Outline. 7. Conclusions and Recommendations

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2 Outline 1. Background 2. Restoration of commitment to fragrant sandalwood in NTT 3. Linkage with existing policy 3.1 Master plan development and preservation of sandalwood in Nusa Tenggara Timur province during Strategies and Activities of the NTT provincial government 3.3 Conducted Activities 4. Analysis of stakeholders in the development of sandalwood in NTT 4.1 Methods of data collection and information 4.2 Objective of stakeholder analysis 4.3 Mapping and analysis of stakeholders in the development of sandalwood 4.4 Role and contribution of parties in the development and preservation of sandalwood 5. Analysis of Issues 5.1 Development of the problem tree 5.2 Analysis of the objective tree 5.3 Matrix logical framework (logical framework) (yani) 6. Formulation of results and focus group discussions on the division of roles and contributions of the parties in the development of sandalwood in NTT 7. Conclusions and Recommendations

3 Background Sandalwood (Santalum album Linn.) is a very important species in East Nusa Tenggara Province because it is an endemic species there, is of some of the best quality in the world, and has a high economic value that can drive the local economy and incomes. Sandalwood yields a much-loved oil with a fragrant aroma, giving it a relatively high market value. The outcome of the sandalwood trade is source of local revenue, contributing between to 47.60% to the local revenue from 1986/1987 to 1990/1991 (Suripto 1992). Thus, sandalwood plays a very important role in supporting the development activities in general in East Nusa Tenggara Province. Sandalwood management policy has not been effective in the past because it is not entirely on the side of the local communities. This is one of the main causes of declining populations of sandalwood in NTT. The government has attempted to develop the sandalwood population each year on a small scale and has encouraged various stakeholders, including international organizations such as the ITTO, to contribute to the development and preservation of sandalwood through the ITTO project Cooperation PD 459/07 Rev.1 (F). This project is also a way to make NTT the Sandalwood Province. It is well known that the development and preservation of sandalwood is the responsibility not only of the government agency in charge of forestry, but also of all components of society (government, private sector, academia, and the public). Therefore, the development and preservation of sandalwood requires much needed information, advice, and action of the parties in order to assess the potential of development. Stakeholder analysis is a method to identify and describe the parties that will influence the sustainability of the implementation of planned programs for the preservation of sandalwood in NTT. Any plan must take into account all the interests of the related institutions, and a stakeholder analysis can provide a comprehensive understanding of the interests and opinions of the parties who will be involved in the implementation of activities. The involvement of stakeholders in the process of drafting the stakeholder analysis is very important to develop a sense of ownership among the stakeholders, which in turn ensures the commitment of the parties. Such commitment is necessary for smooth, effective, and sustainable implementation of programs that preserve sandalwood populations. The Ministry of Forestry aids the NTT provincial forestry agency through the ITTO project PD 459/07 Rev.1 (F). Consultants conducted a study mapping the parties in the

4 management of sandalwood in NTT province. Focus group discussions were held at the provincial level in Kupang in order to discuss the roles of the parties in the sustainable management of sandalwood. Aims and Objectives : The purpose of mapping the roles of different stakeholders in the cultivation of sandalwood is to identify problems and opportunities that may arise as all of the stakeholders are involved in developing sandalwood as a resource in NTT. Additionally, in terms of an exit strategy, the activities that can continue after the end of support from the ITTO project have been included in the plan of activities at the Provincial and District levels. 2. Restoration of Commitment to Fragrant Sandalwood in NTT The NTT Provincial Government has declared its commitment to restore the fragrant sandalwood population in NTT (NTT as sandalwood Province) for two basic reasons, namely: a) Sandalwood is a species endemic to NTT and is of the best quality in the world. b) Sandalwood s economic value is high. Since the time of the kingdom, sandalwood in NTT was traded between islands. Lately, a lot of traders have been searching for sandalwood even in the villages. Sandalwood s price also varies depending on quality and is determined by the buyer. Table 1 presents data on the purchases of sandalwood in community property in several districts in DISTRICT YEAR TREE AGE (in years) TOTAL PRICE PER TREE (Rp) 1. NGADA Juta 2. FLOTIM ,5 Juta 3. BELU 2010 > Juta Table 1. Data on sandalwood purchase prices in 3 districts

5 It can be concluded that by planting sandalwood, a person or family possesses a relatively cheap, long-term investment. c) Potential sandalwood crops decreased With the issue of law NTT Number 2 in 1999, the district government increased its regulatory power over sandalwood. Until 2011, only five counties had formulated regulations concerning the district sandalwood: TTS, TTU, Belu, East Sumba, and West Sumba. Concrete efforts to conserve and develop sandalwood in NTT did not follow this policy. Potential sandalwood crops continued to decline from 1998 to 2010, with the island of Timor seeing sandalwood crops decrease by 85 percent. This data is presented in Table 2. No Classification 1997/ Growth 1. Saplings ,31 % 2. Parent ,02% Total % Table 2. Data on development potential of sandalwood The purpose of the determination to make NTT the sandalwood province is to promote: 1) Existence of sandalwood management policies that are benefit the local community more. 2) Development of sandalwood plants on community-owned land as a long-term investment in the community. 3) Development of sandalwood plants on government-owned land to ensure sustainability and a potential long-term source of revenue.

6 3. Linkage with existing policy A. Master Plan For the Development and Preservation of sandalwood in NTT Province for As a fundamental step toward realizing the recovery of sandalwood, the Ministry of Forestry and the Forest Research Agency prepared the "Master Plan for the Development and Preservation of sandalwood in NTT Province. In addition to including a vision, mission statement, and strategy, the master plan also outlines a comprehensive program of activities and the respective roles of stakeholders to achieve the stated mission. The Master Plan for the Development and Preservation of sandalwood in NTT Province will serve as a reference and set of guidelines for all parties and stakeholders in the conservation and cultivation of sandalwood in NTT Province. The objective of the master plan for the development and conservation of sandalwood is not only to preserve the remaining sandalwood but also to increase the sandalwood population through improved policy and regulation; strengthened awareness and participation of the community; improved cultivation techniques and utilization; and increased communication, transparency, accountability, and orderly distribution of results in the management of sandalwood. B. Program Strategies and Activities in NTT The strategy prepared to make NTT the sandalwood province by 2030 is as follows: a. Stabilization of policies and regulations for the management of sandalwood through the following activities: PROGRAM ACTIVITY 1. Review and legislation on sandalwood management Assessment of the policy and revision regulations on the management of sandalwood Initiation of Development Policy and Management Laws for Sandalwood 2. Increase competence of government TOT Sandalwood regulation TOT Cultivation Techniques TOT Technical Communication 3. Create socialization policy and laws on sandalwood management Dissemination of policies and laws on sandalwood Empowerment of religious leaders, communities, professionals, and local institutions Empowerment of electronic media and local and national print media Education on sandalwood conservation at schools

7 b. Awareness and management of sandalwood by society through the following activities: PROGRAM ACTIVITY 1. Give concrete examples of sandalwood conservation and development efforts Construction of demonstration plot for sandalwood development Implementation of sandalwood development activities on community land Distribution of benefits to the people who make a real contribution Learning from sandalwood researchers and seeing firsthand good sandalwood cultivation techniques that are optimized for application in the field. 2. Strengthen institutions Formation of farmers groups for sandalwood management Establishment of sandalwood forum Education and training for sandalwood cultivation Establishment of farmers cooperatives in order to support the micro-finance program. c. Intensive cultivation of sandalwood to increase productivity through: PROGRAM ACTIVITY 1. Inventory of sandalwood potential and spread of sandalwood Inventory of sandalwood potential and spread of sandalwood Identification and distribution of genetic resources and seed sources for sandalwood 2. Conservation of sandalwood Development of on-site conservation plots in community land Development of off-site conservation plots in each district Rescue and management of remaining sandalwood 3. Nursery by the local community for sandalwood socialization and laws on sandalwood management Development of KBR in each district Utilization of the sandalwood parent tree on community property with compensation

8 d. Utilization of sandalwood to increase in value through: PROGRAM ACTIVITY Improvement of sandalwood farming techniques - Study on improvement of sandalwood cultivation techniques - Development of models of intensive cultivation of sandalwood e. Conservation of sandalwood through: PROGRAM ACTIVITY 1. Increase sustainable production of sandalwood - Development of sandalwood plantations - Mass planting of sandalwood - Consolidation of sandalwood harvesting quotas between district and 2. Increase sandalwood value - Development of sandalwood processing industry - Creation of fiscal incentives for people and businesses 3. Strengthen sandalwood trade - Repair sandalwood trade system for domestic and export markets - Increased and more orderly circulation of sandalwood f. Increased marketing and orderly circulation of sandalwood: PROGRAM ACTIVITY 1. Sandalwood product quality improvement Improving the quality and diversification of sandalwood products 2. Sandalwood market development Increased promoting and marketing of sandalwood products

9 g. Funding for sustainable management of sandalwood through: PROGRAM ACTIVITY Strengthen funding and support - Enhancing the role and commitment of the government to fund the preservation and development of sandalwood - Improved support and commitment of the private sector through corporate social responsibility (CSR) scheme - Improved support for and commitment to NGOs - Increased funding from international agencies. C. Conducted Activities: a) Planting Preparation Considering the results of sandalwood planting in 2010 and 2011, changes were made in 2012 to the approach to cultivating sandalwood with respect to the ownership of land, namely: On land owned by the Sandalwood Family Movement (SFM) The purpose and objectives are: Purpose: To facilitate communities in their realizing the potential of sandalwood on their land as a long-term investment. Objective: To realize the potential of sandalwood in the land as a long-term investment and source of long-term income for a family Execution through the following strategies Implementation of a family-based approach to the number of trees. The number of trees per family will be adjusted according to land availability, the ability to plant and care for the plant, and the availability of seeds. Do work and build partnerships with religious institutions, villages, schools, NGOs, and other agencies. Other potential movement organizers and participants are the local people, students, residents, and members of these institutions in the region. Location of planting centered on target areas / mentoring / people / members from partner institutions as organizers.

10 Provincial Government (Forestry department) facilitates the provision of seeds and the operation overall. The Provincial Forest department will also provide both technical and non-technical guidance to organizations On land / forests owned by the government through sandalwood plantations The purpose and objective are as follows: Purpose: To cultivate sandalwood on government land / forest area with a comprehensive approach. Objective: To ensure the availability of parent sandalwood trees in the future and to manage them as a source of revenue in NTT Strategy : Planting location in forest area Intensive and continual maintenance of the plant until harvest. To this end, a lodging was built at the planting site and workers will be placed (on an annual contract) to maintain plants regularly. Manufacturing plants and the maintenance of plantation for a minimum of 3 years, first conducted with the involvement of a third party. b) Maintenance of sandalwood seedlings Basic considerations: The sandalwood farms developed in 2010 and 2011 had a shortage of seedlings (saplings) in some districts. This is partly due to the difficulty in obtaining sandalwood seeds because of the scarcity of parent sandalwood trees. To prevent seed shortage, there should be efforts to ensure the availability of seeds such as a moratorium on logging and the sale of sandalwood trees containing viable seeds for several years. One step is to provide financial incentives to the owners of viable seed-producing sandalwood trees in the form of Rp. 100,000 per tree per year. Executed activities relating to the maintenance of sandalwood seeds are as follows: The provision of incentives for tree maintenance to owners of sandalwood trees and seeds in 2012 focused on the 7 districts to which sandalwood is endemic (Kupang,

11 TTS, TTU, Belu, East Flores, East Sumba, and Alor) and reached as many as eighty trees. To collect sandalwood tree seeds, sandalwood tree owners are in the process of agreeing to select certain trees not to cut for the next few years. Data on trees recorded and selected in cooperation with owners in table 3. No District Number of trees identified Number of trees selected for agreement 1. TTS TTU Belu Alor Flotim Sumba Timur Jumlah Total Table 3 Tree seed data c) Support from Ministry of Forestry through ITTO Project PD 45/90 F ITTO activities focused on policy reform and community capacity building. The activities that have been conducted since 2010 are as follows: Activities in : No. Activity Implementation 1. Training on nursery techniques and on sandalwood cultivation as well as nursery construction for farmers Implemented in East Flores, East South Central, and East Sumba with 97 participants.

12 Comparative study on planning and development of sandalwood. Studies to review district regulations of sandalwood a. In Jogjakarta, there were 8 participants as district staff (from TTS, Alor, East Flores, East Sumba) and 2 from the province. b. Comparative study of the management of sandalwood in Western Australia with participants from the community and the district government (from TTS, Alor, East Flores, and East Sumba), NTT forestry department, and the Ministry of Forestry a. Public consultation in TTS and East Sumba.. b. Meetings to review sandalwood regulations continued in TTS and East Sumba Activities in 2012 No. Activity Implementation 1. Training on nursery techniques and cultivation of sandalwood. Construction of seedbed for farmers group. 2. Studies to review district regulations of sandalwood 3. Focus group discussions on the role of the stakeholders and different parties in the development and conservation of sandalwood. Implemented in Alor, East Flores, East South Central, and East Sumba with 198 participants total Workshop on synchronization concept for sandalwood regulations and other relevant legislation in Kupang and Waingapu. Not yet implemented (scheduled to be held in September 2012)

13 d) Activities at Forestry Training Center in Kupang No Year Activity Participants NTT NTB, Bali Total Training on nursery techniques and sandalwood cultivation Training on nursery techniques and sandalwood cultivation Training on nursery techniques and sandalwood cultivation e) Activities at Forestry Research Institute in Kupang No Year Activity Explanation Preparation of Master Plan for Conservation and Development of Sandalwood for (in cooperation with the Forestry Department in NTT) Mapping the land suitability for sandalwood on the island of Timor - Building of off-site sandalwood conservation demonstration plots on the island of Timor Mapping the land suitability for sandalwood on the island of Sumba - Continued building of off-site sandalwood conservation demonstration plots on the island of Timor - - In process

14 f) Support of District Activities No District Number of Seeds per Year (trunk) Total s/d 2011 (trunk) Forecast for 2012 (trunk) 1. TTS TTU Belu Lembata Flotim Ende Nagekeo Ngada Manggarai Sumba Timur Sumba Tengah Rote Ndao Alor Jumlah

15 4. Analysis of stakeholders in the development of sandalwood in NTT 4.1 Methods of data collection Data and information were collected through discussions and interviews with individual stakeholders and community groups. Teams of consultants also visited several institution offices. Site visits along with interviews of individuals and community groups were made in consultation with the local Forestry Department officials. 4.2 Purposes of stakeholder analysis Identify stakeholders relevant to the development and preservation of sandalwood Understand the effects of sandalwood cultivation on local communities as well as who will benefit the most and be most adversely affected Identify potential conflicts and key factors to manage Map and maximize the role and contribution of stakeholders in the development and preservation of sandalwood

16 4.3 Mapping and analysis of stakeholders in the development of sandalwood Primary Stakeholders Primary Stakeholder CHARACTERISTICS PROBLEM/PURPOSE/INTEREST IN INVOLVEMENT POTENTIAL INVOLVEMENT IN PROGRAM 1. Local communities / villages Benefit directly and indirectly. Land use rights to the forest. Increased incomes Preserving typical NTT plants of high economic value. Private land Local wisdom Main beneficiaries Will directly feel positive and negative effects 2. Village officials Responsible for rural planning in the development of sandalwood. Responsible for sustainable utilization of sandalwood on private land. Data on potential of sandalwood on private land not yet available Village head must know about cultivation of sandalwood in village. Authority at the village level. Policy makers at the village level. The main actors in the planning and implementation of programs / activities in the village. Briefing, training about right to issue documents. 3. Provincial, district, and city governments Policy authorities at provincial, district, and to propose and approve the program and relevant activities. Budget allocation has not been comprehensive. Program coordination between different sectors is not present. Can mobilize stakeholders to develop integrated planning. Directly involved in the program through the evaluation stage.

17 4. Parliament at province, district, city levels Budgetary functions and controller of programs / activities that support local communities. Brings together aspirations of the people in development programs for the welfare of the community. Has the authority to allocate the budget and supervise. Surveillance and control of programs and activities in all sectors. 5. Forestry Department at province, district, Develop and promote strategies and policies for the development of sandalwood. Socialize the sandalwood cultivation movement. Lack of integration of programs and activities. Continuity of budgeting programs and other activities has not been optimal. Has the authority to coordinate programs and activities with related units. Directly responsible for the development and preservation of sandalwood. Lead program for the development and preservation of sandalwood. 6. UPT Forestry scope Prepare programs and activities related to development of sandalwood. Increase incomes. Minimize forest damage. Has the authority to implement the Provincial Government's commitment to sandalwood. Implementation of activities related to capacity building and resource management. 7. NGOs Active in the implementation of community capacity building through mentoring. Improving the quality of human resources. Implementation of activities still incomplete. Support morally and materially. Have experience and the ability to encourage community collaboration. A partner to support the implementation of activities on the ground.

18 Secondary and Tertiary Stakeholders Group of Stakeholders SECONDARY STAKEHOLDER Ministry of Forestry (DG BUK, BPDASPS, Research Agency) Characteristics Policy authorities, facilitators, and supervisors in relation to the fostering of communities in their use of forest land. Problem / Purpose / Interest in Involvement Organizers of the development and conservation of sandalwood in an integrated manner. Potential Planners at the national level to support government programs related to the development of sandalwood in NTT. TERTIARY STAKEHOLDER 1. Institutions of Higher Education The institution has a mission of education and research. Limited funding for collaboration. Maintaining sandalwood as an endemic species in NTT. Have competence in areas of study and survey research. 2. State enterprises, associations, and private sector To contribute and support the existence of sandalwood as a sustainable resource in NTT. Increasing the capacity and role of stakeholders in the development and preservation of sandalwood. Have potential and the authority over the work of each stakeholder and can support the government's program. 3. Toga / Tomas Initiate community-based development activities related to sandalwood Increase awareness of crops and environmental maintenance Have an emotional connection with the community 4. Mass media Disseminate information on the development of sandalwood Information about sandalwood is still limited at grassroots level Has the means to reach different segments of society

19 4.4 The role and contribution of the parties in the development and preservation of sandalwood NO ROLE OUTPUT MAIN PARTY PARTY SUPPORT FUNDING (Rp.) Inventory of sandalwood trees, seed sources Spatial data and information on sandalwood trees in each district and the availability of seeds BPKH Wil. XIV Provincial forestry department Dishut Kab. 2. Identify location of spread of sandalwood and sandalwood conditions Data and information on spatial distribution of sandalwood and land suitability map BPK Kupang 3. Protection of sandalwood trees for seed sources Continuous availability of quality seeds Pemerintah Desa Pemilik Tegakan 4. Facilitate the creation of regulations on sandalwood Study of the management of sandalwood, networking data and information, public consultation Perguruan Tinggi DPRD LSM, TOMAS 5. Prepare sandalwood regulations Regulations and academic reports Perguruan Tinggi 6. Legislation regarding sandalwood Acceleration of legislative process and agenda DPRD

20 7. Support and form a budget Committee meetings scheduled and budget formed DPRD 8. Assessment of effective strategies for sandalwood cultivation Patterns and strategies appropriate to support the success of the project (both technical and non-technical) Perguruan Tinggi BPK Kupang UPT lingkup Kemenhut 9. Design a policy of environmental management that supports the restoration of sandalwood Programs / activities that restore sandalwood BLHD 10. Prepare policies on sandalwood marketing Information and procedures easily accessible to all parties Disperindag 11. Promote cultivation and development of sandalwood as a resource Community as a whole is motivated UPT lingkup Kemenhut Toga, Tomas 12. Arrange Chairs, training modules Availability of reference materials and training requirements BDK Kupang 13. Organize training and education and prepare workers WI Improving the quality of human resources (personnel / community) through technical knowledge BDK Kupang 14. Transferring research results Publication of information and research results through print media to government agencies down to the village level BPK Kupang Media, LSM

21 15. Prepare seeds / seedlings Availability of sandalwood nursery in every district / city. Swasta/Pengusaha BUMN 16. Sandalwood cultivation on communityowned land Free seeds, assistance, and counseling Masyarakat/Poktan Pemerintah Desa BUMN 17. Cultivate sandalwood on demonstration plots in forest Sandalwood cultivated on forest land Kelompok tani Masyarakat, BUMN 18. Facilitate partnerships Networking partners and support services in the business of sandalwood 19. Initiative and motivation Establishment of groups for sandalwood conservation (agencies, businesses, academia, community) 20. Enhance the role of the community Community is willing to cultivate and conserve sandalwood LSM Kepala Desa, Poktan LSM BPMD Pemerintah Desa BUMN district and 21. Increasing awareness and local initiatives to use idle land Increase awareness of crops and environmental maintenance Pemerintah Desa Tomas district and 22. Initiate sandalwood development activities based on people Sandalwood and environmental conservation becomes part of discourse, sandalwood cultivation around place of worship and on community-owned land Toga district and LSM 23. Requirie KBR to make sandalwood saplings in KBR nurseries KBR provides as much as 30 percent of sandalwood seeds BPDAS BN Kelompok tani KBR Dishut Kab

22 24. Implementation of activities in the field The availability of land in the development of sandalwood district and Poktan, masyarakat UPT lingkup Kemenhut 25. Provide qualified sandalwood traders / businessmen with capital Availability of business credit programs related to sandalwood commodities BUMN/Perbankan Koperasi Asosiasi 26. Allocate portion of business profits for environmental investment through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) scheme Assistance to the business world for community conservation of sandalwood BUMN Pengusaha cendana LSM 27. Publication, dissemination, coverage of activities Availability of information on sandalwood through electronic media UPT lingkup Kemenhut Mass media 28. Accompanying programs / activities Technical guidance to the parties involved in sandalwood cultivation Perguruan Tinggi LSM Toga/Toma

23 5. Analysis of Issues In formulating the problem, it is critical to know its causes and the effects if the problem continues unresolved. Thus, in the analysis of issues related to the development and conservation of sandalwood, it is important to diagram the three components of the cause of the problem and the consequences. a. Development of the problem tree Based on the results of several focus group discussions and the dissemination of information to involved parties about the problems in the development and preservation of sandalwood in NTT, existing problems such as those listed in the problem tree below were identified. DECLINE OF SANDALWOOD S POTENTIAL LITTLE EFFORT TO CULTIVATE SANDALWOOD LITTLE CULTIVATION BY COMMUNITY LACK OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT SUPPORT IN SA NDALWOOD CULTIVATION LIMITED ROLE OF PARTIES IN SANDALWOOD CULTIVATION There is still a lack of technical knowledge, market info rmation, and an economic outlook on sa ndalwood Limited funding Limited information on pot ential, prospects, and benefits Seeds are expensive and not easily accessible Apathetic att itude due to past trauma policy Existing regulations do not effectiv ely realize sandalwood s potential Regulation not yet av ailable Plan not y et created Lack of socializat ion Lack of coordination among agencies and stakeholders Lack of publicity and media attention on sandalwood

24 The key issues mentioned above are: 1. Little effort to cultivate sandalwood 2. Utilization (logging, process, selling) not yet optimal The main cause of the declining population of sandalwood in NTT is the little effort being put forward in sandalwood cultivation. The causes of this lack of effort are: 1. Little cultivation of sandalwood by the community 2. Lack of local government support in sandalwood cultivation 3. Limited role of parties involved in sandalwood cultivation The other main cause of the decline of sandalwood in NTT is the suboptimal utilization of sandalwood. The factors behind this suboptimal utilization are: 1. Communities tend to cut down sandalwood trees without considering the technical feasibility 2. Lack of primary industry for the processing of sandalwood 3. Lack of farmers associations for sandalwood

25 b. Analysis of objective tree After formulating the problem tree, an objective tree is formulated by converting the problem tree s list of problems into a tree that lists actions that can be taken to solve the problems and describes the resolution of the problems. The objective tree for the development and conservation of sandalwood is as follows:

26 6. Summary of focus group discussions on the division of roles and contributions of the parties in the development of sandalwood in NTT The results of the discussions on the division of roles in the development and preservation of sandalwood held on October 1, 2012 are below. Problems encountered in the development of sandalwood in the province of East Nusa Tenggara are as follows: 1. POLICY ASPECTS a. The management of sandalwood on both private land and state-owned forest has not been effective in supporting conservation efforts, thereby leading to a decrease in the quantity and quality of sandalwood. b. Most of the districts and cities do not have any regulations on the management of sandalwood. c. An inventory and identification of the spread of sandalwood trees has not been conducted in the district that holds potential for sandalwood cultivation. It is important to know the population and conditions of the trees. d. Land use has not been coordinated for other uses on the limited area of development of sandalwood. e. Forest boundaries have not been fully defined by function. This is important in allocating RHL activities with particular types of commodities according to the function of forest area. f. Focus group discussion results that were actionable up to the level of policy making in the region (Governors and Regents) 2. TECHNICAL ASPECTS a. The application of silviculture technology, ranging from seeds to maintenance issues, has not been intensive, resulting in a very low percentage growth of seeds and short life spans of seedlings and saplings.

27 b. There is a lack of technical knowledge among the public about proper sandalwood cultivation (communities sometimes only feel the ground), and technical guidance and assistance is minimal. c. There has been a reduction in the population of trees as seed sources. This affects the availability of quality seeds, which has a big impact on the success of nurseries and cultivation. d. There is not yet any effort to maintain parent trees. 3. SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECT a. There is doubt of people's ownership of sandalwood crop yields on private land along with the psychological trauma from the past sandalwood management systems. b. Public anxiety over policy changes especially over land ownership given the long cycle of sandalwood cultivation. 4. SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS a. The public s desire to cultivate sandalwood is still relatively small (besides recycling sandalwood and creating regulations). The public is more oriented to short-term revenue. b. There is limited market information, leading to the community s revenue from sandalwood sales being very small. c. Society at large does not know exactly when to plant sandalwood in order to have a harvest good in quality and quantity. They are more driven by economic necessity than by agricultural knowledge. Cultivation techniques and planning that would provide for short and medium term needs have not been applied. d. The nomenclature "project" is mischaracterized as a project out to get money. Thus, the projects continue to be programmed. e. There is a dearth of technical information related to the development of sandalwood accessible by others. Thus, the contribution of outside forestry agencies to the development of sandalwood is low. f. There are no incentives for sandalwood seed owners yet.

28 g. The availability of sandalwood seeds and seedlings is limited, thereby driving up their prices to levels that are not affordable for the community. 5. ASPECTS OF COORDINATION a. The government is building less partnerships with the mass media. b. There is a lack of publicity on sandalwood. c. There is limited socialization of sandalwood regulations to support the movement of planting sandalwood en masse. 6. LEGAL ASPECTS a. Legal sanctions are not clear. b. There is illegal logging in the forest areas. 7. FUNDING ASPECTS a. Both the central and local budgets are very small. b. The budget allocation for the development of the area is very small. Additionally, there is an absence of sandalwood funding policies and funds from the KBR and DAK from the Ministry of Forestry. 7. Conclusions and Recommendations From the analysis carried, it can be seen that some of the key issues in the development of sandalwood in East Nusa Tenggara are: 1. Little effort to cultivate sandalwood 2. Utilization (logging, olah, selling) not yet optimal The two key problems mentioned above have led to the decline of the sandalwood population in NTT. This decline must be addressed before it becomes long-term and irreversible. The main cause of the declining population of sandalwood in NTT is the little effort being put forward in sandalwood cultivation. The causes of this lack of effort are: 1. Little cultivation of sandalwood by the community

29 2. Lack of local government support in sandalwood cultivation 3. Limited role of parties involved in sandalwood cultivation The other main cause of the decline of sandalwood in NTT is the suboptimal utilization of sandalwood. The factors behind this suboptimal utilization are: 1. Communities tend to cut down sandalwood trees without considering the technical feasibility 2. Lack of primary industry for the processing of sandalwood 3. Lack of farmers associations for sandalwood The problems mentioned above can be reduced to several aspects: Policy Aspects The management of sandalwood on both private land and state-owned forest has not been effective in supporting conservation efforts, thereby leading to a decrease in the quantity and quality of sandalwood. Most of the districts and cities do not have any regulations on the management of sandalwood. An inventory and identification of the spread of sandalwood trees has not been conducted in the district that holds potential for sandalwood cultivation. It is important to know the population and conditions of the trees. Land use has not been coordinated for other uses on the limited area of development of sandalwood. 1. Technical Aspects The application of silviculture technology, ranging from seeds to maintenance issues, has not been intensive, resulting in a very low percentage growth in seeds and short life spans of seedlings and saplings.

30 2. Sociological Aspects Public distrust of government policy towards sandalwood, as the past policies have resulted in the decline of sandalwood in East Nusa Tenggara. 3. Socioeconomic Aspects The public s desire to cultivate sandalwood is still relatively small (besides recycling sandalwood and creating regulations). The public is more oriented to short-term revenue. There is limited market information, leading to the community s revenue from sandalwood sales being very small. Research results on sandalwood development are not disseminated in the local communities. Society at large does not know exactly when to plant sandalwood in order to have a harvest good in quality and quantity. They are more driven by economic necessity than by agricultural knowledge. Cultivation techniques and planning that would provide for short and medium term needs have not been applied. There are no incentives for sandalwood seed owners yet. The availability of sandalwood seeds and seedlings is limited, thereby driving up their prices to levels that are not affordable for the community. 4. Aspects of Coordination There is a lack of coordination and partnership with the mass media, leading to a lack of publicity and outreach to the community about sandalwood. 5. Legal Aspects There is no clear law against illegal logging of sandalwood in the forests. This causes sandalwood populations in NTT to decrease.

31 6. Funding Aspects The budget allocation for the development of the area is very small. Additionally, there is an absence of sandalwood funding policies and funds from the KBR and DAK from the Ministry of Forestry. On examination of the conditions above, the necessity of mapping the roles of stakeholders becomes clear in order to enhance the development of sandalwood in NTT. The stakeholder roles can be summarized as follows: 1. Primary stakeholders who will be impacted the most from the project are: 1. Local communities, villages. 2. Village officials 3. Provincial, district, and city governments 4. Provincial, district, and city parliaments 5. Provincial, district, and city forestry departments 6. UPT Environmental Forestry 7. NGOs, local and non-local 2. Secondary stakeholders are: The Ministry of Forestry (DG BUK, BPDASPS, Research Agency) 3. Tertiary stakeholders are: 1. Institutions of higher education 2. State and local enterprises, associations, and private enterprises 3. Toga/Tomas 4. Mass media Of the three stakeholder groups mentioned above, the city Dishut plays a very large role in the applications of efforts to develop the full potential of sandalwood in NTT. Meanwhile, the support of other stakeholders is also very important, as each has a role as a primary implementer and supporter of all the activities.