COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES AND BENEFIT SHARING, NGORONGORO CONSERVATION AREA (NCA), TANZANIA

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1 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES AND BENEFIT SHARING, NGORONGORO CONSERVATION AREA (NCA), TANZANIA

2 Conservation Area (NCA) Covers an area of 8,292 square kilometers and forms one of the three divisions within the District in Arusha Region. NCA was established in 1959 by the NCA Ordinance No 413 of 1959 as a multiple land use area Its functions are to promote the conservation of natural resources, safeguard interests of NCA indigenous residents and promote tourism. NCA was accorded by UNESCO the status of World Heritage Site in 1991, International Biosphere Reserve in 1981 and a mixed World Heritage Site (nature and culture) in NCA is managed through a law that entails its establishment in 1959 (Revised Edition 2000), the General Management Plan that run for ten years from which a five year Corporate Strategic Plan is derived and directives given by the Government from time to time NCA is inhabited by more than 64,000 indigenous and non indigenous residents with their herds of cattle and flocks of sheep and goats. Pastoral communities outside NCA also find refuge inside NCA.

3 Some of the NCAA attractions include:-

4 Reaching out/involving Communities NCAA within its organo- structure under the Directorate of Conservation and Community Development has established a fully functional department of Community Development which works The Department works directly with communities within NCA and its neighbouring communities from villages surrounding the Conservation area in Districts of Meatu, Karatu, Monduli and Villages within the District but outside the Conservation area. The department has three sections of Veterinary Services, Pastoral services and Community zones (currently there are five community development zones namely Kakesio, Endulen, Olbalbal, Nainokanoka and Naiyobi) The veterinary section offers services related to livestock production, treatments, vaccinations and disease surveillance The pastoral and zones section continuously on daily basis interact with the communities in areas of development and conservation with the main goal of ensuring that there is harmony between communities and NCAA.

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6 The Pastoralists Council (PC) Established in 1994 and gazetted on 23 rd June 2000 under the Government Notice No 234 of 2000, the PC ensures full participation of resident pastoral communities in matters related to conservation and development within NCA, and also the PC governs and protects interests of pastoralists. Having seven wards in NCA, the PC has representative members drawn from all works of life which include the councilors from each of the seven wards, special seats women councilors (two of them), women representative from each ward, youth representative from each ward, traditional leaders (Laigwanak) representative from each ward. The PC has an office which is led by the PC Manager assisted by an administrative officer, accountants and PC ward coordinators. NCAA in collaboration with the PC implements its various development activities mainly by involving communities through various PC meetings, extension programs run by the pastoral development section, attending various village and ward development meetings and adhoc meetings called upon following burning issues to be addressed.

7 Projects Implemented by NCAA in collaboration with PC Since the financial year 2005/05 to 2011/12 NCAA has directly funded PC as follows:- Financial Year NCAA Contribution (Tshs) a) 2004/ ,070, b) 2005/ ,000, c) 2006/ ,336, d) 2007/2008 1,400,000, e) 2008/2009 1,250,000, f) 2009/2010 1,250,000, g) 2010/11 1,250,000, h) 2011/2012 1,350,000, TOTAL 8,327,406,682.00

8 PC funding contn In the financial year 2012/13 NCAA has committed direct funding to PC amounting to Tshs 1,450,000,000/=. Plans are underway to construct a third secondary school for girls at Olbalbal ward. In 2012/13 financial year a total of 966 students will be sponsored. For a development activity to be funded by the PC, it has to be approved by a respective village meeting, brought to the PC during budgetary meetings to be set as a priority before NCAA Board approval of the PC budget. Development activities funded include but not limited to:- funding of students attending various levels of education from Primary schools (pupils with disabilities) to the University level school facilities construction (classrooms, teachers houses, toilets, dormitories, kitchens, dining rooms etc). Currently there are twenty primary schools within NCA and two functional secondary schools namely Embarway and Nainokanoka Secondary Schools.

9 Being a conservation area, the GMP provides for establishment of three boarding secondary schools as opposed to the directive given by the Government of having a secondary school in each ward. Plans are underway to construct a third secondary school for girls at Olbalbal ward. In 2012/13 financial year a total of 966 students will be sponsored.

To date 104 quality breeding bulls (Sahiwal and Boran), 20 bucks and 20 rams have been provided to progressive livestock keepers.

10 Livestock Development Since 2009 NCAA started livestock breeds improvement program through artificial insemination and purchase and distribution of quality breeding bulls to progressive pastoralists. To date 104 quality breeding bulls (Sahiwal and Boran), 20 bucks and 20 rams have been provided to progressive livestock keepers. A total of 1132 cows were artificially inseminatedonly 17 % conceived. Difficulties poor heat detection in local Short Horn Zebu cattle, untimely inseminations and slow pace of pastoralists towards A.I. technology adoption.

11 Livestock Development Contn... Control of Tick Borne Diseases particularly ECF necessitated construction of cattle dips. These are at Esere, Embarway, Oloiribi, Ngoile, Olbalbal,Naiyobi, Nainokanoka, Alailelai, Embulbul, and Ndian. Three cattle dips of Olpiro, Irkeepus and Meshili are under construction. These cattle dips are run by respective village dipping committee under a fee of Tsh 50/= for cattle and Tsh 25/= for small stocks to sustain costs related to acaricides. NCAA veterinary team only provides technical support on these dips.

Livestock Development Contn Water is important for both man and livestock and its availability during dry seasons is limiting In dry plains five dams have been constructed at Lembout Nabo (Sendui),

12 Livestock Development Contn Water is important for both man and livestock and its availability during dry seasons is limiting In dry plains five dams have been constructed at Lembout Nabo (Sendui), Ngolola (Ngoile), Kapenjiro, Kaitakiteng (Misigiyo) and Ngairish (Kakesio). Two dams of Olbalabal and Ngarusi (Endulen) were repaired. A deep well has been dug at Kakesio and to every constructed/rehabilitated cattle dip, a water trough has been put in place. To date villages of Oloirobi, Misigiyo and subvillages of seneto/malanja are supplied with clean and safe water. A study is to be commissioned to assess the possibility of obtaining water from Lolpusare to supply Endulen, Esere, Osinoni and Kakesio villages.

Livestock Development Contn NCAA yearly vaccinates livestock owned by resident pastoralists in NCA against various notifiable diseases like:- Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP),

13 Livestock Development Contn NCAA yearly vaccinates livestock owned by resident pastoralists in NCA against various notifiable diseases like:- Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP), Anthrax Rabies Peste des Petit Ruminantes Rift Valley Fever (RVF) Black Quarter In addition disease surveillance and treatments are done. These services are offered free of charge to pastoralists.

Food Security Cattle has been the basis of economy and food security: their numbers have remained more or less stable since 1980s resulting in tremendous decrease in livestock per capita.

14 Food Security Cattle has been the basis of economy and food security: their numbers have remained more or less stable since 1980s resulting in tremendous decrease in livestock per capita. In comparison to increase in human population and four to five fold increase in wildebeests biomass in over 50 years of conservation, livestock population has continued to decrease due to:- diseases mainly those related to ticks, continued unpredictable and long drought spells, invasion of rangelands by shrubs and invasive/alien plant species, unreliable water supplies and also presence of wildebeests in plains at times of calving which spreads Malignant catarrhal Fever (MCF) to cattle.

15 Food Security Contn NCAA has on yearly basis purchased and sold grains at cost price or reduced prices to resident pastoral communities. NCAA has an arrangement with the National Food Reserve Agency (NFRA) to ensure that NCA communities have access to maize grains at affordable prices. In 2011/20012 financial year, tons of maize were procured from the (NFRA) of which 900 tons were delivered by NFRA and 9.5 tons of maize were procured from different suppliers as an emergency to carter for immediate food relief when NFRA was not in position to supply NCAA with maize grains. NCAA also runs school feeding program to 20 primary schools available in NCA and Jema Primary School at Sale Division. At times, both Embarway and Nainokanoka Secondary Schools are also supplied with food.

16 Health Services To date health facilities operated by the District Council are available at Irkeepus, Meshili, Kakesio and Esere villages. Generally housing conditions for these facilities and staff have improved in some locations in recent years. NCAA has a health facility which provides health services free of charge to NCA residents. In addition to free medical services also an ambulatory clinic is available for maternal and neonatal services. NCAA contributes yearly a sum of Tshs 60,000,000/= to Endulen hospital (Arusha Catholic Diocese Hospital) to cover for drugs and equipment needs at the hospital. To the same hospital, NCAA provides hardship allowance to its staff.

17 Restocking Destitute families (Ewoloto) Ewoloto is a traditional form of mutual assistance where clans give up to 9 young female animals (heifers and sheep/goats) to allow them to build up a herd that can sustain the household. This form of assistance have time immemorial been traditionally practiced by masaai and Ereto project in its phase 1 built on this and the strategy formed one of the major component of the project. By the end of the project cycle in July 2003, some 3400 poor and destitute households (37% of household in NCA) had been restocked with a total around 30,600 livestock units through ewoloto. Since 2011/2012 NCAA has sustained the program and to date 442 cattle and 1105 sheep/goats have been purchased and distributed to 221 destitute women in NCA. Beneficiaries are identified by traditional leaders (laigwanak) from their respective villages.

Local residents have indigenous knowledge in managing landscape and traditions relating to special places can contribute a lot in terms of management and interpretation of the conservation area.

18 Involvement of community members in tourism activities NCA is rich in cultural resources. Traditional knowledge and culture of maasai, tatoga and hadzabe have received little attention as a resource in NCA. Local residents have indigenous knowledge in managing landscape and traditions relating to special places can contribute a lot in terms of management and interpretation of the conservation area. GMP provides for the establishment of ten cultural bomas to be managed and operated by local residents themselves. These bomas are sources of local knowledge and traditions but also act as staging points towards walking safaris and camping to designated sites. Seven functional cultural bomas have been put in place. They are Edoinyonasinya, Kiloki, Endemwa, Loongooku, Elerai, Seneto and Irkeepusi. Two cultural bomas are underway and these are Olmoti and Alailelai.

19 Involvement of community members in tourism activities - Contn However much of the challenges related to these bomas are exploitation from tour drivers who earn much of the share compared to boma owners.these bomas need much training on customer care, making quality products and also management of funds. Also local residents own and operate 13 campsites on 50% base share with NCAA. These campsites are Laandan, Misigiyo, Longoijo, Olkarian, Nasera, Alayanai, Norkisar, Nainokanoka, Bulati, Naiyobi, Empakaai, Kakesio and Osinon. Funds accrued from these campsites have largely been utilized to support funding community initiated projects mostly related to education, health and water facilities.

20 Outreach (Ujirani Mwema) program NCAA support neighbouring villages and Non Governmental Organizations involved in environmental conservation. Neighbouring villages to take a role in conservation of its natural resources and values. NCA neighbouring villages are from Districts of Karatu, Meatu, and Monduli. NCAA supports projects that are already initiated by the community and are ongoing. Some of the projects that have been supported by NCAA to neighbouring Districts include:- a) Dairy projects at Tloma, Ayalabe, Upper Kitete and Lositete. Every village was provided with five heifers (in total 20). To date a dairy herd of 92 heads of cattle has been realized. b)beekeeping project Covered in 11 villages with 20 groups of 361 members and 394 beehives Estimated cost of Tshs 17,730,100/= c) Community initiated projects related to Education, Health, Water and Environmental Conservation supported by NCAA in Karatu District Tshs 278,156, Meatu District Tshs 33,000, Monduli District Tshs 53,000, District Tshs 92,200,000.00

21 Conclusion Protected areas (PA s) as it is with the NCA are more or less like islands endowed with jewelry in the form of different resources. With increasing pressure overland due to crop farming and livestock keeping, the communities will always find a way in PA s to carter for their subsistence needs; as a result conflicts will always emerge. In addition climatic changes that have seen most parts of the world affected with long persistent droughts with unpredictable rain patterns will always force communities residing alongside or within protected areas to acquire resources from within protected areas. Since conservation is a spiritual endeavour, the same spirit should be built to involve communities during setting up management plans of these PA s so that some specific benefits to be drawn from protected areas at times of need are properly defined. Also, the benefits accrued from tourism should reach communities in terms of community based project support so that the spirit of conservation is kept alive within communities residing within or along PA s.

22 Thanks for your attention, Dr. Justice Muumba MANAGER - COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ASHENALENG

THE SITUATION OF INDIGENOUS PEOLES RIGHTS IN TANZANIA

THE SITUATION OF INDIGENOUS PEOLES RIGHTS IN TANZANIA African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights and the United Nations, The indigenous peoples of Tanzania include the Maasai, the Barbaig and the Hadzabe.