Y OLIBRAR T PHO 50 Heritage December 2009
|
|
- Randolf Porter
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 PHOTOLIBRARY 50 Heritage December 2009
2 Roman Britain Hadrian s Wall The final frontier Stretching over 73 miles, from Wallsend in the east to Bowness-on-Solway in the west, Hadrian s Wall continues to provide a striking insight into life on the outer limits of the Roman empire, writes Guy de la Bédoyère The Romans may have been responsible for building the spectacular Wall of Hadrian, but the result was a wonder even to them. Three Roman souvenirs of the wall have been found: one in France and two in Britain at Rudge in Wiltshire and on the Staffordshire Moorlands. These enamelled bronze vessels name several of the forts along the wall and the Staffordshire cup is inscribed with the wall s Latin name: the Aelian Frontier, after Hadrian s middle name, Aelius. Unravelling the secrets has been an incredible journey for the antiquarians, archaeologists and historians who have been studying it since the 18th century. When work first started on the wall in or around AD122, the Romans had been in Britain for almost 80 years. In that time they had invaded Scotland, but had pulled back to an area now between the cities of Newcastle and Carlisle. When Hadrian became emperor in 117 he knew the Empire had reached its limits. He embarked on a policy known as consolidating the frontiers, gave up remote conquered territory in parts of Central Europe and the Middle East and set about fixing the Empire s boundaries. Hadrian reached Britain in 119. It Guy de la Bédoyère is the author of Roman Britain: A New History, by Thames & Hudson Emperor Hadrian wasn t the only place he decided to build a physical barrier, but what made his structure so remarkable was the sheer complexity of the system perhaps even designed by him personally. Only a single line from a biography written around 200 years later gives us a clue as to why he built it. Hadrian erected a wall over a length of 80 miles which was to force apart the Romans and barbarians. However, with offensive warfare over, Hadrian was worried about idle frontier armies; building defences kept them busy. Inscriptions found along the wall record the lengths of sections built by November December 2009 Heritage 51
3 detachments from the three legions based in Britain, the II, VI and XX a sort of Roman quality control. The wall wasn t a solid barrier. It began as a 10ft-wide (Roman measure) stone curtain, destined to be 73 miles long, starting in what is now the middle of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Soldiers surveyed ahead and set out a 10ft foundation along with two milecastles. These small fortified gateways with barracks that accommodated about 20 troops were built approximately every Roman mile. In between, small look-out towers were built every third of a mile. Each of these had 10ft wing walls that were designed to join up to the wall as it was built. In front a massive ditch was dug with a ruthless disregard for native settlements in the area. The milecastle gates prove movement was allowed, but only under supervision. The wall was about controlling people, perhaps for taxation reasons, or perhaps to break up any threatening congregations of frontier barbarians, rather than stopping them. This scheme was designed to run as far west as the River Irthing near Birdoswald. The western sector was to be built of turf and timber but also had milecastles and turrets. The man in charge was the governor Aulus Platorius Nepos, named on several inscriptions from the wall. Divide and conquer No-one is sure how high the wall was, but it may have been around 11-13ft. No section survived at full height for long enough to be measured, so we don t even know if it had crenellations on the top. Recent evidence has suggested some parts were never finished or took generations to complete, so it s possible that parts of it never reached full height. Within only a couple of years dramatic changes were made to the plan. We don t know why, but it could have been because the sheer amount of stone needed was too much and it was taking too long. By AD125 the wall was being continued at only eight Roman feet wide, but was built on sections of already completed 10ft foundations. Milecastles and turrets prepared with 10ft wing walls were now butted up to the 8ft wall when the builders reached them. Milecastle 48 (Poltross Burn) shows this to good effect. But this narrowing of the wall was nothing compared to the other alterations: an extension to the east snaked down to the Tyne at a place now known as Wallsend. Fourteen fullsize forts including Housesteads, Benwell and Greatchesters, were built. These were either cavalry forts straddling the frontier (requiring the wall to be knocked down), or infantry forts Clockwise from above: an impression of how Hadrian s Wall might have looked; ruins of Vindolanda Roman Fort; Temple to Mithras altars from the third century AD; impression of Vindolanda bath house; comb and case ALAMY, VINDOLANDA, GETTY, PHOTOLIBRARY, ENGLISH HERITAGE Timeline All dates AD Roman invasion of Britain under the Emperor Claudius The Roman governor Agricola takes Roman troops deep into Scotland: this is the furthest north the Romans ever reach The Emperor Hadrian ( ) visits Britain Hadrian s Wall is begun Barbarians driven back and the Antonine Wall is begun by Antoninus Pius ( ) Major changes bring forts to the wall, and wall width reduced Tribes cross the wall and defeat legionary troops, causing serious damage. More warfare to suppress them follows By about this time the Antonine Wall is abandoned and Hadrian s Wall is recommissioned Septimius Severus ( ) comes to Britain to campaign in Scotland. Hadrian s Wall is repaired and rebuilt Major rebuilding work under the emperors Diocletian and Maximianus is recorded at Birdoswald and Housesteads forts 52 Heritage December 2009 heritagemagazine.co.uk
4 Roman Britain Hadrian s Wall with their northern walls acting as the wall itself. Clearly someone had decided it was hopeless leaving the main garrisons a few miles to the south at places like Vindolanda. The wall was built by the Roman legions, who came up from their huge bases in the south to do the work. But the wall was manned by auxiliaries or hired professionals from round the Empire, who were divided up into units of 500 or 800, as either infantry, cavalry or mixed units. Gauls, Batavians, Sarmatian archers and Dacians were just some of the 10,000 men who came. And then there was the Vallum. It s a misnomer since vallum means frontier but today it s applied to a massive 114ftwide complex of ditch and flanking mounds built a short way south of the wall and parallel to it. The Vallum created a huge barrier to the wall zone from the south, which was, in theory, the settled part of the province, but perhaps the Romans had found that none of the locals could be trusted. One more fort remained to be added and Carrawburgh was built by AD130 to plug the gap between Chesters and Housesteads. The Vallum which had already been built here was filled in. New build By the mid second century the wall was temporarily abandoned after trouble with barbarians to the north and a new (turf) frontier known today as the Antonine Wall was built by Antoninus Pius (AD ) in the area roughly between Edinburgh and Glasgow today. In retrospect it seems incredible that the Romans abandoned Hadrian s Wall, just like the decision by the British government to sell off airfields after the First World War, believing they d never need them again. By the 160s even the Antonine Wall had been abandoned, and Hadrian s Wall recommissioned. Some time in the second century AD the turf wall west of the Irthing was replaced in stone. People to the north were faced with a vast stone barrier apart from the milecastle gates and the northern gates of the forts. Recent work suggests the wall was whitewashed, with stonework possibly picked out in red. From this point on the structure became a permanent fact of life. The forts attracted civilian settlement, and The emperor Constantius Chlorus campaigns in Scotland beyond the wall Roman control of Britain ends. The wall ceases to be administered in any formal sense William Camden produces the first major account of the wall A large section of the wall is demolished and used as the foundation for a new road to prevent any further Jacobite incursions to England Systematic mapping of the wall zone begins Barbarians cross the wall and ravage Britain. After this date the civilian settlements on the wall are largely given up The historian and monk Bede, based at Jarrow, describes the surviving wall as 8ft wide and 12ft high during his time First proper survey and account of the wall is published by John Collingwood Bruce Wall declared a World Heritage Site Fourteenth edition of John Collingwood Bruce s Handbook to the Roman Wall is published heritagemagazine.co.uk December 2009 Heritage 53
5 Roman Britain Hadrian s Wall soldiers to cut across and catch him. So large parts were pulled down and used for a road, which explains why much of the eastern sector is now buried under the B6318. Other sections were systematically dismantled for use as building stone by local farmers. English Heritage has been systematically mapping the entire frontier to create a permanent record of not only Roman, but also pre- and post-roman features of this monument Clockwise from top: aerial view of the abandoned medieval village of East Matfen, Tyne & Wear; a lone tree at Sycamore Gap, a famous landmark along Hadrian s Wall; decorative cup excavated from site houses, temples, inns, baths and industry all appeared around them. Survey work at Birdoswald has shown how extensive this settlement was. We know from Roman historians that intermittent warfare continued for centuries. The wall itself was hardly durable: its rubble core and dressed facing stones meant it had been easy to build but it also fell apart easily when water invaded, froze and expanded, so needed constant repair. By the time the Emperor Septimius Severus (AD ) arrived in Britain to try his luck invading Scotland, the wall required such substantial reconstruction it was believed that Severus had first built it. By the late fourth century the wall was semi-derelict, and Roman Britain was under threat from barbarians. Working parties from the beleaguered southern towns had arrived to help with the restoration. The civilian settlements had been largely abandoned, their inhabitants moving inside the forts along with what remained of the troops. At one time these had been foreign immigrants such as Gauls, Hungarians and Spaniards who cohabited with native women. Their descendants probably made up most of the garrisons in the late fourth century, with men (and women) who had only ever known life in northern Britain and called it their home. They sheltered in forts whose massive arched gateways were half-collapsed and whose walls had been shorn up with timber and remains of the gates. Some of the soldiers went off to try their luck in the armies of the pretenders to the imperial throne such as Magnus Maximus (AD383-8) or Constantine III (AD407-11). Those who were left made the best of what there was. The evidence from Birdoswald is of timber halls built amongst the decaying remnants of Roman stone granaries and barracks. With no written evidence, and the disappearance of Roman artefacts in the fifth century, it s anyone s guess what happened, but perhaps these descendants of Rome s frontier garrisons acted as local warrior bands led by chieftains. Centuries later their descendants were the rievers (cattle thieves) of the remote north who used the old forts as their bases. By early modern times the wall was a poor reflection of its former self. Bonnie Prince Charlie led his troops into England in 1745, partly because there was no east west route for the British Fortifying a future It s something of a miracle that any of the wall had survived, when consolidation, restoration and presentation only really began in the 20th century. Excavations, which were started in the 19th century, had already uncovered a complex history. In recent years major programmes of excavation at Birdoswald, Housesteads and Wallsend have brought modern archaeological techniques to the wall. Its designation as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1987 was a boost as it encouraged a coordinated management plan to take account of archaeological needs, tourism and farming which is especially important as more than 90 per cent of the wall is privately owned. Since 2002 English Heritage has been systematically mapping the entire frontier in a bid to create a permanent record of not only the Roman, but also pre- and post-roman features of this remarkable monument. This year a 250,000 project to repair a half-mile section near the fort at Greatchesters was finally finished. It involved bringing in 450 tonnes of new stone. Around 1,900 years since its creation, the wall still remains a thing of wonder and is no less complex a system to manage and maintain than in the days of Hadrian himself. h ENGLISH HERITAGE, GUY DE BEDOYERE, PHOTOLIBRARY 54 Heritage December 2009
Just under a mile from Cawfields car park where the walk begins is Great Chesters Roman Fort. It is behind the tree, looking from the west.
Tynedale U3A Hadrian s Wall Group Cawfields to Birdoswald Just under a mile from Cawfields car park where the walk begins is Great Chesters Roman Fort. It is behind the tree, looking from the west. Great
More informationTEACHERS RESOURCE PACK Birdoswald Roman Fort
TEACHERS RESOURCE PACK Birdoswald Roman Fort This resource pack has been designed to help teachers plan a visit to Birdoswald Roman Fort, which offers fascinating insight into life in a Roman fort and
More informationONE DAY 12:30 10:30.
THREE NIGHT STAY This three night, four day itinerary follows the path of the Romans along the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Hadrian s Wall, which stretches across the north of England. Travel the length
More informationANTONINE WALL - BARHILL
Property in Care (PIC)no: PIC168 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90008) Taken into State care: 1960 (Guardianship) Last reviewed: 2005 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE ANTONINE
More informationThe edge of the Roman Empire!
DAYS OUT AND EVENTS ALONG HADRIAN S WALL The edge of the Empire! britainonview/rod Edwards Housesteads Fort Standing high on a dramatic escarpment, Housesteads gives you a sense of what life was like on
More informationANTONINE WALL - DULLATUR
Property in Care (PIC) ID: PIC172 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90017); Taken into State care: 1960 (Guardianship) Last reviewed: 2018 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE ANTONINE
More informationRevisit Roman Arbeia Fort site information: teacher s notes
Revisit Roman Arbeia Fort site information: teacher s notes Revisit Roman Arbeia is split into four parts, all of which can be downloaded from Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums website: Gallery Search Tick:
More informationThe City-Wall of Nineveh
The City of Nineveh Nineveh has a very long history, with finds dating already back at fifth millennium. As part of the Assyrian empire, the city served as a regional center during the Middle and Early
More informationFOUNDATIONS OF ARCHAEOLOGY A WALK IN VERNDITCH CHASE
FOUNDATIONS OF ARCHAEOLOGY A WALK IN VERNDITCH CHASE 1. A Tale of two Long Barrows Long barrows were constructed as earthen or drystone mounds with flanking ditches and acted as funerary monuments during
More informationCARLUNGIE EARTH HOUSE
Property in Care (PIC) ID: PIC015 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90059) Taken into State care: 1953 (Guardianship) Last reviewed: 2004 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE CARLUNGIE
More informationRoman Forts and Fortresses. Introductions to Heritage Assets
Roman Forts and Fortresses Introductions to Heritage Assets Summary Historic England s Introductions to Heritage Assets (IHAs) are accessible, authoritative, illustrated summaries of what we know about
More informationNEW YORK NEW NEWCASTLE. UNESCO World Heritage Sites NIGHT STAY THREE
NEW YORK NEWCASTLE NEW THREE NIGHT STAY UNESCO World Heritage Sites This three night, four day itinerary follows the path of the Romans along the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Hadrian s Wall, which stretches
More informationHadrian's Wall. Hadrian's Wall. To book visit or call Page
017687 756 Page 1 Hadrian s Wall was the north-west frontier of the Roman empire for nearly 300 years. It was built by the Roman army on the orders of Emperor Hadrian following his visit to Britain in
More informationCulver Street-First Results
The story of Colchester Shortly after the start of the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43, a legionary fortress was founded in the heart of the Iron Age capital 'Camulodunum'. A few years later, the garrison
More informationThe Castor Roman Walk
The Castor Roman Walk Welcome to the Route Plan and teachers notes for the Castor Roman Walk. The walk is approximately 3km, with an optional extension of 0.7km. We suggest that you bring with you OS Explorer
More informationRevisit Roman Arbeia Reconstruction Search: teacher s notes
Revisit Roman Arbeia Reconstruction Search: teacher s notes Revisit Roman Arbeia is split into four parts, all of which can be downloaded from Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums website: Gallery Search Tick:
More information3.1 Bowness-on-Solway to Carlisle
3.1 Bowness-on-Solway to Carlisle Map panel 1 Distance 15 miles (24 km) Terrain minor roads, tracks, field paths and riverside footpath, muddy in places Grade easy, with gentle gradients on undulating
More informationThe Farleighs, Boughton Monchelsea, The Loose Valley and the Roman Occupation. By Simon Elliott BSc MA (Arch) MA (War Studies)
The Farleighs, Boughton Monchelsea, The Loose Valley and the Roman Occupation. By Simon Elliott BSc MA (Arch) MA (War Studies) During the period when Britain was occupied by the Romans (AD43 through to
More informationTrail Summary. Defending Hope. Three Forts Time Travellers Trail (Hope Valley)
6hr Jump on a bus to explore the sites of three former defensive outposts in the Hope Valley. Navio Roman Fort has level access, whilst Mam Tor and Peveril Castle require a steep climb (hence there defensive
More informationECOMUSEUM DE CAVALLERIA Information about the roman military camp
ECOMUSEUM DE CAVALLERIA Information about the roman military camp March 2010 1 Titus Livius narrated the events of the Roman Conquest of the Balearic Islands in his work Ad urbe condita. Unfortunately,
More informationINTRODUCTION ITINERARY PERU - CUSQUENITA (LITTLE CUSCO) TRIP CODE PETSCUS DEPARTURE. Daily DURATION. 4 Days LOCATIONS. Peru
INTRODUCTION This tour is a suggested itinerary designed by our specialist team! Choose this itinerary or alter it to design your own Journey. On a limited time frame, or want to visit the Cusco region
More informationUNIVERSITY OF LANCASTER ARCHAEOLOGY FORUM. 3 March 2007
UNIVERSITY OF LANCASTER CENTRE FOR NORTH-WEST REGIONAL STUDIES ARCHAEOLOGY FORUM 3 March 2007 The Carlisle Millennium Excavations - John Zant From 1998 to 2001 a major programme of archaeological excavation
More informationToday. Unit Quiz When you are finished please do something quietly. Castles in the Middle Ages
Today Unit Quiz When you are finished please do something quietly Castles in the Middle Ages ** Hand in all of your assignments for this last unit please The High Middle Ages (1066-1300) Population Power
More informationarcheological site LOS MILLARES
archeological site LOS MILLARES Aerial view of the plain of Los Millares between the Rambla de Huéchar and the River Andarax The archaeological site of Los Millares is located in the township of Santa
More informationINTRODUCTION ITINERARY PERU - CUSCO & MACHU PICCHU DISCOVERY TRIP CODE PETSCMD DEPARTURE. Daily DURATION. 5 Days LOCATIONS. Cusco and Machu Pichu
INTRODUCTION This tour is a suggested itinerary designed by our specialist team! Choose this itinerary or alter it to design your own Journey. We have taken the highlights of Cusco and squeezed them into
More informationRemember from last class...
The Onset of War! Remember from last class... The republic lasted for nearly 500 years and this period marked major expansion of Roman power. During this time, Rome became the leading power in the Mediterranean.
More informationBorder Galleries Guide (Chronological)
Border Galleries Guide (Chronological) Pre-history Landscapes Prehistoric Hut Resource Area Romans and Hadrian s Wall Lookout point Civil War and Jacobite Risings Stocks & Photopoint Dark Ages and Vikings
More informationFort Carillon/Ticonderoga
Fort Carillon/Ticonderoga A P H O T O G R A P H I C H I S T O R Y B E H I N D T H E S T R A T E G I C K E Y T O B O T H B R I T I S H A N D A M E R I C A N V I C T O R I E S I N T H E N O R T H. S E V
More informationINTRODUCTION ITINERARY PERU - CUSCO & MACHU PICCHU DISCOVERY TRIP CODE PETSCMD DEPARTURE. Daily DURATION. 5 Days LOCATIONS. Cusco and Machu Pichu
INTRODUCTION This tour is a suggested itinerary designed by our specialist team! Choose this itinerary or alter it to design your own Journey. We have taken the highlights of Cusco and squeezed them into
More informationNotes: The Greek World (Chapter 9)
Notes: The Greek World (Chapter 9) I. Persia Becomes an Empire under Cyrus the Great A. Cyrus the Great led a Persian revolt against the in 580 BCE 1. the Great won independence for Persia from the Medes,
More informationBootham Bar, York City Walls. (John Oxley FSA, City Archaeologist)
W a l l e d C i t i e s & O p e n S o c i e t i e s : M a n a g i n g H i s t o r i c W a l l s i n U r b a n W o r l d H e r i t a g e P r o p e r t i e s Siena, Italy. 26-27 January 2017 Bootham Bar,
More informationEXCAVATING THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN BRITAIN: EXCAVATION AND RESEARCH AT SOUTH SHIELDS ROMAN FORT, UK
Earthwatch 2016 Annual Field Report EXCAVATING THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN BRITAIN: EXCAVATION AND RESEARCH AT SOUTH SHIELDS ROMAN FORT, UK Nick Hodgson MA, PhD, FSA (Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums) PERIOD COVERED
More informationRoman settlement patterns in the Letchworth Garden City area. Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews NHDC Archaeology Officer
Roman settlement patterns in the Letchworth Garden City area Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews NHDC Archaeology Officer The Romans in Letchworth? Julius Caesar invaded in 55 and 54 BC Established client kingdoms
More informationRoman Expansion: From Republic to Empire
Roman Expansion: From Republic to Empire January 6 January 10, 2014 I will be able to analyze the political and social institutions of the Roman Republic. I will then be able determine and collaboratively,
More informationTHE GEOGRAPHY OF THE NILE. Section 1
THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE NILE Section 1 The Nile River is the world s longest river. It flows north from its sources in East Africa to the Mediterranean Sea for more than 4,000 miles. THE COURSE OF THE NILE
More informationEssential Question: What is Hellenism? What were the lasting characteristics of the Roman Republic & the Roman Empire?
Essential Question: What were the lasting characteristics of the Roman Republic & the Roman Empire? Warm-Up Question: What is Hellenism? Why was Alexander of Macedonia considered great? In addition to
More informationChester's City Walls. Guide Location: England» Chester # of Attractions: 8 Tour Duration: 1 hour(s) Travel Distance: 2.3 km.
Copyright by GPSmyCity.com - Page 1 - Chester's City Walls Chester is the only city in Great Britain that maintained the full circuit of its ancient defensive walls. The main access through the walls is
More informationPetra, The World wonder
City Tourism Petra, The World wonder ITM / Jordan Jordan s most valuable treasure and greatest tourist attraction. Al dier monastery petra gohoto The giant red mountains and vast mausoleums of a departed
More informationText 1: Empire Building Through Conquest. Topic 6: Ancient Rome and the Origins of Christianity Lesson 2: The Roman Empire: Rise and Decline
Text 1: Empire Building Through Conquest Topic 6: Ancient Rome and the Origins of Christianity Lesson 2: The Roman Empire: Rise and Decline BELLWORK How did Rome s conquests affect the Empire? OBJECTIVES
More informationINTRODUCTION ITINERARY PERU - LUXURY MACHU PICCHU EXPERIENCE TRIP CODE PETSCLX DEPARTURE. Daily DURATION. 5 Days LOCATIONS. Peru
INTRODUCTION The Chimu Collections range consists of boutique properties, cruises & itineraries, throughout Latin America, designed for travellers seeking unique experiences. We have taken the highlights
More informationWANDER THROUGH THE OLD TOWN DISCOVER CARLISLE AND HADRIAN S WALL. #CUmBRIA4COACHES
#CUmBRIA4COACHES DISCOVER WANDER THROUGH THE OLD TOWN Travel Information To find out more about travelling to and around Cumbria and the Lake District visit www.cumbria4coaches.co.uk and download our Coach
More informationChiselbury Camp hillfort
Chiselbury Camp hillfort Reasons for Designation Large univallate hillforts are defined as fortified enclosures of varying shape, ranging in size between 1ha and 10ha, located on hilltops and surrounded
More informationBrenig Archaeology Trail
Walk Information: Maps: OS Explorer 264 Distance: 2.5 miles / 4 kilometres Duration: Allow 2.5 hours for the circular walk Difficulty: easy. Well-marked trail over fields. Start and finish: SH 98325741
More informationThe Rise of Rome. After about 800 BC other people also began settling in Italy The two most notable were the and the
The Rise of Rome The Land and People of Italy Italy is a peninsula extending about miles from north to south and only about 120 miles wide. The mountains form a ridge from north to south down the middle
More informationHow the Nile River Led to Civilization in Ancient Egypt
How the Nile River Led to Civilization in Ancient Egypt By USHistory.org on 03.07.17 Word Count 1,108 Level MAX TOP: This photo, taken around 1915, shows the flooding of the Nile River, which happens each
More informationCyprus and Greece. We spent time enjoying the views over the sea and slowly strolled back to the hotel to complete our introductory day.
Cyprus and Greece We are traveling again, this time spending two weeks in the Eastern Mediterranean, first in Cyprus and then in Greece. We have visited both countries before but it has been about 20 years
More informationCASTLE OF OLD WICK HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE. Property in Care(PIC) ID: PIC282 Designations:
Property in Care(PIC) ID: PIC282 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90065) Taken into State care: 1957 (Guardianship) Last reviewed: 2004 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE CASTLE
More informationINTRODUCTION ITINERARY PERU - LUXURY MACHU PICCHU EXPERIENCE TRIP CODE PETSCLX DEPARTURE
INTRODUCTION The Chimu Collections range consists of boutique properties, cruises & itineraries, throughout Latin America, designed for travellers seeking unique experiences. We have taken the highlights
More informationHieroglyphics - A form of writing in which pictures are used to represent words and phrases
Inca Civilization: 1200 AD 1535 AD -South America along Pacific Ocean. -Built vast network of roads and bridges. -Government run by emperor. -Built terraces on hills for farming. Macchu Picchu: Inca Palace.
More informationHow the Romans changed Britain By Michael Coleman
How the Romans changed Britain By Michael Coleman TAX MAN: One of the biggest changes the Romans brought to Britain was peace. The tribes no longer fought each other. And, so long as they didn t rebel,
More informationLancaster Castle THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP JOURNAL NO 26:
Lancaster Castle. The Henry IV gatehouse from the south-east. The C15 gatehouse subsumes a C12/13 stone gateway, observable inside the gate passage beyond the portcullis. The lower level loops originally
More informationINTRODUCTION. 2 Canterbury
CANTERBURY INTRODUCTION Canterbury is one of the most ancient cities in England and it immerses its visitors in its history with every step they take. One would need to pause by every brick, window and
More informationGroup of Monuments, Mahabalipuram
Group of Monuments, Mahabalipuram Mahabalipuram The Group of monuments at Mamallapuram includes cave temples (mandapas), monolithic temples (rathas), structural temples and bas relief sculptures. The cave
More informationTHE ROMAN TORT AT WATERCROOK (KENDAL)
THE ROMAN TORT AT WATERCROOK (KENDAL) by DAVID SHOTTER Until relatively recent years it was customary to assume that most, if not all, Roman military establishments in north-west England came into being
More information2. 4 Avebury: stone circles and nearby sites
24 2. 4 Avebury: stone circles and nearby sites N E W S Beckhampton Avenue The bank originally stood 7 m (23 ft) high, much taller than today. The ditch was originally 9 m (30 ft) deep and 20 m (65 ft)
More informationSample file. Permission is granted to backup and store the audio tracks on a CD disk.
Congratulations on the purchase of this electronic ebook. This ebook purchase includes extra media files. When the text in this ebook references a CD track or transparency page, please refer to the extra
More informationThe Roman Empire. Chapter 9 Lesson 3
The Roman Empire Chapter 9 Lesson 3 Intro Pax Romana (Roman Peace) - Rome was to enjoy a Pax Romana during the rule of Octavian (Augustus) and long after his death. Lasted for more than 200 years. Roman
More informationPlease see our website for up to date contact information, and further advice.
Saxon Shore Forts On 1st April 2015 the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England changed its common name from English Heritage to Historic England. We are now re-branding all our documents.
More informationLOCHRANZA CASTLE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE. Property in Care (PIC) ID: PIC090
Property in Care (PIC) ID: PIC090 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90206) Taken into State care: 1956 (Guardianship) Last reviewed: 2004 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE LOCHRANZA
More informationARDESTIE EARTH HOUSE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE. Property in Care no: 24
Property in Care no: 24 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90021) Taken into State care: 1953 (Guardianship) Last reviewed: 2004 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE ARDESTIE EARTH
More informationThe Establishment of the Roman Republic
Slide 1 The Establishment of the Roman Republic (c) Student Handouts, Inc. www.studenthandouts.com Slide 2 Geography of Rome Protection for Rome and Italy Rome built on seven hills Alps Barrier to the
More informationINTRODUCTION ITINERARY PERU - THE SECRET OF THE INCAS TRIP CODE PETSTSI DEPARTURE. Daily DURATION. 7 Days LOCATIONS. Peru
INTRODUCTION This tour is a suggested itinerary designed by our specialist team! Choose this itinerary or alter it to design your own Journey. Join us on this fantastic journey to the heart of the Incan
More informationRobert Vannoy, Major Prophets, Lecture 26--Ezekiel 2
1 Robert Vannoy, Major Prophets, Lecture 26--Ezekiel 2 Let s go further to Ezekiel chapter 30. Verse 13, This is what the Sovereign LORD says: I will destroy the idols and put an end to the images in Memphis.
More informationName: Period: Date: Mediterranean Sea , '13"N 18 48'30"E. Nile River , '14.06"N 31 26'27.
Name: : Date: Directions: Label the items in this column on the map. Mediterranean Sea 35.603719, 18.808594 35 36'13"N 18 48'30"E Nile River 26.853906, 3440919 26 51'14.06"N 31 26'27.31"E River Current
More informationLabraunda Preliminary report
Labraunda 2012. Preliminary report The excavations at Labraunda this year were very successful and lasted for eight weeks. Our main new discovery is obviously the gold coin from Philip II discovered in
More informationAFRICAN CIVILIZATION. The Kushite Kingdom in Upper Egypt and the Sudan
AFRICAN CIVILIZATION The Kushite Kingdom in Upper Egypt and the Sudan The Kingdom of Kush The civilization of Kush thrived from about 2000 B.C.E. to 350 C.E. Kush and Egypt had a close relationship throughout
More informationBig Idea Constantine creates a New Rome Essential Question How did Constantinople become a rich and powerful city?
Big Idea Constantine creates a New Rome Essential Question How did Constantinople become a rich and powerful city? 1 Essential Question What was the Great Schism? Words To Know Cultural Diffusion the exchange
More informationThe Syrian Middle Euphrates Archaeological Project (PAMES).
The Syrian Middle Euphrates Archaeological Project (PAMES). Seven years of research (2005-2011) of the Spanish and Syrian Archaeological Mission in Deir ez-zor. With the support of Aïdi Foundation In September
More informationWorld Leaders: Ramses the Great
World Leaders: Ramses the Great By Encyclopaedia Britannica, adapted by Newsela staff on 03.15.17 Word Count 879 Level 1050L TOP: A statue of Ramses the Great. SECOND: View of the temple of Ramses II.
More informationAlexander fighting Persian king Darius III. Alexander Mosaic, from Pompeii, Naples, Museo Archeologico Nazionale.
Alexander fighting Persian king Darius III. Alexander Mosaic, from Pompeii, Naples, Museo Archeologico Nazionale. IV) HELLENISTIC GREECE The Hellenistic period of Greek history was the period between the
More informationCar Hire Limassol. {carman_quicksearch}
{carman_quicksearch} Limassol or Lemesos is the second-largest city in Cyprus, with a population of 228,000 (2008). It is the largest city in geographical size, and the biggest municipality on the island.
More informationGelligaer. Roman Fort. Caer Rufeinig. Meet the Edwardian Explorers who uncovered Gelligaer s Roman Past
Gelligaer Caer Rufeinig Roman Fort Meet the Edwardian Explorers who uncovered Gelligaer s Roman Past Guided Walk and Children s Clue Trail around Gelligaer Roman Fort Time Team is nothing new! What lies
More informationLost Colony of Roanoke
Lost Colony of Roanoke Lesson Number: 3 Title: The Lost Colony of Roanoke Grade Level: 5 th Time: 50-60 minutes Materials: Per Student: Roanoke: The Lost Colony short story Roanoke Theories worksheet Evidence
More informationJAPAN S PACIFIC CAMPAIGN. Chapter 16 section 2
JAPAN S PACIFIC CAMPAIGN Chapter 16 section 2 Surprise Attack on Pearl Harbor October 1940 the U.S. had cracked one of the codes that the Japanese used in sending secret messages. Which meant the U.S.
More informationCarisbrooke. Fig. 1. Carisbrooke Castle shell-keep, c with added gatehouse and portcullis c
Fig. 1. Carisbrooke Castle shell-keep, c. 1130-40 with added gatehouse and portcullis c. 1335. 4. Carisbrooke The castle s founder, William fitzosbern, built an enclosure castle soon after the Norman Conquest.
More informationTHE PREHISTORIC AEGEAN AP ART HISTORY CHAPTER 4
THE PREHISTORIC AEGEAN AP ART HISTORY CHAPTER 4 INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES: Students will be able to understand the environmental, technological, political, and cultural factors that led societies in the
More informationJOURNAL OF THE EDAS FIELD TRIP to HADRIAN S WALL 4 th -10 th June 2017
JOURNAL OF THE EDAS FIELD TRIP to HADRIAN S WALL 4 th -10 th June 2017 Compiled by Vanessa Joseph on behalf of the EAST DORSET ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY Charity No: 1171828 www.dorset-archaeology.org.uk. Date:
More informationThe Persian Empire. An Outsider Invader Threatens the Greek Mainland.
The Persian Empire An Outsider Invader Threatens the Greek Mainland. Hello Sports Fans! Read Section 1: The Persian Empire 2. How did the Persians build their empire? Persia started in southwestern Iran
More informationThe Rosetta Stone. Writing in Ancient Egyptian
Writing in Ancient Egyptian The Rosetta Stone The hieroglyphic writing system used more than 600 symbols, mostly pictures of objects. Each symbol represented one or more sounds in the Egyptian language.
More informationDeddington Castle, Oxfordshire: A Summary of Excavations *
Deddington Castle, Oxfordshire: A Summary of Excavations 1977 1979* R.J. Ivens for Queen s University, Belfast, and DoE Between 1947 and 1951 Prof. E.M. Jope carried out a series of rescue excavations
More informationCastles. Castles. Visit for thousands of books and materials.
Castles A Reading A Z Level Q Leveled Reader Word Count: 1,515 LEVELED READER Q Castles Written and Illustrated by Paula Schricker Visit www.readinga-z.com for thousands of books and materials. www.readinga-z.com
More informationWe have compared the way a historian works to the way a detective
2.8 Primary and Secondary Sources We have compared the way a historian works to the way a detective works. The main difference between detectives and historians is the evidence they work with. Detectives
More informationConcept Document towards the Dead Sea Basin Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Listing. This report has been presented to the public and to
Concept Document towards the Dead Sea Basin Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Listing. This report has been presented to the public and to political decision makers both regionally and internationally
More informationUnlocking Our Coastal Heritage Project: Crane Castle Promontory Fort, Illogan, Cornwall
Unlocking Our Coastal Heritage Project: Crane Castle Promontory Fort, Illogan, Cornwall As part of a wider project funded by the Rural Development Programme for England (RDPE) and administered through
More informationPart 5 War between France and Great Britain
Part 5 War between France and Great Britain The objects of colonial rivalries PAGE 111 France Wanted to control the fur trade Expand their territory Great Britain Wanted to control the fur trade Expand
More information5 places you need to visit in Europe
5 places you need to visit in Europe Language Focus : 22 words, Level : Intermediate - Advanced Discovering ancient monuments, eating sensational food and experiencing new adventures make the perfect holiday.
More informationaiton.new 1/4/04 3:48 AM Page 2
aiton.new 1/4/04 3:48 AM Page 2 Below: An aerial view of area A of the excavations. A massive square building that appears to be a fortress was discovered in this area at the top of the tell. aiton.new
More informationWar in Ancient Greece. Essential Question: Why does conflict develop?
War in Ancient Greece Essential Question: Why does conflict develop? I can statements and Essential Standards: Compare and contrast warring factions Identify evidence about the course of ancient Greek
More informationThe Trojan War: Real or Myth?
The Trojan War: Real or Myth? By History.com on 08.10.17 Word Count 746 Level MAX The procession of the Trojan Horse into Troy by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, oil on canvas. Painted in 1727. Image from Wikimedia.
More informationEgypt. shall no longer be a prince from the land of Egypt.
Egypt The Evidence You decide When Egypt is mentioned, most of us will think of the pyramids. Tourists visit Egypt to look at ruins of magnificent temples found there. These monuments are all reminders
More informationClarendon Palace, Wiltshire: archaeology and history (notes for visitors, prepared by the Royal Archaeological Institute, 2017)
Clarendon Palace, Wiltshire: archaeology and history (notes for visitors, prepared by the Royal Archaeological Institute, 2017) Clarendon Palace was probably the most spacious royal residence in England
More informationTour : Absolute Italy: Luxury Escorted Tour of Amalfi Coast - Capri - Pompeii Rome - Florence - Venice
Tour : Absolute Italy: Luxury Escorted Tour of Amalfi Coast - Capri - Pompeii Rome - Florence - Venice Meals: D Day 1 Private Transfer from Naples Airport to Sorrento - Welcome Dinner in Hotel Naples,Campania,Italy
More informationTHE RISE OF NEW EMPIRES. Chapter 2 Section 4
THE RISE OF NEW EMPIRES Chapter 2 Section 4 The Assyrian Empire The came from the northern part of The would eventually include Iran, sections of Asia Minor, Syria, Israel and Egypt. The Assyrian Empire
More information4. Bronze Age Ballybrowney, County Cork Eamonn Cotter
4. Bronze Age Ballybrowney, County Cork Eamonn Cotter Illus. 1 Location map of the excavated features at Ballybrowney Lower (Archaeological Consultancy Services Ltd, based on the Ordnance Survey Ireland
More informationExcavations in a Medieval Market Town: Mountsorrel, Leicestershire,
Excavations in a Medieval Market Town: Mountsorrel, Leicestershire, by John Lucas Mountsorrel is situated 12 kms north of Leicester and forms a linear settlement straddling the A6, Leicester to Derby road.
More information3.4 Hulme Barracks, Hulme
3.4 Hulme Barracks, Hulme Historical Background Hulme Barracks represent an often overlooked aspect of life in 19 th -century Manchester. As the local journal The Sphinx observed in 1868, Manchester was
More informationA Brief History of Dublin
A Brief History of Dublin Although Dublin was officially established as a Viking settlement in 998AD, references to the city date back as far as the second century when the Egyptian geographer Ptolemy
More informationHistoric Landmarks of Trier
Copyright by GPSmyCity.com - Page 1 - Historic Landmarks of Trier Trier is a beautiful city located on the banks of the Moselle River. It is a city with a lot of ancient and modern landmarks and beautiful
More informationChapter X: Medieval Kingdoms in Europe (pages )
FOCUS SHEET - Chapter X: Medieval Kingdoms in Europe (pages 226-242) Name Charlemagne's empire did not survive long after his death. His grandsons up and soon, invasions by, Magyars, and encouraged a new
More informationPart 5 War between France and Great Britain
Part 5 War between France and Great Britain The objects of colonial rivalries PAGE 117 France Wanted to control the fur trade Expand their territory Great Britain Wanted to control the fur trade Expand
More information