Robert Salmeyer Helmut Fellner. Jaroslav Dupal. Mihaly Lados

Transcription

1 DANUBE SPACE STUDY Regional and Territorial Aspects of Development in the Danube Countries with Respect to Impacts on the European Union Final Report July 2000 Commissioned by: European Commission DG: Regional Policy

2 Project Team ÖIR: Peter Schneidewind Bernhard Schausberger Friedrich Schindegger Franz Delapina Günter Eisenkölb Liselotte Matiasek Robert Salmeyer Helmut Fellner ECOTEC: Patrick ten Brink Vicky Pollard Jacques Robert Schuman Associates Ltd. Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Ukraine Jan Dröge Julia Spiridonova-Shishkova Alois Andrle Jaroslav Dupal Janos Rechnitzer Mihaly Lados Ileana Budisteanu Serban Nadejde Milan Bucek Miran Gajsek Vladimir Anderson Österreichisches Institut für Raumplanung (ÖIR) A-1010 Wien, Franz-Josefs-Kai 27, Tel , Fax: , oir@oir.or.at Vienna, July 2000 / ANr. A

3 CONTENT Executive Summary I PART I: INTRODUCTION THE DANUBE SPACE Space without Qualities? The Notion of the Danube Space Defining the Study Area Relations to Other Macro-Regions THE DANUBE SPACE STUDY The Objectives of the Study The Study's Approach Methods Applied and Procedures Information Base and Data Issues INTRODUCING THE CORE COUNTRIES Austria Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia 45 PART II: SPATIAL CONDITIONS IN THE DANUBE SPACE DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURES AND DYNAMICS WITHIN THE DANUBE SPACE Demographic Structure Demographic Dynamics SETTLEMENT STRUCTURES Population Density Settlement Structure 74 3

4 6. THE REGIONAL DYNAMICS OF TRANSITION The Driving Forces of Regional Development Structural Change in the Transition Process REGIONAL DISPARITIES AND THEIR EVOLUTION The Level of Economic Activity Regional Development Patterns Regional Disparities in the Core Countries LABOUR MARKETS AND UNEMPLOYMENT Employment Unemployment THE ACCESSIBILITY OF THE REGIONS Accessibility on the European Scale Road Networks Railway Networks ENVIRONMENTAL ENDOWMENTS OF THE REGIONS Diversity of Environments Natural Heritage Highlights - Biodiversity and Habitats Water Resources Legacies of the Socialist Era and the Risks During the Period of Economic Transition Risks during Economic Transition ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORKS Towards Sustainability Main Characteristics of the Grids Improving a Location's Economic Advantage Regional Impacts of Short and Mid-term Investments 186 PART III: ISSUES OF REGIONAL/SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT THE URBAN SYSTEM Historical Roots of the Urban System in the Danube Space Typology of Urban Settlements Urban Changes during the Transition Period Urban Environmental Issues 208 4

5 12.5 Issues Related to Urban Governance Cross-Border Issues Related to Urban Systems RURAL REGIONS Rural Areas in the Danube Space Demographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics Infrastructure and Equipment of Rural Settlements Main Challenges Related to the Evolution of Rural Areas BORDERS AND BORDER REGIONS The Permeability of Borders Border Crossings Main Border Crossing Activities The Spatial Impact of Cross-Border Co-operation THE TRANSPORT NETWORKS The Pan-European Transport Corridors in the Danube Space Inland Waterways Maritime Shipping Activities in the Danube Space Air Transportation in the Danube Space THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS OF REGIONAL POLICY AND SPATIAL PLANNING Introduction The Former Period Features of Transition The Main Settings of Regional Policy Perspectives 274 PART IV: THE IMPACT OF ENLARGEMENT ON THE DANUBE SPACE ACCESSION AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT Impacts of Accession Regional Economic Impacts Impacts on Agriculture Impacts on Manufacturing Impacts on Labour Markets Spatial Impacts Pre-Accession Aid 293 5

6 18. IMPACTS ON REGIONS IN MEMBER STATES Spatial Patterns of Challenges and Opportunities Regional Impacts of Enlargement in the Member States An Assessment of the Impacts on Member States' Regions within the Danube Space Regional Perspectives 311 PART V: PERSPECTIVES OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE DANUBE SPACE THE SCENARIO "PRODANUBE 2010" Concept and Assumptions The Danubic Belt Regions Calling for Attention ELEMENTS OF A TRANSNATIONAL STRATEGY OF SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT Assessment and Preconditions Towards a Spatial Development Strategy for the Danube Space Co-operation along and across the River Preventing Regions from Uncoupling Promoting Growth Beyond the Capitals Turning Barriers into Bridges RECOMMENDATIONS Options and Opinions Spatial Policy Options Organising Transnational Co-operation in the Danube Space 348 REFERENCES 355 List of Abbrevations 371 ANNEX after page 372 List of Regions 6

7 TABLES Table 1 Territorial Shares of the Danube River Basin 19 Table 2 Size of NUTS-regions in the Danube Countries 32 Table 3 Data for Austria on the NUTS II Level Table 4 Data for Bulgaria on the NUTS II Level Table 5 Data for the Czech Republic on the NUTS II Level Table 6 Data for Hungary on the NUTS II Level Table 7 Data for Romania on the NUTS II Level Table 8 Data for the Slovak Republic on the NUTS II Level Table 9 Data for Slovenia on the NUTS III Level Table 10 Population in the Danube Space Table 11 Urban and Rural Population in the Core Countries of the Danube Space 74 Table 12 Total Foreign Direct Investment in the Core Countries Table 13 Foreign Direct Investment Stock 1994, Table 14 Structure of Production - Share of Sectoral Gross Value Added 1990, Table 15 Main Agricultural Issues by Countries 100 Table 16 Examples of Concentrations of Heavy Industry and Mining 106 Table 17 Main Tourist Indicators for the Core Countries 111 Table 18 Indicators of Standard of Living 116 Table 19 Typology of Regions under Transformation 122 Table 20 Economic Position of the Capitals 126 Table 21 Austria: Regional GDP per Capita in PPPs on NUTS II Level 128 Table 22 Bulgaria: Regional GDP per Capita ( ) on the Level II - PPPs 128 Table 23 Czech Republic: Regional GDP per Capita on the Level II (1993, 1996) - in PPPs 129 Table 24 Table 25 Czech Republic: Regional GDP for the new Regions 2000 on the Level III (1993, 1995) - in PPPs 130 Hungary: Regional GDP per Capita on the Level II (1994, 1996) - in PPPs 131 Table 26 Romania: Regional GDPs on the Level II ( ) - in PPPs 132 7

8 Table 27 Slovak Republic: Regional GDP on Level II (1996,1997) - in PPPs 133 Table 28 Slovenia: Regional GDP on Level III (1996) - in PPPs 134 Table 29 State and Development of the Private Sector in Table 30 Shares of the Main Economic Sectors Table 31 Labour Force and Economic Activity Rates in '000's 139 Table 32 Labour Market Issues in the Core Countries 145 Table 33 Railway Transport in the Core Countries - Main Issues by Countries 157 Table 34 International Designated Areas and National Parks in Danube Space Core Countries 161 Table 35 Main Border Crossing Activities and Transnational Co-operations 241 Table 36 Port Traffic in the Balkan Region 256 Table 37 Conceptual Structure of Spatial Development Policy Issues 263 Table 38 Main Settings of Regional Policies 272 Table 39 Comparative Review 275 Table 40 Outline of Funding Structures for the Period Table 41 Types of Regions and the Major Opportunities and Threats 312 8

9 MAPS Map 1 The Regional Structure of the Danube Space XI Map 2 Scenario prodanube 2010: The Danube Belt XIII Map 3 Scenario prodanube 2010: Regions Calling for Attention XV Map 4 Scenario prodanube 2010: The Border Regions XVII Map 5 Austria - Territorial Units, NUTS II and NUTS III 34 Map 6 Bulgaria - Territorial Units, NUTS II and NUTS III 36 Map 7 Czech Republic - Territorial Units, NUTS II and NUTS IV 38 Map 8 Hungary - Territorial Units, NUTS II and NUTS III 40 Map 9 Romania - Territorial Units, NUTS II and NUTS III 42 Map 10 Slovak Republic - Territorial Units, NUTS II and NUTS III 44 Map 11 Slovenia - Territorial Units, NUTS III 46 Map 12 Age Structure 1995: 0-14 years 55 Map 13 Age Structure 1995: older than 60 years 57 Map 14 Population Change Map 15 Population: Structure and Density Map 16 Spatial Distribution of Population 77 Map 17 Land Use by NUTS II Regions in the Core Countries 95 Map 18 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Map 19 Typology of Regions under Transition 123 Map 20 Unemployment Rate 141 Map 21 Accessibility of Agglomerations 151 Map 22 Accessibility of Population 153 Map 23 Protected Areas in the Danube Space 163 Map 24 The Main Rivers of the Danube Basin 167 Map 25 Electricity Production in the Core Countries 179 Map 26 Nuclear Power Plants in the Danube Space 181 Map 27 Topography and Cities 213 9

10 Map 28 Main Border Crossing Points 235 Map 29 Transeuropean and Paneuropean Transport Network - Roads 251 Map 30 Transeuropean and Paneuropean Transport Network - Railway Lines 253 Map 31 Transshipment Volumes in Danube Ports 257 Map 32 Scenario prodanube 2010: Environmental Challenges 325 FIGURES Figure 1 GDP per Capita in PPPs in the Danube Space Core Countries 119 Figure 2 Development of Real GDP in the Danube Space (1989 = 100) 120 Figure 3 Energy Production and Consumption in the Core Countries Figure 4 Dimensions of the Definition of the Scenarios