Marko Juvan: Paternujev most med klasiko in modernostjo 513

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1 Marko Juvan: Paternujev most med klasiko in modernostjo 513 Akad. prof. dr. Boris Paternu SR indd :10:01

2 514 Slavistična revija, letnik 54/2006, št. 4, oktober december SR indd :10:07

3 Marko Juvan: Paternujev most med klasiko in modernostjo 515 PATERNUJEV MOST MED KLASIKO IN MODERNOSTJO Naj mi bo dovoljeno, da znanstveni profil in delo akademika prof. dr. Borisa Paternuja letos, 5. junija 2006, je praznoval osemdesetletnico zajamem v sinoptični in nekoliko subjektivni oris, ki se ne bo spuščal niti v nadrobno empirično kronologijo niti v ugotavljanje razvojnih stopenj (kar je ob takšnih priložnostih sicer v navadi). In naj mi slavljenec, vedno opremljen z občutljivimi instrumenti za zaznavanje in vrednotenje metafor, oprosti, da bom na začetku uporabil precej obrabljeno prispodobo. Paternujevo delo vidim kot most, pravzaprav kot tromostovje: najprej most med klasiko slovenske literarne zgodovine in kriznim vrenjem sodobnosti; ob tem most med literarno vedo in jezikoslovjem; in še naprej most med posebnostmi slovenske književne, kulturne tradicije in ostalim svetom. Boris Paternu je na svoji šestdesetletni študijski in znanstveni poti, na katero je kot dvajsetletnik stopil zaznamovan z bivanjsko izkušnjo vojnega kaosa in partizanskega uporništva, šel skozi menjave mnogih metodologij: zgodovinsko pozitivistične in biografske, staro- in novomarksistične, stilistično interpretativne, eksistencialistične, strukturalno semiotične in recepcijske, vse do sodobne»babilonizacije stroke«, ki jo muči»razvejanost v mnoge divergentne smeri, ki so tudi v svojih duhovnih temeljih docela različne«(b. Paternu, Pot k dialogu [Sdb 1987], Književne študije, Ljubljana: Gyrus, 2001, ). V zanj značilni radovednosti, smelem odkrivanju sveže, ustvarjalne misli (tako umetniške kakor tudi znanstvene) in eksistencialističnem aristokratstvu, prezirljivem do umetniške povprečnosti in intelektualnih rutin, se je proti koncu prejšnjega stoletja spoprijel tudi z najnovejšimi izzivi poststrukturalizma, dekonstrukcije, novega historizma in empirično-sistemskih usmeritev. Zaporedne znanstvene paradigme, osredotočene zdaj na avtorja, zdaj na besedilo, zdaj na bralca, je Paternu z miselno priostreno in osebno izpostavljeno metateoretsko refleksijo vztrajno primerjal in jih medsebojno kritično osvetljeval. Postopno, s sebi lastno voljo po sintezi (ta se je sicer pri njem uveljavljala tudi prek pogumnega posploševanja in širokopoteznega razlagalnega povezovanja posameznih opažanj o književnih pojavih), si je iz teh pristopov izluščil tvorne prvine in jih uskladil v metodo, ki jo je imenoval»integralna interpretacija«. Niti tej ni dopustil, da bi skrepenela v edino zveličavno metodo; večkrat, posebej v zadnjih letih, je poudarjal, da»ni nedolžnega branja«, da je torej sleherna teorija ali zgodovina književnosti, z njegovo lastno vred, prepletena in zamejena z osebnostjo, predpostavkami, vrednotami, bralnimi doživetji in eksistencialnim obzorjem raziskujočega subjekta (prim. Ni nedolžnega branja: Nekaj vprašanj sodobne literarne zgodovine [JiS 2005], Književne študije 2, Ljubljana: Intelego, 2006, ). Vsekakor drži, da je profesor Paternu, podobno kakor drugi vidnejši literarni zgodovinarji njegovega in nekoliko mlajšega rodu, že od zgodnjih 60. let 20. stoletja vztrajal pri osrednji vlogi besedila (v tem smislu sta prelomni njegovi študiji Problem katarze v Prešernovem Pevcu, objavljena v zborniku 900 let Kranja, 1960, in Literarna zgodovina v sodobnem življenju in znanosti, NRazgl, , ). Literarno delo ne katero koli, temveč tisto, ki ga je s svojim nenedolžnim branjem spoznal za umetniško SR indd :10:07

4 516 Slavistična revija, letnik 54/2006, št. 4, oktober december vredno, bivanjsko razprto ali vsaj zgodovinsko značilno mu je ne samo glavni vhod v probleme zgodovinskega in teoretskega razmišljanja o književnosti, ampak tudi stalno žarišče, ki združuje in osmišlja vse druge zunanje podatke (o avtorju, dobi, družbenih razmerah, literarnih in filozofskih vplivih itn.) in s tem bistveno določa identiteto stroke. Leta 1987 je v Sodobnosti zapisal:»do najmočnejših okvar [v stroki, op. M. J.] prihaja takrat, kadar popusti pozornost do literarnega teksta in njegove relativne avtonomnosti, kot da je prav tu nukleus, ki ga ne moremo brez kazni zapostaviti.«(književne študije, 285) Na takšne»okvare«, ki so se tudi pri nas kopičile zadnjih dvajset, trideset let, je profesor Paternu v imenu svojega tekstocentričnega kreda večkrat kritično opozarjal ali zbadljivo aludiral, pa naj je šlo za empirizem preštevalnih metod, ki so zajemale korpuse besedil z vidika zavestne vrednostne uravnilovke, sociologizem novohistoričnih ali sistemskih pristopov, ki so izgubljali vsebine in oblike besedil v goščavi razmerij med avtorji, založniki, uredniki, bralci in kritiki ter v kontekstih vsakršnih zgodovinskih dogodkov, kulturnih praks in ideologij, ali za teoretizem, ki je v vnemi kritičnega ukvarjanja s pojmi pozabljal na branje leposlovja. (Naj priznam, da sem se tu in tam tudi sam, bržčas povsem po pravici, znašel med tarčami profesorjevih puščic.) V intervjuju za časopis Delo je svojo metodološko zavezanost besedilu utemeljil tudi etično, v klasičnem humanističnem poslanstvu literarne vede»da literaturi pomaga živeti in ne umirati«(književne študije 2, 9). To zavezo bi morali mlajši literarni zgodovinarji vzeti nase tudi danes; če že ne iz etičnih in estetskih nagibov filološke»ljubezni do besede«, pa iz čisto pragmatičnih ozirov, saj gre za vprašanje institucionalnega preživetja naše stroke. A Paternujevega odločnega zagovarjanja prvenstva besedila, tj. stališča, ki ga dandanes brusi v soočenjih z novejšimi literarnovednimi tokovi, verjetno ne moremo razumeti brez vpogleda v pogum, doslednost in premišljeno vztrajnost, s katerimi je nekoč resda tudi v političnem kritju svojih položajev v akademskem establišmentu takšno stališče oblikoval in uveljavljal. Od začetka 60. let 20. stoletja naprej, v dobi, v kateri je marksistični zgodovinski determinizem uradno še vedno veljal za vrhovni znanstveni kriterij humanistike, njena predrevolucijska izročila pa so bila nič manj obremenjena s cilji kulturnega nacionalizma in z determinizmom pozitivizma, je Paternu literarno delo z neomahljivimi kretnjami osvobajal od neposredne določenosti z zunanjimi vzroki (od okolja, avtorjevega življenja, dobe, družbeno-gospodarskih razmer, ideologije ipd.). Podobni in še drznejši premiki so se tedaj dogajali tudi v književnosti sami, ki je z vzponom modernizma vse bolj poudarjala neodvisnost ustvarjalne domišljije, izražanja bivanjskih položajev in sporočilne tehtnosti jezikovno-estetskih struktur. Tudi zato ni nobeno naključje, da se je prav Paternu že na začetku 60. let uprl»teoriji distance«, ki je objektivno znanstvenost literarne zgodovine utemeljevala v časovni oddaljenosti raziskovalca od predmeta, in v univerzitetne študijske programe uvedel preučevanje»zadnjih metrov«sodobne slovenske književnosti (prim. Študij sodobne literature na univerzi: uvodne misli na VII. jugoslovanskem slavističnem kongresu v Beogradu, NRazgl, , 535). V znanstvenem stiku profesorjev književnosti z deli njihovih pisateljskih sodobnikov je upravičeno videl nujen pogoj za modernizacijo in umetniško občutljivost stroke, modernim literarnim tokovom pa je s svojo reformo univerzitetnega študija precej olajšal kanonizacijo. O vsem tem še danes zgovorno priča projekt SR indd :10:07

5 Marko Juvan: Paternujev most med klasiko in modernostjo 517 Paternuja in njegove slovenistične generacije Slovenska književnost in 2 (Ljubljana: SM, 1967), za katerega je sam prispeval obsežno poglavje o liriki. Zavzemanje za avtonomijo umetnosti, kakršno je Paternujevo, je na ravneh literarnovedne pojmovnosti in raziskovalno-pedagoške prakse v prvi plan postavljalo strukturo besedne umetnine, jo razlagalo iz razmerij med njenimi pomenskimi in izraznimi prvinami, od tod pa se je oziralo v eksistencialno strukturo avtorja in v funkcije odnosov literarnega dela z literarno in širšo kulturno tradicijo ter umetniškimi cilji sporočanja. Družbene, biografske in druge okoliščine so bile v tej perspektivi pomožno gradivo, ki je bilo za univerzitetno raziskovanje in poučevanje relevantno v glavnem toliko, kolikor je prispevalo k interpretaciji literarnih del. Da ima interpretacija v njegovi metodologiji še vedno osrednje mesto, je profesor Paternu v knjigi Od ekspresionizma do postmoderne (Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, 1999) pokazal z motom, ki ga je citiral iz eseja Paula de Mana Literarna zgodovina in literarna modernost:»če hočemo biti dobri literarni zgodovinarji, se moramo zavedati, da ima to, kar navadno imenujemo literarna zgodovina, malo ali nič opraviti z literaturo, in da je to, kar imenujemo literarna interpretacija s pogojem, da gre za dobro interpretacijo, v resnici literarna zgodovina.«(paul de Man, Slepota in uvid, Ljubljana: Literatura, 1997, 164). Kako naj v zvezi s Paternujevim literarnozgodovinskim opusom razumemo to na videz vratolomno misel? V nasprotju s kakim naivnim logicističnim stališčem se delo interpretacije ne konča s tem, da se jezikovnim znakom besedila določi zunajjezikovne referente, četudi so reference dvoumne, ampak se s tem šele začne. Interpretacijo zanima pomen ali smisel teh referenc (Zakaj ali čemu takšno sporočilo? Kaj pomeni, kakšno vlogo ima, če ga beremo prek določenega duhovnega, družbenega, psihološkega, političnega ali estetskega konteksta?); smisel besedila pa ni očiten in že vnaprej dan, ampak ga mora (iz)najti šele razlaga. Toda razlaga pri Paternuju zvečine niti ni t. i. imanentna interpretacija, ki bi se napol umetniško vživljala v unikatnost umetnine in s pozornim razbiranjem mrež njenih stilemov, pomenov in perspektiv iskala njen globlji, zlasti eksistencialni smisel. Še manj je interpretacija suhoparna podvojitev, odvečna in prozaična parafraza besedne umetnine, kar ji oponašajo literarnozgodovinski gurmani, ki jih skrbi njena nizka hranilna vrednost. Čeprav Heidegger in Gadamer nista bila med Paternujevimi priljubljenimi referencami, niti se ni poglabljal v filozofijo dialoga med interpretom in obzorjem zgodovinske drugosti, je njegovo razumevanje razumevanja v glavnih obrisih vendarle hermenevtično. V osvetljavi de Manovega navedka se pokaže, da interpretacija besedila te»temeljne danosti [ ] vsega humanistično filološkega mišljenja«(mihail Bahtin, Estetika in humanistične vede, Ljubljana: SH, 1999, 285) pomeni za Paternuja edino možno pot v zgodovino, metodo, prek katere se sploh lahko zavemo zgodovinskosti književnosti in jo tudi prikažemo. Prav Paternujeva interpretacija besedila kot pot v (literarno) zgodovino je obenem most, ki ga je zgradil med slovensko literarnozgodovinsko klasiko in moderno evropsko literarno znanostjo, pa tudi most med jezikoslovjem in literarno vedo. Vse to prvič, pa tudi najobširneje in najdosledneje izkazuje njegova bržčas najpomembnejša monografija France Prešeren in njegovo pesniško delo I in II (Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, ). V tem dvoknjižju je bil Paternu do večine slovenskih literarnozgodovinskih SR indd :10:07

6 518 Slavistična revija, letnik 54/2006, št. 4, oktober december klasikov, zlasti do pozitivistično-biografističnega prešernoslovca Franceta Kidriča sicer precej bolj uporniško razpoložen kakor v svojih spisih iz zadnjih let, ko bleščečega esejista in literarno-kulturnega zgodovinarja Ivana Prijatelja zaradi njegovega zavzemanja za estetsko avtonomijo literature in metodološko avtonomijo literarne zgodovine vzporeja s svetovno znanima»prenoviteljema«literarne znanosti, Jakobsonom in Mukařovskim, intuitivna postpozitivistična iskanja svoje učiteljice Marje Boršnik pa postavlja ob bok strukturalizmu (Prijateljeva zasnova moderne literarne zgodovine [SR 1990], Književne študije, ; Ni nedolžnega branja, , 171; Notranja dilema Marje Boršnikove [Razprave II. razreda SAZU, 2006], Književne študije 2, ). V omenjeni dvodelni monografiji, ki jo sestavlja niz prelomnih interpretativnih analiz Prešernovih pesmi, uvedenih s»strukturalnim«orisom pesnikove osebnosti in vpetih v zgodbo njegovega pesniškega razvoja, pa se je Paternu, značilno, raje kakor na Kidriča ali Slodnjaka naslonil na prešernoslovskega»heretika«avgusta Žigona. V njegovi»arhitektoniki«(pa tudi v njegovi presoji vpliva schleglovske romantike na Čopa in Prešerna) je poiskal tvorna stičišča z modernimi literarnovednimi smermi posebej z ruskim formalizmom, češkim in zahodnim strukturalizmom ter semiotiko. Toda Paternu je vso zanj relevantno dediščino spoznanj slovenske literarnozgodovinske klasike, tudi pozitivistične, vendarle upošteval in jo pretopil v prodorne interpretacije Prešernovega dela. Vanje je po drugi strani premišljeno in spretno vgrajeval tudi izrazito moderne strukturalno-semiotične koncepcije, ki so mu bile dobro znane, saj je imel širok razgled po evropski, predvsem slavistični literarni vedi 20. stoletja (od Tinjanova, Žirmunskega prek Lukácsa, Jakobsona in Mukařovskega do Lotmana,»zagrebške šole«in Eca). Prav te sodobne metode, ki so se v veliki meri povezovale z lingvistiko ali pa so se po njej zgledovale, so Paternuju omogočile dotlej najnatančnejši opis poetike Prešernovega pesniškega jezika in kompozicije (opozorim naj zlasti na Paternujevo tenkočutno stilistično zaznavo Prešernovega izjemnega združevanja kmečkega, vsakdanjega idioma z intelektualno zahtevnim, učenim slogom). Paternujevo»mostograditeljstvo«med literarno vedo in jezikoslovjem pa se niti v tem delu niti v drugih študijah ni ustavilo pri uporabi lingvističnih pojmov in metod za potrebe stilne analize (kar je bil sicer skupni imenovalec slovenistične»šole«interpretacije), temveč je šlo še naprej, v vprašanja zgodovinske sociolingvistike (denimo problem funkcijske diferenciacije slovenščine kot dejavnika literarnega razvoja) in filozofije ali vsaj refleksije jezika v delih slovenskih pesnikov in pisateljev. Jezik je profesorju Paternuju očitno vseskozi pomenil ne samo gradivo književnosti, ampak tudi formo mišljenja in, ne nazadnje, temeljno kategorijo eksistence, za katero so posebej občutljivi ravno pesniki (prim. Problem jezikovne inflacije v književnosti [Sdb 1978], Vprašanje Kocbekove vere v jezik [Zbornik Slavističnega društva Slovenije, 1993]; oboje v: Književne študije, ). Praktično v vseh pomembnejših Paternujevih študijah, posvečenih prozi, poeziji in dramatiki od reformacije prek baroka, razsvetljenstva in romantike do simbolizma, ekspresionizma, modernizma do postmodernizma, interpretacija besedil ni sama sebi namen, temveč odpira vrata v dramo posameznikove eksistence (Paternu jo je najraje označeval v pojmovniku Camusovega eksistencializma) in še naprej, v zgodovino. Vendar pa ne vodi naravnost v dogodkovno stihijo avtorjevega ali družbenega življenja niti v kakšne razredne ali nacionalne»velike pripovedi«, temveč v navezavi na dra- SR indd :10:07

7 Marko Juvan: Paternujev most med klasiko in modernostjo 519 goceno dediščino formalizma predvsem v besedni umetnosti lastni, notranji razvoj literarnih form in pomenov (jezika, metafor, figur, kompozicije, žanrov itn.). Šele prek njene evolucije je mogoče književnost zanesljiveje umeščati v družbeno-zgodovinski kontekst. Paternu se je prek množice interpretacij besedil, v katerih so ga vedno zanimali tudi bivanjski položaji in konflikti njihovih subjektov, prebijal do opisov evolucijskih procesov. Takšne so denimo študije Nastanek in razvoj dveh proznih struktur v slovenskem realizmu 19. stoletja, Avantgardizem v navzkrižju struktur, Tematska kontinuiteta pri uvajanju novih stilov v slovensko pesništvo od baroka do moderne (ponatisnjene so v njegovih Pogledih na slovensko književnost 1 in 2, Ljubljana: Partizanska knjiga Znanstveni tisk, 1974), ali Metaforizacija in demetaforizacija v sodobni slovenski liriki in Sodobna slovenska poezija kot evolucijski problem (ponatisnjeni v njegovi knjigi Obdobja in slogi v slovenski književnosti, Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1989). Paternujeve evolucijske zgodbe bi bile verjetno še prepričljivejše, ko bi jih oblikoval tudi na podlagi obravnav besedilnih korpusov, ne samo iz intuitivno izbranih sond v tekste, ki so se mu zdeli eksemplarični. Profesor Paternu je tudi sam priznal možnost, da je kakšno evolucijsko ali tipološko sintezo izpeljal»prenaglo«(resnični vrhovi slovenske književnosti so pognali iz herezije, 49, Literatura 9/73 74, 1997, 34 49); ob tem pa je lahko upravičeno prepričan, da je celo hipoteza, ki ni stoodstotno in pedantno podprta, miselni izziv in s tem produktivna za nadaljnji razvoj znanosti. Paternujev tretji most, tisti med posebnostmi slovenske književne, kulturne tradicije in ostalim svetom, je narejen po drugačnih načrtih kakor most, ki so ga od Ocvirka naprej gradili slovenski literarni komparativisti. Z empiričnimi raziskavami odmevov ali vplivov tega ali onega pisca iz kanona svetovne književnosti na slovensko leposlovje se Paternu skoraj ni ubadal, kakor tudi ne s preučevanjem dejanskih stikov med nacionalnimi književnostmi, bodisi izoliranih bodisi potopljenih v širše, transnacionalne idejno-umetniške tokove. Tovrstne kontaktne primerjave so slovenistične literarne zgodovinarje že tradicionalno znale spraviti v slabo voljo, saj so hote ali nehote ustvarjale vtis o slovenskem literarnem zamudništvu, neizvirnosti ali celo o provincializmu»jurčičev«, postavljenih ob»flauberte«(ne pa denimo ob svetovno ravno tako marginalne pisce tedanje Avstro-Ogrske). Morda se je tudi zato Paternu odločil za drugačno, pretežno tipološko primerjalno metodo. Z njo je dokazoval predvsem navzočnost poetik mednarodnih literarnih slogov v slovenski književnosti in, posledično, njeno periodizacijsko usklajenost s splošno evropskimi duhovnimi in estetskimi procesi. Svojevrstno uresničitev občih lastnosti evropskih literarnih smeri in obdobij (baroka, razsvetljenstva, romantike, simbolizma, modernizma idr.) je preverjal prek konkretne simptomatike v strukturah slovenskih literarnih del. Kanali vplivanja, prevodov in recepcije, prek katerih se je ta simptomatika iz tujine prenašala na Slovensko, ga v glavnem niso zanimali. Toda s svojo metodo je znal izluščiti individualne poteze, ki jih je slovenska književnost primerjalno kazala skozi daljša obdobja. Gre najprej za njene konstante, ki ji oblikujejo svojski tipološki značaj (na primer izpostavljena narodna funkcija književnosti ali brušenje»skrajnosti«pri sprejemanju novih tendenc iz tujine) ter jo umeščajo med sorodne literature (zlasti iz območij Srednje Evrope in južnih Slovanov). Gre še za posebnosti v evoluciji slovenske književnosti, ki bi jih bilo škoda omejiti na koncepte, kakršni so zamudništvo, sinkretičnost ipd. Paternu je po zgledu SR indd :10:07

8 520 Slavistična revija, letnik 54/2006, št. 4, oktober december Mukařovskega in Gačeva na gradivu slovenske književnosti prepričljivo orisal dinamiko menjav med obdobji upočasnjenega in pospešenega (zgoščenega) razvoja, opozoril pa je tudi na evolucijske reverzibilnosti oziroma»nepravilnosti«, tj. na zaporedja časovnih stilov, ki se ne ujemajo z dominantnimi evropskimi vzorci (Sodobna slovenska poezija kot evolucijski problem [Obdobja 8, 1986], Obdobja in slogi v slovenski književnosti, ). Ne nazadnje je profesor Paternu kot glavni pobudnik mednarodnih simpozijev Obdobja, ki jih ljubljanska slavistika oziroma slovenistika prireja od leta 1979, tudi organizacijsko poskrbel, da so slovensko književnost primerjalno povezovali domači in tuji strokovnjaki res sistematično in vztrajno, in to v dvosmernih»dejanskih stikih«treba bo priznati, da se je slovenistika v tem pogledu dejavno odprla svetu prej in širše od slovenske primerjalne književnosti. Borisa Paternuja mi mlajši nismo kar tako imenovali»gospod profesor«; vseskozi se mu pozna, da se je svojčas srečeval s pokončnimi duhovi stare šole, kakršen je bil Vidmar. Tudi Paternu se prav nič ne brani izražanja suverenih stališč do književnosti in vsega tistega, kar jo spremlja (vedno poudarja pomen vrednostne»vertikale«). Kot literarnemu zgodovinarju so mu tuji postmoderni vrednostni pluralizem in brezbrižnost ter scientistično metodično izogibanje vrednotenju. To pa ne pomeni, da se je kot ugleden prešernoslovec ukvarjal izključno z literarnimi mojstrovinami in da je s tem zgolj krepil kanon elitne književnosti. Kar nekajkrat je namreč pokazal naklonjenost do perifernih, lahkotnih ali profanih zadev (denimo v študijah o parodiji ali Bartolovem humorju), čeprav samo pod pogojem, da je šlo za manj znana dela pisateljev, ki jih je sicer cenil, ali da je ob tem lahko nepričakovano razkril njihovo odločilno razvojno funkcijo (na primer vlogo parodije kot žanra literarnih revolucij). Za sklep tega zapisa bom segel še po figuri, ki jo je naš spoštovani učitelj in kolega vedno cenil, posebno pri Prešernu, Kosovelu in Kocbeku po paradoksu. Tvegal bi reči, da delo profesorja Paternuja odlikuje intenzivna ekstenzivnost. Intenzivna je že njegova pisava. Ko bi bil pisatelj, bi bil novelist: v Paternujevem opusu prevladujejo krajše,»neromaneksne«forme študij in celo njegove enotno zasnovane knjižne monografije so včasih bolj podobne ciklom interpretativnih zgodb kakor pa dolgoveznim epskim pripovedim ali literarnozgodovinskim sagam; posebej ga privlačijo prelomne točke, dramatični zasuki v literarnih procesih; njegov slog je osebno zavzet, jasen, prečiščen, jedrnat, miselno izostren, polemičen, izpisan v razmeroma kratkih povedih, ritmično poživljen z aforističnimi poantami, duhovito izbranimi citati, z menjavo dramatičnih, zanosnih in podtalno ironičnih registrov. A to so bolj zunanje lastnosti. Prava intenzivnost tiči v Paternujevem temeljnem pristopu k snovi v analizi in interpretaciji besedil, od katerih je vsako zase»vesolje, stisnjeno v orehovo lupino«(thomas Mann). Ekstenzivnost se, na drugi strani paradoksa, kaže v kar nepojmljivi širini predmetnosti, ki jo je profesor Paternu z interpretacijskim vrtanjem v individualna semantična vesolja zajel v svoje raziskave: loteval se je lirike, pripovedništva, nekoliko manj dramatike (a ga je pritegovala dramatičnost ostalih dveh zvrsti), ob tem pa še esejistike, kritike in literarne zgodovine; od srednjega veka je čez reformacijo, barok in razsvetljenstvo segel v romantiko, kamor se je vztrajno vračal, nato pa prek postromantike, realizma, simbolizma, ekspresionizma in odporniškega partizanskega pesništva prišel do sodobne književnosti, ki ji je morda posvetil še največ ustvarjalnih misli. Paradoksna sintag- SR indd :10:08

9 Marko Juvan: Paternujev most med klasiko in modernostjo 521 ma»intenzivna ekstenzivnost«potemtakem označuje Paternujev gigantski podvig, o katerem sem tule največ razpravljal: prek intenzivne obravnave posameznih besedil je skušal spoznati gibala slovenske literarne zgodovine, iz interpretativnih opisov teh del v nizu problemsko izostrenih študij pa stkati pripoved o premenah književnosti, ki se široko razteza od reformacije do postmodernizma. V intervjuju za revijo Literatura je profesor Paternu leta 1997 izjavil:»resnični vrhovi slovenske književnosti so pognali iz herezije.«mislil je na dela avtorjev, ki so mu bili vedno blizu, kakor da bi se v njih tudi sam prepoznaval: na Prešerna, Jenka, Župančiča, Voduška, Kosovela, Kocbeka, Lipuša, Šalamuna Privlačili so ga, ker so drzno presegali omejitve političnih, nacionalnih ali verskih moralizmov, ker se niso uklanjali ne tradiciji ne diktatu povprečnega okusa in se niso bali soočenja niti z brezni v sebi. Tudi Boris Paternu se je pognal k vrhu svoje stroke, ker si je drznil biti modernistični heretik slovenske literarne zgodovine tistega časa. Heretični polet ga vse do danes ni zapustil, čeprav je zasluženo postal eden od klasikov modernosti v literarni znanosti. Za konec naj torej navržem še en paradoks: Boris Paternu je heretični klasik in klasični heretik slovenske literarne zgodovine. Želimo mu, da bi bil tak še dolgo z nami! Marko Juvan ZRC SAZU in Filozofska fakulteta v Ljubljani SR indd :10:08

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13 Marko Juvan: Paternujev most med klasiko in modernostjo 525 UDK 81 25: Prešeren F. Henry R. Cooper, jr. Univerza v Indiani, ZDA APPRECIATING PREŠEREN S WREATH OF SONNETS 1 Članek skuša dati angleško govorečim bralcem potrebno osnovo za branje Prešernovega Sonetnega venca (1834), da bi lahko v njegovem novem prevodu v angleščino (1999) v celoti cenili strukturno, tematsko in literarno kompleksnost slovenskega izvirnika. This paper seeks to provide English-language readers with the necessary background information about France Prešeren s Wreath of Sonnets (1834) so that they might more fully appreciate in the recent (1999) English translation the structural, thematic, and literary complexities of the Slovene original. Ključne besede: France Prešeren, Julija Primic, Sonetni venec, ritem, rime, pesemske prvine Key words: France Prešeren, Julija Primic, Wreath of Sonnets, rhythm, rhymes, poetic elements What do English readers need in order to appreciate France Prešeren s poetic masterpiece, A Wreath of Sonnets (1834)? Three things, in my opinion: an understanding of the poems complex structure, an awareness of the poems intricate themes, and an appreciation of the poems alluring images and powerful emotions. And, of course, they need a translation that conveys as fully as possible all these qualities. It is the purpose of this brief introduction to describe the first three things. And it is up to the readers themselves then to decide if the translation Tom Priestly and I devised in 1999 lives up to the expectations thus formed. 2 Structure Prešeren s Wreath of Sonnets is, in brief, a sonnet of sonnets, arranged in such a way as to show its perfect unity. And Prešeren s sonnets themselves are of the absolutely classical, Petrarchan kind: eight lines an octave followed by six lines a sestet all in iambic pentameter (an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, five times in the line), with an eleventh, unstressed syllable coming at the end. 1 Reprinted from Commentary, in France Prešeren, Sonetni venec/a Wreath of Sonnets, transl. by Tom Priestly and Henry R. Cooper, Jr., illustrated by Valentin Oman (Klagenfurt Ljubljana Vienna: Mohorjeva založba, 2000). If anyone wishes to understand the extent of my debt to Boris Paternu, let him read this appreciation of mine. From my first halting steps in studying the Slovene language to my coming to grips with The Wreath of Sonnets, arguably one of the greatest masterpieces of Slovene and world literature, Boris Paternu has been both a mentor and an inspiration for me. It is therefore with great pleasure that I offer this short piece to him on the happy occasion of his eightieth birthday and that I wish him Ad multos annos! 2 First published in France Prešeren, Pesmi/Poems, selected and edited by France Pibernik and Franc Drolc, with an afterword by Henry R. Cooper, Jr. (Klagenfurt Ljubljana Vienna: Hermagoras-Verlag, 1999), SR indd :10:08

14 526 Slavistična revija, letnik 54/2006, št. 4, oktober december The rhyme scheme of the octave is invariable: the first, fourth, fifth and eighth lines follow one pattern, while the second, third, sixth and seventh lines follow another pattern. The conventional notation for this pattern is abbaabba; many poets, Prešeren included, separate the first four lines from the second, so abba abba. The sestet, on the other hand, introduces a new pair of rhymes but avoids rhyming couplets two a s together, or two b s preferring instead to alternate rhymes, so that the odd numbered lines have one rhyme scheme, while the even have another. Conventionally, with a break again in the middle, this pattern is called cdc dcd. So Prešeren s sonnet cycle comprises a unity first and foremost because each of the poems in it looks, scans, and rhymes exactly in the same way. But there is more. The last line of the first sonnet of the cycle is repeated as the first line of the second sonnet, and the last line of the second sonnet is repeated as the first line of the third, and so on throughout the cycle until the fourteenth sonnet, whose last line is none other than the first line of the first sonnet. In effect, when the last becomes first, one sonnet echoes another, and not just because of the repetition, although that is very powerful and perhaps the most obvious linking device within the cycle. The sonnets are also linked by rhyme, for the even-numbered rhyme of one sestet, the fourth and final rhyme of any one sonnet (the d of the cdc dcd), becomes the first rhyme of the following sonnet (the a of abba abba). Nor does the interweaving stop there. It is a characteristic of the classical Petrarchan sonnet that the octave develops a thought or emotion, and the sestet in some way resolves it. When the last line of one sonnet is the first line of the following sonnet, then the resolution of one sonnet becomes the thought, emotion or proposition of the next. Thus a chain of thought binds the sonnets together as well, and moves them forward inexorably, from proposition to resolution to new proposition, until the final resolution becomes, lo and behold, the cycle s initial proposition. That circularity, which results from the linking of sonnet to sonnet and end to beginning, distinguishes this cycle from other sonnet cycles, and makes it into a sonnet wreath. And yet there is more. In the very first sonnet Prešeren notes that his theme is thrice-sung. Given the repetition of first and last lines, fourteen lines of the cycle are in fact twice-sung in the course of the work. But Prešeren fashioned out of these repeated lines a third song. This fifteenth sonnet, which consists of the first line of each of his fourteen sonnets, in order, he designated as his master sonnet : he used the Italian word Magistrale for it, in deference to its Italian, specifically Sienese, origin (our translation calls it the Master Theme ). And masterful it truly is, for it contains every resolution-become-proposition of the entire cycle, and yet it makes sense by itself. That is to say, its own proposition leads to its own resolution. It not only sums up the entire cycle whose wreath-like interwovenness it literally embodies, but it also crowns the cycle like a wreath, in that it reveals for all to see what is uppermost on the poet s mind: his poetry written in Slovene. And still one final structural element makes Prešeren s sonnet wreath unique. The first letter of each line of the fifteenth Master Sonnet reveals, when read downward, who the object of Prešeren s affection was: Julia Primic, a Ljubljana damsel whose family bourgeois, straight-laced and humorless were scandalized by Prešeren s SR indd :10:08

15 Marko Henry R. Juvan: Cooper, Paternujev jr.: Apreciating most med Prešeren s klasiko in Wreath modernostjo of sonnets 527 presumption in pursuing her and then by his supreme bad taste in naming her publicly. But that is just sad history. The poetry of this feat is what dazzles. In addition to the very precise metric demands of the sonnet form, and the equally rigorous requirement that a sonnet cycle develop an argument, and the particularly difficult task of assuring that the master sonnet itself makes sense, Prešeren imposed on his artistry one more constraint: it had to share a secret. In other words, in the Wreath Prešeren proved he was the consummate craftsman of poetry on all its levels. Only when we realize that do we come to understand what a complex and demanding structure the Wreath of Sonnets represents. Themes It is by now a commonplace of Slovene literary criticism that three themes intertwine in the Wreath of Sonnets : the poetic, the erotic, and the patriotic, and that Prešeren was deeply interested in them all. Even a casual reading of the cycle, in the original or in translation, confirms its concern for poetry: the word poem, song (which can also mean poem in Slovene), poetry or poet occurs in every sonnet but one, and in that sonnet poems are referred to by pronouns. Furthemore poetry or its metaphoric equivalent, flowers, is either the subject or object of every sentence of the Master Theme. By poetry Prešeren meant something very specific: Romantic, lyric poetry, in the grand tradition that began in Greece with Orpheus, continued in Italy with Petrarch and Tasso, and was alive and thriving in his own day, but not, however, in his own country. In that regard Prešeren s Wreath is very self-conscious: it not only speaks about poetry, but intends to prove that it itself is high Romantic, lyric poetry written in Slovene, a language judged heretofore incapable of expressing little more than peasant affairs. Or, to put it in the poetic terms he himself uses, Prešeren wanted to demonstrate that Mt. Parnassus and the Haemus and Rhodope Ranges of Thrace, the ancient sites of the muses and of Orpheus, were Slavic lands, no different from the Slovene Alps themselves. The Alps lack but one thing, however: those who would tend and protect the delicate flowers of Slovene poetry that Prešeren himself has planted on the heights. For nurturers he turns to Slovene women, who comprise the erotic theme of his work. It is wise to understand erotic in very old-fashioned, indeed even pre-romantic terms, however. While he is frank in confessing his feelings of love for the young woman to whom the work is addressed, Prešeren is never explicit in his desires and longings, nor does he seem to have any plans to achieve his goal of winning her. Rather he sighs and weeps, regrets and mourns, wanders around town, steals glances, and writes poetry. He upbraids haughty girls for disparaging Slovene in favor of German, that is true, and of course he does expose his beloved to public notoriety by naming her. But that is as far as the eroticism goes in these poems. There is no genuine sexual tension in the Wreath. But there is a call to duty: Slovene women should bear and raise Slovene-speaking children, just as the poet creates and sings Slovene poems. There is no celebration of the pleasure that conceiving and raising these children might afford their fathers and mothers, just as the poet himself seems to find no joy in practicing his craft: SR indd :10:08

16 528 Slavistična revija, letnik 54/2006, št. 4, oktober december on the contrary, writing poetry for Prešeren was fraught with pain and difficulty. No, the only rewards lie in the fame the poet will win and in the restoration of the good old days, before the Slovenes or perhaps all the Slavs, since it is not always clear which Prešeren is referring to were subjugated by foreign conquerors. A major theme of the Wreath is yearning, and Prešeren does indeed yearn mightily, but Julia, it seems to me, is not the object of his yearning: in Prešeren s mind she is but a metonym for it. He may have thought he wanted Julia, but in fact he yearned for, maybe even lusted after (if erotic terminology need be used), fame, recognition, success, vindication of himself as a Slovene Romantic poet, and then, after all that, whatever else fame might bring with it, including a wife, a home, and a family a domesticated eroticism, as it were. Julia is in the poem to provide the fame (Prešeren says so specifically), but he never mentions the possibility of her providing the family or the connubial joys that might come therewith. If, as I suggest, the erotic theme in Prešeren s masterpiece is not quite what some might infer at first, no such confusion exists about the patriotic strain of the Wreath. Slovenes are to be found in the first and last lines of the cycle, while Slovene women, Carniolans, Carniola, and the collective noun slovenščina are used elsewhere as synecdoches for Slovenia itself never mentioned! The purpose of the poet is to plant the seeds of poetry throughout the country, and especially at the highest elevations he can reach. Here and there he suggests that his country is not particularly hospitable to this enterprise: its glaciers, rocky cliffs and cold winds all too easily destroy any young growth that may sprout. But well intentioned Slovenes, especially Slovene women, since Slovene men have had their hands full protecting their lands from the Turks and the Franks, among others, might tend these precious but delicate plants until they bloom. And if they do, they could transform the country from a glacial wilderness into a warm and productive land where zephyrs blow. Prešeren is pessimistic, however: the first eight or nine sonnets raise the hopes of happier times for all Slovenes, but the final five or six recognize that that hope might be futile, that the poet might have to settle for just one Slovene woman Julia to care for his poems. Such a resolution would be enough for him, he thinks, but then he has doubts even about her: the Master Theme shows the poet almost completely defeated and humbled before his unheeding lady. But Prešeren s patriotism is nothing if not rich and nuanced, and it speaks well of independent Slovenia that it chose a Prešeren poem, The Toast, for its national anthem. Despite the pessimistic tone of the Wreath s conclusion, the fact remains that Prešeren did compose a marvelously complex and successful sonnet cycle. Even despite Julia, who turned (or was compelled to turn) her back on him, his poems not only survived but thrived in Slovenia s brisk mountain air. The Wreath is a great celebration of Slovene potentiality, perhaps the first really conscious such celebration in all Slovene history. For the earliest Slovene writers, the Protestants of the sixteenth century, promoted their language mostly as a vehicle for their religion, and the Slovene Enlighteners who preceded Prešeren championed Slovenia as a part of the republic of reason or the Napoleonic new order. It was Prešeren who perceived the country s innate and inalienable qualities, but without chauvinism or xenophobia. Prešeren transmuted the poetic belief in a people s right to develop its language into a poetic vehicle for SR indd :10:08

17 Marko Henry R. Juvan: Cooper, Paternujev jr.: Apreciating most med Prešeren s klasiko in Wreath modernostjo of sonnets 529 the expression of life s highest and profoundest sentiments, and further into a political credo that made a nation s poetry into a declaration of national independence. He did not live to see this happen, but the Wreath is a monument to his faith that it could and would. Imagery And now for some final words on imagery. Images abound in the Wreath, and they are of various kinds: corporeal (heart and eyes, lips and breasts, to name but four); astronomical (the sun and its rays, the stars and their heavens); chronological (midnight, dawn, spring, winter); meteorological (breezes, blasts, snow, hail); geographical (snowcapped peaks, protected meadows, Carniola, Thrace); historical (Orestes and Diana, Samo and Pippin); but above all they are horticultural. That is to say, Prešeren not only speaks of gardens, but his cycle becomes a virtual garden, full of buds, kali, blooms, cvet, cvetje, cvetlice, and flowers, rože, rož ce, rožice. After the words for poem and poetry, these are probably the most frequent words, and images, in the cycle, and for good reason: they are metaphors for Prešeren s poems. Planting and sprouting seem to be the work of the poet himself, for he creates and then publishes his delicate verse. Nurturing and protecting are the work of others, particularly of Slovene women, for they are charged with reading and appreciating his verse. Many forces conspire to destroy the poet s flowers before they can be put in the women s care: the icy indiffe rence of his fellow countrymen, the rocky soil of the local language unaccustomed to being put to such use, the hail of foreign styles that threaten to overwhelm the country, and the snowstorms of scorn that haughty girls heap on presumptuous poets. But other, beneficent forces are at work, too: tears that water, eye-beams that warm, bees that spread the sweetness (let us not forget that the journal in which Prešeren first published his work was called Kranjska čbelica, The Carniolan Bee ), and above all protected areas gardens where alone his flowers can flourish safely. And what are these gardens but the hearts a word mentioned in virtually every sonnet in the cycle, and if not mentioned, then alluded to of Slovene women? Like the sonnets themselves, Prešeren s images also intertwine: no one category of images exists in isolation from any other, nor can one category be understood without reference to the others. Their variety is complemented by their unity, just like the sonnets. If Slovene poetry can take root in the hearts of Slovene women, then the poet has succeeded in his most important endeavor, wherever else in life and love he may have failed. And speaking of failure, we would be remiss if we concluded before mentioning one last category of words in the Wreath, the one that expresses emotions. If the words connoting poetry are all without exception positive in the sonnets, and the words connoting nature, the human form and history are largely positive, the words that speak of the poet s emotions are the opposite: they are overwhelmingly negative. Love, joy, happiness of course do figure in the poems from time to time, as do hope, glory and even grace. But far more frequently the poet emotes in pain, anguish, fear, anger, oblivion, dissension, strife, conflict, bitterness, despair, disgust, and care, and he is afflicted by wounds, pains, chains, misfortune, sighs, tears, unquenchable desires and SR indd :10:09

18 530 Slavistična revija, letnik 54/2006, št. 4, oktober december unfulfillable yearnings. The overall effect is grim indeed, but it is intentional. The poet himself says not once but three times that the Wreath is a monument of both his pain and his lady s praise. The praise, I would suggest in conclusion, is to be discovered in the structure, themes, and positive imagery of Prešeren s masterpiece. The pain, on the other hand, lies exposed for all to see and perhaps share in the powerful emotive language Prešeren uses throughout the cycle. The greatest challenge in translating the Wreath into English is not to duplicate its complex structure, daunting as that in fact has been, but to convey to a modern audience this intense bitter-sweetness of a Romantic poet s love. Prešeren succeeded in doing this in Slovene; time alone will tell if we have succeeded in English. POVZETEK Najnovejši prevod Prešernove mojstrovine Sonetni venec, ki sta ga opravila Tom Priestly in Henry R. Cooper, Jr. (1999), skuša slediti kolikor se da natančno ritmu, rimi in drugim pesemskim prvinam, posebej pesniškim podobam, slovenskega izvirnika. Članek izpostavlja podrobnosti teh prvin. Raziskuje strukturo Prešernovih sonetov, povezavo teh sonetov v strnjeno verigo ali venec, oblikovanje kronskega soneta (magistrala) in akrostiha iz začetnic vsake vrstice v kronskem sonetu. Osvetljuje poetično, ljubezensko in domovinsko temo pesnitve: poetično v trditvi, da ima slovenščina enake pesniške izrazne zmožnosti kot kateri koli drugi knjižni jezik; ljubezensko ne le v pesnikovem hrepenenju po Juliji Primic, ampak tudi po priznanju in uveljavitvi kot največji slovenski romantični pesnik; in domovinsko v opevanju domovine, ki bi bila lahko rodovitna podlaga za pesniško izražanje, če bi le njeni sinovi verjeli v to zmožnost. Kar zadeva pesniške podobe, je pesnitev polna navezav na telesno (srce, oči), vesoljsko (sonce, zvezde), kronološko (zora, pomlad), meteorološko (sapice, sneg), zemljepisno (gore, Gorenjska), zgodovinsko (Orest, Samo) in celo vrtnarsko področje (popki, cvetovi, rože, vrtovi). Zadnje je metonimija za srce slovenskih žensk, kjer bi slovenska poezija lahko cvetela v varnem zavetju. Kar zadeva druge pesemske prvine, pa je najbolj izrazito Prešernovo preiskovanje lastnih čustev, posebej bolečine, ki jo občuti od začetka do konca cikla, po drugi strani pa se tudi naslaja ob radosti, ki izvira iz ustvarjanja mojstrovine. To je občutje, ki bi ga angleški bralci lahko prezrli zaradi bolečine, ki ga obdaja, če ga ne izpostavimo in pokažemo, kako izhaja iz izjemne kompleksnosti pesnitve, ki je docela vidna le v slovenskem izvirniku, a vsaj deloma razvidna tudi iz angleškega prevoda. SR indd :10:09

19 Matjaž Kmecl, Zgodnji Jurčič kot zapisovalec in večerničar 531 UDK Jurčič J. Matjaž Kmecl Ljubljana ZGODNJI JURČIČ KOT ZAPISOVALEC IN VEČERNIČAR Besedilo je odlomek iz monografije o utemeljitelju sodobnega slovenskega pripovedništva Josipu Jurčiču in se dotika predvsem njegovega začetnega zapisovanja ljudskih pripovedi. Izluščiti želi posebnosti tega početja in markirati prehod v avtorsko naracijo. The article is a chapter from a monograph about the founder of the contemporary Slovene narrative prose Josip Jurčič. It mainly touches upon his initial»recordings«of folk tales. It attempts to isolate the specific features of this activity and to define the transition to authorial narration. Ključne besede: zapisovanje, ljudska pripoved, drugačnost, večernice, gosposko-meščanska pripoved Key words: recording, folk narrative, dissimilarity, rural popular literature, aristocraticbourgeous narrative Po začetniški navadi in narodno-romantičnih nazorih svojega časa je Josip Jurčič slovstveno začel z»zapisovanjem«ljudskih pripovedi, ki jih je pošiljal Antonu Janežiču v Celovec. Prva takšna, objavljena v Slovenskem glasniku, je bila Pripovedka o beli kači (1861), zvečine pa jih je v natis razpošiljal šele kasneje, ko si je že utrdil literarno ime, oziroma so sploh ostale v rokopisu; vsega skupaj jih v nobenem primeru ni bilo prav veliko z odlomki manj kot dvajset. Na prvi pogled so to»zapisi«, kakršnih se je dotlej v različnih časopisih od Novic oziroma njihovih literarnih strani preko Slovenske čbele (oziroma bčele) do drugih pomarčnih časnikov in začetnih književnih revij ter izpod različnih peres nabralo kar nekaj; vsi so nastajali v znamenju romantičnega prepričanja, da se iz ljudskih pripovedi kaže narodna individualnost in da je torej takšno zapisovanje potrebno, s tem pa tudi zaslužno. Jurčič sam je v opredeljevanju narodnih pripovedi in pravljic 1865 izrecno izrazil (ponovil) misel, da je v njih naslikan obraz in značaj naroda, njegovo mišljenje, njegova poezija. Jurčičeva zgodnja drugačnost. Je pa v njegovih»zapisih«glede na druge tovrstne izdelke iz tistega časa nekaj izvirnih posebnosti, do katerih kaže biti pozoren iz njih je mogoče namreč prav razločno razbrati najzgodnejšo drugačnost. Naj ostane ob strani znano razpravljanje, ali gre res le za zapisovanje ali pa za literarno učinkovito in pregledno reorganizacijo bolj ali manj netektoničnega ljudskega pripovedovanja, torej za avtorsko dejanje resnica je pač nekje na sredi in jo je Jurčič z neko opazko v sočasnih Spominih na deda (1863) tudi precej izrecno opredelil: Tako so mi pravili ded; jaz pa sem si naslikal v mladi fantaziji... (torej naj bi bila vmesna stopnja med dedovim pripovedovanjem in končnim»zapisom«osebna domišljijska predstava; zapisovalčev fantazijski eidetizem). Bolj zanimivi in napovedovalni sta že od vsega začetka dve drugi stvari: najprej izbira/odbira pripovedi; in potem še način, kako jih po-pripoveduje oziroma»zapisuje«. SR indd :10:09

20 532 Slavistična revija, letnik 54/2006, št. 4, oktober december Odbiranje. Pregled njegovih zapisov razmeroma jasno pokaže, da ga niso toliko privlačile (pre)domišljijske pravljice, čeprav naj bi bile po njegovi veri mnogo bolj razširjene od stvarnejših pripovedk saj da imajo ljudje povsod domišljijo..., nimajo pa povsod imenitnih oseb ali krajev, ki bi ostali zgodovinsko znani v narodnih ustih in pripovedkah. O Slovencih je v posebnem spisu (O slovenskih narodnih pripovedih in pravljicah, 1865) sploh zatrjeval, da kaj prida pripovedk vse do turških časov v 15. stoletju sploh nismo imeli ker da naša zgodovina za te stvari ni bila najbolj primerna izgubili da smo se v kolobarju med drugimi narodi. Pa v petnajstem stoletju je prilomastilo ljudstvo, po neusmiljenosti in krvoločnosti popolnoma vredno Hunov ali Psoglavcev, čez južno mejo, namreč Turki. Ker je dežela dve sto let trpela pod njimi, ima skoraj vsak kraj na Slovenskem, vsaka vas svoje pripovedke iz tistih časov..., veliko pa jih je, ki imajo snov namešano s čeznaravnostjo...! Ko se je prav tisti čas navdušil še za Walterja Scotta in njegove zgodovinske naracije, je raje začel naglo spočenjati»scottovske«pripovedi, kot prvo v nizu Jurija Kozjaka. Vendar niti pravljic etioloških bajk z ljudskim razumevanjem in razlaganjem sveta ni zgolj ureditveno zapisoval : morda o beli kači-kačji kraljici, o rojenicah, o angelu. V že omenjenem programskem razmišljanju iz leta 1865 je sicer našteval še morske deklice, žalik žene, hudobne škrate, divje može, vedeže in druge bajeslovne postave, izrecno zapisal pa ni nobene takšne.. Pomembno odbirno merilo pri zapisovalskem Jurčiču je bila dovzetnost za veselo ljudsko zvijačnost, s kakršno naj bi preprosti ljudje za šalo obvladovali nadnaravne, zvečine neprijetne prikazni; privlačila ga je logika duhovitih nesmiselnosti (oksimoron) v preprostem mišljenju, okusu in s tem tudi pripovedovanju. Zdi se, da ga je torej še posebej veselilo tiste vrste ljudsko izročilo, ki ga ponavadi imenujemo godčevsko in ki je do ne tako davnega časa ostajalo zunaj literarnozgodovinskega zanimanja. Že v letu Jurčičevega rojstva (1844) je sicer Matija Majar Ziljski godčevstvo poudarjeno omenjal med različnimi drugimi vrstami ljudskega slovstvenega besedovanja (noviški prispevek Nekaj od Slovencov), vendar se slovenske slovstvene zavesti dolgo ni prav hotelo»prijeti«: V večernih družbah si kmetje pripovedujejo razne reči za kratek čas; kdaj kake lepe povesti ali kako godcevo... Naj... še tako rezno govore, vse pri priči umolkne kakor polh in posluša kakor zajec, kadar se kdo oglasi rekoč: jaz bom nekaj povedal. Njihove povesti so lepe; ne najdeš jih v nemških, ne v latinskih, ne v grških bukvah. (Torej naj bi bile izvirne in s tem kulturno identifikacijske.) Smešne pripovedke se imenujejo godceve in to za tega voljo, ker jih pri svatbah ali ženitvah besednik, obično kak godec pove, da je kaj za smeh. Tudi smeje si zamoreš kaj pametnega izbrati iz godceve, ako ravno je le basen (izmišljena pripoved, op. M.K.) godceva. Kot primer je Majar dodal srednjeevropsko znano šalo o»prekletih grabljah«z narodno in družbeno, po svoje krpanovsko poanto: preprost in umen slovenski kmet naj bi bil pametnejši od še tako imenitnega tujega gospoda ter pripisal:»kadar kaj takega poveš, gre vse v smeh. To je godceva.«seveda se je mogoče zdaj spomniti tudi Levstikovega večkratnega omenjanja godcev in razmišljanj v Popotovanju 1858, kako da ima ljudstvo rado šalo in kako bi jako SR indd :10:09

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