Geoffrey Nice, Gresham Professor of Law 1 October 2012 Barnard s Inn Hall Slobodan Milošević

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1 Geoffrey Nice, Gresham Professor of Law 1 October 2012 Barnard s Inn Hall Slobodan Milošević Deranged political dictator or a politician drawn by events into temptation and to make bad criminal decisions? A man so different from the rest of us that we can disregard what he did now his trial is over?

2 Milosevic Trial Statistics 467 days of trial 408 witnesses 296 live Prosecution witnesses 59 written form Prosecution witnesses 52 live Defence witnesses 2 Trial Chamber witnesses 49,191 pages of trial transcript 5759 total Prosecution exhibits (approximately 150,000 pages) 2107 total Defence exhibits (approximately 25,000 pages) 157,500 pages total exhibit and witness disclosure 1,000,000 pages of exculpatory material disclosure

3 Transitional Justice The UN has adopted the following definition of the term: The notion of transitional justice comprises...the full range of processes and mechanisms associated with a society s attempts to come to terms with a legacy of large-scale past abuses, in order to ensure accountability, serve justice, and achieve reconciliation. United Nations Security Council, The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post- Conflict Societies: Report of Secretary General, S/2004/616 (23 August 2004), 4.

4 Slovenia declares independence 25 June 1991 Croatia declares independence 25 June 1991 Bosnia votes for independence 29 February 1992 Macedonia votes for independence 08 September

5 Map showing approximate ethnic distribution

6 Greater Serbia

7 CROATIA Indictment of 32 counts for offences alleged between August 1991 and July ,433 Croats, killed (soldiers and civilians) - 1,658 Croats, missing (soldiers and civilians) - 4,000 Serbs, Killed (mainly para-military troops)

8 Serb Autonomous regions within Croatia

9 Borisav Jović Former President of Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS) before the conflict and a colleague of Milošević

10 President of Croatia Stipe Mesić

11 Vukovar

12 Vukovar

13 Vukovar

14 Dr Vesna Bosanac Director of the Vukovar General Hospital

15 Ovčara. Prebrojavanje zatočenika

16 Dubrovnik Wanton Destruction - October to December 1991

17 Dubrovnik

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22 General Nojko Marinović, Defender of Dubrovnik

23 Pero Poljanić mayor of Dubrovnik

24 Petar Kriste Croatian minister

25 Hrvoje Šarinić Chef de Cabinet of President Tudjman

26 Milan Babić

27 Milan Babic

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29 JSO Kula Camp Video

30 JSO Kula Camp Video

31 JSO Kula Camp video

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36 BOSNIA Indictment of 29 counts for offences alleged between March 1992 and December 1995 Deaths between 90,000 and 104,000 Srebrenica deaths alone 8,000

37 Bosnian Serbs May 1992 Decision on Strategic Objectives of the Serbian People in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1. Establish State borders separating the Serbian people from the other two ethnic communities; 2. Set up a corridor between Semberija and Krajina; 3. Establish a corridor in the Drina river valley, that is, eliminate the Drina as a border separating Serbian states. 4. Establish a border on the Una and Nerteva rivers; 5. Divide the city of Sarajevo into Serbian and Muslim parts and establish effective State authorities in both parts. 6. Ensure access to the sea for Republika Srpska.

38 Intercepts Intercepts were taken by B-H official state security unit (May 1991-May 1992), before Karadzic moved to Pale OTP could thus use them officially It was Karadzic s phone that was tapped

39 Intercepts ( ) the Serbs will not be divided into several states. That should be premise of your thinking. Please let s move. We don t give in to anybody anymore. And if they want to fight, we ll fight... And they should go to hell, whoever wants to fight us, we ll fight and we re stronger... Who wants to join Alija to beat us, he may. He will lose.

40 Supreme Defence Council Meeting 30 th August 1994 Therefore, a sound national policy must take all this into account. We have actually been offered to expand the territory by one-fourth, because Yugoslavia's territory is 102,000 square kilometres, and to increase the population by one-tenth! And to legalise it as well! And even to have a confederation right away! Koziryev told me that quite clearly. The leadership of Republika Srpska knows that in that way we shall be given the right to legally defend those borders (.) In this manner, we shall be legally entitled to defend the borders. At the same time, there is an offer to create a military alliance with Russia, which would ensure supply of military and other equipment and set up a safe and solid defence system, a single strongest army in the Balkans, etc.

41 SDC Meeting 25 August 1995 if the Muslims refuse the peace solution they will be told that they are to be left alone with the sword of Damocles hanging over them in the form of General Mladić.

42 The crime sites investigated in all three Milosevic Indictments

43 Ethnic Majority Map of the 1991Population: Bosnia and Herzegovina Kostajn ica Velik a Kladu sa Bosanska Dub ica / K ozarska D ubica Buzim Bosanski No vi / Novi Grad Bosanska Gr adiska / Grad iska Sr bac Bosanski Br od / Sr pski Br od Odzak Dom aljevac / Sam ac Orasje Cazin Bosanski Samac / Sam ac Pr ijedo r Orasje / Sr psko O rasje Bosanska Kr upa / Kru pa na U ni Derv enta M odr ica Lak tasi Grad acac / Pel agicevo Bosanska Kr upa Pr njavo r Grad acac Bihac Sanski M ost Sanski M ost / Srp sk i San sk i M ost Banja L uka Celinac Dobo j Usora Dobo j Isto k Gracan ica Dobo j Jug Gracan ica / Petro vo Rahic / Rav ne ( Brcko District) Sr ebren ik Celic Brcko Lo pare Uglj evik Bijelj ina Bosanski Petro vac Tesanj Teo cak Klju c Bosanski Petro vac / Petr ovac Sr pski Dr var Klju c / Ribn ik Drv ar Klju c / Und ec. M rko njic G rad Koto r Var os Sken der V akuf / Kn ezevo Dobr etici Jaj ce Jaj ce / Jezero Tr avni k Tesli c Tesli c Istok / Undec. Tesli c Ju goisto k / U ndec. Zep ce M aglaj Zav idov ici Lu kavac Banovi ci Kladan j Tu zla Zi vini ce Sapn a Kalesija Kalesija / Osmaci Seko vici Zv orn ik Mrkonjic Grad Jug / Undec. Sip ovo Donj i Vaku f Zen ica Kakanj Vlasenica M ilici Bratu nac Bosansko Gr ahov o Glam oc Sip ovo / Undec. Kupr es / Sr pski Kupr es Novi Tr avni k Vitez Busovaca Vares Olov o Han Pijesak Sr ebren ica Bugoj no Breza Ili jas Kupr es Gornji V akuf Foj nica Kiseljak Visoko Vogo sca Sok olac Croats > 50% Croats < 50% Croats / Muslims Croats / Serbs Muslims > 50% Muslims < 50% Muslims / Serbs Serbs > 50% Serbs < 50% No Data Li vno To mislav grad Posusje Gru de Prozor / Prozor Rama Sir oki Brij eg Lj ubuski Star i Gr ad Sarajev o Kresevo Novi Grad Sarajevo Ili dza Ili dza / Srpska Ili dza Hadzici Tr nov o (R.S.) Tr nov o (F BiH) Jab lanica Konj ic M ostar Sjever Kalin ovik M ostar Z apad M ostar / Sr pski M o st ar M ostar Jug ozapad M ostar Jug oistok M ostar Jug Nevesinj e Citlu k Gacko Caplji na Sto lac / Ber kovi ci Sto lac Lj ubin je / Un dec. Bileca Lj ubin je Neum Ravno Rogati ca Pale ( RS) Pale ( FBi H) Gorazde / Srpsko Gorazde Gor azde Foca ( FBi H) Cajnice Foca / Sr binj e Visegr ad Rudo Tr ebin je Dayton Line Source:The 1991 Population Census for Bosnia and Herzegovina. (Tabeau (ed.), 2009)

44 Ethnic Majority Map of the 1991 Population: MILOSEVIC Indictment Area Source: Herzegovina The 1991 Census for Bosnia and Herzegovina. (Extracted from the Map for Bosnia and Kostajn ica Velik a Kladu sa Bosanska Dub ica / K ozarska D ubica Buzim Bosanski No vi / Novi Grad Bosanska Gr adiska / Grad iska Sr bac Bosanski Br od / Sr pski Br od Odzak Dom aljevac / Sam ac Orasje Cazin Bosanski Samac / Sam ac Pr ijedo r Orasje / Sr psko O rasje Bosanska Kr upa / Kru pa na U ni Derv enta M odr ica Lak tasi Grad acac / Pel agicevo Bosanska Kr upa Pr njavo r Grad acac Bihac Sanski M ost Sanski M ost / Srp sk i San sk i M ost Banja L uka Celinac Dobo j Usora Dobo j Isto k Gracan ica Dobo j Jug Gracan ica / Petro vo Rahic / Rav ne ( Brcko District) Sr ebren ik Celic Brcko Lo pare Uglj evik Bijelj ina Bosanski Petro vac Tesanj Teo cak Klju c Bosanski Petro vac / Petr ovac Sr pski Dr var Klju c / Ribn ik Drv ar Klju c / Und ec. M rko njic G rad Koto r Var os Sken der V akuf / Kn ezevo Dobr etici Jaj ce Jaj ce / Jezero Tr avni k Tesli c Tesli c Istok / Undec. Tesli c Ju goisto k / U ndec. Zep ce M aglaj Zav idov ici Lu kavac Banovi ci Kladan j Tu zla Zi vini ce Sapn a Kalesija Zv orn ik Kalesija / Osmaci Seko vici Mrkonjic Grad Jug / Undec. Sip ovo Donj i Vaku f Zen ica Kakanj Vlasenica M ilici Bratu nac Bosansko Gr ahov o Glam oc Sip ovo / Undec. Kupr es / Sr pski Kupr es Novi Tr avni k Vitez Busovaca Vares Olov o Han Pijesak Sr ebren ica Bugoj no Breza Ili jas Kupr es Gornji V akuf Foj nica Kiseljak Visoko Vogo sca Sok olac Croats > 50% Croats < 50% Croats / Muslims Croats / Serbs Muslims > 50% Muslims < 50% Muslims / Serbs Serbs > 50% Serbs < 50% No Data Li vno To mislav grad Posusje Gru de Prozor / Prozor Rama Sir oki Brij eg Lj ubuski Star i Gr ad Sarajev o Kresevo Novi Grad Sarajevo Ili dza Ili dza / Srpska Ili dza Hadzici Tr nov o (R.S.) Tr nov o (F BiH) Jab lanica Konj ic M ostar Sjever Kalin ovik M ostar Z apad M ostar / Sr pski M o st ar M ostar Jug ozapad M ostar Jug oistok M ostar Jug Nevesinj e Citlu k Gacko Caplji na Sto lac / Ber kovi ci Sto lac Lj ubin je / Un dec. Bileca Lj ubin je Neum Ravno Rogati ca Pale ( RS) Pale ( FBi H) Gorazde / Srpsko Gorazde Gor azde Foca ( FBi H) Cajnice Foca / Sr binj e Visegr ad Rudo Tr ebin je Dayton Line

45 Ethnic Majority Map of the Actual Population: 1997, Bosnia and Herzegovina Kostajn ica Velik a Kladu sa Bosanska Dub ica / K ozarska D ubica Buzim Bosanski No vi / Novi Grad Bosanska Gr adiska / Grad iska Sr bac Bosanski Br od / Sr pski Br od Odzak Dom aljevac / Sam ac Orasje Cazin Bosanski Samac / Sam ac Pr ijedo r Orasje / Sr psko O rasje Bosanska Kr upa / Kru pa na U ni Derv enta M odr ica Lak tasi Grad acac / Pel agicevo Bosanska Kr upa Pr njavo r Grad acac Bihac Sanski M ost Sanski M ost / Srp sk i San sk i M ost Banja L uka Celinac Dobo j Usora Dobo j Isto k Gracan ica Dobo j Jug Gracan ica / Petro vo Rahic / Rav ne ( Brcko District) Sr ebren ik Celic Brcko Lo pare Uglj evik Bijelj ina Bosanski Petro vac Tesanj Teo cak Klju c Bosanski Petro vac / Petr ovac Sr pski Dr var Klju c / Ribn ik Drv ar Klju c / Und ec. M rko njic G rad Koto r Var os Sken der V akuf / Kn ezevo Dobr etici Jaj ce Jaj ce / Jezero Tr avni k Tesli c Tesli c Istok / Undec. Tesli c Ju goisto k / U ndec. Zep ce M aglaj Zav idov ici Lu kavac Banovi ci Kladan j Tu zla Zi vini ce Sapn a Kalesija Kalesija / Osmaci Seko vici Zv orn ik Mrkonjic G rad Jug / Undec. Sip ovo Donj i Vaku f Zen ica Kakanj Vlasenica M ilici Bratu nac Bosansko Gr ahov o Glam oc Kupr es / Sr pski Kupr es Sip ovo / Undec. Novi Tr avni k Vitez Busovaca Vares Olov o Han Pijesak Sr ebren ica Bugoj no Breza Ili jas Kupr es Visoko Croats > 50% Croats < 50% Croats / Muslims Croats / Serbs Muslims > 50% Muslims < 50% Muslims / Serbs Serbs > 50% Serbs < 50% No Data Li vno To mislav grad Posusje Gru de Foj nica Gornji V akuf Kiseljak Vogo sca Star i Gr ad Sarajev o Kresevo Novi Grad Sarajevo Prozor / Prozor Rama Ili dza Ili dza / Srpska Ili dza Hadzici Tr nov o (R.S.) Tr nov o (F BiH) Jab lanica Konj ic M ostar Sjever Kalin ovik M ostar Z apad M ostar / Sr pski M o st ar Sir oki Brij eg M ostar Jug ozapad M ostar Jug oistok M ostar Jug Nevesinj e Citlu k Lj ubuski Gacko Caplji na Sto lac / Ber kovi ci Sto lac Lj ubin je / Un dec. Bileca Lj ubin je Neum Sok olac Rogati ca Pale ( RS) Pale ( FBi H) Gorazde / Srpsko Gorazde Gor azde Foca ( FBi H) Cajnice Foca / Sr binj e Visegr ad Rudo Dayton Line Ravno Tr ebin je Source:The 1991 Population Census for Bosnia and Herzegovina and the OSCE Voters Register 1997/98. (Tabeau (ed.), 2009).

46 Srebrenica Map showing approximate location of front lines in Bosnia in June 1995

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62 DAYTON AGREEMENT Official Dayton Signing Ceremony in Paris - 14 December 1995

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64 KOSOVO Indictment of 5 counts for offences alleged between January 1999 and June 1999 Deaths probably in range 8,000 to 12,000

65 Lord Ashdown Mr MILOSEVIC: Do you know anything about the NATO aggression that was carried out against Yugoslavia on the 24th of March, 1999? Paddy ASHDOWN: Mr. Milosevic... I think it's worth pointing out that the estimates are that in this period, long before the NATO aggression, more than Albanians had been driven from their homes by the action of your troops. So these were entirely the responsibility of you, of your troops... They are nothing to do with the NATO aggression... And I warned you that if you took those steps and went on doing this, you would end up in this Court, and here you are.

66 Lord Ashdown There were some houses below us, which I would estimate at about two kilometres range, perhaps slightly less, that were being individually targeted by a tank. there were collections of armoured personnel carriers and tanks gathered, waiting to conduct further attacks two tanks going away from me, towards Djakovica..on the roadside and were systematically, and in turn, firing at one house in the village after another, from the roadside.it was perfectly possible to hear small-arms fire as well as tank fire...although I cannot, of course, say to the Court that there was no return fire from any of these houses, I can say that I never heard or observed any return fire from these houses.

67 Lord Ashdown Mr MILOSEVIC: Do you know anything about the NATO aggression that was carried out against Yugoslavia on the 24th of March, 1999? Paddy ASHDOWN: Mr. Milosevic... I think it's worth pointing out that the estimates are that in this period, long before the NATO aggression, more than Albanians had been driven from their homes by the action of your troops. So these were entirely the responsibility of you, of your troops... They are nothing to do with the NATO aggression... And I warned you that if you took those steps and went on doing this, you would end up in this Court, and here you are

68 Dubrava Prison Massacre

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71 General Obrad Stevanović Geoffrey NICE: If we now look, please, at your diary... Does the first entry read... "No corpse, no crime"? Defence Witness Obrad Stevanovic Obrad STEVANOVIC: Yes, that's exactly what it says. Geoffrey NICE: It's your handwriting. Read, please, the next line for us. Excerpt from Milosevic Trial Transcript 02 June 2005

72 President... No corpse No crime... Back-breaking work on... On that issue.... They will use evidence on crimes to justify aggression.... Clearing up.... Simultaneous clearing up of territories.... When the mission arrives Clearing up the terrain the most important. Milosevic Defence Exhibit D299 Tab 440 Excerpt from Milosevic Trial Transcript 02 June 2005

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75 IVAN STAMBOLIC