the Matthewson (AlGr-236) Site within Lot 26, Concession 7, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario (Archeoworks Inc., 2012a) In August 2012, Archeoworks Inc. conducted a Stage 3 assessment on the H5 (AlGr-236) site, now called the Matthewson Site, which is located within the current study area limits. The artifacts recovered from the Stage 3 AA spans most of the nineteenth century, although the

18 Archeoworks Inc. 12 majority of the artifacts can be assigned a ca. 1850s-1870s timeframe. Archival research determined that the Matthewson s occupation of the site area occurred from 1837 to 1877 and, thus, this collection of material can be connected to the Matthewson s settlement on the property. The Matthewson Site was determined to have cultural heritage value, and was recommended to undergo Stage 4 mitigations prior to development impacts. 13. Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment of: The Brooklin H15 Site (AlGr-246) within Part of the Southern Half of Lot 22, Concession 7, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario (Archeoworks, 2013) In April of 2011, Archeoworks Inc. conducted a Stage 3 AA on the H15 (AlGr-246) site, which is located within the current study area limits. A lithic component of the site was located, and it represented a very ephemeral campsite, with an artifact count per unit of under 10 for all of the units excavated. The Euro-Canadian component of this site represents a ca to 1845 Euro-Canadian archaeological resource with cultural heritage value or interest. Since this site cannot be avoided or protected, it was recommended to undergo a comprehensive Stage 4 archaeological salvage excavation. Since the lithic component of the site does not meet the criterion stipulated by the MTCS to be considered to have significant cultural heritage value, Stage 4 mitigation of impacts is not required for this component of the site. 14. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment for the 407 East Individual Environmental Assessment, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario RESULTS (Archaeological Services Inc. and URS Canada Ltd., 2010) Archaeological Services Inc. (ASI) and URS Canada Ltd. (URS) were retained to conduct a Stage 2 AA for the three sections of the 407 East Environmental Assessment (EA) in the Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario. Stage 2 AA was conducted on the Technically Preferred Route (TPR) on any accessible lands where there was potential for archaeological sites and where field conditions were suitable. Of the archaeological resources encountered during the 2008 assessments, a total of seven sites were situated within the current study area: P3 (AlGs-187), P12, P11 (AlGs-376), H2 (AlGs-189), H3 (AlGs-375), H17 (AlGs-187) and H21; two within 50 metres of the study area limits: H5 and H28; and one within 300 metres of the study area limits (P2). Stage 3 assessments were recommended for sites H2, H3, H5, H17, H28, P3 and P11 while no further work was recommended for H21, P2, and P Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment for the 407 East Individual Environmental Assessment, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario RESULTS (Archaeological Services Inc. and URS Canada Ltd, 2011) ASI and URS were retained conduct a Stage 2 AA for the three sections of the 407 East Environmental Assessment (EA) in the Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario. Stage 2 AA was conducted on the Technically Preferred Route (TPR) on newly accessible lands where there was potential for archaeological sites and where field conditions were suitable. The 2009 Stage 2 assessments resulted in the discovery of an additional ten sites falling within the current

19 Archeoworks Inc. 13 study area: H23 (AlGs-388), H24 (AlGs-387), H30 (AlGs-426), H31 (AlGs-419), H32 (AlGs-420), H33 (AlGr-421), H35 (AlGs-425), H37 (AlGs-427) and P20. Stage 3 AAs were recommended for H23, H24, H32 and 37, while no further work was recommended for the other sites. Furthermore, concurrent Stage 3 AAs were ongoing at sites H28 (AlGr-433) and H5 (AlGs-440). Stage 4 excavation had been conducted on H2 (AlGr-189) and as such, it is no longer of further archaeological concern. 16. Stage 4 Mitigation Report: The Maarse Site (AlGr-189) within part of Lot 28, Concession 6, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario (Archeoworks Inc., 2010g) From April to June 2010 Archeoworks Inc. undertook Stage 4 mitigation of the historic, Euro- Canadian site H2 (AlGr-189), known as the Maarse Site. The artifact assemblage supports an occupation date of the site from the mid- to late nineteenth century into the twentieth century, with the bulk of the artifacts falling into a post-1870s time period. Most of the historic materials retrieved from the excavated units and features can be attributed to the William Lawrence s use of the site, from the 1870s onwards. With Stage 4 excavations complete, the Maarse Site (AlGr-189) was recommended to be cleared of further archaeological consideration. 17. Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment (Property Assessment) for the Highway 407 East, Owner's Engineer Assignment, Phase One (407 ETR to Simcoe Street) Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario RESULTS (Archaeological Services Inc., 2011) ASI conducted a Stage 2 archaeological assessment of Phase One of the Highway 407 East extension, in the Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario. Stage 2 AA was conducted on the Technically Preferred Route (TPR) on newly accessible lands where there was potential for archaeological sites and where field conditions were suitable. In 2010, concurrent Stage 3 AAs were ongoing at H31 (AlGs-419), H37 (AlGs-427), and but updates were provided within the report as to their status. Sites West H23 (AlGs-388) and West H24 (AlGs-387) were determined to be close proximity to sites Hwy 7 H5 (AlGs-388) and Hwy 7 H4 (AlGs-387) and were combined as such (Archeoworks Inc., 2009a, 2010d, 2010f). Furthermore, as stated in Archeoworks Inc. recommendations, should construction activities continue northerly of the current study corridor limits, further Stage 3 AA and Stage 4 mitigations will be required; URS concurred with these recommendations. 18. Stage 2 Property Assessment: Highway 407 East Owner s Engineer Assignment, Phase One (407 ETR to East of Harmony Road) City of Pickering, Town of Whitby, and City of Oshawa (Former Townships of Pickering, Whitby, and East Whitby in County of Ontario), Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario 2011 RESULTS (Archaeological Services Inc., 2012). ASI conducted a Stage 2 archaeological assessment of Phase One of the Highway 407 East extension, in the Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario. Stage 2 AA was conducted on the Technically Preferred Route (TPR) on newly accessible lands where there was potential for archaeological sites and where field conditions were suitable. In 2011 Stage 3 AAs were

20 Archeoworks Inc. 14 undertaken at sites H31 (AlGs-419), now determined to require no further work; and H37 (AlGs- 427), which was recommended to undergo Stage 4 mitigations. Stage 3 AA and Stage 4 salvage excavation is still outstanding on sites H23 (AlGs-388) and H24 (AlGs-387). 19. Stage 1 to 3 Archaeological Assessment of Part Lot 25, Concession 6, Whitby Township, Regional Municipality of Durham (Northeastern Archaeological Associates, 2000). Northeastern Archaeological Associates conducted a Stage 1 and 2 AA of an approximately 63- hectare parcel located within the northern part of Lot 25, Concession 6. This subject area falls within the current study area. Three sites were located: the Euro-Canadian Medland Site (AlGr- 114) and the prehistoric AlGr-115 and AlGr-116 sites. A Stage 3 AA was undertaken on all three sites; the Medland Site was absent of significant and early 19 th century deposits and AlGr-115 and AlGr-116 consisted of a single Onondaga chert flake found at each location. It was determined that these sites were not significant enough to warrant further testing, and complete clearance of the subject property was recommended. 20. Stage 1 to 3 Archaeological Assessment of Part Lot 23, Concession 6, Whitby Township, Regional Municipality of Durham (Northeastern Archaeological Associates, 2002). Northeastern Archaeological Associates conducted a Stage 1 to 3 AA of an approximately 30- hectare parcel located within the northern part of Lot 23, Concession 6. This subject area falls within the current study area. A single positive test-pit contained an Onondaga chert wedge or bipolar core and although no additional close-interval testing yielded more artifacts, a Stage 3 was undertaken. Four 1 m 2 test units were excavated with no further recoveries and therefore, it was determined that the site was not significant enough to warrant further testing, and complete clearance of the subject property is recommended. 21. Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment (AA) of: Carnwith North Lands, Part of Lot 24, Concession 6, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham. (Archeoworks Inc., 2007b). In 2007 Archeoworks Inc. was retained to conduct a Stage 1-2 AA of a parcel located on Lot 24, Concession 6 in Whitby. The Stage 1 research identified significant potential for the recovery of both Aboriginal and historic, Euro-Canadian archaeological remains within undisturbed portions of the overall study area. The Stage 2 assessment resulted in the recovery of a small collection of Euro-Canadian artifacts, the Carnwith Site. A Stage 3 AA was recommended for the site. 22. Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment and Stage 4 Mitigation of the Carnwith Site (AlGr- 180), Part of Lot 24, Concession 6, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario (Archeworks Inc., 2009b) Archeoworks Inc. conducted a Stage 3 AA of the Carnwith Site in Artifactual analysis supported an occupation period of mid-1840s into the 1870s, with the bulk of the artifacts falling in the 1850s to 1860s range. A Stage 4 excavation was carried out given the prevalence

21 Archeoworks Inc. 15 of pre-1870 artifacts. It became apparent that the site had been subjected to disturbance before, given that the archaeological assemblage contained little to no provenience and no domestic features were identified. As such, with excavations complete, the Carnwith Site (AlGr- 180) was interpreted to be the disturbed remains of an original historic site, and was recommended cleared of further archaeological consideration. 23. The Archaeological Assessment of Brookvalley Holdings Ltd., Part Lot 26, Concession 6, Town of Brooklin, RM of Durham (Archaeological Services Inc., 1997). Archaeological Services Inc. conducted an AA on 74.9 hectares within part of Lot 26, Concession 6, which falls within the limits of the current study area. During the field research, a total of five sites were located: Prehistoric sites AlGr-90, AlGr-91, and AlGr-92 and historic sites AlGr-93 and AlGr-94. Given the isolated nature of the finds associated with the prehistoric sites, no further work was recommended. Given the late Euro-Canadian component of the historic sites, further investigation will not increase the understanding of early settlement in the Village of Brooklin and as such, were recommended to be free from further archaeological concern. The balance of Brookvalley Holdings Limited lands was also recommended to be cleared of any further archaeological concern. 24. Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of Brookvalley Phase 6 and Annex Lands Subdivision 18T , part of Lots 19 and 20, Concession 6 and Part of the Road Allowance Between Lots 18 and 19, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario (Archeoworks Inc., 2005) Archeoworks Inc. conducted a Stage 1-2 on 95 acres of land within parts of Lots 19 and 20, Concession 6 which fall within 50 metres of the eastern limit of the current study area. Two Euro-Canadian sites, H1 (AlGr-171) and H2 (AlGr-172) were encountered during the Stage 2 AA and further work was recommended to delineate the respective sites limits, function and affiliation. 25. Stage 3 Archaeological Resource Assessment of the Paxton Site (AlGr-171), Within the Brookvalley Phase 6 and Annex Lands, Subdivision 18T , Part of Lot 20, Concession 6, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario (Archeoworks Inc., 2006) Archeoworks Inc. was retained to conduct a Stage 3 on site H1 (AlGr-171), now referred to as the Paxton Site. This site falls within 300 metres of the current study area. A total of 893 domestic artifacts were recovered from seven test units. Given the option to protect the Paxton Site was not feasible, the site was recommended to be subject to comprehensive salvage excavation. 26. Stage 4 Archaeological Mitigation of the Paxton Site: AlGr-171, Lot 20, Concession 6, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario (Archeoworks Inc., 2006)

22 Archeoworks Inc. 16 In July 2005, a total of 23 features were uncovered yielding 3275 domestic artifacts associated with a continuous occupation from the 1850s to mid-20 th century of Charles Paxton and John Dryden. The features excavated were that of the stone house foundation of mortared stones, well, post moulds and refuse dump. On the basis of the results of the complete Stage 4 mitigation and extensive artifactual analysis outlined in this report, the Paxton Site (AlGr-171) was recommended to be deemed clear of further archaeological consideration. 27. Stage 1 & 2 AA for Highway 7/12 & Columbus Road Intersection Widening, Town of Whitby, RM of Durham WP (Parslow, 2008). In an attempt to adhere to Section 7.5.8, Standard 4 of the 2011 S&G, the consulting firm, as well as the MTCS, were contacted in order to obtain copies of the report listed above. No response had been received at the time of report completion. 28. Stage 1 & 2 Archaeological Assessment, Part Lots 21 & 22, Concession 5/Hunter s Farm. (Jackson, L., 1997.) In an attempt to adhere to Section 7.5.8, Standard 4 of the 2011 S&G, the consulting firm, as well as the MTCS, were contacted in order to obtain copies of the report listed above. No response had been received at the time of report completion Physical Features An investigation of the study area s physical features was conducted to aid the researcher in developing an argument for archaeological potential based on the environmental conditions of the study area. Environmental factors such as close proximity to water, soil type, and nature of the terrain, for example, can be used as predictors to determine where human occupation may have occurred in the past. The study area falls within the South Slope physiographic region. Extending from the Niagara Escarpment to the Trent River, it covers approximately 940 square miles. The South Slope lies across the limestones of the Verulam and Lindsay Formations, the grey shales of the Georgian Bay Formation, and the reddish shales of the Queenston Formation, and contains a variety of soils, some of which have proved to be excellent through more than a century of agricultural use (Chapman & Putnam, 1984). The study area specifically lies on a drumlinized till plain, with a cluster of four drumlins located within Lots 28-31, Concessions 6-7 (Chapman & Putnam 1984, Map P.2715). These elevated areas contain high archaeological potential. In terms of archaeological potential, potable water is a highly important resource necessary for any extended human occupation or settlement. As water sources have remained relatively stable in Southern Ontario since post-glacial times, proximity to water can be regarded as a useful index for the evaluation of archaeological site potential. Indeed, distance from water has been one of the most commonly used variables for predictive modeling of site location. In Southern Ontario, the 2011 S&G considers undisturbed lands in proximity to a water source to be of elevated archaeological potential. Hydrological features such as lakes, rivers, creeks,

23 Archeoworks Inc. 17 swamps, and marshes would have helped supply plant and food resources to the surrounding area, and consequently support high potential for locating archaeological resources within 300 metres of their limits. The study area is mostly drained by the Lynde Creek and its tributaries; a small portion in the northeast is traversed by a tributary of the Oshawa Creek. Undisturbed lands within 300 metres of these water sources are considered to have potential for the recovery of archaeological remains Current Land Condition and Uses The study area is situated within a mainly rural setting in northern Whitby (see Map 6). Map 7, which depicts the entirety of the study area as it appeared in 1954, shows that much of the land within the study area was used for agriculture. Obvious landscape changes since then are the newer residential and commercial developments that have been mainly concentrated in and around Brooklin, although a small expansion of the Ashburn and Myrtle communities can also be seen. However, much of the land still appears to have not been subjected to extensive disturbance associated with land or infrastructure development (see Map 6). 1.4 Confirmation of Archaeological Potential Based on the information gathered from the background research documented in the preceding section, potential for the recovery of archaeological resources within the study area limits is established. Features contributing to archaeological potential are summarized in Appendix B and mapped against the current landscape in Maps ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS A desktop review of field conditions was carried out using satellite imagery obtained using the Google Earth application (see Maps 10-11). 2.1 Previously Surveyed Lands Background research has revealed that many areas within the southern half of the study area had already been subjected to a Stage 2 AA by different consulting firms (see Map 5). These various assessments resulted in the discovery of archaeological resources, some of which have been fully cleared of archaeological concern by the MTCS. Areas in which all archaeological concerns have been addressed and the fieldwork deemed sufficient and satisfactory by the MTCS are marked on Maps With previous assessments having fulfilled the Stage 2 AA requirements within their respective portions within the study area and the MTCS having cleared these areas of further archaeological concern, it is therefore recommended that these areas be exempt from further assessment.

24 Archeoworks Inc Identified Deep and Extensive Disturbances The study area was evaluated for extensive disturbances that have removed archaeological potential. Disturbances may include but are not limited to: grading below topsoil, quarrying, building footprints or sewage and infrastructure development. Section of the 2011 S&G counts infrastructure development among those: features indicating that archaeological potential has been removed. Although the optional field inspection was not carried out, it is certain that paved roadways, the Canadian Pacific rail ROW, as well as the newer residential development on Lots 21 and 22, Concession 6 (which was not present in the 1954 aerial photograph) exhibit disturbed conditions. The construction of these features would have caused extensive and deep disturbance to any archaeological resources that could have been present in the ground, thus resulting in the removal of archaeological potential within their footprints. Therefore, it is recommended that these areas be exempted from further assessment. 2.3 Identified Areas of Archaeological Potential Large portions of the study area have largely remained unassessed; portions of the study area lying outside previously assessed lands, the paved roadway and CPR alignments, and the residential development within Lots 21 and 22, Concession 6, are still considered to have archaeological potential. Areas which still contain archaeological potential include, but are not limited to, undisturbed shrubbed, treed and grassed margins outside the paved road alignment, residential frontages, woodlots and fallow lands, and active agricultural fields. Despite the presence of modern developments within downtown Brooklin, its designation as a Heritage Conservation District (HCD) and the presence of many heritage properties within its boundaries warrants that this area still be considered of high archaeological potential. Any development or construction activities extending beyond the paved roads within downtown Brooklin will require Stage 2 AA in order to ascertain the presence or absence of archaeological resources within this historic village. 2.4 Conclusions Given the established archaeological potential within identified areas described in Section 2.3 and illustrated on Maps 10-11, further Stage 2 AA will be required within these areas. 3.0 RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations are presented: 1. The paved roadways, the CPR alignment, and the residential development in Lots 21-22, Concession 6, as identified in Maps 10-11, are considered to have had their

25 Archeoworks Inc. 19 archaeological potential removed. It is therefore recommended that these areas be exempt from further archaeological assessment. 2. Portions of the study area that had been subjected to previous archaeological assessments and cleared by the MTCS of further archaeological concern (see Section 1.3.2, Maps 10-11) are recommended to be exempt from further assessment. 3. Following the selection of the preferred solution, all undisturbed and unassessed areas which contain archaeological potential and that fall within the limits of proposed development, construction and/or staging areas should be subjected to Stage 2 field assessment, employing appropriate methods of testing. The above recommendations are subject to MTCS approval. No excavation activities shall take place within the study area prior to the MTCS (Heritage Operations Unit) confirming in writing that all archaeological licensing and technical review requirements have been satisfied. 4.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION 1. This report is submitted to the MTCS as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the MTCS, a letter will be issued by the ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development. 2. It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeology Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act. 3. Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act.

26 Archeoworks Inc The Cemeteries Act, R.S.O c. C.4 and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 (when proclaimed in force) require that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Consumer Services.

27 Archeoworks Inc BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES Archaeological Services Inc. (1996). The Archaeological Assessment of Brookvalley Holdings Ltd., Part Lot 26, Concession 6, Town of Brooklin, Regional Municipality of Durham. Archaeological Services Inc. (1997). The Archaeological Assessment of Brookvalley Holdings Ltd., Part Lot 26, Concession 6, Town of Brooklin, RM of Durham (Licence #96-019, ) Archaeological Services Inc. (2011). Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment (Property Assessment) for the Highway 407 East, Owner's Engineer Assignment, Phase One (407 ETR to Simcoe Street) Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario RESULTS (PIF#P ). Archaeological Services Inc. (2012). Stage 2 Property Assessment: Highway 407 East Owner s Engineer Assignment, Phase One (407 ETR to East of Harmony Road) City of Pickering, Town of Whitby, and City of Oshawa (Former Townships of Pickering, Whitby, and East Whitby in County of Ontario), Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario 2011 RESULTS (PIF# P ). Archaeological Services Inc. and URS Canada Inc. (2010). Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment for the 407 East Individual Environmental Assessment, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario RESULTS (PIF# P , P , P ). Archaeological Services Inc. and URS Canada Inc. (2011). Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment for the 407 East Individual Environmental Assessment, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario RESULTS (PIF# P , P ). Archeoworks Inc. (2005). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of Brookvalley Phase 6 and Annex Lands Subdivision 18T , part of Lots 19 and 20, Concession 6 and Part of the Road Allowance Between Lots 18 and 19, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario (CIF# P ). Archeoworks Inc. (2006). Stage 3 Archaeological Resource Assessment of the Paxton Site (AlGr- 171), Within the Brookvalley Phase 6 and Annex Lands, Subdivision 18T , Part of Lot 20, Concession 6, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario (CIF#: P and P ). Archeoworks Inc. (2006). Stage 4 Archaeological Mitigation of the Paxton Site: AlGr-171, Lot 20, Concession 6, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario (CIF# P ). Archeoworks Inc. (2007a). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment (AA) of: Carnwith North Lands, Part of Lot 24, Concession 6, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham.

28 Archeoworks Inc. 22 Archeoworks Inc. (2007b). Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment (AA) for the: Brooklin North Landowner s Group Study Area, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario (PIF# P ). Archeoworks Inc. (2009a). Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment (AA) of: Highway 7 Widening From Brock Road to Approximately 200m East of Highway 7/12, GWP , Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Class EA, Ontario (PIF# P ) Archeoworks Inc. (2009b). Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment and Stage 4 Mitigation of the Carnwith Site (AlGr-180), Part of Lot 24, Concession 6, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario (PIF#P ). Archeoworks Inc. (2010a). Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment of Historic Sites H1 (AlGr-205), H2 (AlGr-216) and H3 (AlGs-386) of Highway 7 Widening From Brock Road to Approximately 200m East of Highway 7/12, GWP , Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Class EA, Ontario (PIF#P ). Archeoworks Inc. (2010b). Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment of Historic Sites H4 (AlGs-387) and H5 (AlGs-388) of Highway 7 Widening From Brock Road to Approximately 200m East of Highway 7/12, GWP , Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Class EA, Ontario (PIF# P ). Archeoworks Inc. (2010c). Stage 4 Mitigation Report: Historic H1 Site (AlGr-205) for the Proposed Highway 7 Widening From Brock Road to Approximately 200m East of Highway 7/12, GWP , Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Class EA, Ontario (PIF# P ). Archeoworks Inc. (2010d). Stage 4 Mitigation Report: Historic H3 Site (AlGs-386) of the Proposed Highway 7 Widening From Brock Road to Approximately 200m East of Highway 7/12, GWP , Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Class EA, Ontario (PIF# P ). Archeoworks Inc. (2010e). Stage 4 Mitigation Report: Historic H4 Site (AlGs-387) for the Proposed Highway 7 Widening From Brock Road to Approximately 200m East of Highway 7/12, GWP , Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Class EA, Ontario (PIF# P ). Archeoworks Inc. (2010f). Stage 4 Mitigation Report Historic H5 Site (AlGs-388) for the Proposed Highway 7 Widening From Brock Road to Approximately 200m East of Highway 7/12, GWP , Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Class EA, Ontario (PIF# P ).

29 Archeoworks Inc. 23 Archeoworks Inc. (2010g). Stage 4 Mitigation Report: The Maarse Site (AlGr-189) within part of Lot 28, Concession 6, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario (PIF# P ) Archeoworks Inc. (2011). Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment (AA): Brooklin North Landowner s Group Study Area, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario. (PIF# P , P , P ). Archeoworks Inc. (2012a). Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment of the Matthewson (AlGr-236) Site within Lot 26, Concession 7, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario (PIF# P ). Archeoworks Inc. (2012b). Stage 1-2 Archaeological Assessment of: 625 Columbus Road West within Part of Lots 27 & 28, Concession 6, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario (PIF# P ). Archeoworks Inc. (2013). Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment of: The Brooklin H15 Site (AlGr- 246) within Part of the Southern Half of Lot 22, Concession 7, Town of Whitby, Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario (PIF# P ). Ashton, S. (2013). from L. Templeton re. Designated and Listed Heritage Properties within the Town of Whitby, 11 March Beers, J.H. & Co. (1877). Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Ontario, Ontario. Toronto. Bella, C. (2012). to L. Templeton re. Report Request: Toronto, 18 October Birch, Jennifer (2010). Coalescence and Conflict in Iroquoian Ontario. Available at n_ontario. [Accessed 7 March 2013]. Bursey, J., Daechsel, H., Hinshelwood, A., and Murphy, C. (2012a). The Archaeology of Ontario The Archaic Period. Available at summary/archaic.htm. [Accessed 7 March 2013]. Bursey, J., Daechsel, H., Hinshelwood, A., and Murphy, C. (2012b). The Archaeology of Ontario The Woodland Period. Available at /earlyw.htm. [Accessed 7 March 2013] Central Lake Ontario Conservation Association (CLOCA). (2008). Lynde Creek Watershed Existing Conditions Report: Chapter 2 Human Heritage. [Online]. Available at: shed%20plan%20reports/2.lyndecreek_ec_human%20heritage_june08.pdf [Accessed 11 March 2013].

30 Archeoworks Inc. 24 Chapman, L. J. and Putnam, D. F. (1984). Physiography of Southern Ontario. 3rd ed. Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 2. Toronto: Ministry of Natural Resources. Coopers, Charles. (2008). 3. The Whitby, Port Perry & Lindsay Railway The Nip and Tuck Available at and%20lindsay%20ry.pdf. [Accessed 11 March 2013]. Ellis, Chris J. and Deller, D. Brian (1990). In Chris J. Ellis and Neal Ferris (Eds) The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D London, Ontario: Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS,pp Ellis, C.J., Kenyon, I.T., and Spence, M.W. (1990). in Chris J. Ellis and Neal Ferris (Eds). The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D London, Ontario: Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS, pp Energy, Mines and Resources Canada. (1988). National Topographic Survey of Canada, Series A 751, Map 31 D/3. 5th ed. Ottawa. Energy, Mines and Resources Canada. (1994a). National Topographic Survey of Canada, Series A 751, Map 30 M/14. 9th ed. Ottawa. Energy, Mines and Resources Canada. (1994b). National Topographic Survey of Canada, Series A 751, Map 30 M/15. 8th ed. Ottawa. Farewell, J.E.C. (n.d.). Ontario County. [Online]. Available at: [Accessed 11 March 2013]. Frey, S. (2013). from L. Templeton re. Designated and Listed Heritage Properties within the Township of Scugog, 7 March Gardiner, H.F. (1899). Nothing But Names An Inquiry into the Origins of the Names of the Counties and Townships of Ontario. [Online]. Available at: [Accessed 11 March 2013]. Google Inc. (2009). Satellite Images. Retrieved from Google Earth application [Accessed 13 March 2013]. Harris, R. Cole and Warkentin, John (2000). Canada Before Confederation: A Study in Historical Geography. Canada: McGill-Queen University Press. Heidenreich, C.E. (1978). Huron. In Sturtevant, W.C. (Ed.). Handbook of North American Indians -Volume 15: Northeast. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, pp

31 Archeoworks Inc. 25 Hunting Survey Corporation Limited (1954). Digital Aerial Photographs, Southern Ontario. [Online]. Available at [Accessed 28 February 2013]. Johnson, Darlene (2004). Connecting People to Place: Great Lakes Aboriginal History in Cultural Context. Available at [Accessed 7 March 2013]. Kapches, M. (2007). The Iroquoian Longhouse: Architectural and Cultural Identity. In Kerber, J.E. (Ed.) Archaeology of the Iroquois: Selected Readings and Research Sources. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, pp Karrow, P.F. & Warner, B.G. (1990). The Geological and Biological Environment for Human Occupation in Southern Ontario. in Chris J. Ellis and Neal Ferris (Eds). The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D London, Ontario: Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS, pp5-35. Mika, N. and Mika, H. (1977). Places in Ontario Part I A-E. Belleville, Ontario: Mika Publishing Company. Natural Resources Canada (1999). National Topographic Survey of Canada, Series A 751, Map 31 D/2. 6th ed. Ottawa. New Directions Archaeology Ltd. (2006). Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment of Highway 7, from Brock Road to Highway 12 (CIF# P ). Northeastern Archaeological Associates. (2000). Stage 1 to 3 Archaeological Assessment of Part Lot 25, Concession 6, Whitby Township, Regional Municipality of Durham (CIF# ). Northeastern Archaeological Associates. (2002). Stage 1 to 3 Archaeological Assessment of Part Lot 23, Concession 6, Whitby Township, Regional Municipality of Durham (CIF# ; , ). Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport. (2011). Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Toronto. Surtees, R. J. (1986). Treaty Research Report: The Williams Treaties. [Online]. Available at [Accessed 11 March 2013].

32 Archeoworks Inc. 26 Surtees, Robert J. (1994). Land Cessions, In Edward S. Rogers (Eds.). Aboriginal Ontario: Historical Perspectives on the First Nations. Toronto, Ontario: Dundurn Press Limited, pp Town of Whitby. (2012). Heritage Inventory of Properties. Available at [Accessed 7 March 2013]. Tremaine, G. (1860). Tremaine s Map of the County of Ontario, Canada West. Toronto. Trigger, Bruce G. (1994).The Original Iroquoians: Huron, Petun and Neutral. In Edward S. Rogers (Eds.). Aboriginal Ontario: Historical Perspectives on the First Nations. Toronto, Ontario: Dundurn Press Limited, pp Warrick, G.A. (2007). The Precontact Iroquoian Occupation of Southern Ontario. In Kerber, J.E. (Ed.) Archaeology of the Iroquois: Selected Readings and Research Sources. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, pp Warrick, G. (2008). A Population History of the Huron-Petun, A.D New York: Cambridge University Press. Wright, J.V (1995). A History of the Native People of Canada. Volume I (10,000 1,000B.C.). Hull, Quebec: Museum of Civilization.

33 Archeoworks Inc. 27 APPENDIX A: MAPS Map 1: National Topographical System Map (Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, 1988, 1994a, 1994b; Natural Resources Canada, 1999) identifying the Stage 1 AA study area.

34 Archeoworks Inc. 28 Map 2: Study area within the Tremaine s Map of the County of Ontario (Tremaine, 1860).

35 Archeoworks Inc. 29 Map 3: Study area within the Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of Ontario (J. H. Beers & Co., 1877).

36 Archeoworks Inc. 30 Map 4: Cultural heritage properties within 300 m of the study area (courtesy of Town of Whitby Planning Department).

37 Archeoworks Inc. 31 Map 5: Map identifying portions of the study area that have been subjected to previous assessments.

38 Archeoworks Inc. 32 Map 6: Study area in 2009 (Google Inc., 2009).

39 Archeoworks Inc. 33 Map 7: Study area in 1954 (Hunting Survey Corporation Ltd., 1954).

40 Archeoworks Inc. 34 Map 8: Map of historical features contributing to archaeological potential within the northern half of the study area (Lots 21-35, Concessions 8-9).

41 Archeoworks Inc. 35 Map 9: Map of historical features contributing to archaeological potential within the southern half of the study area (Lots 21-35, Concessions 6-7).