REPORT ON THE CROSS-BORDER IMPACT FROM ILLEGAL DUMPS ON THE TERRITORY OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF VIDIN

Transcription

1 EUROPEAN UNION REPORT ON THE CROSS-BORDER IMPACT FROM ILLEGAL DUMPS ON THE TERRITORY OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF VIDIN Project CB Prevention and mitigation of consequences of man-made cross-border disasters in the region Vidin-Zajecar The project is co-funded by the EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria Serbia Programme. 2018

2 Contents List of figures Introduction The aim and the scope of the study The Cross-Border Context Geographical and demographic characteristics of Vidin municipality Geographical and demographic characteristics of Zajecar municipality Past experience and problems with illegal dumpsites in the municipality of Vidin Review of the municipal waste management program of municipality of Vidin Past experience of the municipality Vidin with the illegal dumpsites Identified illegal dumpsites on the territory of Vidin municipality Waste-related disaster risks in the municipality of Vidin Akatsievo village Antimovo village Bela rada Botevo Bukovets Gaytantsi Gomotartsi Gradets Dinkovitsa Dunavtsi Zheglitsa Ivanovtsi Inovo Kalenik Kapitanovtsi Koshava Kutovo Novoseltsi Pokrayna Ruptsi

3 3.21. Sinagovtsi Slana Bara Slanotran Tsar Simeonovo Waste-related disaster risks in the Bulgaria-Serbian cross-border area Floods in Floods in Conclusions Environmental effects on the CBC area from the illegal dumps on the territory of the municipality of Vidin Air quality Surface and ground waters Soils Plants and wildlife Aesthetic impact Fires Health effects on the CBC area from the illegal dumps on the territory of the municipality of Vidin Economic effects on the CBC area from the illegal dumps on the territory of the municipality of Vidin Map of the illegal dumpsites on the territory of the municipality of Vidin Recommendations Literature Annexes Annex 1- Tool for monitoring, control and reduction of the risk Annex 2- Map of illegal dumpsites List of figures Fig 1: Map of Vidin - Zajecar cross-border region... 7 Fig 2: Map of municipality of Vidin Fig 3: Map of municipality Zajecar

4 Fig 4: Generated solid households waste, municipality Vidin, Fig 5: The share of morphological fraction in household waste for 2015,% Fig 6: The share of morphological fraction in household waste for 2015 in tons Fig 7: Classification of the settlement by number of illegal dumpsites Fig 8: Distribution of the contaminated areas by size Fig 8: Distribution of the polluted areas by size and amount of waste Fig 9: Classification of the settlement by total quantity of waste Fig 10: Percentages of types of waste in illegal dumpsites Fig 11: Distribution of the inert materials by settlements Fig 12: Illegal waste dumpsites in Akatsievo village Fig 13: Illegal waste dumpsites in Antimovo village Fig 14: Illegal waste dumpsites in Bela Rada village Fig 15: Illegal waste dumpsites in Botevo village Fig 16: Illegal waste dumpsites in Bukovets village Fig 17: Illegal waste dumpsites in Gaytantsi village Fig 18: Illegal waste dumpsites in Gomotartsi village Fig 19: Illegal waste dumpsites in Gradets village Fig 20: Illegal waste dumpsites in Dinkovitsa village Fig 21: Illegal waste dumpsites in Dunavtsi city Fig 22: Illegal waste dumpsites in Zheglitsa village Fig 23: Illegal waste dumpsites in Ivanovtsi village Fig 24: Illegal waste dumpsites in Inovo village Fig 25: Illegal waste dumpsites in Kalenik village Fig 26: Illegal waste dumpsites in Kapitanovtsi village Fig 27: Illegal waste dumpsites in Koshava village Fig 28: Illegal waste dumpsites in Kutovo village Fig 29: Illegal waste dumpsites in Novoseltsi village Fig 30: Illegal waste dumpsites in Pokrayna village Fig 31: Illegal waste dumpsites in Ruptsi village Fig 32: Illegal waste dumpsites in Sinagotsi village Fig 33: Illegal waste dumpsites in Slana Bara village Fig 34: Illegal waste dumpsites in Slanotran village

5 Fig 35: Illegal waste dumpsites in Tsar Simeonovo village Fig 36: Localized soil pollution sites in Serbia Fig 37: Breakdown of activities causing local soil contamination [%] Fig 38: Map of illegal dumpsites List of tables Table I: Population of the municipality of Vidin, Table II: Population by areas, Table III: Generated municipal waste in Vidin Municipality in ton per year for the period Table IV: Comparative table of the accumulation rate / collected household waste - kg/c/year.(data from NSI, *- no data) Table V: Morphological analysis of solid households waste, municipality Vidin Table VI: Morpholoical composition of the solid households waste average for each zone, 4 seasons in % Table VII: The morphological composition of the solid household s waste average for each zone, 4 seasons after reassessment of the Other fraction in % Тable VIII: The quantities of generated waste, by fractions, municipality of Vidin, in tons Table IX: Data on the total amount of waste generated by fractions in Vidin municipality in tonnes and% with the quantities of separately collected recyclable fractions Table X: Polluted areas on the territory of municipality Vidin Table XI: Polluted areas on the territory of municipality Vidin and their location Table XII: Morphological analysis Table XIII: Data from NSI by year for the floods in Bulgaria and costs of the damages: 67 Table XIV Risk impact Table XV Health assessment of contaminated areas Table XVI: Economic assessment- necessary financing for cleaning up activities Table XVII: Contaminated areas on the territory of municipality Vidin and their location 81 Table XVIII: Economic assessment- necessary financing for cleaning up activities in the priority areas

6 1. Introduction This report was developed by Energy Agency of Plovdiv under Project CB Prevention and mitigation of consequences of man - made cross - border disasters in the region Vidin-Zajecar concerning the Interreg IPA Cross-border Programme Bulgaria- Serbia. This report represents detailed research on the cross-border impact of illegal dumps on the territory of the municipality of Vidin one of the project objectives. The research was carried out by the team of the following experts - Milena Agopyan, Liyana Adjarova, Yonka Peshakova, Elka Piskova, Kiril Tunev, Nikola Balimezov, Hristo Minkov The aim and the scope of the study The purpose of the study on the cross-border impact of illegal dumps on the territory of the municipality of Vidin is to assess current waste management practices being undertaken by Local Authorities and the waste industry within the Cross-Border Region, as well as to identify opportunities for Local Authorities and the private sector to build upon the experiences and waste management practices being implemented both in Bulgaria and Serbia. This summary provides an overview of the key issues that have been drawn out by the study and highlights the opportunities and challenges to be faced by Government, Local Authorities and the waste industries if these issues are to be addressed and cross-border opportunities are to be fully realised. The main objectives of this study are: To establish a baseline assessment of illegal dumpsites of undisputed data quality for the settlements in the Vidin municipality; As illegal dumpsites are a major nuisance for the citizens and visitors of Vidin municipality, the final data shall also be used as an awareness-raising tool to trigger a change in policy, management and social behavior. To establish a process of data collection and monitoring that is owned and followed up by cleaning activity from the municipality of Vidin and Ministry of Environment and Water in Bulgaria. 6

7 1.2. The Cross-Border Context The Bulgarian-Serbian border from the river Danube in the north down to the Bulgarian- Serbian-Macedonian border triangle is approximately 220 km long. Most of the border region is mountainous to alpine terrain, except for a short undulating and hilly terrain in the northern part and a strip in the area where the main road from Sofia to Belgrade passes. Most of the borderline coincides with the ridgeline of the Western Balkan Mountains and has few road connections between both sides. There are only three highways and two main roads crossing the border. High-capacity road and railway lines connect Nish in Serbia and Sofia and in addition Skopje with Kyustendil and Sofia. Sofia itself is an important traffic node in Southeastern Europe at the intersection of the axis Belgrade Sofia Istanbul and Thessaloniki on the one hand and Skopje - Sofia Bucharest on the other hand. Fig 1: Map of Vidin - Zajecar cross-border region Most of the trans-border region is located in remote areas outside of dynamic economic centers and, with the exception of Sofia, far away from big cities. This is another reason, which makes cross-border cooperation traditionally more difficult. Job centers or processing and industrial centers are not available and it is also not an option for 7

8 inhabitants to commute to the bigger central places on a daily basis. A big area of the border region could be categorized as an economically underdeveloped rural area. A common characteristic of the Bulgarian and Serbian border regions is their low economic development compared to the remaining territories of both countries (IPA, 2007). Border regions often have lower population density than the national average because central places or big cities are usually not located in border areas. One exception is Slovakia with its capital on the river Danube at the border with Austria. In the Bulgarian border region, too, the population density is 1.5 times lower than the national average; in Serbia it is 1.3 times lower. The border area is characterized by its ethnic diversity, although ethnic Bulgarians and Serbs form the core part of the population. Most of the people on the Serbian side of the border are ethnic Serbs, in the Western Outlands ethnic Bulgarians. There is also a Vlah minority ( people) mostly living in the area of Bor, Boljevac, Negotin and Zaječar, as well as some Macedonian and Montenegrin minorities, who are mainly concentrated in Knjaževac, Zaječar, Negotin, Pirot, Dimitrovgrad and Surdulica on the Serbian side of the border (Gigović, 2010). Any self-declaration of ethnicity is controversial as this can have social and economic implications. Also in this case there might be more ethnic Bulgarians in the Western Outlands as declared in the statistics, due to some economic reasons as, for example, work access or local business activity related to current regional development. Part of the population of the Western Outlands has Bulgarian citizenship, which is a clear advantage concerning travel and work permits within the EU and for traveling to Bulgaria. The knowledge of the Bulgarian language gives the opportunity to have strong social, economic and educational ties with Bulgaria. The knowledge of Serbian and Bulgarian languages also is an advantage for many people who work in trade, legally and illegally, between both countries. On the Bulgarian side of the border, most of the people are ethnic Bulgarians; there is also a significant Roma population, mainly in the city of Kyustendil, the village of Gorni Lom and the city of Vidin. The share of the Roma population (4.7%) is more than three times greater than on the Serbian side (1.4%) (IPA, 2007). There are also some villages with a Vlach population in the region around Novo Selo. 8

9 The Serbian, Macedonian and Turkish population on the Bulgarian side of the border has a limited representation in contrast to the rest of the country. There are only few Serbians and Macedonians in the biggest cities of Kyustendil, Dragoman and Belogradchik (Gigović,2010). Population growth is often seen as an indicator for the long-term economic development and attractiveness of a region for people and business. In both countries, strong population declines over the last decades, especially in the border regions, have been observed. The population decline of 0.57% in Bulgaria was the highest of all EU member states in The decline in Serbia was less (0.33%), but still among the highest in Europe, despite small net migration gains. In both countries, the population decline is mainly caused by natural population loss. In Bulgaria, however, this is, in contrast to Serbia, strengthened by a net outward migration Geographical and demographic characteristics of Vidin municipality The region of Vidin includes 140 settlements and 11 municipalities - Vidin, Boynitsa, Bregovo, Belogradchik, Gramada, Dimovo, Kula, Makresh, Novo Selo, Chuprene and Ruzhintsi. Municipality of Vidin is a mid-size Bulgarian municipality located in the north-west part of the country, on the Danube River, close to the Romanian and Serbian borders. It covers an area of km 2. By this indicator it ranks first among the 11 municipalities of the Vidin region. The area of the municipality is 16.5% of the area, 2.6% of the area of the Northwest region and 0.5% of the territory of Bulgaria. 9

10 Fig 2: Map of municipality of Vidin The location of the municipal center Vidin on the banks of the Danube River puts the municipality at the crossroads of two European transport corridors. The area under investigation is the intersection of the Rhine - Main - Danube Corridor No 7, which provides transport links between the Black Sea and the North Sea and Corridor 4 connecting Central with South - Eastern Europe. The strategic location of Vidin Municipality over key European transport arteries and the presence of the Vidin port create favorable opportunities for the economic development of the municipality at national and international levels. The second bridge on the Danube (officially opened in June 2013) is the most important for the development of the studied territory. Through the bridge New Europe there is a road and rail transport link between the municipal center Vidin and the Romanian city of Calafat. The favorable geographic location of the regional and municipal center creates good conditions for its differentiation as a transport and industrial unit in the northwestern part of Bulgaria. Within the Vidin municipality there are two border checkpoints: 10

11 Vidin border checkpoint - River station - located in the central part of the regional and municipal center city of Vidin; Danube Bridge 2 / Bridge New Europe / connecting the town of Vidin and the city of Calafat. The city of Vidin has a rich history as a cultural and touristic site, and has had a major role in the production industries on the national level; however, in the last years the city has suffered recession and companies have retreated from the region, which has also led to migration of the young population. In this respect, the city is interested in revitalizing its existing infrastructure and developing an attractive image for potential investors. The city has developed an EE and RES strategy and action plan to increase its energy efficiency in public buildings and facilities and public transport, and encourage the introduction of RES capacities to answer the energy demands and increase its energy independence. The municipality is involved in national and EU trans - border cooperation projects. According to the latest Census (2011) the population of Vidin municipality is inhabitants % of the population of Vidin district. The population of Vidin Municipality in December 2016 was (according to NSI data), which represents 62.78% of the total population of Vidin region. Table I: Population of the municipality of Vidin, Population by years Vidin Region Municipality of Vidin The municipality of Vidin covers 34 settlements - two cities (city of Vidin and city of Dunavtsi) and 32 villages (see Table II). The population in the municipality is decreasing and this tendency has continued in recent years. 11

12 Table II: Population by areas, 2016 Area Population 1 City of Vidin City of Dunavtsi Akatsievo village 40 4 Antimovo village Bela rada village Botevo village 24 7 Bukovets village Voinitsa village 37 9 Vartop village Gaitantsi village General Marinovo village Gomotartsi village Gradets village Dinkovitsa village Dolni Boshnyak village Druzhba village Zheglitsa village Ivanovtsi village Inovo village Kalenik village Kapitanovtsi village Koshava village Kutovo village Mayor Uzunovo village Novoseltsi village Peshakovo village Plakuder village Pokrayna village Ruptsi village Sinagovtsi village Slana bara village Slanotran village Tarnyane village Tsar Simeonovo village 52 12

13 The population of Vidin Municipality is concentrated in the municipal center city of Vidin with a share of 80.30% of the total population, as well as in the town of Dunavtsi %, and the other three larger villages with population of about 1000 inhabitants Geographical and demographic characteristics of Zajecar municipality The municipality of Zajecar is the central municipality of the Zajecar administrative district, which includes four municipalities: Zajecar, Boljevac, Knjazevac and Sokobanja. It is located in the central part of the Timocka Krajina and covers the Zajecar Basin, the eastern part of Crnorečke and the northern part of the Knjazevac Basin, as well as the southern parts of the Negotin Krajina. The territory of the municipality is bordered: from the north slopes of the mountain Deli Jovan, from the east and southeast slopes of Stara Planina mountain range, which goes to the state border of Bulgaria, in the south and southwest of Lasovačka mountain as a branch of Tupižnica mountain, and in the west by Ježević and the branches of Veliki Krša. The municipality of Zajecar comprises 42 settlements, with a total population of inhabitants, Zaječar ( inhabitants) and 41 villages (21 296): Borovac (114), Brusnik (315), Velika Jasikova (819), Veliki Izvor (2.399), Veliki Jasenovac (287), Vražogrnac (1.096), Vratarnica (457), Vrbica (205), Gamzigrad (683), Glogovica (387), Gornja Bela Reka (122), Gradskovo (504), Grlište (697), Grljan (2.379), Dubočane (365), Zagrađe (167), Zvezdan (1.602), Jelašnica (100), Klenovac (172), Koprivnica (420), Lasovo (245), Lenovac (147), Leskovac (80), Lubnica (808), Mala Jasikova (235), Mali Izvor (372), Mali Jasenovac (232), Marinovac (209), Metriš (273), Nikoličevo (715), Planinica (205), Prlita (90), Rgotina (1.452), Salaš (688), Selačka (208), Tabakovac (170), Trnovac (391), Halovo (707), Čokonjar (143), Šipikovo (383), Šljivar (253). Source of data is RZS Serbia (Census 2011). The municipality occupies an area of km 2, of which 63.7% is agricultural land (data for 2011, RZS Serbia). In this area are inhabitants, according to the 2011 population census (Census 2011). The number of households is and the average number of household members is The population density is 56 inhabitants per km 2 and is the largest in the Zajecar district and the second largest in the whole 13

14 Timok region. In the city of Zajecar live inhabitants (64.18%) and in other 41 settlements live inhabitants (35.81%). Fig 3: Map of municipality Zajecar 2. Past experience and problems with illegal dumpsites in the municipality of Vidin Lifestyles due to the growth of the population's welfare generate an increasingly household solid waste. The lack of collecting and treating waste generated in the last decade has created a bad image of aesthetic and environmental pollution. Waste management has not yet been reached to cover the whole country. The lack of a waste management system in Bulgaria is attributed to a number of factors: the lack of network management, lack of technical and financial means, low rate payment, and lack of waste law implementation. 14

15 2.1. Review of the municipal waste management program of municipality of Vidin Common information The new Regional municipal landfill for all 11 municipalities in the Vidin region has been in operation since Vidin Municipality fully complies with the requirements for landfill disposal at landfills meeting European and national requirements. The municipality has ensured the ecological disposal of the Regional Landfill for non-hazardous waste for the municipalities of Vidin, Belogradchik, Boynitsa, Bregovo, Gramada, Dimovo, Kula, Makresh, Novo Selo, Rujintsi and Chuprene, based on the Integrated permit (КР 389 Н0/2010) issued by the Ministry of Environment and Water, according to the provisions in art.117 of Environmental Protection Act. For the municipality of Vidin the value of the indicator rate of accumulation (represented as the amount of generated household waste per year per capita) for 2016 is 317 kg per capita per year (kg/cap/y). This value is less than the values for settlements with a population of 50,000 to 150,000 inhabitants 349,6 kg /cap/ y. The municipality decides the issues of construction and demolition waste by transporting and treating them through an installation for crushing and screening of construction waste located in the southernmost part of the Regional Non-hazardous Waste Depot for the municipalities of Vidin, Belogradchik, Boynitsa, Bregovo, Gramada, Dimovo, Kula, Makresh, Novo Selo, Rujintsi and Chuprene. The installation has a maximum annual capacity for receiving and treating t of construction waste. Installations for crushing and screening of construction waste are not yet operational. For the purpose of environmentally friendly collection and recovery of packaging waste, the Vidin Municipality has a contract with a recovery organisation and has organised a system for the separate collection of recyclable fractions (paper and cardboard, glass, plastic). Data from the morphological analysis show the share of household biowaste (food, garden, wood) - in 2016, the quantity is 5 667,3 tonnes, or 33,74% of total (Table V to Table IX, Figures 5 and 6) generated solid household waste in the municipality. In order to achieve the Municipality's objective of reducing the amount of landfilled household bio-waste through separate collection and recycling in the Regional Non-hazardous Waste Depot for the municipalities Vidin, Belogradchik, Boynitsa, Bregovo, Gramada, 15

16 Dimovo, Kula, Makresh, Novo Selo, Rujintsi and Chuprene a composting plant operates - with maximum annual capacity for receiving and treating t of biodegradable waste; the composting plant includes the treatment of biodegradable green and municipal waste generated on the territory of Vidin and Belogradchik. The municipality of Vidin has started a phased introduction of a system for the separate collection and utilization of green waste from parks and gardens and from households. During 2016, 46, 58 tons of biodegradable wastes were accepted at the regional landfill Waste analyses In Table III and Fig. 3 are presented the quantities of municipal solid waste generated on the territory of Vidin Municipality during the investigation period Table III: Generated municipal waste in Vidin Municipality in ton per year for the period Quantities of mixed municipal waste, in tons per year Type of waste Mixed households waste in municipality Vidin

17 Fig 4: Generated solid households waste, municipality Vidin, As can be seen from Fig. 4, for the period , there were no changes in the quantity of generated solid household waste on the territory of the municipality. Quantities decreased sharply from 2015 after the commissioning of the regional waste management system and the weighing of the quantity of generated solid households waste on the territory of the municipality. An important indicator of waste management is the rate of accumulation of waste, expressed as the amount of household waste generated per year per capita. Table IV presents the comparison of cumulative accumulation rates for Bulgaria, district Vidin and municipality Vidin, for the period According to the Ministry of Environment and Waters (MoEW) and the National program for waste management , the accumulation rate for the period for settlements with a population of less than inhabitants is 241,7 kg/cap/year, and for settlements with a population of to inhabitants is 334,9 kg/cap/year. The average value of the accumulation rate for Vidin municipality for 2015 is 301 kg/cap/year and for kg/cap/year. 17

18 Table IV: Comparative table of the accumulation rate / collected household waste - kg/c/year.(data from NSI, *- no data) For Bulgaria * Region Vidin * Municipality of Vidin Between February and November 2016 a morphological analysis of the composition and quantities of municipal solid waste was carried out. The analysis was carried out according to the requirements of the Methodology for determining the morphological composition of household waste, approved by the Ministry of Environment and Water in The analysis data for the individual seasons, as well as the average annual values, are presented in Tables V to IX and Figures 5 and 6. Table V: Morphological analysis of solid households waste, municipality Vidin a) Morphological analysis, area city of Vidin, high - rise buildings, 4 seasons Morphological fraction sample summer Weight, kg Morphological fraction, % sample autumn sample winter sample spring Weight, kg Morphological Morphological Weight, kg fraction, % fraction % Weight, kg Morphological fraction, % Food 23,5 19,1 17,5 14,0 28,0 22,4 23,9 20,0 Paper and 20,4 16,6 15,0 12,0 16,8 13,5 16,8 14,0 cardboard Plastic 18,9 15,4 22,0 17,6 13,3 10,6 24,5 20,4 Textile 6,6 5,4 6,7 5,4 3,3 2,6 2,9 2,4 Tire 0,8 0,6 1,6 1,3 1,2 1,0 0,3 0,2 Leader 3,3 2,7 1,5 1,2 0,0 0,0 0,3 0,2 Garden 8,4 6,9 9,0 7,2 2,1 1,7 2,4 2,0 18

19 Wood 2,3 1,8 2,2 1,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Glass 4,7 3,8 12,0 9,6 13,3 10,6 10,9 9,1 Inert 2,0 1,6 5,5 4,4 1,2 1,0 3,5 2,9 Metals 2,5 2,0 4,1 3,3 4,5 3,6 0,5 0,4 Hazardous 2,6 2,1 1,9 1,5 0,4 0,4 0,8 0,7 Other 27,0 21,9 26,0 20,8 41,0 32,8 33,3 27,7 Total 123,00 100,00 126,00 100,00 125,00 100,00 120,00 100,00 b) Morphological analysis, area city of Vidin, single-family buildings, 4 seasons Morphological fraction sample summer Weight kg Morphologi cal fraction, % sample autumn sample winter sample spring Weight kg Morphologi cal fraction, % Weight kg Morphologi cal fraction % Weight kg Morpholog ical fraction, % Food 13,4 11,1 17,6 14,2 23,4 18,6 12,3 9,8 Paper and 11,7 9,7 5,0 4,1 8,8 7,0 11,2 8,9 cardboard Plastic 19,2 15,9 20,3 16,4 19,7 15,6 21,8 17,4 Textile 8,1 6,7 5,4 4,3 2,0 1,6 6,2 4,9 Tire 1,7 1,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,8 0,7 Leader 2,5 2,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,6 0,4 Garden 20,5 16,9 24,2 19,5 7,7 6,1 12,6 10,1 Wood 3,1 2,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,0 4,0 Glass 8,1 6,7 1,7 1,4 4,3 3,4 3,9 3,1 Inert 3,6 3,0 11,4 9,2 13,1 10,4 12,3 9,8 Metals 2,0 1,7 3,6 2,9 2,6 2,0 0,6 0,4 Hazardous 1,8 1,5 3,9 3,1 6,0 4,8 1,1 0,9 Other 25,4 21,0 31,0 25,0 38,5 30,5 36,6 29,3 Total 121,

20 c) Morphological analysis, area villages, 4 seasons Morphological fraction sample summer Weight kg Morpholo gical fraction, % sample autumn sample winter sample spring Weight kg Morpholo gical fraction, % Weight kg Morpholo gical fraction % Weight kg Morpholo gical fraction, % Food 15,4 12,4 15,8 13,2 14,0 11,2 13,3 10,9 Paper and 8,1 6,5 5,4 4,5 8,4 6,7 4,8 3,9 cardboard Plastic 24,3 19,6 16,6 13,9 25,6 20,5 25,6 20,9 Textile 5,8 4,7 15,8 13,2 14,8 11,9 7,2 5,9 Tire 0,5 0,4 4,7 4,0 1,5 1,2 0,7 0,6 Leader 3,8 3,1 0,8 0,7 0,0 0,0 0,3 0,3 Garden 25,8 20,8 22,6 18,8 14,5 11,6 16,7 13,7 Wood 0,0 0,0 10,4 8,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Glass 7,4 6,0 0,8 0,7 3,2 2,6 1,4 1,1 Inert 4,4 3,5 7,2 6,0 4,9 3,9 12,3 10,1 Metals 4,3 3,5 1,2 1,0 1,0 0,8 4,8 3,9 Hazardous 2,1 1,7 1,8 1,5 1,2 0,9 1,7 1,4 Other 22,0 17,8 16,6 13,9 35,9 28,7 33,4 27,4 Total 124,0 100,0 120,0 100,0 125,0 100,0 122,0 100,0 20

21 Table VI: Morpholoical composition of the solid households waste average for each zone, 4 seasons in % Morphological fraction City of Vidin, high- rise buildings, % City of Vidin, single family residential buildings, % Area - villages, % Average for the municipality, % Food 18,87 13,41 11,93 13,40 Paper and 14,00 7,42 5,42 7,30 cardboard Plastic 16,00 16,34 18,72 17,49 Textile 3,96 4,38 8,90 6,58 Tire 0,77 0,51 1,53 1,06 Leader 1,02 0,62 1,01 0,87 Garden 4,44 13,15 16,22 13,52 Wood 0,90 1,65 2,17 1,81 Glass 8,28 3,63 2,58 3,72 Inert 2,47 8,11 5,88 6,24 Metals 2,33 1,76 2,30 2,11 Hazardous 1,17 2,56 1,40 1,79 Other 25,80 26,46 21,93 24,11 Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,00 It is clear from the above table that the largest fraction of household waste is occupied by the plastic fraction %, followed by garden % and food %, paper and cardboard %. The share of category others is 24.11%. It is worth mentioning the large share of the textile fraction %, with the average for the country 3.0%. Waste identified as other is an indeterminable waste which, due to its small size and shape, cannot be separated and weighed. This indeterminable waste is often in quite a large quantity, especially when it has passed a lorry with a compaction device and could reach 50%, and should not be neglected. According to the recommendations given in the Methodology for determining the morphological composition of municipal waste for 21

22 the re-evaluation of the fraction others, it contains about 65% ash (ash from solid fuels, earth, sap) and about 25% biodegradable waste. Data from the morphological analysis performed after reassessment of the other fraction are presented in Table VII. Table VII: The morphological composition of the solid household s waste average for each zone, 4 seasons after reassessment of the Other fraction in % Morphological fraction City of Vidinaverage value, % Area- villages, % Average for the municipality, % Food 18,02 14,56 16,29 Paper and cardboard 10,23 6,30 8,26 Plastic 16,78 19,16 17,97 Textile 4,53 9,12 6,83 Tire 0,58 1,53 1,06 Leader 0,73 1,01 0,87 Garden 12,93 17,97 15,45 Wood 1,66 2,34 2,00 Glass 6,50 3,94 5,22 Inert 18,73 19,92 19,32 Metals 7,13 2,74 4,94 Hazardous 2,19 1,40 1,79 Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 22

23 Тable VIII: The quantities of generated waste, by fractions, municipality of Vidin, in tons Average for Morphological Average f or Area - villages, t the fraction city of Vidin, t municipality, t Food 2 472,21 498, ,58 Paper and cardboard 1 402,89 215, ,55 Plastic 2 301,30 656, ,31 Textile 620,96 312,37 933,33 Tire 79,67 52,48 132,15 Leader 100,09 34,58 134,67 Garden 1 773,61 615, ,98 Wood 227,44 80,27 307,71 Glass 891,86 134, ,67 Inert 2 569,87 681, ,68 Metals 978,40 93, ,26 Hazardous 300,16 47,95 348,11 Total , , ,00 Table IX: Data on the total amount of waste generated by fractions in Vidin municipality in tonnes and% with the quantities of separately collected recyclable fractions Morphological fraction Average f or city of Vidin, t Area- villages, t Average for the municipality, t Average for the municipality, % Food 2545,16 498,4 3043,5 17,03 Paper and 1466,57 215,7 1682,2 9,41 cardboard Plastic 2360,91 656,0 3016,9 16,88 Textile 627,04 312,4 939,4 5,26 23

24 Tire 79,67 52,5 132,1 0,74 Leader 100,09 34,6 134,7 0,75 Garden 1822,25 615,4 2437,6 13,64 Wood 232,30 80,3 312,6 1,75 Glass 965,28 134,8 1100,1 6,16 Inert 2958,95 681,8 3640,8 20,37 Metals 990,55 93,9 1084,4 6,07 Hazardous 300,16 47,9 348,1 1,95 Total , , ,5 100, % 4.94% 1.79% 33.74% Food, garden, wood Paper and cardboard Plastic 5.22% Textile, tire, leather Glass 8.76% 8.26% Inert Metals 17.97% Hazardous Fig 5: The share of morphological fraction in household waste for 2015,% 24

25 Food, garden, wood Paper and cardboard Plastic Textile, tire, leather Glass Inert Metals Hazardous Fig 6: The share of morphological fraction in household waste for 2015 in tons 2.2. Past experience of the municipality Vidin with the illegal dumpsites In 2015 the municipality of Vidin identified illegal dumps on its territory. The polluted areas were situated in villages Botevo, Vartop, Gaytantsi, Ivanovtsi, Sinagovtsi, Bela Rada, Voynitsa, General Marinovo, Peshakovo, Slana Bara, Tarnyane, Akatsievo, Gradets, Dinkovitsa, Dolni Boshnyak, DrujbaPlakuder, Ruptsi, Antimovo, Gomotartsi, Inovo, Kapitanovtsi, Koshava, Kutovo, Pokrayna and Slanotran. The municipality of Vidin cleaned the polluted areas in In 2018 the experts from the Energy Agency of Plovdiv identified the polluted areas in the municipality Vidin by visiting the settlements. The Vidin municipality has more than 30 settlements with household-waste-polluted territories that need to be cleaned regularly to reduce the risk of disasters caused by contamination from human activity. By providing the pictures from polluted areas, the municipality of Vidin could undertake 25

26 additional measures to ensure the ecological balance in the municipality and the prevention of risks of various disasters related to pollution and dumps as a whole Identified illegal dumpsites on the territory of Vidin municipality The experts from Energy Agency of Plovdiv during the visits to the illegal dumpsites conducted morphological analysis of the composition and quantities of the solid waste. The analysis is carried out according to the requirements of the Methodology for determining the morphological composition of household waste approved by the Ministry of Environment and Water in The analysis data for the each site are described below. The areas/lands around the landfill have greater risk for contamination of groundwater. Many of the products that have toxic origin and heavy metals, such as arsenic, zinc, copper, and selenium, are harmful to the environment. In the most common case urban wastes are disposed into landfills, which were originally located relatively close to the urban areas. This means that a huge amount of waste could be burned, disposed of through the rivers or in inappropriate places as illegal dumpsites. The Waste Management Act in Bulgaria (Promulgated, State Gazette No. 53/ , effective , amended, SG No. 66/ , effective ; Judgment No. 11/ of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Bulgaria - SG No. 61/ ; amended, SG No. 98/ , effective , SG No. 14/ , amended and supplemented, SG No. 105/ , SG No. 13/ ) determines: Article 19 (3) The municipality mayor shall be responsible for: Article prevention of the dumping of waste in places unauthorised for this purpose and/or of the establishment of illegal dumping sites and ensuring their removal. (1) Waste, depending on its type, properties, composition and other characteristics, shall be collected, transported and treated in a manner not impeding its further recovery. 26

27 (2) The abandonment, unauthorised dumping and incineration or any other form of uncontrolled waste management shall be prohibited Article 112 (1) The municipal mayor or an official authorised thereby shall exercise control over: Article operations relating to the generation, collection, including separate collection, storage, transport and treatment of household and construction and demolition waste; (1) A fine of BGN 300 or exceeding this amount but not exceeding BGN 1,000 shall be imposed on any natural person who: Article discards waste in places unauthorized for this purpose; (2) A fine of BGN 3,000 or exceeding this amount but not exceeding BGN 10,000 shall be imposed on any municipal mayor and/or an official, unless subject to a severer sanction, who: 6. fails to take measures for prevention of the dumping of waste in places unauthorised for this purpose and/or of the establishment of illegal dumping sites and ensuring their removal; Methodology In order to ensure a collection of reliable baseline data comparable across municipalities, experts from the Energy Agency of Plovdiv were engaged in data collection and data collection methodology. For this assessment, the following were applied: Scope: All the populated settlements in the Vidin municipality were visited and the pollutant areas were evaluated. A routing had been agreed on with the experts from municipality of Vidin, in advance, to ensure an efficient assessment. Data collection: The following data points of each dumpsite were collected: 27

28 - Photo proof: Each dumpsite was photographed. Panoramic or multiple pictures were taken when necessary. - Geo-reference: Each dumpsite was geo - referenced by the indication of Latitude and Longitude. The decimal second was indicated (e.g., ) and when was possible the contaminated territories were described by name. - Municipality: The name of the municipality where the dumpsite has been found was indicated. - Risks: 3 levels of risks were determined: 1- low, 2- medium, 3- high - Amount: The experts defined the amount of the waste in the dumpsites: Small: 1-20 m 3 Medium: m 3 Big: > 200 m 3 - Size: The experts defined the size of contaminated area: 1-49 m²; i.e. up to 7m x 7m or the like m², i.e. up to 20 x 20 m or the like >400 m² - Fractions: Data collectors were indicated as one or more of the following: Plastic waste Food waste Paper waste Garden/ wood waste Textile, tires, leader waste Glass waste Inert/construction waste Hazardous waste Results For a month, two teams conducted an investigation and identification of illegal landfills in 30 settlements on the territory of the municipality Vidin. In total, 46 illegal dumpsites were identified in 24 settlements. Polluted areas cover more than m 2, with more than m 3 of waste. 28

29 The identified polluted areas, the number of illegal dumpsites in each settlement, the quantity of waste and the polluted areas are shown in Table X: Table X: Polluted areas on the territory of municipality Vidin Settlement Number of illegal dumpsites Contaminated area (in m²) Amount of waste (in m³) Waste weight (kg) 1 Akatsievo Antimovo Bela Rada Botevo Bukovets Gaytantsi Gomotartsi Gradetс Dinkovitsa Dunavtsi Zheglitsa Ivanovtsi Inovo Kalenik Kapitanovtsi Koshava Kutovo Novoseltsi Pokrayna Ruptsi Sinagovtsi Slana Bara Slanotran Tsar Simeonovo Total:

30 In the Fig. 7 the total number of illegal dumpsites for all of the settlements in municipality Vidin is conducted. Tsar Simeonovo Slanotran Slana bara Sinagovtsi Ruptsi Pokrayna Novoseltsi Kutovo Koshava Kapitanovtsi Kalenik Inovo Ivanovtsi Zheglitsa Dunavtsi Dinkovitsa Gradetс Gomotartsi Gaytantsi Bukovets Botevo Bela Rada Antimovo Akatsievo Number of illegal dumpsites in the settlements Number Fig 7: Classification of the settlement by number of illegal dumpsites According to the results in Fig.7, the territories of 24 settlements contained a large number of illegal dumpsites. This number ranges from 1-5 with illegal dumpsites. The 30

31 settlements that have the most illegal dumpsites are: Gomotartsy, Gradets and Bukovets. Tsar Simeonovo Distribution of the contaminated areas by size Slanotran Slana bara Sinagovtsi Ruptsi Pokrayna Novoseltsi Kutovo Koshava Kapitanovtsi Kalenik Inovo Ivanovtsi Zheglitsa Dunavtsi Dinkovitsa Gradetс Gomotartsi Gaytantsi Bukovets Botevo Bela Rada Antimovo Akatsievo Contaminated area (in m²) Fig 8: Distribution of the contaminated areas by size 31

32 The total contaminated area is m 2. The biggest contaminated areas were identified in the villages Kutovo, Kapitanovtsi, Inovo and Bukovets Distribution of the contaminated areas by size and amount of waste Total polluted area for the settlement (in m²) Waste weight in the settlemet (kg) Amaunt of waste (in m³) Fig 9: Distribution of the polluted areas by size and amount of waste Figure 8 presents distribution of the polluted areas in the settlement by surface (in m 2 ) and quantity of waste-- both in m 3 and kg. Sometimes a small quantity of waste occupied a large area, as in villages Inovo and Bukovets. In other cases a large amount of waste could occupy a small area - as in the Pokrayna village. Local policies should be focused on limiting contaminated sites and clearing up larger illegal dumpsites. 32

33 Tsar Simeonovo Slanotran Slana bara Sinagovtsi Ruptsi Pokrayna Novoseltsi Kutovo Koshava Kapitanovtsi Kalenik Inovo Ivanovtsi Zheglitsa Dunavtsi Dinkovitsa Gradetс Gomotartsi Gaytantsi Bukovets Botevo Bela Rada Antimovo Akatsievo Percent distribution of the settlement by contaminated area and amaunt of waste 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% Amaunt of waste (in m³) Waste weight (kg) Fig 10: Classification of the settlement by total quantity of waste In Fig. 9, the percentage of illegal dumpsites has been categorized based on the amount of waste calculated in kg and m 3. The largest amount, with 29%, was registered in Kapitanovtsi village. 33

34 Type of waste Dangerous, 1% Plastic, 14% Food, 2% Paper, 2% Inert, 55% Garden/ wood, 21% Glass, 1% Textile/ tire/ leader, 5% Fig 11: Percentages of types of waste in illegal dumpsites Fig. 10 presents percentage of waste by types. Inert materials are 55% of the total waste, garden and wood materials are 21% and plastic 14%. The main polluted areas by inert materials are shown in Fig

35 Tsar Simeonovo Slanotran Slana bara Sinagovtsi Ruptsi Pokrayna Novoseltsi Kutovo Koshava Kapitanovtsi Kalenik Inovo Ivanovtsi Zheglitsa Dunavtsi Dinkovitsa Gradetс Gomotartsi Gaytantsi Bukovets Botevo Bela Rada Antimovo Akatsievo Distribution of the inert materials by settlements kg Fig 12: Distribution of the inert materials by settlements The villages Kutovo and Pokrayna are responsible for 18% of the inert waste, village Kapitanotsi for 13%. 35

36 Conclusions Definitely, to achieve the good results on illegal dumpsites treatment, involvement of several institutions, organisations (the government, municipalities, wastes management operators and companies, and technical experts) and their collaboration is needed. Raising awareness of environmental, health and other important aspects is another key factor in the minimisation of the contaminated areas. The integration of sustainable development, waste separation, minimisation and recycling knowledge into all levels of education should be a key priority. The re-usage of mixed limited waste, and recycling and conversion options, play a huge role in the increase in the costs and reduce the efficiency of performances of the existing technologies for waste treatment. The lack of data warehousing in tone at illegal dumpsites is an obstacle in comparing the data in this study, but the data obtained will help as a reference for research and further study(s), as in the contamination of water, soil and other environmental effects. The management of these dumpsites would be impossible without the identifying information. The main problem is that these dumps are still active. There is a lack of information about waste fragmentation. The large amount of waste dumped in illegal dumpsites, could be reused, whether by recycling or energy recovery, thereby generating financial, environmental, and social returns that would otherwise be lost. Therefore, we can conclude that a lot of work is still needed and a lot of future challenges will have to be overcome to achieve significant advances in waste handling, especially in the settlements of Vidin municipality, because depending on the advances obtained, this will help in minimising the negative impact. This study will enable municipality Vidin to activate their full potential and financial personnel for preparing management plans for the elimination of dumpsites. This study will enable central and local institutions and the public to have accurate information about the existence of illegal dumpsites, the socio-economic effects on dumpsites, the efficient use of funds, and the disposal of illegal dumpsites to municipalities, and it will help in preventing the expansion of other dumpsites. 36

37 3. Waste-related disaster risks in the municipality of Vidin The experts from Energy Agency of Plovdiv identified the location of each dumpsite. The disaster risk for each dumpsite was evaluated. These risks were related to the inappropriate illegal solid waste disposal in locations such as riverside, roadside, in the forests, or in non-designated dumping sites, as well as the impact of municipal solidwaste decomposition that caused instability in the ground. The impact of natural events such as heavy rainfall as well as human interventions on soil instability and the appearance of landslides, and the erosion and displacement of soil sediments in rivers increased the probability of flooding and consequently the population vulnerability to disaster risk, were analysed. Disasters such as the results of damaging effects caused by natural or human processes on a vulnerable ecosystem, resulting in economic, social and environmental damage, were studied and described. Natural disasters caused by floods (such as environmental hydro-meteorological problems) and landslides generating some of the main problems have been analysed. The follow contaminated areas were identified: Table XI: Polluted areas on the territory of municipality Vidin and their location Settlement Area GPS coordinates 1 Akatsievo Area Baira / Border between Akatsievo and Ruptsi - channel 44 56'22 /22 48'25 2 Antimovo In the area of Cemetery Park 44 01'35 /22 57'06 3 Bela Rada area Tarneto 43 58'32 /22 44'58 4 Botevo 5 6 Bukovets Gaytantsi area Gaydarski dol / Vegetable gardens near Danube River / Area Vishite area Gradinite former canton former cooperative farms On the way to the village of Archar 43 50'23 /22 51' '07 /22 46' '07 /22 46' '33 /22 45' '39 /22 45' '49 /22 49'06 37

38 Settlement Area GPS coordinates 7 8 Gomotartsi Gradets Former cooperative farms Area Valya Ra / Near the Pump Station / end of 12-th str end of 28-th str and 1-st str end of 34-th str end of 10-th str area Drakata area Grachko bardo Area Royaka Area Do selo 43 49'48 /22 48' '36 /22 56' '10 /22 58' '11 /22 57' '06 /22 57' '12 /22 57' '06 /22 43' '08 /22 44' '46 /22 45' '45 /22 45'54 9 Dinkovitsa end of 9-th str 44 02'25 /22 46'31 10 Dunavtsi behind railway station 43 54'37 /22 49'11 former pigs farm 43 55'36 /22 49'28 11 Zheglitsa A former agricultural airport 43 52'55 /22 47'42 12 Ivanovtsi Area Selsko /former soccer field/ 43 51'39 /22 45'31 Inovo the old semetеry 44 01'44 /22 50'06 Kalenik area Lozyata end of 3-rd str near to the village stadium near to the semetery 44 01'51 /22 50' '26 /22 39' '12 /22 39' '06 /22 39'47 Drenage on the road to Inovo 15 Kapitanovtsi village 44 02'30 /22 51'59 to the west of Kapitanovtsi village to Negovanovtsi village 44 02'34 /22 52'35 16 Koshava 7 20-th street 44 04'17 /23 01'30 17 Kutovo area Valya Porchilor 44 01'05 /22 58'35 Area Choara 44 01'19 /22 57'10 18 Novoseltsi 8-th str 43 59'07 /22 49'15 19 Pokrayna 14-th str near to farmyard on the road to Gomotartsi village 43 59'00 /22 49' '39 /22 53'38 38

39 Settlement Area GPS coordinates 20 Ruptsi on the road to Akatsievo village 44 00'20 /22 48'17 21 Sinagovtsi former landfild 43 53'51 /22 46'31 22 Slana Bara On the road to v. Bukovets 43 57'58 /22 48'24 23 Slanotran 24 Tsar Simeonovo on the road to former mineral bath on the road to former canton former farmyard/ on the road to Botevo village/ 44 02'36 /23 01' '43 /23 00' '55 /22 50'35 The morphological analyses were made during the visit to the illegal dumpsites. The data are shown in the Table XII. 39

40 region Vidin-Zajecar concerning Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria Serbia Programme Settlement Area Plastic Food Paper and cardboard weight (kg) Fraction % weight Fraction weight Fraction weight (kg) % (kg) % (kg) Garden/ wood Fraction % Textile/ tire/ leader weight Fraction weight (kg) % (kg) Table XII: Morphological analysis Glass Inert Hazardous Fraction % weight (kg) Fraction weight Fraction % (kg) % 1 Akatsievo area Baira / 20 8% 10 4% 80 33% 5 2% 5 2% % 2 1% Border between Akatsievo and Ruptsi - channel 2 Antimovo In the area of Cemetery Park 15 15% 15 15% 5 5% 15 15% 12 12% 5 5% 30 29% 5 5% 3 Bela Rada area Tarneto 7 5% 5 4% 3 2% 70 52% 5 4% 40 30% 4 3% 4 Botevo area Gaydarski 10 17% 5 9% 5 9% 15 26% 0% 20 34% 3 5% dol / Vegetable gardens near Danube River / 5 Bukovets area Vishite 35 34% 8 8% 5 5% 25 24% 10 10% 3 3% 15 15% 2 2% area Gradinite 20 29% 10 14% 5 7% 15 21% 5 7% 2 3% 10 14% 3 4% former canton 7 11% 5 8% 5 8% 10 16% 15 24% 20 32% 0% former cooperative farms % % 200 9% % 0% 6 Gaytantsi On the way to the 10 17% 5 8% 5 8% 30 50% 10 17% 0% village of Archar Former cooperative farms 10 15% 7 10% 5 7% 25 37% 20 30% 0% 7 Gomotartsi area Valya Ra / % 60 9% 40 6% % % 20 3% % 12 2% Near the Pump Station / end of 12-th str % 50 9% 30 5% % % 15 3% % 15 3% end of 28-th str % 60 11% 30 6% 80 15% % 10 2% % 10 2% and 1-st str end of 34-th str 30 11% 15 6% 20 7% % 25 9% 0% 80 30% 0% end of 10-th str 25 13% 15 8% 10 5% 50 26% 20 11% 0% 70 37% 0% 40

41 region Vidin-Zajecar concerning Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria Serbia Programme Settlement Area Plastic Food Paper and cardboard weight (kg) Fraction % weight Fraction weight Fraction weight (kg) % (kg) % (kg) Garden/ wood Fraction % Textile/ tire/ leader weight Fraction weight (kg) % (kg) Glass Inert Hazardous Fraction % weight (kg) Fraction weight Fraction % (kg) % 8 Gradets area Drakata 30 9% 20 6% 10 3% % % 5 1% 60 17% 5 1% area Grachko 40 14% 30 10% 15 5% 30 10% 30 10% 0% % 0% bardo area Royaka 10 10% 10 10% 5 5% 40 38% 15 14% 5 5% 20 19% 0% area Do selo 15 11% 12 9% 3 2% 50 37% 20 15% 30 22% 5 4% 9 Dinkovitsa end of 9-th str 0% % 0% 0% 10 Dunavtsi behind railway 10 8% 5 4% % 10 8% 0% station former pigs farm 30 8% 0% % % 0% 11 Zheglitsa A former 300 9% 50 1% % % 30 1% % 20 1% agricultural airport 12 Ivanovtsi Аrеа Selsko 40 13% 5 2% 15 5% 8 3% 0% % 3 1% /former soccer field/ 13 Inovo the old semetеry 10 12% 10 12% 30 36% 10 12% 5 6% 15 18% 3 4% area Lozyata % 0% % % % 0% 14 Kalenik end of 3-rd str 75 5% 0% 85 6% % 0% near to the village stadium % 50 13% 10 3% 22 6% % 5 1% near to the 65 23% 5 2% 30 11% 20 7% 5 2% % 10 4% semetery 15 Kapitanovtsi Drenage on the 22 17% 12 9% 80 61% 5 4% 10 8% 3 2% road to Inovo village to the west of Kapitanovtsi village to Negovanovtsi village 400 9% 260 6% 180 4% % 70 2% 30 1% % 40 1% 16 Koshava 7 20-th street 190 6% 20 1% % 30 1% % 5 0% 41

42 region Vidin-Zajecar concerning Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria Serbia Programme Settlement Area Plastic Food Paper and cardboard weight (kg) Fraction % weight Fraction weight Fraction weight (kg) % (kg) % (kg) Garden/ wood Fraction % Textile/ tire/ leader weight Fraction weight (kg) % (kg) Glass Inert Hazardous Fraction % weight (kg) Fraction weight Fraction % (kg) % 17 Kutovo area Valya % 30 1% 50 1% 250 4% 30 1% 5 0% % 10 0% Porchilor area Choara % 20 2% 30 2% % 30 2% 5 0% % 5 0% 18 Novoseltsi 8-th str 60 31% 30 16% 5 3% 5 3% 2 1% 90 47% 0% 14-th str 40 17% 50 22% 50 22% 50 22% 30 13% 10 4% 19 Pokrayna near to farmyard 80 2% 100 2% % on the road to Gomotartsi village 20 Ruptsi on the road to Akatsievo village 55 7% 17 2% 30 4% % 16 2% % 2 0% 21 Sinagovtsi former landfild % 200 7% 50 2% % 220 7% 30 1% % 50 2% 22 Slana bara On the road to village Bukovets 23 Slanotran on the road to former mineral bath on the road to former canton 24 Tsar former farmyard/ Simeonovo on the road to Botevo village/ 90 24% 30 8% 30 8% 55 15% % 2 1% 10 13% 5 7% 5 7% 20 27% 30 40% 5 7% 6 10% 5 8% 5 8% 15 25% 10 17% 5 8% 10 17% 3 5% 55 27% 5 2% 10 5% 45 22% 10 5% 15 7% 60 30% 2 1% 42

43 3.1. Akatsievo village Akatsievo village is located on northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin, in the western periphery of the Vidin Valley, on the banks of the Topolovets River. The population is 59 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). Fig 13: Illegal waste dumpsites in Akatsievo village Inert and garden wastes dominate in the area. They are dumped by the local population in an inactive drainage canal. The result is a small amount of waste, which does not pose risks to the environment Antimovo village Antimovo village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin, near the Dunabe River and the New Europe Bridge, previously known as the Danube Bridge 2, and informally called the Calafat-Vidin Bridge. The population is 436 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). 43

44 Fig 14: Illegal waste dumpsites in Antimovo village The waste comes from households in the village Bela rada Bela Rada village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin. It is km. west of the town of Vidin. Adjacent to the village of Bella Rada are the villages Slana Bara, Peshakovo and Voynitsa. A kilometer from the village passes the main road Vidin-Kula, and the Danube River is 12 km away. The population is 431 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). 44

45 Fig 15: Illegal waste dumpsites in Bela Rada village In the village Bela Rada waste was found only in the area Tarneto. This contaminated area covers agricultural area and is a potential risk to the soil and plants growing Botevo Botevo village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin. It is km. south of Vidin, on the banks of the Danube and on the main road between the towns of Vidin and Lom. Neighbors of Botevo are the villages Gaitantsi, Tsar Simeonovo and Archar. The population is 49 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). 45

46 Fig 16: Illegal waste dumpsites in Botevo village In the village Botevo was found a small amount of waste near the village water tap. This waste comes from the visitors of the water tap Bukovets TBukovets village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin. It is located km. southwest of Vidin. Neighboring villages are the village of Trannyane, the village of Slana Bara and the village of Voynitsa. The Voynishka River passes through the village and the Danube River is 9 km away. The population is 565 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). 46

47 Fig 17: Illegal waste dumpsites in Bukovets village In the village Bukovets were found several polluted areas: area Vishite, area Gradinite, former canton, former cooperative farms. The areas Gradinite and former cooperative farms contain a significant amount of waste. The area's former cooperative farms serve as illegal dumpsites. Еvery year this area is cleaned Gaytantsi Gaytantsi village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin. It is km. south of Vidin. Neighbors of the village of Gaitantsi are the villages of Sratsimirovo, Vertop and Botevo. 3 km from the village passes the main road E79 Vidin- 47

48 Montana. The Archang River flows through the village of Gaitantsi and the Danube River is 4 km away. The population is 80 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). Fig 18: Illegal waste dumpsites in Gaytantsi village The small amount of waste (15 m 3 ) is not a risk Gomotartsi Gomotartsi village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin. It is situated on the banks of the Danube River, km, northeast of Vidin. Neighboring villages are Koshava, Yasen and Pokrayna. A railway line passes 6 km from Gomotartsi. The population is 550 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). 48

49 Fig 19: Illegal waste dumpsites in Gomotartsi village Waste collection in the village is missing. The area Valya Ra, Near the Pump Station, is the biggest polluted area, situated on an inactive drainage channel. The area at the end of 12th Street, with the area near the pump station, contains a high risk. The area at the end of 28th Street and First Street and the area at the end of 34th Street contain basically inert materials. The last polluted area found is at the end of 10th Street Gradets Gradets village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin. It is one of the biggest in the municipality. Gradets is situated 12 km northwest of the district center town of Vidin, in the valley of the Topolovets River, which springs from the most western 49

50 part of the Stara Planina (Vrashka Chuka). The population is inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). Fig 20: Illegal waste dumpsites in Gradets village The areas Drakata and Grachko Bardo have the highest waste quantities. The area Grachko Bardo on the date of the visit was partially burnt. The other polluted areas in the village are area Royaka and area Do Selo Dinkovitsa Dinkovitsa village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin. It is situated km. from Vidin. Neighboring villages of Dinkovitsa are Akatsievo, Gradetes and Plakuder. The main road 12 Vidin - Bregovo passes 3km away. Around the both sides of 50

51 the village Dinkovitsa flow the rivers Deleynska and Topolovets. The population is 117 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). Fig 21: Illegal waste dumpsites in Dinkovitsa village Almost 100% of the waste is with organic origin - manure and waste from garden Dunavtsi The city Dunavtsi is located in the Vidin Valley near the Danube River, 8 km from the city of Vidin. In the northern part of the city flows the River Voynishka (or Tarnyanska River), and in the southern part (Gurkovo district) flows the Vidbol River. The population is 1,916 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). Fig 22: Illegal waste dumpsites in Dunavtsi city 51

52 Small amount of waste; the waste from gardens predominates Zheglitsa Zheglitsa village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin, 4 kilometers away from the Danabe River and km. southwest of Vidin. Neighboring places of Zheglitsa are the villages of Ivanovtsi and Sinagovtsi and the town of Dunavtsi. The population is 131 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). Fig 23: Illegal waste dumpsites in Zheglitsa village 52

53 The large contaminated area was observed on the territory of the former agricultural airport. The waste is generated by the former airport and households of the village Ivanovtsi Ivanovtsi village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin. It is situated kilometers southwest of Vidin. Neighboring the village of Ivanovtsi are the villages Zheglitsa, Vodna and Gaytantsi. Six km. from the village passes a railway line and 2 km away the main road E79 Vidin-Montana. Near Ivanovtsi passes the Vidbol River. The population is 72 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). Fig 24: Illegal waste dumpsites in Ivanovtsi village Small amounts of waste, predominantly inert and plastic waste Inovo Inovo village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin. It is situated 6.24 km. northwest of Vidin. Neighboring villages are Akatsievo, Dinkovitsa and the town of Vidin. Аround the village two rivers flow -- Topolovets and Deleynska -- and the Danube River is only 5 km away. The population is 646 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). 53

54 Fig 25: Illegal waste dumpsites in Inovo village The polluted area, a former agrarian cooperative, contains a small amount of waste. The area Lozyata covers a large territory. Inert, garden and plastic waste predominate Kalenik Kalenik village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin. The village is 17 km from Vidin, to the west. The nearest villages to which it is located are Drujba and Topolovets. The population is 237 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). Fig 26: Illegal waste dumpsites in Kalenik village 54

55 In the polluted area near the village stadium and near to the cemetery, inert, garden and plastic waste predominate Kapitanovtsi Kapitanovtsi village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin. It is situated 2.63 km. north of Vidin. Neighboring villages of Kapitanovtsi are Pokrayna, Inovo and the town of Vidin. Two km from the village crosses the main road E79 Vidin- Montana. Near the village of Kapitanovtsi flows the Deleynska River and the Danube River is 4 km away. The population is 848 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). Fig 27: Illegal waste dumpsites in Kapitanovtsi village 55

56 The polluted drainage area on the road to Inovo village was an old landfill, closed in 2016, but still the population of the village uses it. The area covers 8 decars, and is sprinkled once a year. The area to the west of Kapitanovtsi village, to Negovanovtsi village, has a small amount of waste and is situated in an inactive drainage that contains 50% garden waste Koshava Koshava village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin. It is situated on the bank of the Danube, about 19 km northeast of the town of Vidin, 6 km from the nearest village, Slanotron. The population is 337 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). Fig 28: Illegal waste dumpsites in Koshava village 56

57 Near to last houses in the village was found a polluted area, which is actively in use. The waste is generated by the households of the village, as well as by the construction companies Kutovo Kutovo village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin and is 13 km from the town of Vidin. It is located about 1 km from the Danube River. The population is 618 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). Fig 29: Illegal waste dumpsites in Kutovo village 57

58 A large amount of waste can be observed in the area Valya Porchilor -- very close to the Danube River, on the river dike. The area Choara is in a former irrigation channel. There is high risk here Novoseltsi Novoseltsi village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin. It is situated 6.12 km. west of Vidin. Neighboring places of village of Novoseltsi are villages Slana Bara, Ruptsi and the town of Vidin. The village is crossed by main road 14 Vidin-Kula. Near the village passes the Topolovets River, and the Danube River is 7 km away. The population is 808 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). Fig 30: Illegal waste dumpsites in Novoseltsi village 58

59 At the end of 8th and 14th streets a contaminated area can be observed. Plant, plastic and food waste dominate. Because of the very narrow streets between houses built randomly without any planning, waste collection is not possible. Some hazardous waste was found Pokrayna Pokrayna village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin, and is located 3 km north of the city of Vidin. Because of the proximity to the district town the village is one of the largest in the area. It is situated under the great bend of the Danube River, surrounded on three sides by the river -- north, east and south. It is located in the riparian plain on a flat field without any hills. Fig 31: Illegal waste dumpsites in Pokrayna village Between the village of Pokrayna and Vidin there is the terminal of the Vidin-Calafat ferry, the starting point of the Republican Road I-1 and the Bulgarian section of the European road E79, as well as the approaches to Vidin-Kalafat Bridge, also known as the New Europe Bridge. Nearby are the Vidin border checkpoint, customs, and the duty-free zone, one of the main bases of the transport company SOMAT. The population is 1,062 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). The waste is generated by travelers. A second polluted site is located next to the farm yard on the Gomotartsi Road. 59

60 3.20. Ruptsi Ruptsi village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin. It is situated 6.85 km. west of Vidin. Neighboring villages are Akatsievo, General Marinovo and the town of Vidin. The River Topolovets is 1 km away and the Danube River is 6 km away. The population is 117 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). Fig 32: Illegal waste dumpsites in Ruptsi village Waste is generated by the local population. Inert and plant wastes dominate and there is risk for agricultural land Sinagovtsi Sinagovtsi village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin. It is situated 20 km. south of Vidin. Neighboring villages are Tarnyane and Ivanovtsi and the city of Dunavtsi. Three km from the village crosses the main road E79 Vidin- Montana. Near the village Sinagovtsi runs the Vidbol River and the Danube is situated 6 km. away. The population is 354 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). 60

61 Fig 33: Illegal waste dumpsites in Sinagotsi village Polluted territory is a registration in the former depot. It is periodically sprinkled, 1-2 times a year. The risks are mainly to agricultural land Slana Bara Slana Bara village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin. The village is 6km southwest of Vidin. The population is 344 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). 61

62 Fig 34: Illegal waste dumpsites in Slana Bara village At this dumpsite inert, garden and plastic waste dominate Slanotran Slanotran village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin, 18 km from the city of Vidin. The population is 445 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). 62

63 Fig 35: Illegal waste dumpsites in Slanotran village A small amount of waste, generated by the population of the village, was observed Tsar Simeonovo Tsar Simeonovo village is located in northwestern Bulgaria, municipality of Vidin. It is situated on the bank of the Danube River, km. south of the town of Vidin. Neighboring villages are Botevo, Gaytantsi and the town of Dunavtsi. Through the village passes main road No 11 Vidin - Lom. The population is 111 inhabitants (data from NSI, National register of populated places on ). Fig 36: Illegal waste dumpsites in Tsar Simeonovo village 63

64 Inert waste dominates. 4. Waste-related disaster risks in the Bulgaria-Serbian cross-border area The Energy Agency of Plovdiv has analysed the floods of on the territory of Bulgaria and Serbia Floods in 2013 Extreme floods occurred in June 2013 on the upper and lower Danube, and the strength and intensity of this flood event reminded observers of floods in The flood impact was devastating in Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Romania and Hungary, and remarkable consequences were observed in Bulgaria, Croatia and Serbia. Also in Bulgaria the total rainfall in June was about 40% above the long-term monthly average. The most intensive rainfall was registered during in the Silistraregion (64 to 140 mm), in the Ruse-region (127 mm) and in the Tutrakan region (110 mm). Interventions were undertaken in the regions affected by flash floods. Emergency teams from the Main Directorate Fire Safety and Protection of the Population at the Ministry of Interior were activated to carry out the rescue operations and to drain the flooded residential areas. Residential areas in the Sofia region and Lovech were flooded due to the heavy rainfall on 11th and 25th June. Torrential rainfall between 30th June and 1st July caused flooding and damages to properties in the residential areas of Silistra, Dobrich and Russe municipalities in the northeastern part of the country. The most affected area was the municipality of Glavinitsa and Valchi Dol, where many streets, private properties and public buildings were flooded and damaged. There were isolated cases of evacuation of people from flooded buildings and cars. Besides the emergency interventions, disinfection work was carried out in some flooded settlements in order to avoid further adverse consequences related to the environment and human health. The damages include flooded and damaged private and public buildings, roads and streets. Due to a landslide a local road was closed. The regional library in Ruse was 64

65 flooded, and about 50,000 books had to be evacuated; 108 households were affected after the flooding in the Glavinitsa Municipality. Four houses were assessed as being in danger of collapse and some others as needing fortifications. A drainage channel spilt over; agriculture areas were inundated and crops were destroyed. The total damage in Glavinitsa is being assessed at over 300,000. All the streets in the Municipality of Valchi Dol were flooded and many of them have been damaged. Almost all residential buildings have been affected. Many public buildings, including three schools and the Municipality s cultural club, were damaged. Sewage has been blocked up by silt Floods in 2014 During the third week of May, exceptionally heavy rains fell on Serbia, which was caused by a low-pressure system ( Yvette ) that formed over the Adriatic. Recordbreaking amounts of rainfall exceeding 200 mm fell in western Serbia in a week s time, which is the equivalent of three months of rain under normal conditions. The heavy rainfalls led to a rapid and substantial increase in water levels in the main rivers in western, southwestern, central and eastern Serbia: Sava, Tamnava, Kolubara, Jadar, Zapadna Morava, Velika Morava, Mlava and Pek. In the Sava River basins where most of the rainfall was received, the consequences were two-fold. In the first place, flash floods occurred in the tributaries where water levels rose almost immediately after the onset of the rains and then dropped quickly back to normal levels when the rains stopped. In this regard, the water level at Beli Brod on the tributary river Kolubara rose by 7 meters on May but was back to normal levels by May. The second consequence was that the level of the River Sava itself rose at a more gradual rate, with an increase of 3.5 meters recorded over the period May. In contrast to its tributaries, the water level on the Sava peaked after the rains had stopped and decreased much more slowly after the peak (by some centimetres per day). This delay in response time is due to the travelling time of the water through the entire river catchment, including the upstream reaches of the Sava. The heavy rainfall and rising water levels had three immediate and direct effects: High-intensity flash floods resulting in the total destruction of houses, bridges and sections of roads (in Krupanj and areas around Sabac); 65

66 Rising water levels resulting in the widespread flooding of both urban areas (particularly in Obrenovac) and rural areas (around Sabac); and, Increased flow of underground waters leading to widespread landslides (around Krupanj and Bajina Basta). Overall, the floods affected some 1.6 million people living in 38 municipalities/cities mostly located in central and western Serbia. Two cities (Šabac and Sremska Mitrovica) and 17 municipalities (Obrenovac, Mali Zvornik, Krupanj, Ljubovija, Vladimirci, Koceljeva, Šid, Svilajnac, Paraćin, Ub, Lajkovac, Ljig, Osečina, Mionica, Smederevska Palanka, Trstenik, Bajina Bašta) were severely impacted. Torrential rainfall in Bulgaria caused unprecedented flooding across the country, killing at least 11 people, with several others missing. The worst of the floods struck late on Thursday, June, , although Bulgaria s Black Sea coast had seen some minor flooding a few days earlier. The victims of the flood in Varna were 13. Three died in Dobrich, where as many as 150 people had to be evacuated. Along the Black Sea Coast the worst-hit areas are Varna and Burgas, two of the more densely populated communities in the region. Weather experts claim that the equivalent of a month s amount of rain fell in just 24 hours. Further rainfall had been forecast for northern and eastern Bulgaria for the following 24 hours. The flooding destroyed houses and roads in particular in the Asparuhouvo area of Varna. Some reports claim that cars were floating along streets and in some cases piled on top of each other. Floodwater was over one meter deep in some areas. Storms and strong winds also led to power outages. Regional Police say that several bodies were found near Varna after they had been swept away by floodwater. In Kilifarevo, in central Bulgaria, around 11 people had to be rescued from the roofs of houses after they took refuge from the floodwater. Other areas near the capital Sofia were affected, including Chavdar, where over 100 homes were damaged by floods. The Bulgarian National statistical institute provides information about the number of floods in Bulgaria for the period : 66

67 region Vidin-Zajecar concerning Interreg-IPA CBC Bulgaria Serbia Programme Table XIII: Data from NSI by year for the floods in Bulgaria and costs of the damages: Regions Numbers Determinate damages thousands BGN * * Total Blagoevgrad Burgas Varna Велико Търново Vidin Vraca Gabrovo Dobrich Kardjali Kustendil Lovech Montana Parzrdjik Pernik Pleven Plovdiv Razgrad Ruse Silistra Sliven Smolyan Sofia Stara Zagora Hsakovo Shumen

68 From the analysis of contaminated sites management data, it can be concluded that preliminary studies of all identified potentially contaminated sites up to 2012 have been carried out, while main site investigations have been completed on a lesser number of sites (Tab. 1). Data sources on progress in the management of local soil pollution are represented by research and monitoring projects on soil and groundwater pollution from localized sources. These data are then used as input to the database managed by the Environmental Protection Agency. The results allow an assessment of which are the most dominant sources of local soil contamination. The biggest number of registered sources of localized soil pollution are related to municipal waste disposal sites (39.9%), oil extraction and production (28%) and industrial and commercial activities (10.8%). The database of potentially polluted and polluted sites does not include military sites. The number of sites in which manure is being stored is not reliable and for that reason is not reported. 68

69 Fig 37: Localized soil pollution sites in Serbia 69