The Trojan War: Real or Myth?
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1 The Trojan War: Real or Myth? By History.com on Word Count 746 Level MAX The procession of the Trojan Horse into Troy by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, oil on canvas. Painted in Image from Wikimedia. The story of the Trojan War the Bronze Age conflict between the kingdoms of Troy and Mycenaean Greece straddles the history and mythology of ancient Greece and inspired the greatest writers of antiquity, from Homer, Herodotus and Sophocles to Virgil. Since the 19thcentury rediscovery of the site of Troy in what is now western Turkey, archaeologists have uncovered increasing evidence of a kingdom that peaked and might have been destroyed around 1180 B.C. perhaps forming the basis for the tales recounted by Homer some 400 years later in the Iliad and the Odyssey. The narrative of the Trojan War According to classical sources, the war began after the abduction (or elopement) of Queen Helen of Sparta by the Trojan Prince Paris. Helen s jilted husband Menelaus convinced his brother Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, to lead an expedition to retrieve her. Agamemnon was joined by the Greek heroes Achilles, Odysseus, Nestor and Ajax, and accompanied by a fleet of more than a thousand ships from throughout the Hellenic world. They crossed the Aegean Sea to Asia Minor to lay siege to Troy and demand Helen s return by Priam, the Trojan king. This article is available at 5 reading levels at 1
2 The siege, punctuated by battles and skirmishes including the storied deaths of the Trojan Prince Hector and the nearly invincible Achilles, lasted more than 10 years until the morning the Greek armies retreated from their camp, leaving a large wooden horse outside the gates of Troy. After much debate (and unheeded warnings by Priam s daughter Cassandra), the Trojans pulled the mysterious gift into the city. When night fell, the horse opened up and a group of Greek warriors, led by Odysseus, climbed out and sacked Troy from within. After the Trojan defeat, the Greek heroes slowly made their way home. Odysseus took 10 years to make the arduous and often-interrupted journey home to Ithaca recounted in the Odyssey. Helen, whose two successive Trojan husbands were killed during the war, returned to Sparta to reign with Menelaus. After his death, some sources say she was exiled to the island of Rhodes, where a vengeful war widow had her hanged. The Trojan War epics Little is known about the historical Homer. Historians date the completion of the Iliad to about 750 B.C., and the Odyssey to about 725 B.C. Both began within the oral tradition and were first transcribed decades or centuries after their composition. Many of the most familiar episodes of the war, from the abduction of Helen to the Trojan Horse and the sack of Troy, come from the so-called Epic Cycle of narratives assembled in the sixth century B.C. from older oral traditions. In the first century B.C. the Roman poet Virgil composed the Aeneid, the third great classical epic inspired by the Trojan War. It follows a group of Trojans led by the hero Aeneas who leave their destroyed city to travel to Carthage before founding the city of Rome. Virgil s aim was in part to give Rome s first imperial dynasty an origin story as impressive as that of the Greeks. This article is available at 5 reading levels at 2
3 History, archaeology and the Trojan War Many portions of the Trojan War epics are difficult to read historically. Several of the main characters are direct offspring of the Greek gods (Helen was fathered by Zeus, who disguised himself as a swan and raped her mother Leda), and much of the action is guided (or interfered with) by the various competing gods. Lengthy sieges were recorded in the era, but the strongest cities could only hold out for a few months, not 10 full years. Major excavations at the site of Troy in 1870 under the direction of German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann revealed a small citadel mound and layers of debris 25 meters deep. Later studies have documented more than 46 building phases grouped into nine bands representing the site s inhabitation from 3000 B.C. until its final abandonment in A.D Recent excavations have shown an inhabited area 10 times the size of the citadel, making Troy a significant Bronze Age city. Layer VIIa of the excavations, dated to about 1180 B.C., reveals charred debris and scattered skeletons evidence of a wartime destruction of the city that might have inspired portions of the story of the Trojan War. In Homer s day, 400 years later, its ruins would still have been visible. This article is available at 5 reading levels at 3
4 Quiz 1 Read the paragraph from the section "The narrative of the Trojan War." After the Trojan defeat, the Greek heroes slowly made their way home. Odysseus took 10 years to make the arduous and often-interrupted journey home to Ithaca recounted in the Odyssey. Helen, whose two successive Trojan husbands were killed during the war, returned to Sparta to reign with Menelaus. After his death, some sources say she was exiled to the island of Rhodes, where a vengeful war widow had her hanged. Which conclusion is BEST supported by this paragraph? Greek heroes in the Trojan War were more interested in adventure than returning home. The Spartans universally blamed Helen for starting the Trojan War. Helen returned to Troy and was able to live a happy life with her first husband Menelaus. Some important stories related to the Trojan War took place in the years after it ended. 2 Read the paragraph from the section "The Trojan War epics." In the first century B.C. the Roman poet Virgil composed the Aeneid, the third great classical epic inspired by the Trojan War. It follows a group of Trojans led by the hero Aeneas who leave their destroyed city to travel to Carthage before founding the city of Rome. Virgil s aim was in part to give Rome s first imperial dynasty an origin story as impressive as that of the Greeks. Which of the following is the MOST reasonable inference one could make from the paragraph? The Romans hoped people would respect them and their history as much as they did the Greeks. Virgil possessed well-preserved records about the aftermath of the Trojan War. The "Aeneid" tried to replicate the success of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey," but it has not lived up to the fame of the Greek stories. Many of Rome's founders have been shown to be directly descended from the Trojan hero Aeneas. This article is available at 5 reading levels at 4
5 3 What purpose is served by including examples in the article of the gods supposedly involved in the Trojan War? They suggest that the Trojan War epics were likely meant to be read as religious texts. They help illustrate how complex it has been to try to discern the truth or falsity of the Trojan War stories. They provide information about some of the aspects of the archaeological find. They provide a colorful, albeit useful, way to understand the historical lineage that led to the founding of Rome. 4 Read the two paragraphs in the last section of the article. What is the MOST LIKELY reason the author includes these paragraphs in the conclusion of the article? to suggest that proof of the Trojan War's existence was found and then hidden to highlight the other Greek myths that play an important part in the story of Troy to emphasize that the basis for the stories, but not the stories themselves, may be true to describe actions taken by archaeologists, as well as historians, to preserve Troy This article is available at 5 reading levels at 5
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