HISTORY AND TERMINOLOGY OF SHIPBUILDING

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1 HISTORY AND TERMINOLOGY OF SHIPBUILDING

2 Module Description & Goals This module offers students t an opportunity to: Learn about the history of ships, ship terminology, types of naval vessels, ship architecture and processes used in ship building. Dr. Alok Dr. Verma Alok Verma

3 Contents History of Ships Hands-on Activity - 1 Types of Naval Vessels Ship Terminology Ship Architecture Compartments and Decks Shipbuilding Processes 40 min 25 min 15 min 20 min 20 min 15 min 30 min Total: 2 hrs 45 min

4 What is a SHIP? A SHIP is a large, manned, self -propelled vehicle e that is used for transporting t a payload on, over, or under the oceans surface.

5 History of Shipbuilding ildi

6 Basic Evolution of Boats The basic evolution of boats probably followed a course similar il to this illustration-overi the courseof thousands of years. CLINGING TO LOG CONTROL OF LOG SHAPING FRAME DUG-OUT LOG FOR CANOE STRETCHING ON SKIN

7 Ancient Boats

Raft is any flat floating structure used for travelling over water.

8 Rafts Many thousands years ago, a raft made by tying several logs together with creepers, was the first kind water transport that a person could steer. Raft is any flat floating structure used for travelling over water. Traditional rafts were constructed of wood or reeds.

9 Later,,people p made the first real boats by hollowing out logs. Log Boats The Log boats were basically hollowed owedtree eetrunks. The other names for this type of boat are Dugout boat and Monoxylon.

10 They date back to the Neolithic period. They are made of a simple frame of wood and a covering, preferably animal skin. A frame boat, built like a basket and covered with animal skins was another very early boat. A coating of tar used to keep the boat watertight. Skin Boats

11 First Sailing Ships Egyptian Vessels 4000 B.C B.C.

4000 B.C. - 2000 B.C. Egyptian Vessels Boat builders in ancient Egypt used reeds to build what were probably the first sailing boats.

12 4000 B.C B.C. Egyptian Vessels Boat builders in ancient Egypt used reeds to build what were probably the first sailing boats. The Egyptian reed boats had a mast and sails and were used on the river Nile. By 2500 BC the Egyptians were building wooden boats that could sail across oceans.

13 Marine Tech

14 Identify the order in which these boats were invented:

15 Medieval Ships

16 1000 A.D. Viking Longboats These ships had sails as well as up to 60 oarsmen who rowed the ship. The longboats were long and narrow so were able to travel on the open sea, as well as along rivers.

greater strength, and watertight compartments long before

17 Chinese Junks They were sailing boats with a rudder for steering the boat, battens on the sails to give them greater strength, and watertight compartments long before western ships had them A.D. They were fighting and transport ships.

18 Three and four masted sailing ships were in service for several centuries and Later These wooden ships were used as battleships, and by explorers and as trade vessels, carrying cargo from country to country.

19 Clipper Ships In the 1800s, fast sailing ships called clipper ships were built. They had long, slim hulls and tall masts. 1800s They were very fast sailing ships of the 19 th century that had multiple masts and square rig. They were generally narrow for their length.

20 Marine Tech

21 Identify the order in which these boats were invented: 1 3 2

22 The Steam Age

23 1800s Steam Boats In 1807 the American Robert Fulton created the first steamdriven ship with wooden hull and paddles. In 1819 the first steamships were built to cross the Atlantic, combined with steam and wind power. Titanic was the largest steamship in the world when she sank in 1912.

24 Modern Ships/Powered Ships

1910s Diesel Powered Ships Coal burning sailing ships were

It offered greater efficiency than the steam turbine.

The Grossherzogin Elisabeth She was the first ship to receive

25 1910s Diesel Powered Ships Coal burning sailing ships were converted to diesel power, using oil instead of steam. It offered greater efficiency than the steam turbine. Most ships built since around 1960 have been diesel powered. The Grossherzogin Elisabeth She was the first ship to receive a diesel engine rather than a steam engine.

26 1950s Oil Tankers An oil tanker, also known as a Pt Petroleum Tanker, is a ship designed for the bulk transport of oil. Among the largest ships ever built, the Supertankers are used to carry dead weight of 550,000 DWT (Dead Weight Ton). Supertanker

Container ships They carry cargo in huge

All containers are the same size and they

27 Container ships They carry cargo in huge metal boxes which are stacked on the deck. A modern cargo ship can carry up to one thousand containers. All containers are the same size and they are unloaded at ports which are equipped with special cranes. 1950s

Because they are supported by a cushion of air, hovercrafts have

28 Hovercrafts 1950s They float above the waves on cushions of air and are capable of high speeds of up to 140 km an hour. Because they are supported by a cushion of air, hovercrafts have the ability to travel equally well.

29 1950s Nuclear Powered Cargo Ships These ships run on Nuclear marine propulsion which is powered by a nuclear reactor. NS N.S. Savannah The N.S. Savannah, one of the first nuclear powered cargo ships, was able to sail for three and a half years without refueling.

30 Marine Tech

31 Identify the order in which these boats were invented:

32 Hydrofoil 1980s Hydrofoils are used as ferries or water taxis. They ride on wings that lift the craft clear of the water so that it rides on skis as it gains speed.

33 1980s Nuclear Aircraft Carriers and Submarines Aircraft Carrier Modern nuclear powered aircraft carriers, battle cruisers, destroyers, and nuclear powered submarines are all used to keep a country safe and to protect its territory. Submarine

34 1990s Cruise Liners Cruise liners are ships that carry hundreds of people on floating holidays. Passengers live on the ship, which has restaurants, shops, cinemas and other recreation venues.

36 Identify the boats/ships RAFTS LOGBOAT SKINBOAT EGYPTIAN VESSEL

37 Identify the ships VIKING LONGBOAT CHINESE JUNKS CLIPPER SHIP

38 Identify the boats/ships STEAMBOAT HOVERCRAFT NUCLEAR CARGO SHIP HYDROFOIL

39 Identify the ships CONTAINER SHIP SUPERTANKER CRUISE LINER NUCLEAR AIRCRAFT CARRIER SUBMARINE

40 Hands-on Activity - 1

41 Hands-on Activity - 1 Play-Doh Wool Raft: Build a raft using craft sticks and wool. Ensure that t the raft floats in the tub of water. Log Boat: Build a Log Boat using the Play Doh. Ensure that it floats in the tub of water. Craft Sticks

42 Did your Raft and Log Boat look like this? RAFT LOGBOAT

43 Naval Vessels

44 Naval Vessels A naval vessel is a ship used for combat purposes. Generally ships are armed with various weapon systems.

45 Classification of Naval Vessels Naval Vessels Aircraft Carriers Frigates Destroyers Minesweepers Submarines Patrol Vessels

46 An aircraft carrier is a warship designed with a primary mission of setting out and recovering aircraft and acting as a seagoing airbase. Aircraft Carriers They perform their specific missions normally in an open ocean environment with a stable flight deck.

47 Frigates, in most cases, were suitable for air defense, antisubmarine warfare and surface warfare. Frigates The U.S. Navy adopted the frigates for open- ocean escort and patrol. y

48 Destroyers A destroyer is a fast yet longendurance ship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, convoy or battle group and defend them against smaller, short-range but powerful attackers. Example of a destroyer is the USS Wisconsin. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/uss_wisconsin_(bb-64

They are often constructed using wood, glass-reinforced

49 Minesweeper A minesweeper is a small naval warship designed to counter the threat tposed dby naval mines. They are often constructed using wood, glass-reinforced plastic(grp) or non-ferrous metal.

50 Submarines A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation below water. The word submarine was p originally an adjective meaning "under the sea". Submarine was shortened from the term "submarine boat".

51 Patrol Vessels A patrol vessel is a small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defense duties. They may be operated by a nation's navy, coast guard, or police force. They are engaged g in various border protection roles such as antismuggling, anti-piracy, fisheries patrols, and immigration law enforcement.

(TARFRIA C RIERARC) 3. was originally an adjective meaning under the sea. ( EISRMUNBA) 4.

53 Fill in the blanks. Hints are provided in jumbled words in parenthesis. 1. USS Wisconsin is an example of a. (DESTROYER) 2. has a primary mission i of spreading and recovering aircraft, acting as a seagoing airbase. (TARFRIA C RIERARC) 3. was originally an adjective meaning under the sea. ( EISRMUNBA) 4. A vessel is a small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defense duties. M N W E E (OTRLAP) Identify the above picture and complete the word using the alphabets in RED.

1. USS Wisconsin i is an example of a Destroyer.

54 1. USS Wisconsin i is an example of a Destroyer. (DESTROYER) Answers 2. Aircraft Carrier has a primary mission of spreading and recovering aircraft, acting as a seagoing airbase. (TARFRIA C RIERARC) 3. Submarine was originally an adjective meaning under the sea. ( EISRMUNBA) 4. A Patrol vessel is a small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defense duties. (OTRLAP) M I N E S W E E P E R

55 Ship Terminology

56 Parts of Ship Upper Deck of Ship Right Side of Ship Left Side of Ship

57 Bow The most forward part of the ship is called the bow. The forward part of a Bow is called stem. The bow is designed d to reduce the resistance of the hull cutting through water and should be tall enough toprevent water from easily washing over the top of it. BOW

58 Stern The most aft part of the ship is called the stern. The stern area is the location of the steering apparatus. STERN

59 STERN - the aft or rear end of the ship

The covering and framework are usually made of steel and secured by

60 Hull The hull is the main body of the ship below the main outside deck. It consists of an outside covering and an inside framework. The covering and framework are usually made of steel and secured by welding. The steel covering may also be called shell plating. Construction of Hull

61 Keel The bottom part of the ship is called the keel. It is the "backbone" of a ship. A series of connected plates running fore and aft on the bottom of the center line of the ship. KEEL

62 Bulkhead The bulkhead is apartition ii across the boat which strengthens and divides the hull into compartments. The function is to increase the structural rigidity of the vessel. Bulkheads are designed to block fire and water from going to other compartments.

63 Three Basic Plans of a Ship 1. Sheer Plan 2. Body Plan 3. HlfB Half-Breadth hplan Because ships are three dimensional, plans are made with three types of views the sheer plan, half-breadth plan, and body plan. Basically, imagine slicing a ship in three ways and then pulling out the slices to trace and measure them.

64 Sheer Plan The sheer plan of a ship is a(n) side view of the ship s hull lines. Sheer Plan

65 Half-Breadth Plan The half-breadth plan of a ship is a(n) top view of the ship'ss hull lines. Half-Breadth Plan 65

66 Body Plan The body plan of a ship is a(n) end view of the ship's hull lines. Body Plan

67 Marine Tech

68 Identify the Three Plans from the Diagram: Body Plan Sheer Plan Half-Breadth Plan

69 Baseline of a Ship The Baseline is a straight horizontal line at or near the bottom of the molded surface from which vertical heights are measured. Baseline Centerline Keel Waterline Usually, the base line istheverylowest part of themolded d surface.

70 How do designers use the baseline? Baseline Design engineers use the baseline to measure heights.

71 Centerline of a Ship The Centerline is a straight line running from bow to stern, midway between the sides of the ship. All transverse horizontal dimensions are taken from the centerline. The center line as applied to a transverse bulkhead is a vertical line in the middle of the ship.

72 Baseline Centerline Keel Waterline

73 How do design engineers use centerlines? Centerline Design engineers use the centerline to measure widths called half-breadths

74 Waterline of a Ship The Waterline is the intersection of the molded surface with a horizontal plane at a given height above the base line. Thesix foot water line is exactlysix feet higherh than the base line. These intersections are shown in the half breadth plan in the lines drawing. Waterlines are marked on bulkheads, frames, and other members, for the purpose of properly setting and aligning the structure.

76 waterlines

77 Buttock Line of a Ship The Buttock line is the intersection of the molded surface with a vertical plane at a given distance from the centerline of the ship. Buttocks are shown in the profile in the lines drawing. Thus, they have buttock lines marked on bulkheads, decks, foundations, etc., for setting and alignment.

78 Buttock lines buttock lines

79 Frameline of a Ship The Frameline is the intersection of the molded surface with a vertical plane perpendicular p to the centerline. Frame lines are shown in the body plan of the lines drawing. The lines drawing consists of three views; a half-breadth plan, a profile view, and a body plan.

80 Frame lines Frame lines

82 Answer the questions/blanks and find the answers in the puzzle. A B M N C G H I O G P Q O W E E U R Y T Z M X N N B V L I K L B O W T S T E B N T B A S E C A T O A O Z X U E L K F D O M L P M L O K J Y V F R A D I Q A E G L A R C Z N R E M E H F A H D E S K A N L Q1. The most forward part of the ship is. Q2. The bottom part of the ship is. Q3. Which plan is defined as the end view of the ship s hull lines? Q4. is a straight line running from bow to stern, midway between the sides of ship. Q5. Which line is referred by the designers to measure heights? Q6. line is shown in the body plan of lines drawing.

83 Answers Q1. The most forward part of the ship is BOW. A B M N C G H I O G P Q O W E E U R Y T Z M X N N B V L I K L B O W T S T E B N T R C Z E C A T O A O Z X M R L K F D O M L A M L O K J Y V F R A D I Q A E G L F R C Z N R E M E H T B A S E S K A N L Q2. The bottom part of the ship is KEEL. Q3. Which plan is defined as the end view of the ship s hull lines? -BODY Q4. CENTERLINE is a straight line running from bow to stern, midway between the sides of ship. Q5. Which line is referred by the designers to measure heights? -BASE Q6. FRAMEline is shown in the body plan of lines drawing.

84 BREAK 5min

85 Compartments and Decks in a Ship Objectives: Learn the compartment designations. Learn the deck lettering and numbering systems.

86 Compartments and Decks in a Ship Compartments and decks are numbered vertically starting with the main deck (the highest complete deck on surface ships).

87 Terminology of Ship Compartments AFT MIDSHIP FRAMELINE PORT INBOARD (INBD) CENTERLINE OUTBOARD (OUTBD) STARBOARD (STBD) FORWARD (FWD)

88 Identifying Compartments L = 2 nd Deck Frame 128 Second Compartment to Port from Centerline Bathroom 4 MACHINERY SPACE ( M) ND DECK 1 3 BATHROOM ( L) MEDICAL OPERATING RM ( L) ACCESS TRUNK ( T) PAINT MIXING ROOM ( K) FRAME K = 2 nd Deck Frame 128 Third Compartment t to Starboard from Centerline Paint Mixing Room

90 Identifying Compartments L? 3 rd Deck FRAME 106 Third Deck - Frame No Compartment at Centerline - Medical Operating Room

91 Identifying Compartments 5 th Deck L? FRAME 102 Fifth Deck - Frame No. 102 Second Compartment to Port from Centerline - Bathroom

93 Label the following areas on the Ship: Main Deck 3. Third Deck 4. Platform 5. Machinery Space

94 Label the following areas on the Ship: ANSWERS Main Deck 3. Third Deck 4. Platform 5. Machinery Space 04 Main Deck Third Deck Platform Machinery Space

95 Shipbuilding

96 People involved in Building of a Ship -Pipefitters - Sheet Metal Workers - Machinists i - Riggers - Electricians - Painters - Welders - Naval Architects - Joiners - Marine Engineers - Draftsmen (Draughtsmen)

97 Shipbuilding Process Shipbuilding Design Fabrication & Assembly Launching Outfitting Trials

The site of a shipyard will contain many specialized cranes, painting facilities, areas for

98 Shipyard Shipyards are places which build and repair ships. They are constructed by the sea or by tidal rivers. The site of a shipyard will contain many specialized cranes, painting facilities, areas for fabrication of the ships, etc. The labor force in the yard consists of various workmen steelworkers, welders, joiners, pipe fitters, machinists, electricians, painters, etc.

commercial, and secretarial departments, with one or more representing outside

99 Organization of Shipyard Management is headed by a Chairman and a Board Of Directors, consisting i usually of about 6 to 12 members from the technical, commercial, and secretarial departments, with one or more representing outside interests. Chairman Board Of Directors Design Human Resource Finance & Accounting Maintenance Manufacturing

100 View of Layout of a Shipyard Dry Dock Crane Goliath Crane Ship Assembling Cutting, Drilling and Welding Shop

101 Ship Design The naval architect is responsible for determining the size, shape (hull form), power requirements. Marine systems designers work to design the systems which will turn the naval architects' hull into an operating ship. Softwares used for ship designing are CATIA and NAVCAD. Designing with computers

102 Planning - Lines Plan A lines plan, usually a 1/48 lifesize scale drawing of a ship, is used by designers to calculate required hydrostatic and stability conditions. The plan is drawn and faired to scale by draftsmen. From 1980s, digital computers are used to fair the plan using numerical method.

103 Marine Tech

104 Answer the following questions: Q1. Name any one software used for Ship Design. Who uses the software? CATIA; Marine Systems Designers Q2. Name any two workmen in shipyard. Pipe Fitters, Welders, Painters Q3. Which method is used for Planning of Ship? Critical Path Method Q4. The drawing of Lines Plan is done by Draftsmen.

105 Ship Construction- Fabrication Cutting and Drilling Steel is cut in various shapes. Most common technique used is Gas (Plasma) Cutting Technique. Gas Cutting Machine

106 Ship Construction - Fabrication Welding After cutting, steel must be welded together to form the hull, bulkheads, and decks of the ship. After cutting, steel must be welded together to form the hull, bulkheads, and decks of the ship.

107 Ship Construction - Fabrication Since 1930, riveting has been progressively superseded by welding. Welding facilitates prefabrication fbi i of large component parts of the main hull structure. Welding Riveting

108 Ship Assembling After cutting steel sheets, they put them together and make huge boxes. As these boxes are assembled, it s started to look like a ship. Assembled block of a ship Each piece is very heavy, so cranes are used for the assembling. They weld steels to assemble. Assembled block of a ship

Launching In Launching, usually, piles of chains

109 Launching In Launching, usually, piles of chains are laid alongside the sides of the ship to act as drags, and these are secured to chain plates by wire cables, fixed temporarily to the hull. Launching can be a hazardous operation. For e.g.. if the lubricant is ineffective, the vessel will not move.

110 Video - Launching of a Ship

Outfitting Installation of all the pumps, p piping, heat

other passenger cabins, and add other necessary

111 Outfitting Installation of all the pumps, p piping, heat exchangers, motors, engines, generators, cabling and machinery. They attach the cranes, make passenger cabins, and add other passenger cabins, and add other necessary facilities. After the radar sets and radios are added in the pilothouse, it is ready to sail. Layout of an Outfitting Yard

112 Trials As the vessel nears completion a number of tests are made. The naval architect makes a careful assessment of the weight of the finished ship and checks its stability. Before the official sea trials, dockside trials are held for the preliminary testing of main machinery. Ideally, the ship should be run on trial in the fully loaded condition; but this is difficult to achieve with most drycargo ships.

113 Video: Sea Trial of Ship Eugen Maersk

114 Marine Tech

115 Solve the following Quiz: 1. The technique is used for Cutting of a ship. 2. Figure 1. represents operation. Figure involves installation of pumps, piping, heat exchanges, cabling and machinery. 4. When a vessel nears completion, a number of are made. 5. Management of a Shipyard is headed by a and a. 6. Shipbuilding involves the following processes:.

Outfitting involves installation of pumps, piping, heat exchanges, cabling and machinery. 4.

116 Answers 1. The Gas (Plasma) Cutting technique is used for Cutting of a ship. 2. Figure 1. represents Welding operation. Figure Outfitting involves installation of pumps, piping, heat exchanges, cabling and machinery. 4. When a vessel nears completion, a number of Trials are made. 5. Management of a Shipyard is headed by a Chairman and a Board Of Directors. 6. Shipbuilding involves the following processes: Design, Fabrication, Launching, Outfitting and Trials.

117 Review of Topics In this module we have discussed: 1. History of Ships 2. Types of Naval Vessels 3. Ship Terminology 4. Ship Architecture 5. Shipbuilding Processes

118 For more information on this module Please contact: Dr. Alok K. Verma, P.E., CmfgE Ray Ferrari Professor Director-Lean Institute Old Dominion University. Phone (757) Fax (757)

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