Original scientific paper UDC: 911.3:338.48(497.11) DOI: /IJGI B CRUISING TOURISM NOVI SAD AND BELGRADE RESIDENTS' EXPERIENCE ANALYSE

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1 Available online at J. Geogr. Inst. Cvijic. 62(2) (67-80) Original scientific paper UDC: 911.3:338.48(497.11) DOI: /IJGI B CRUISING TOURISM NOVI SAD AND BELGRADE RESIDENTS' EXPERIENCE ANALYSE Dejan Berić 1*, Ana Jovičić ** * Provincial Secretariat for Culture and Public Information, Government of APV, Novi Sad ** Faculty of Sciences, Novi Sad, Received 23 April 2012; reviewed 23 June 2012; accepted 14 August 2012 Abstract: The subject of this paper are previous nautical experiences of the local population of Novi Sad and Belgrade. The aim of this paper is to determine how local population (who has already cruised, but as well as those who have not) is experiencing our country in terms of cruises. The research was based on conducting interviews with local people in Novi Sad and Belgrade. Interviews with a structured questionnaire, were performed from March to June 2010 with the task to determine past and potential cruise destinations, as well as attitudes about the potentials of Serbia in terms of nautical tourism. The importance of this paper is primarily based on the enrichment of knowledge on the segment of tourism that is the subject of this paper. Obtained results may help further studies of the causal link between cruises and experiences of local population in nautical tourism. Key words: Cruises, Novi Sad, Belgrade, experiences. Introduction During the past decade, the cruise industry has benefited from sustained growth (Dickinson & Vladimir, 1997). However, despite growing three times faster than the overall tourism sector, cruising represents a relatively small fraction ( %) in terms of passenger numbers (GP Wild International, 2007). In terms of size, the world market for cruises has steadily increased from 9.9 million in 2001 to 15.2 million passengers in 2006 (IRN Research, 2008). Today, modern cruise liners for both sea and river cruising, are a technological marvel, offering a highly viable and alternative form of holiday to many tourists (Quatermaine & Peter, 2003). In Serbia, the main condition of manifestation of the international tourist cruises is the navigability of rivers for tourist ships. (Gavrilović & Dukić, 2002). 1 Correspondence to: bericdejan@gmail.com

2 J. Geogr. Inst. Cvijic. 62(2) (67-80) However, in Serbia, the international tourist cruises take place only along the Pan-European Corridor 7, especially on the river Danube, the Sava River (only at its confluence) and the Tisa River (occasionally). Therefore, the Danube river is the backbone of international river cruises in Serbia, and Novi Sad and Belgrade are the only points where the foreign tourist boats in ports can be seen (Dragin, 2010). Corridor 7 is also defined in the framework of the United Nations (UN/ECE) by European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International Importance (AGN) (Dragin, 2010). The need to explore issues of nautical experience of the local population is based also on the fact that according to the Tourism Development Strategy of Serbia (MHCEF, 2005) one of the products that is of interest to Serbia is nautical tourism. Nautical tourism based on international cruises by Corridor 7 is subject to demand and interests of tourists in a number of countries in Central and Eastern Europe. They usually already have experience in cruising, and the focus of this research is the local population of Novi Sad and Belgrade, and its previous experience in this segment of tourism. The aim of this paper is to present and analyze differences of opinions between the inhabitants of Novi Sad and Belgrade towards nautical tourism. Because of this, but also the fact that Serbia is an integral part in the offers for the international tourist cruises along Corridor 7 on the international market, was conducted analyze of the attitudes of citizens, i.e. the presence and recognition of the importance of Corridor 7 cruising in Serbia by its population, using survey research. While prior cruising research had focused more on economic aspects of cruise tourism (e.g., Henthorne, 2000; Dwyer & Forsyth, 1998; Vina & Ford, 1998), more recent research has paid more attention to identifying different factors influencing cruise decision- making (Duman & Mattila, 2005; Petrick, 2004; Li & Petrick, 2008). From domestic authors it should be mentioned Dragin (2010) which has made a major contribution in the field of international tourist cruises along Corridor 7. Also, the specialist for nautical tourism, Pašković (2011) has given immense contribution to the academic community with his experience as a practitioner. This apparent scarcity of cruise-related research could be attributed to the domain s niche status within the tourism research community and its inherent interdisciplinarity (i.e. requiring a combination of shipping with tourism) (Papathanassis & Beckmann, 2011). 68

3 Cruising tourism Novi Sad and Belgrade residents' experience analyse Research Methods Filling specialized structured questionnairies was conducted within the population sample which included 200 people. Research focusing on the local population of Novi Sad and Belgrade (which are political, economic, cultural, and of course tourist centers of Serbia, but also the main points of the Corridor 7 in Serbia with piers for tourist boats for mass river cruises) was conducted from March to June For a clearer perception of previous nautical experience of the Serbian population in the main docking places of cruisers this analysis was carried out. During the survey, the following data are collected, which are going to be presented showing the individual responses to the questions from the questionnaire (opened and closed) consisting of three parts: - Demographic profile of respondents, - Previous travel experience of respondents in terms of international tourist cruises and - Awareness of the population considering cruises along Corridor 7 in Serbia. Testing was done by personal interviewing a random sample, i.e. technique face to face. Data gathered with surveys were entered into the SPSS database and all further analyzes were conducted using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science), version 17. Data analysis included frequency analysis and chi square test. Results The analysis of general indicators in the first part of the research shows the structure of respondents by place of examination, gender and age structure, education, and the structure of the economic indicators (profession and average monthly salary / pension) (Table 1). 104 people from Novi Sad (52% of the total sample) and 96 in Belgrade (48% of all respondents) were interviewed. By using additional analysis, all general socio-demographic indicators of the respondents, were crossbred with questions about previous nautical experience. By using the Chi-square test, we tried to find statistically significant differences among the residents of Novi Sad and Belgrade on the issue of attitudes associated with tourist cruises, and whether they cruised up to now and which destination they would choose for a cruise. 69

4 J. Geogr. Inst. Cvijic. 62(2) (67-80) Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents Respondents, % Have you cruised so far? Yes No Total, % 200 (100%) 47 (23.5%) 153 (76.5%) City Belgrade 48% 8.0% 40.0% Novi Sad 52% 15.5% 36.5% Gender Male 40.5% 13.0% 27.5% Female 59.5% 10.5% 49.0% Age % 3.0% 18.5% % 4.5% 15.5% % 5.5% 12.0% % 5.0% 16.0% % 3.5% 10.0% % 2.0% 4.5% Education level High school 33.0% 6.5% 26.5% Associate Degree 8.0% 2.0% 6.0% Undergraduated 58.0% 15.0% 43.0% Postgraduated 1.0% 0% 1.0% Income < rsd 28 % 4.5% 23.5% rsd 57.5% 13.0% 44.5% rsd 13.0% 5.0% 8.0% rsd 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% Profession Student 15.0% 2.0% 13.0% Employed 74.0% 17.5% 56.5% Retired 9.0% 3.5% 5.5% Unemployed 2.0% 0.5% 1.5% Chi square independent test (Table 2) showed a statistically significant relationship between the population of Belgrade and Novi Sad and their departure on cruises. Chi-square independent test (Table 2) showed a statistically significant relationship between the residents of Belgrade and Novi Sad and their departure on cruises Χ 2 (1, n = 200) = 4.09, p = 0.043, fi = According to Cohen's criteria (1988) effect size (fi) is small. The population of Novi Sad in a greater extent (29.8%) went on the tourist cruises, compared to the population of Belgrade (16.7%). 70

5 Cruising tourism Novi Sad and Belgrade residents' experience analyse Table 2. Chi-square test/crosstabs (City*Have you cruised so far?) Have you cruised so far? City Total Χ 2 Significanc Yes No e (p) Novi Sad 31 (29.8%) 73 (70.2%) 104 (100.0%) Belgrade 16 (16.7%) 80 (83.3%) 96 (100.0%) Total 47 (23,5%) 47 (23.5%) 153 (76.5%) Effect size (Fi) The second part of the research is related to previous travel experience of respondents and attitudes associated with tourist cruises. Even 76.5% of people have not yet been cruising (Table 1). As reasons for not taking the cruise respondents cited a number of reasons, and 18% did not give any response. For the most part they pleaded the money (32%) as main disincentive factor, or lack thereof. Of the total number of respondents, 8.5% of them did not have an opportunity to cruise, while for 6.5% cruise as a form of spending free time do not interest at all. In a much smaller percentage, ranging from 1% to 2.5% cited that they do not have anyone to cruise with, not yet selected a destination, the obligations prevent them, health reasons, fear them, do not have any particular reason why they have not cruised, and lack of free time. Table 3. Respondents departures on tourist trips Respondents, N Respondents, % Rarely Annually Several times per year Total When interviewees were asked if they would like to cruise, or to again go for a cruise, majority % of all respondents expressed that they would like something like that, while for 13.5% cruise is something they would not want to practice i.e. to repeat. When it comes to cruising destinations (Figure 1) warm geographic latitudes corresponding to the Mediterranean and the Caribbean would be chosen first by 48% of all respondents, which is 2/4 of the total sample. In the third place as a potential starting point of cruise respondents cited the Danube (18.5%) and so put it in their preferences ahead of other river and marine waters. In a much smaller percentage they determined to Nil, Alaska, Yangtze Kjang, Seine, Indian Ocean. 71

6 J. Geogr. Inst. Cvijic. 62(2) (67-80) Figure 1. Potential cruise destinations of respondents Those respondents who had cruised (23.5% of them) have spoken out about the number (Figure 2) and the destination of their cruises (Figure 3). Interestingly, a quarter (5%) of those who have had the opportunity to cruise done that more than five times. In addition are determined previous cruise experience related to different types of aquatories. Figure 2. Respondents departures to cruises 72

7 Cruising tourism Novi Sad and Belgrade residents' experience analyse The 8.5% of the respondents were cruising on seas, 5.5% on rivers, and only 1.5% on oceans (Chart 3). Of tourist destinations, so far the cruise participants visited Ukraine, Croatia, Egypt, Greece, Romania, Germany, Italy, Austria, Israel, Holland, England, Montenegro, Turkey, France, USA etc. As for the waters, they cruised on the Danube, Nile, Amazon, Dnepr, the Rhine, Vltava, Seine, Hudson River, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, the Bosphorus, the Adriatic, etc. Figure 3. Respondents Cruising aquatories In Table 4 are presented results of Chi-square test and cross tabulation (City* Where would you like to cruise?). Chi-square independent test showed a statistically significant relationship between the citizens of Novi Sad and Belgrade, and their wishes regarding the cruise destinations Χ 2 (2, n = 200) = , p = The population of Novi Sad was significantly less (38.5%) interested in ocean and sea cruises, compared to the population of Belgrade (63.5%). The inhabitants of Novi Sad were more interested for river cruises (31.7%), especially for the cruise along the Danube (26%), which was later found, compared to the population of Belgrade (20.8), who for a preferred cruising destination would rather select the Mediterranean (30.2%) or the Caribbean (14.4%) Table 4. Chi-square test/crosstabs (City*Where would you like to cruise?) City Where would you like to cruise? River+othe Total Χ 2 Significance Ocean/Sea River (p) r aquatories Novi Sad 40 (38.5%) 33 (31.7%) 31 (29.8%) 104 (100.0%) Belgrade 61 (63.5%) 20 (20.8%) 15 (15.6%) 96 (100.0%) Total 101 (50.5%) 53 (26.5%) 46 (23.0%) 200 (100.0%) 73

8 J. Geogr. Inst. Cvijic. 62(2) (67-80) The third part of the research was related to familiarity of the population with cruisers along Corridor 7 in Serbia. The respondents proved to be very informed when it comes to boats that cruise on the Danube and dock in Serbia, as 88% stated that they are familiar with it, while 12% had no previous knowledge about it. In this, persons who were cruising so far gave 92% positive answers, while those that were not 87%. However, when they were asked if they knew that in Serbia annually dock more than tourists cruisers their responses were negative in the majority percentage. A total of 79.5% of the survey sample said they are not familiar with that data, while 20.5% said they are. In this case, the respondents with cruising experience gave 72% negative responses, and those who did not have it 82%. Attitudes of the surveyed population were nearly one hundred percent positive (95%) when asked about whether the cruisers are significant for improvement of tourist turnover in Serbia. In doing, the population that has not been cruising gave 94% positive answers, and one that have 98%. The next question the percentages are somewhat expected, because 88% of respondents believe that Serbia did not regulate its banks for docking boats, and 12% think that it was done. Of those who have already cruised this think 85%, and of those who have not 89%. Almost all respondents from all age groups of the survey sample (98% of them) believe that the Danube is one of the most important resources for improving tourist and economic development of Serbia, while for 2% some other resources have higher priority. In the same percentage (98%) in the importance of the Danube believe surveyed experienced in cruises and those without it. Table 5. Chi-square test/crosstabs (City* Do you think that nautical tourism contributes to the development of tourism in Serbia?) Do you think that nautical tourism City contributes to the development of Significance Total tourism in Serbia? Χ 2 (p) Yes No Novi Sad 101 (50.5%) 3 (1.5%) 104 (52.0%) Belgrade 95 (47.5%) 1 (0.5%) 96 (48.0%) Total 196 (98.0%) 4 (2.0%) 200 (100.0%) Chi square independent test (Table 5) showed no statistically significant relationship among the population of Belgrade and Novi Sad and their attitudes 74

9 Cruising tourism Novi Sad and Belgrade residents' experience analyse associated with experiencing nautical tourism as a factor of importance for tourism development in Serbia, Χ 2 (1, n = 200) = 0.18, p = Discussion In order to determine the attitudes of local people in Novi Sad and Belgrade about the presence and importance of Corridor 7 cruising in Serbia, and their nautical experience a survey was conducted on a sample of 200 persons in In this way, an analysis of the potential tourist demand was performed, and how tourists experience the Danube in Serbia, and what previously nautical experience they had. It was found that questioned people have the lack of tourist experience when it comes to cruising. Only 23.5% of respondents in the past practiced this form of tourist movements. Cruise vacations are laden with experiential benefits and offer opportunities for tourists to engage in a socially unique and memorable experience (Kwortnik, 2006). Cartwright and Baird (1999) note that the most common reasons cited for choosing a cruise holiday on the sea or river ships are to be looked after in luxury and to be entertained (Erdeji, 2011), what are probably the reasons why the respondents have a desire for those trips. Financial resources, or lack thereof in 32% of cases were the main factor discouraging people who are not already cruised. On the other hand these people are in the lowest percentage in the range 1% to 2.5% cited that they do not have anyone to cruise with, not yet selected a destination, the obligations prevent them, health reasons, fear them, do not have any particular reason why they have not cruise, and the lack of free time. By going on tourist trips in general, 60% of interviewees (cruising participants), travel several times during the year, so those are people with expressed travel habits. This is supported by the fact that 98% of them prefer that in the near future again go on a cruise. However, 83% of never cruised people so far would like to experience something like that, which is a positive indicator for domestic demand that it also has an interest for practising of such travel. In the explanation which potential cruise destination they would have chosen, the Danube is in the respondents' answers to a surprisingly high third place, overall 18.5% of all respondents (both who were cruising and who were not) decided for it. Only the Mediterranean and the Caribbean seas are more desirable destinations from it. Although it is generally known that the image which the passenger has about a certain destination, often does not represent the reality of it, that image unfortunately, still influences the decision making process of 75

10 J. Geogr. Inst. Cvijic. 62(2) (67-80) potential tourists and their choice of destination. Very good positioning of Danube in this research by that receives more on its significance because it is the first river aquatory for the cruise chosen by the local population (to which the Danube is not abstract and distant), followed by in a much smaller percentage with the Nile (4.0%), Yangtze Kjang (1.5%), or the Seine (1.5%). This is definitely a double confirmation - and the fact that people from Serbia have the desire to practice cruising, but also the fact that the Danube, i.e. Corridor 7 is their first choice of river cruises. International tourist cruises in the world for several years back were involving different population groups, with more significant proportion of all those who are first time cruisers participants (Dowling, 2006). One third of respondents who cruised (23.5% of them) has cruised once before, and it is interesting that a quarter of those who have had the opportunity to cruise done that more than five times. Cartwright & Baird (1999) note that repeat visits among cruisers are high given that they find alternative forms of holidays inadequate. Оn seas 8.5% of the respondents were cruising, 5.5% on rivers, and on oceans only 1.5%. On river in combination with another water surface 5% of respondents was cruising and not declared in this regard 3%. Of tourist destinations, so far the cruise participants visited Ukraine, Croatia, Egypt, Greece, Romania, Germany, Italy, Austria, Israel, Holland, England, Montenegro, Turkey, France, USA etc. As for the aquatories, they were cruising on the Danube, Nile, Amazon, Dnepr, the Rhine, Vltava, Saine, Hudson River, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, the Bosphorus, the Adriatic, and so on. It is important to note that respondents (both with and without experience in the cruises) were almost one hundred percent agree that cruisers are significant for improvement of tourist turnover in Serbia and that the Danube is one of the most important resources for improving tourist and economic development of Serbia. They also (in similar higher percentages in both categories) said that they are familiar that cruise ships dock in Serbia as well. On the other hand, their major negative responses (also with a minimum percentage differences in both groups) were related to their views that Serbia did not regulate its banks for docking boats, and that they do not know that in Serbia more than 100,000 tourists cruisers docks per year (were slightly more negative responses were given by persons who have not cruised before.) In terms of differences in the attitudes of local people of Novi Sad and Belgrade differences have been determined in practicing tourist cruises and destination selection. The population of Novi Sad in a greater extent (29.8%) went on the 76

11 Cruising tourism Novi Sad and Belgrade residents' experience analyse tourist cruises, in relation to the population of Belgrade (16.7%). The population of Belgrade had more interest for the ocean and sea cruises (Mediterranean, Caribbean), compared to the population of Novi Sad, who would rather go on river cruises and especially cruises on the Danube. However, residents of both cities believe that nautical tourism is an important factor for tourism development in Serbia. Although this research contributes to the enrichment of knowledge of the nautical experiences of local people, however, it has certain limitations. The research results are limited to only two cities in Serbia - Novi Sad and Belgrade. By examination of population in various cities in our country, the results would be more reliable and more representative. In this regard, while the respondents were representative in terms of demographic profiles, the survey sample can be characterized as relatively small. Resulting therefrom that the obtained conclusions can not be generalized to the wider tourism or nautical population. Conclusion River cruising has a symbolic share of the total tourism turnover of Serbia, but it requires and deserves special attention. The growing foreign demand for this more popular form of tourism services, in recent years shows a steady increase in its importance. Local residents in Novi Sad and Belgrade have also recognized the importance of international tourist cruises along Corridor 7 and with their comments and observations have shown that potential domestic demand also give it the significance. This research obtained general answers to questions about the nautical experience of domestic population, with importantce of its personal perception. Analysis of answers of the respondents points to some significant and indicative conclusions. The population of Novi Sad is largely went to the tourist cruises, from the population of Belgrade. Most respondents from both cities have not been cruising, but they would like. As the reason for not going on tourist cruises they stated the lack of money. The Danube has been ranked as priority destination for river cruises. It is interesting that a quarter of respondents who were able to cruise, did that more than five times. Chi square test showed that the population of Novi Sad is in less interest in ocean and sea cruises, from the population of Belgrade. However, when it comes to the attitudes associated with the experience of nautical tourism as a factor of importance for tourism development in Serbia, Chi square test showed no statistically significant relationship between the citizens of Belgrade and Novi Sad residents. Most 77

12 J. Geogr. Inst. Cvijic. 62(2) (67-80) respondents (both those who have cruised and those who have not) are familiar to the existence of cruise tourism in Serbia and their importance to tourism. These and similar data can be used to ensure the timely adjustment of the tourism market trends in the field of international tourist cruises along Corridor 7. Obtained results may help further studies of the causal link between the Pan- European Corridor 7 cruises and resources of receptive countries (in this case Serbia) on which this trips are based, and all this to a goal for the proper design and placement of tourist offer to foreign, but also to domestic market. Developing new markets does not happen overnight, and it will take time for the travel trade and the consumer to understand how the product works (ECC Report, 2011). Also, future research in this area should identify the key reasons for the positive and negative experiences of tourists in nautical tourism. For example, qualitative studies to examine why some tourists more evaluate certain components of their experience in comparison to other (Hosany & Witham, 2010). Nautical tourism represents the tourism product of strategic importance for the development of tourism in Serbia, with Belgrade and Novi Sad as potential places of long-term market attractiveness. This study in an attempt to clarify the dimensions of nautical experience used existing methods, while future research in this area may try to develop an original method to better encompass many attributes and aspects of nautical experience (Hung & Petrick, 2011). Acknowledgements The paper is the result of the research within the projects number: Transformations of Geo Area of Serbia - past, current problems and suggestions of the solutions, funded by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia. The authors express their grateful thanks to the editor and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions that helped to shape this article. References Vina, L. D. L., & Ford, J. (1998). Economic impact of proposed cruiseship business. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(4), Gavrilović LJ., & Dukić, D. (2002). Reke Srbije. Beograd: Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva. GP Wild International (2009). Contribution of Cruise Tourism to the Economies of Europe. Retrieved February 2, 2009, from maritime industries forum. 78

13 Cruising tourism Novi Sad and Belgrade residents' experience analyse Dickinson, B., & A. Vladimir (1997). Selling the Sea: An Inside Look at the Cruise Industry. New York: Wiley. Dowling, R. K. (2006). Cruise Ship Tourism. Oxfordshire: CABI Dragin, A. (2010). Međunarodna turistička krstarenja Koridorom 7. Monografija. Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Novi Sad: PMF, DGTH. Duman, T., & Mattila, A. S. (2005). The role of affective factors on perceived cruise vacation value. Tourism Management, 26, Dwyer, L., & Forsyth, P. (1998). Economic significance of cruise tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 25 (2), ECC 2011/2012 Report (2011). Making a real social and economic contribution to Europe s economy. Retrieved June 27, 2012, from ECC web site. Erdeji I. (2011). Collection of Papers from Contemporary Trends in Tourism and Hospitality Importance of Entertainment and Leisure Organisation on the RiverCruise Ships, on the River Danube, for the Guest Satisfaction, Novi Sad: Faculty of Sciences, DGTH, IRN Research (2008, April 25). IRN Research. Retrieved February 14, 2009, from European Cruise Council Statistics & markets Kwortnik, R. J. (2006). Carnival Cruise Lines: Burnishing the Brand. Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 47, Li, X., & Petrick, J. F. (2008). Examining the antecedents of brand loyalty from an investment model perspective. Journal of Travel Research, 47, Ministarstvo trgovine, turizma i usluga Republike Srbije, Horwath Consulting Zagreb i Ekonomski fakultet Beograd (MHCEF) (2005). Strategija turizma Republike Srbije Prvi fazni izveštaj. Ministarstvo trgovine, turizma i usluga Republike Srbije, Beograd. Papathanassis, A., & Beckmann, I. (2011). Assessing the poverty of Cruise theory hypothesis. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 38, No. 1, Pašković K. (2011). Collection of Papers from Contemporary Trends in Tourism and Hospitality The Danube Propeller Master Plan for Regional Development of Nautical Industry and Tourism; A Project Founded In Reality Novi Sad: Faculty of Sciences, DGTH. Petrick, J. F. (2004). The Roles of Quality, Value, and Satisfaction in Predicting Cruise Passengers Behavioral Intentions. Journal of Travel Research, 42 (4): Cartwright, R., & Baird C. (1999). The Development and Growth of the Cruise Industry. New York: Butterworth-Heinemann. Cohen, J. W. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2 nd edn). Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 79

14 J. Geogr. Inst. Cvijic. 62(2) (67-80) Henthorne, T. L. (2000). An analysis of expenditures by cruise ship passengers in Jamaica. Journal of Travel Research, 38, Hosany, S., & Witham, M. (2010). Dimensions of Cruisers' Experiences, Satisfaction, and Intention to Recommend. Journal of Travel Research, 49 (3), Hung, K., & Petrick, J. F., (2011). Why do you cruise? Exploring the motivations for taking cruise holidays, and the construction of a cruising motivation scale. Tourism Management 32, Quatermaine, P., & Peter, B. (2003). Cruise: Identity, Design and Culture. London: Laurence King. Wild, P., & Dearing, J. (2000). Development of and prospects for cruising in Europe. Marit. Pol. Mgmt., 27(4),

15 Доступно онлајн на J. Geogr. Inst. Cvijic 62(2) (69-82) Оригинални научни рад UDC: 911.3:338.48(497.11) DOI: /IJGI B АНАЛИЗА ИСКУСТАВА СТАНОВНИКА БЕОГРАДА И НОВОГ САДА У ТУРИЗМУ КРСТАРЕЊА Дејан Берић *1, Ана Јовичић ** * Секретаријат за културу и јавно информисање, Влада АПВ, Нови Сад **Департман за географију, туризам и хотелијерство, ПМФ, Нови Сад Примљено 23 априла 2012; рецензирано 23 јуна 2012; прихваћено 14 августа 2012 Апстракт: Предмет рада су досадашња наутичка искуства локалног становништва Новог Сада и Београда. Циљ рада је утврдити како домаћа популација (која је већ крстарила, али и она која није) доживљава нашу земљу у погледу крстарења. Истраживање се базирало на спровођењу интервјуа са локалним становништвом у Новом Саду и Београду. Разговори, уз структурирани упитник, обављали су се од марта до јуна године, са задатком утврђивања претходних и потенцијалних дестинација крстарења, као и ставова о потенцијалима Србије у погледу наутичког туризма. Значај рада се пре свега заснива на обогаћивању знања о сегменту туризма који је предмет рада. Добијени резултати могу помоћи даљим проучавањима узрочно-последичних веза између крстарења и искустава локалног становништва у наутичком туризму. Кључне речи: Kрстарења, Нови Сад, Београд, искуства. Увод Током протекле деценије, индустрија крстарења је захваљујући одрживом расту значајно профитирала (Dickinson & Vladimir, 1997). Међутим, иако је имала три пута бржи раст од остатка туристичког сектора, крстарења ипак представљају његов релативно мали удео (1,8 2,2%) у смислу броја путника (GP Wild International, 2007). Светско тржиште крстарења је имало стабилан раст са 9,9 милиона у до 15,2 милиона путника у години (IRN Research, 2008). Данас, савремени крузери за морска, али и за речна крстарења представљају права технолошка чуда, нудећи алтернативни вид одмора многим туристима (Quatermaine & Peter, 2003). 1 bericdejan@gmail.com

16 J. Geogr. Inst. Cvijic 62(2) (69-82) У Србији основни услов манифестовања међународних туристичких крстарења је пловност речних токова за туристичке бродове (Гавриловић & Дукић, 2002). Међутим, међународна туристичка крстарења у Србији се одвијају искључиво паневропским Коридором 7, и то на реци Дунав, на Сави (само на њеном ушћу) и на Тиси (у занемарљивом броју). Стога је река Дунав окосница међународних туристичких крстарења у Србији, а Нови Сад и Београд су једини пунктови где се могу видети инострани туристички бродови у пристаништима. Коридор 7 је дефинисан и у оквиру Уједињених нација (UN/ECE) Европским споразумом о главним унутрашњим воденим путевима од међународног значаја (AGN) (Драгин, 2010). Потреба за истраживање проблематике наутичког искуства домаће популације темељи се и на чињеници да је према Стратегији развоја туризма Србије (МHCEF, 2005) наутика један од приоритетних туристичких производа за Србију. Наутички туризам заснован на међународним крстарењима (крузевима) Коридором 7 је предмет тражње, односно интересовања туриста већег броја земаља Централне и Југоисточне Европе. Они обично већ имају претходно искуство у крстарењима, а у фокусу овог истраживања је локално становништво Новог Сада и Београда и његово досадашње искуство у том сегменту туризма.циљ рада је да се прикажу и анализирају разлике у ставовима између становника Новог Сада и Београда према наутичком туризму. Због тога, али и због чињенице да је Србија интегрални део понуде за међународна туристичка крстарења Коридором 7 на иностраном тржишту, приступило се анализи ставова грађанa, односно присутности и препознатљивости значаја крузева Коридором 7 у Србији од стране њеног становништва, применом анкетног истраживања. Док су почетна истраживања крстарења била више усмерена на економске аспекте туризма (Henthorne, 2000; Dwyer & Forsyth, 1998; Vina & Ford, 1998), новија истраживања су више пажње посветила идентификовању различитих фактора који утичу на доношење одлука за крстарење (Duman & Mattila, 2005; Petrick, 2004; Li & Petrick, 2008). Од домаћих аутора треба истаћи Драгин (2010) која је дала велики допринос у области међународних туристичких крстарења Коридором 7. Такође, специјалиста за наутички туризам, Крста Пашковић (2011) је дао неизмеран допринос академској јавности својим искуством као практичар. Ова очигледна оскудност истраживања која се односе на крстарења може се приписати статусу нише туризма коју овај домен има у оквиру туризмолошке 70

17 Анализа искустава становника Београда и Новог Сада у туризму крстарења истраживачке заједнице, и његовој урођеној интердисциплинарности (тј. захтева комбинацију бродарства са туризмом) (Papathanassis & Beckmann, 2011). Методологија истраживања Попуњавање специјализованих структурисаних упитника је спроведено код популационог узорка који је обухватио 200 особа. Истраживање са акцентом на локално становништво у Новом Саду и Београду (који су политички, економски, културни и туристички центри Србије, али и главни пунктови на Коридору 7 у Србији са пристаништима за туристичке бродове за масовна речна крстарења) спроведено је у периоду март јун године. Ради јаснијег сагледавања досадашњег наутичког искуства становништва Србије у местима главних пристаништима крузера извршена је ова анализа. Током истраживања сакупљени су следећи подаци, који су презентовани приказивањем одговора на појединачна питања из упитника (отворена и затворена) који се састоји из три дела: демографски профил испитаника, досадашња туристичка искуства испитаника у погледу међународних туристичких крстарења и упознатост становништва са крузевима Коридором 7 у Србији. Истраживање је обављено анкетирањем случајног узорка личним контактом, односно техником лицем у лице. Подаци прикупљени анкетирањем унети су у SPSS базу података и све даље анализе спроведене су помоћу статистичког пакета за друштвене науке SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science), верзија 17. Анализа података обухватила је фреквентну анализу и Хи квадрат тест. Резултати истраживања Анализом основних показатеља у првом делу истраживања приказана је структура испитаника према месту испитивања, полна и старосна структура, образовна, као и структура према економским показатељима (занимање и висина месечних прихода). Испитане су 104 особе из Новог Сада (52%) и 96 из Београда (48%). Додатним анализама сви општи социодемографски показатељи о испитаницима су укрштани са питањима о досадашњем наутичком искуству. 71

18 J. Geogr. Inst. Cvijic 62(2) (69-82) Хи квадрат тестом покушали смо да отркијемо статистички значајне разлике међу становницима Новог Сада и Београда по питању ставова повезаних са туристичким крстарењима и њиховим предходним искуством. Хи квадрат тест независности (Табела 2) показао је статистички значајну везу између становника Београда и становника Новог Сада и њиховог одласка на крстарења Χ 2 (1, n=200) =4,09, p=0,043, fi=0,15. По Коеновом критеријуму (1988) величина утицаја (фи) је мала. Становништво Новог Сада је у већој мери (29,8%) одлазило на туристичка крстарења, од становника Београда (16,7%) Табела 1. Социо-демографски профил испитаника Да ли сте до сада Удео укупног крстарили? броја испитаника Да Не Укупан број испитаника 200 (100%) 47 (23,5%) 153 (76,5%) Град Београд 48,0% 8,0% 40,0% Нови Сад 52,0% 15,5% 36,5% Пол мушки 40,5% 13,0% 27,5% женски 59,5% 10,5% 49,0% Старосно доба ,5% 3,0% 18,5% ,0% 4,5% 15,5% ,5% 5,5% 12,0% ,0% 5,0% 16,0% ,5% 3,50% 10,0% 65+ 6,50% 2,00% 4,50% Степен образовања средња школа 33,0% 6,5% 26,5% виша/висока школа 8,0% 2,0% 6,0% факултет 58,0% 15,0% 43,0% мастер/магисарске студије 1,0% 0,0% 1,0% Висина месечних прихода до дин 28,0 % 4,50% 23,5% дин 57,5% 13,0% 44,5% дин 13,0% 5,0% 8,0% Више од дин 1,5% 1,0% 0,50% Занимање студент 15,0% 2,0% 13,0% запослен 74,0% 17,5% 56,5% пензионер 9,0% 3,5% 5,5% незапослен 2,0% 0,5% 1,5% 72

19 Анализа искустава становника Београда и Новог Сада у туризму крстарења Други део истраживања посвећен је претходним искуствима испитаника повезаним са досадашњим туристичким путовањима и ставовима повезаним са туристичким крстарењима. Табела 2. Хи квадрат тести и унакрсно табелирање (Град* Да ли сте до сада крстарили?) Да ли сте до сада крстарили? Величина Град Укупно Χ 2 Значајност утицаја Дa Нe (p) (Fi) Нови Сад 31 (29,8%) 73 (70,2%) 104 (100,0%) Београд 16 (16,7%) 80 (83,3%) 96 (100,0%) 4,09,043,155 Укупно 47 (23,5%) 153 (76,5%) 200 (100,0%) Чак 76,5% испитаних особа није до сада крстарило. Као разлоге за непредузимање крстарења анкетирани су навели велики број разлога, а 18% није дало никакав одговор. У највећем броју су се изјаснили да је новац (32%) главни дестимулишући фактор, односно недостатак истог. Од укупног броја испитаних, њих 8,5% није било у прилици да крстари, док 6,5% крстарење као облик провођења слободног времена уопште не занима. У много мањем проценту, у распону од 1% до 2,5% су наводили да немају са ким да крстаре, нису још изабрали дестинацију, обавезе их спречавају, здравствени разлози, страх их је, немају неки посебан разлог зашто до сада нису крстарили, и мањак слободног времена. Табела 3. Одласци на туристичка путовања испитаника Испитаници % Ретко 52 26,0 1 годишње 72 36,0 Више пута годишње 76 38,0 Укупно ,0 На питање да ли би волели да крстаре, односно да опет оду на неко крстарење, велика већина (86,5%) свих испитаника се изјаснила да би волела тако нешто, док је за 13,5% крстарење ипак нешто што не би желели да упражњавају, тј. да понове. Када је реч о дестинацијама крстарења (Скица 1) топле географске ширине на којима се налазе Медитеран и Кариби би најпре изабрало 25,5%, односно 22,5% свих анкетираних. На трећем месту као потенцијално дестинацију крстарења испитаници су навели Дунав (18,5%) и тако га ставили у својим преференцијама испред осталих речних и морских акваторија. У далеко мањем проценту су се определили за Нил, Аљаску, Јангце Кјанг, Сену или Индијски океан. 73

20 J. Geogr. Inst. Cvijic 62(2) (69-82) Скица 1. Потенцијалне дестинације крстарења испитаника Они испитаници који су крстарили (њих 23,5%) изјаснили су се у вези броја (Скица 2) и одредишта својих крузева (Скица 3). Занимљиво је да је четвртина (5%) оних који су имали прилику да крстаре то чинила више од пет пута. Такође су утврђена претходна искуства о крстарењима везана и за различите типове акваторија Скица 2. Одласци испитаника на крстарења Морима је крстарило 8,5% испитаника, рекама 5,5% њих, а океанима свега 1,5%. Од туристичких дестинација, до сада су кроз крстарења испитаници посетили Украјину, Хрватску, Египат, Грчку, Румунију, Немачку, Италију, Аустрију, Израел, Холандију, Енглеску, Црну Гору, Турску, Француску, САД и др. Што се тиче акваторија, крстарили су Дунавом, Нилом, Амазоном, Дњепром, Рајном, Влтавом, Сеном, реком Хадсон, Карипским морем, Средоземним морем, Босфором, Јадраном, итд. 74

21 Анализа искустава становника Београда и Новог Сада у туризму крстарења ????????????? 6????+???????????????????????????????????????????????????? 153 Скица 3. Акваторије крстарења испитаника У Табели 4 приказана су резултати Хи квадрат теста и унакрсно табелирање (Град* Где бисте волели да крстарите?). Табела 4. Резултати Хи квадрат теста и унакрсно табелирање варијабли (Град* Где бисте волели да крстарите?) Град Где бисте волели да крстарите? Океан, Река И једно Укупно Χ 2 Значајност (p) море и друго Нови 40 (38,5%) 33 (31,7%) 31 (29,8%) 104 (100,0%) 112,82 Сад,002 Београд 61 (63,5%) 20 (20,8%) 15 (15,6%) 96 (100,0%) Укупно 101 (50,5%) 53 (26,5%) 46 (23,0%) 200 (100,0%) Хи квадрат тест независности показао је статистички значајну везу између становника Новог Сад и Београда и њихове жеље по питању дестинације крстарења Χ 2 (2, n=200) =12,821, p=0,002. Становништво Новог Сада је у значајно мањој мери (38,5%) заинтересовано за океанска и морска крстарења, од становника Београда (63,5%). Становници Новог Сада заинересованији су за речна крстарења (31,7%), посебно за крстарење Дунавом (26%), што је накнадно утврђено, од становника Београда (20,8), који би као за дестинацију крстарења радије одабрали Медитеран (30,2%) или Карибе (14,4%). Трећи део истраживања се односио на упознатост становништва са крузевима Коридором 7 у Србији. Испитаници су се показали као веома упућени када је реч о бродовима који крстаре Дунавом и пристају у Србији, пошто је чак 88% навело да је упознато са тим, док 12% није 75

22 J. Geogr. Inst. Cvijic 62(2) (69-82) имало претходна сазнања о томе. При том су особе које су до сада крстариле дале 92% потврдних одговора, а оне које нису 87%. Међутим, када су упитани да ли знају да у Србији годишње пристане више од туриста крузера њихови одговори су били у већинском проценту негативни. Укупно је 79,5% анкетног узорка рекло је да није упознато са тим податком, док је 20,5% рекло да јесте. У овом случају су испитаници са крузинг искуством дали 72% негативних одговора, а они који га нису имали 82%. У највећем броју случајева (95%) испитаници сматрају да су крузери значајни за за побољшање туристичког промета у Србији. При том је онај део становништва који није до сада крстарио дао 94% потврдних одговора, а онај који јесте, 98%. Код следећег питања процентуално стање је донекле било и очекивано, јер је 88% анкетираних мишљења да Србија није уредила своје обале за пристајање бродова, а 12% сматра да је то, ипак урадила. Од оних који су већ крстарили то мисли 85%, а од оних који нису 89%. Испитаници из свих старосних група анкетног узорка (њих 98%) верују да је Дунав један од битнијих ресурса за побољшање туризма и привредног развоја Србије, док су за 2% приоритетнији неки други ресурси. У истом проценту (98%) у важност Дунава верују и анкетирани са искуством у крстарењима као и они без њега. Табела 5. Хи квадрат тести и унакрсно табелирање (Град* Да ли сматрате да наутички туризам доприноси развоју туризма у Србији?) Да ли сматрате да наутички Град туризам доприноси развоју Укупно Χ Χ 2 Значајност туризма у Србији? (p) Дa Нe Нови Сад 101 (50,5%) 3 (1,5%) 104 (52%) Београд 95 (47,5%) 1 (0,5%) 96 (48%),,180 Укупно 196 (98,0%) 4 (2,0%) 200 (100,0%),671 Хи квадрат тест независности (Табела 5) није показао статистички значајну везу између становника Београда и становника Новог Сада и њихових ставова повезаних са доживљавањем наутичког туризма као фактора од значаја за развој туризма у Србији, Χ 2 (1, n=200) =0,18, p=0,67. 76

23 Анализа искустава становника Београда и Новог Сада у туризму крстарења Дискусија У циљу утврђивања ставова локалног становништва у Новом Саду и Београду о присутности и значају крузева Коридором 7 у Србији, као и њиховог наутичког искуства спроведедена је анкета кроз на узорку од 200 особа у години. На тај начин анализирана је потенцијална туристичка тражња, односно како туристи доживљавају Дунав у Србији, и какво су претходно наутичко искуство имали. Утврђено је да су у питању особе недовољног туристичког искуства када су у питању крстарења. Свега 23,5% испитаника је у прошлости упражњавало такав вид туристичких кретања. Одмори који се односе на крстарења су одмори препуни искустава и нуде могућности за туристе да се укључе у друштвено јединствен и незабораван доживљај (Kwortnik, 2006). Cartwright и Baird (1999) запажају да су најчешћи разлози за избор путовања као што су крстарења посебан третман који се пружа путницима на морским и речним бродовима и укључивање у забавне активности (Erdeji, 2011), што су вероватно разлози због којих и испитаници имају жељу за овим путовањима. Финансијска средства, односно њихов недостатак су у 32% случајева били главни фактор дестимулације особама које нису до сада крстариле. Са друге стране те особе су у најмањим процентима у распону 1% до 2,5% наводиле да немају са ким да крстаре, нису још изабрали дестинацију, обавезе их спречавају, здравствени разлози, страх их је, немају неки посебан разлог зашто до сада нису крстарили, и мањак слободног времена. Према одласку на туристичка путовања уопште, 60% испитаника учесника крстарења путује виша пута у току године, тако да су то особе са израженим туристичким навикама. Томе у прилог говори и податак да би 98% њих волело да у блиској будућности опет оде на неко крстарење. Међутим и 83% особа које нису до сада крстариле би желеле да искусе тако нешто, што је позитиван показатељ за домаћу тражњу да и она има интерес за упражњавање таквих путовања. При објашњењу за коју би се потенцијалну дестинацију крстарења одлучили, Дунав је по одговорима испитаника на изненађујуће високом трећем месту, укупно се 18,5% свих анкетираних (и који си крстарили и који нису) одлучило за њега. Једино су Средоземље и топла мора Кариба пожељеније дестинације од Дунава. Иако је опште познато да представа коју путник има о одређеној дестинацији, често не представља њену реалност она, нажалост, увек утиче на процес одлучивања потенцијалних 77

24 J. Geogr. Inst. Cvijic 62(2) (69-82) туриста и на њихов избор дестинације. Врло добро позиоцинирање Дунава у овом истраживању добија тим више на снази, јер је прва речна акваторија за крстарење коју је изабрала домаћа популација (којој Дунав није апстрактан и далек), а иза њега у много мањим процентима се одлучила за Нил (4,0%), Јангце Кјанг (1,5%), или Сену (1,5%). Ово је дефинитивно двострука потврда и тога да и људи из Србије имају жељу да упражњавају крстарења, али и тога да је Дунав, тј. Коридор 7 њихов први избор од речних крузева. Међународна туристичка крстарења у свету се већ неколико година уназад укључују различите популационе групе, са све значајнијим уделом оних који су први пут учесници крузева (Dowling, 2006). Једна трећина од испитаника који су крстарили (њих 23,5%) је крстарила једном до сада, а занимљиво је да је четвртина оних који су имали прилику да крстаре то чинила више од пет пута. Cartwright and Baird (1999) констатују да су поједини туртисти упражњавали већи број крузева, с обзиром да сматрају да су алтернативни облици путовања неадекватни. Морима је крстарило 8,5% испитаника, рекама 5,5% њих, а океанима свега 1,5%. Реком у комбинацији са неком другом воденом површином је крстарило 5% анкетираних а није се изјаснило у вези са овим питањем 3%. Од туристичких дестинација, до сада су кроз крстарења испитаници посетили Украјину, Хрватску, Египат, Грчку, Румунију, Немачку, Италију, Аустрију, Израел, Холандију, Енглеску, Црну Гору, Турску, Француску, САД и др. Што се тиче акваторија, крстарили су Дунавом, Нилом, Амазоном, Дњепром, Рајном, Влтавом, Сеном, реком Хадсон, Карипским морем, Средоземним морем, Босфором, Јадраном, итд. Важно је истаћи да су испитаници (и са и без искуства у крстарењима) били скоро стопроцентно сагласни да су крузери значајни за побољшање туристичког промета у Србији и да је Дунав један од битнијих ресурса за побољшање туризма и привредног развоја Србије. Такође су се у сличним већинским процентима у обе категорије изјаснили да су упућени да бродови који крстаре Дунавом пристају и у Србији. Са друге стране, њихови већински негативни одговори (такође са минималним процентуалним разликама у обе групе) су се односили на њихова мишљења да Србија није уредила своје обале за пристајање бродова, као и да не знају да у Србији годишње пристане више од туриста крузера (где су мало више негативних одговора дале особе које нису крстариле раније). 78

25 Анализа искустава становника Београда и Новог Сада у туризму крстарења У погледу разлике у ставовима локалног становништва Новог Сада и Београда утврђене су разлике упражњавања туристичких крстарења и одабира дестинације. Становништво Новог Сада је у већој мери (29,8%) одлазило на туристичка крстарења, од становника Београда (16,7%). Становништво Београда заитересованије је за за океанска и морска крстарења (Медитеран, Кариби), од становника Новог Сада, који су би радије одлазили на речна крстарења, а посебно на крстарење Дунавом. Међутим, становници оба града сматрају да је наутички туризам значајан фактор развоја туризма у Србији. Иако ово истраживање доприноси обогаћивању знања о наутичким искуствима домаћег становништва, ипак има и одређена ограничења. Резултати истраживања су ограничени на само два града у Србији Нови Сад и Београд. Испитивањем становништва у више градова наше земље, добијени резултати би били поузданији и репрезентативнији. У вези са тим, док су испитаници били репрезентативни у погледу демографских профила, анкетни узорак се може окарактерисати као релативно мали. Из тога произилази да се добијени закључци не могу генерализовати на ширу туристичку, односно наутичку популацију. Закључак Крстарење рекама има симболичан удео у укупном туристичком промету Србије, али захтева и заслужује посебну пажњу. Растућа инострана тражња за овим све популарнијим обликом туристичке услуге, у протеклим годинама зпоказује стални пораст њене важности. Локално становништво у Новом Саду и Београду је такође препознало значај међународних туристичких крстарења Коридором 7 и својим коментарима и запажањима је показало да му и домаћа потенцијална тражња придаје значај. Истраживањем су добијени генерални одговори на питања у вези са наутичким искуством домаће популације, при чему је била битна њена лична перцепција. Анализа одговора испитаника указује на неколико значајних и индикативних закључака. Становништво Новог Сада је у већој мери одлазило на туристичка крстарења, од становника Београда. Већина испитаника из оба града нису до сада крстарили, али би желели. Као разлог неупражњавања туристичких крстарења наводе недостатак новца. Дунав је рангиран као приоритетна дестинастинација за речна крстарења. Занимљиво је да је четвртина испитаника који су имали прилику да крстаре то чинила више од пет пута. Хи квадрат тест је показао да су становници Новог Сада у мањој мери заинтересовани за океанска и морска крстарења, 79

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