G eography. Flood Analysis of River Godavari and Disaster Management of Nashik City (Maharastra)

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1 G eography An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 120, Vol - XIII (1), March , Page No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No Flood Analysis of River Godavari and Disaster Management of Nashik City (Maharastra) Flood is one of the major seasonal environmental problems. The Godavari ranks second after the Ganges in India. In terms of its basin, area, length, and a water abundance. The Godavari runs across the Hindustan Peninsula from west to east through the Indian states of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. The river Godavari has been experiencing flood during every monsoon that affects properties and lives. High magnitude flood plays an important role in the shifting of main channel, sediment and water discharge of the river Godavari which increase flood risk along the channel. In present study major floods of the river Godavari in Nashik city have been considered, for its effects on residential area. It originates in the Western Ghats at Bramhagiri near Trimbakeshwar in the Nashik District of Maharashtra at an elevation of 1294 m above sea level. With a total length of 1465 km of which 694 km is in Maharashtra State. The main aim of this study is to find out the areas which are prone to flood risk every year and mark the flood lines in urban flood area. However in the present study attempt to analyzing the flood line & flood prone area and disaster management during the flood situation. DR. SHELAR S.K.*, DR. MADHURI S.K.** & VINOD.R.RAUT*** Introduction : Flood is one of the major seasonal environmental problems resulting losses of life and property. Due to seasonal flood hazards, sharp difference exist in the status of economic development in the flood prone villages. Severe flooding occured in the 2008 monsoon season in Nashik district was the worst in 39 years leaving the district infrastructure, economy tourism, and industrial sector and society in shambles. Factors that contributed to the flood crisis ranged from natural disaster to human error. Rainfall accumulated from June to September 2008 was found higher than average year, heavy rainfall raised the water level on flood plains and in rivers and reservoirs, producing overflows and flooding into adjoining areas and from upstream to downstream areas in the Nashik district. Another consequence of heavy rainfall was the excessive amount of water flowing in to the major dams of Gangapur and other dams reaching a maximum water level and overloading their storage capacity, to ensure dam safety, it was necessary to release flood water from through using emergency spillways into down streams areas. Another major cause of is that residential areas goes on increasing every year in the flood plain zones and this type of encroachment leads to decrease in channel width and increase in flood prone zone. Study Area : Nashik city is situated on East side of Western mountain range on the banks of River Godavari and tributaries like Nasardi,Waghadi,Darna and Waldevi. The Godavari is the most holy river not only of this district, but of the whole of the peninsular India. The principle course lies just below the scarp of Western side of the Trimbak amphitheatre, A larger and more distance branch takes its rise in the ridge that joins the Trimbak and Brahma mountains in a region of higher rainfall owing together exposure to moisture bearing winds. After passing the town of Trimbak the Godavari turns to the west, cutting deep and rocky bed through the Ghatmatha country. The total catchment area of Godavari basin is 7013 square km. Kashypi, Darna,Valdevi;Banganga etc are the well known tributaries of Godavari. The Godavari were spread throughout the city area. Geographical location of Nashik city is ' to 'N Latitude and ' to 'E longitude. Nashik city is situated on both the banks of river Godavari and extends East West along the banks of river and its sub tributaries. Total geographical area of nashik city is 264 Sq.km & height from mean sea level is 328 feet. (101mt.) The average annual rainfall in the district is between 2600 mm to 3000mm. The rainfall decreases gradually from *PG Dept. of Geography, G.E.T. Arts, Comm. & Sci. College, Nagaon, Dhule (Maharashtra) **Guru Nanak College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mumbai (Maharashtra) ***PVG S.S.Damankar College of Comm., Sci. & Arts Dindori Road, Nashik (Maharashtra) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (1) March

2 western to eastern side. Surgana, Dindori, Part of Kalwan, Peth, Nashik on the western side and Igatpuri in the south get comparatively more rainfall. According to 2001 Census, the population of the district was lakhs. Aims and Objective : The main aim and objective of the study is to assess the encroachment, flood prone area and the disaster management of the study area of nashik city. (See Map) Database and Methodology : The study is based on primary and secondary data. The secondary data collected from irrigation Department and water conservation Department of India. Discharge of water information collected from the dam authority. As well as to study the catchment area, source of water. Length of river channels, flood prone villages information collected empirical and field survey method. Flood line area demarcated by the municipal corporation. Result and Analysis : S. No Particulars Gangapur Dam Kashyapi Dam Alandi Dam Gautami Dam Waldev i Dam 1 Name of the Godavari Kashyapi Alandi Godavari Waldevi River 2 Toposheet No 46H/12 46H/12 46H/12 48E/ Longitude Latitude Catchment Area in Sq km Submergence Area in Sq km 7 Gross storage in MCM Catchment area of Godavari Basin in Nashik city mcft Spillway length in mt 9 No of gates Size of gates * * * (Source N.I.D) For the analysis and plotting of recent high flood line some data which was helpful for the conclusion is shown in table no-1 which reflects the location, area, longitudinal and latitudinal extension, catchment area, gross storage capacity, spillway length of dams, number and size of gates etc. This data is helpful to understand the nature of dams and supply of water to the main channel of river Godavari. Out of the several f a c t o r s responsible for the cause or rise in water level in river Godavari the following are considered. (1) Rainfall : Nashik city is located towards the East side of Western mountain range. Generally city receives rainfall from South West Monsoon in between June to October. In the last five years the percentage of rainfall is increased. Rainfall during 6th August to 17 August few talukas have received rainfall equal to total average annual rainfall. Hence the damage due to these heavy rains are very severe and widespread in the district. Almost all talukas are equally affected by these heavy rains. In it was mm and it was mm and on 28th August 2008 Nashik and its adjoining area received heavy rains and it was measured around 150mm in 24 hours which was above average rainfall. (2) Encroachment : River Godavari has a historical significance from the religious point of view. In Hindu religion it is believed that if ashes of the dead are put into water of river Godavari then the person attains nirvana or Moksha. Lakhs of people gather here once in every twelve years for Kumbh Mela. Due to its religious importance we find a number of temples near and around the river banks. Panchavati is known as a holy place from ancient time. People from all over India come to this place for worship hence the old city is concentrated here. At this place the river does not have it natural channel. The natural channel is converted into decorative channel by constructing a wall, and creating cement flooring in river bed which has disturbed the gradient of river. Many people have explored this importance from tourist point of view which has forced them to construct hotels and lodges near the banks which has disturbed the original channel. Whenever water level rises above normal level this area is affected first and faces problem every year. Secondly, newly developed area is observed between Anandwali to Ramwadi. Due to establishment of Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (1) March

3 school, college, and planned settlement many people prefer this area. This heavy demand has decreased the percentage of land in this area. Due to moderation of flood water after the construction of Gangapur dam and less average rainfall before 2005 has reduced the width of the river channel. Flood plains which used for agriculture are converted into plots for the construction of buildings. In many areas river width is less than 60m. In recent floods many houses and buildings were under water for up to 10 to 15 hours. More encroachment is observed from Asaram bapu ashram to Kanamwar Bridge. Case studies on disaster episodes flood episode : (1) Type of Episode : Flood calamity. (2) Location : At villages Chandori, Saikheda and Nagapur in Niphad Tahasil in Nashik Dist. (3) Date : 14/7/94 (During the period of 13/7/94 to 15/7/ 94) (4) Reasons assigned for the event : The flood calamities was due to excess discharge of water from Gangapur and Darana dams on account of heavy rains in the catchment area of the dams. (5) Community response to warning system : The discharge of excess water from the dams was communicated by the Irrigation Dept. on wireless system to the Collector and the Collector communicated this event to the concerned authorities particularly Tahasildar Niphad. The Tahasildar Niphad had given the warning to the villages which were likely Flow chart for flood forecasting and early warning Disaster Management Rainfall & Climatological data CWC/IMD State Government Stream flow data CWC/ State Government Satellite data inundation maps CWC/NRSA/State Goverment DEM,Close Contour map SOI/NRSA Catchment data (landuse,soil) MOA/State Govt. River Channel Cross Section CWC/State Govt. Reservoirs data Water level, outflow, inflow State Governments CWC S modeling centre Checking consistency Modification Input to model Out puts (flood forecast and IMD S Modeling centre Analysis and output State Government modeling centre Analysis and output to the affected by the floods. The villagers who were no affected by the flood water tried to help the affected people. The officials of the revenue and Police Depts. were alos alerted. (6) Assessment of administrative preparedness : The administrative particularly officials of revenue, police depts. were altert and rendered help to the affected people, with the available resources and with the help of local people and non-official Bodies. (7) Area affected : Part of Saikheda, Chandori and Nagapur villages in Niphad Taluka. (8) Extent of Damage : (a) No. of? lives lost NIL (b) Crop damage NIL (c) Damage to houses 340 Houses (d) Loss of Cattle NIL (e) Damage to infrastructure No such damage (9) Procedure followed for assessing various types of damage and compensation : The damage to houses due to flood and losses were estimated by way of performing panchanamas of each affected family. Summary of Action plan for Disaster Management : (1) As a preventive measure, the inhabitation of low lying areas along the rivers, nallas and drains will be regulated by the District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAS) (2) Identification of areas prone to floods along with the names of villages/talukas in scientific manner in collaboration with NRSA and SOI. CWC S Web site Media AIR D.D Other T.V & radio news Channel news agency User Agencies MHA MOWR MOD MORT MOA MOH NDMA SDMS (3) Each and every flood event is properly documented and flood damage assessment. (4) Make a scientific assessment of the area suffering from drainage congestion and water logging. (5) River wise studies of the problem of erosion and estimate the area liable to erosion by rivers and identify vulnerable spot. (6) (DDMA) District Disaster Management Authority headed by the District collector with elected representative of the local authority. (7) Identify the location and take up appropriate channel improvement work to increase the velocity or area of flow to reduce the flood level in the river. (8) Improvement the drainage channels in areas suffering from drainage congestion. (9) If the river channels passing through the town and cities the excess water divert the new channels by passing them to prevent flooding. Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (1) March C O M M U N I T I E S

4 (10) In the catchment area take up the watershed Management, afforest ration and check dams, in the catchment of rivers to prevent soil erosion, enhance water conservation and minimize water and sediment runoff. (11) During the flood situation DDMAS will provide adequate number of raised platform/shelter at suitable site with basic amenities. (12) Create awareness among the people about the illness and other health problem aftermath of floods. During this period adding chlorine to water, used of boiled water, hand washing with soap. (13) A list of trained medical and paramedical staff must also be made available. (14) Medical kits will be prepared for management of flood casualties. (15) Disaster Management plans need to be prepared by all hospitals. (16) Pre monsoon and Post monsoon inspections of dams will be carried out be experts and given the suggestion for safety of dams. (17) DDMAs will be strengthen F.M Radio broadcasting of forecast of weather, intimation of discharges from various dams, specific instruction to the villages which may be affected due to floods. Appeal to people to reach safe places. (18) Encroachments in to the water ways and natural drainage lines, the possibility of removing buildings/ structures obstructing existing natural drainage lines. As well as unplanned growth will be restricted by state government. (19) Public awareness programmes will be developed by the DDMAs for addressing the needs of physically, handicapped and mentally challenged people, women and the elderly. Police force, civil defense, Home Guards, N.S.S Students, N.C.C Students will also be covered by such efforts. The people will be made aware of the need to keep special kit containing medicines, torch, identity cards, ration cards, non perishable eatables food etc. (20) DDMAs will utilize different types of media especially print, radio, television, and internet to disseminate and accurate information. (21) Involvement of the corporate sector in disaster management plan to use their resources. (22) Emergency treatment at site of floods prompt and efficient emergency medical response will be provided by Quick reaction medical teams (QRMTs) mobile field hospital, including floating hospital areas inaccessible by roads, accident medical vans and helicopter ambulance. (23) The DDMAs will develop contingency plans to have sufficient mortuaries to preserve the dead bodies will be immediately disposed to prevent of an epidemic and environmental problem. (24) Safe and sufficient drinking water will be insured aftermath of flood. (25) A team comprising a social worker, psychologist and a psychiatrist will provide counseling to victims. Conclusion : (1) By taking in to consideration all analysis and readings it can be concluded that flood waters in river Godavari in Nashik City area can be well managed if the Government forms joint organization of municipal corporation, N.G.O and irrigation department which will maintain record and calculation of rainfall, water supply from catchment area, flood water rise in channel, atmospheric changes, alarming system and related aspects with floods, which in turn will help disaster management system to respond soon. Construction should not be allowed inside the highest water level in 25 years. This area may be used only for the open land type of use such as playground, gardens river side roads cultivation of short duration crops etc. (2) Authorities responsible for granting permission for the illegal Construction in flood plain area should be held responsible and proper action should be taken. Abbreviations : CWC : Central Water Commision IMD : Indian Metrological Department NRSA : National Remote Sensing Agency DEM : Digital Elevation Model SOI : Survey Of India MOA : Ministry of Agricultural AIR : All India Radio DD : Doordarshan MHA : Ministry of Home Affair MOWR : Ministry of Water Resouce MOD : Ministry of Defence MOH : Ministry of Health NDMA : National Disaster Management Authority SDMS : State Disaster Management Authority DDMA : District Disaster Mangaement Authority References : (1) Nashik Irrigation Department Nashik. (2) M.E.R.I Nashik. (3) National Disaster Management Authority Government of India. (4) Dr. Deepak Thakre (2012) International journal of Research in Social Sciences. Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (1) March

5 G eography An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 120, Vol - XIII (1), March , Page No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No Evaluating Impact of Tourism Policies In Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra Development of tourism in a conventional manner has become a source of conflict. In most cases it is due to wrong tourism policies and its faulty implementation. 'Ecotourism' is a new concept, is just catching up all over the world. In India, central as well as state governments are trying to develop some of the destinations under this concept. Since perceptions regarding ecotourism vary widely, ecotourism practices also vary. This ambiguity also has got reflected inpolicy initiatives of the governments. This type of ambiguity in understanding the term 'ecotourim' can lead to disastrous consequences also at the place where it is developed. The southernmost district of Maharashtra, Sindhudurg is the study area. This is one of the most backward districts of the Maharashtra state which has tremendous tourism potential. Realising this enormous tourism potential of the district the central government has identified it as the' Special Tourism Area' and the State government also has conferred the status as 'Special Tourism District'. In view of this it was felt that it is utmost important to review in detail the ongoing tourism development and to study ecotourism policies of the central and the state government. DR. MADHURI S.K.* & DR. SHELAR S.K.** Introduction : International tourism is used by governments as instruments of policy to bring about regional development. It is considered a painless therapy for manysocio-economic ills, especially of economically depressed regions, bereft of other development options. But while doing this it is important to strike a balance between the environment and tourism development. It is the mass conventional type of tourism causes the primary threat to this delicate balance between environment and tourism and has become a source of conflict at the local level at many places due to the damage afflicted to natural environments. As a result of this, ecotourism which is a new concept is just catching up all over the world. The Government of India as well as state governments are trying to develop some of the destinations of natural beauty under this concept. However, the concept is not yet well understood and many are worried that some serene places may get disturbed and ruined under this buzzword of Ecotourism. Thus it is of utmost importance to review in detail firstly the meaning of ecotourism and specifically ecotourism policies of the central and State Government. Ecotourism : The environmental concerns cannot be neglected and therefore development of eco-tourism is the need of the time which may enable us to save the environment for our future generation. In general, eco-tourism differs from conventional tourism in two main respects: first, eco-tourism openly promotes environment friendly travel and seeks to ensure that visitors do not disturb the natural environment. Ecotourism mainly aims to seek ''sustainable' tourism development. The sustainability of tourism development depends upon how best resources are conserved of the tourist places. The World Tourism Organisation(WTO) carries sustainability into the domain of tourism, indicating in its conceptual definition that ''Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of the present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing the opportunity for the future. The Eco-tourism Society defined Eco-tourism as ''responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of the local people''. Methodology : The present research work is an exploratory study of the impact of the role of tourism policies in general and ecotourism in particular. It is an area specific study of the Sindhudurg district in the relatively less developed region of Konkan in the state of Maharashtra. Field visits were conducted and supported by available secondary data. *Guru Nanak College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mumbai (Maharashtra) **P.G. Dept. of Geography, G.E.T. Arts, Commerce.& Science. College, Nagaon, Dhule (Maharashtra) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (1) March

6 Various publications and reports, journals, conference reports, magazines, newspaper cuttings etc. have been reviewed. Objectives : (1) To review ongoing tourism development in the study region. (2) To study tourism and ecotourism policies in particular. (3) To evaluate the impact of the tourism policies in the study area. About the Study Area : Sindhudurg District was a part of the Ratnagiri district, but for administrative convenience and industrial and agricultural development Ratnagiri district was divided into Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg vide State Government Notification No. REN (967) M-10 dated 30th April 1981, with effect from 1st May1981. Sindhudurg district now comprises the tehsils of Kudal, Malvan, Deogad,and Kankavali, Sawantwadi and Vengurla carved out from Ratnagiri districtand the new tehsil of Vaibhavwadi, created by the transfer of 53 villages from Bavda tehsil of Kolhapur district.sindhudurg district is located in Konkanregion of Maharashtra state.the district is located in the southernmost tip of Maharashtra. It is spread over an area of around 5,207 square kilometer. It lies between 15037' and 16040'north latitude and between 73019' and 74013' east longitude. The north south distance of the district is about 121 km and east-west breadth is about 50 to 55km. It is bordered on the north by Ratnagiri District, on the south by the state of Goa, on the West by the Arabian Sea, and to the east across the crest of the Western Ghats or Sahyadris is Kolhapur District. Sindhudurg district being a coastal district, the climate is generally warm and humid and temperature variations during the day and throughout the seasons are not large. Tourism policies of the Government of India : The first ever tourism policy was announced by the GOI in November 1982, focusing on the development of travel circuits and assigned the responsibility of promoting international tourism to the central government and domestic tourism to the State Government. Tourism was conferred the status of an industry in 1986 and became eligible for several incentives and facilities including tax incentives, subsidies, priorities in the sanctioning of loans by the state financial institutions and preference in providing electricity and water connections. Tourism was made a priority sector for foreign direct investment in 1991 making it eligible for automatic approvals up to 51%of the equity. The National Action Plan for Tourism was announced in May1992. The National Action plan for Tourism, 1992 charts seven objectives as central concerns of the Ministry of Tourism. (i) Socio-economic development of areas; (ii) Increasing employment opportunities; (iii) Developing domestic tourism for the budget category; (iv) Preserving national heritage and environment; (v) Development of international tourism; (vi) Diversification of the tourism product; (vii) And, increase in India's share in world tourism. A National strategy for tourism development was evolved in It advocated the strengthening of an institutional setup in human resource development, setting up of an Advisory Board of Tourism industry and Trade; The Draft Tourism Policy 1997 states that ''in the context of economic liberalization and globalization being pursued by the country, the development policies of no sector can remain static''. The policy further states that ''international tourists visiting interiors of the country for reasons of purity of the environment and nature contributes to the development of these areas particularly backward regions''. Thus tourism should also become a reason for better preservation and protection of our natural resources, environment and ecology. Ecotourism Policy 1998 granted ''Export House 'status to tourism making hotels, travel agents, tour operators and tourist transport operators eligible for such recognition entitling them to various incentives. During 1998, the Government of India prepared a policy document one ecotourism. The only document available with regard to ecotourism policy at national level is the Ecotourism Policy and Guidelines 1998 which identifies key players in Ecotourism as: Government, Developers/operators and suppliers, visitors, host community, NGOs and Research Institutes. It also prescribes operational guidelines for these key players. The policy defines and hence approaches ecotourism with a clear conservation bias. It lays down cardinal principles suggesting the importance of involvement of local communities, minimizing the conflicts between livelihoods and tourism, environmental and socio-cultural carrying capacities. It also perceives that ecotourism should be part of integrated development of the area. It emphasizes the role of careful planning in infrastructure development and a detailed cost benefit analysis prior to implementation. It talks about standards, continuous monitoring and codes of conduct for visitors. This identifies the ecotourism resources of the country and lays down the need for a specialized, participatory, policy planning approach for the development of the ecotourism destinations. It also stipulates the roles to be played by the stakeholders such as the government, the tour operators, the destination managers, the tourists, the host community and the voluntary organizations. In order to develop tourism in India in a systematic manner, the tourism policy 2002 position it as a major engine of economic growth and to harness its direct and multiplier effects for employment and poverty eradication in an environmentally sustainable manner. One of the principles of the policy states that ''sustainability should serve as guiding star for the new policy. The development and management strategies should be so worked out as to ensure that tourism largely acts as a smokeless industry and Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (1) March

7 its ecological footprints remain as soft as possible. No one engaged directly or indirectly, in the tourism industry should be allowed to secure short-term gains by resorting to what has been called the darker side of tourism. Neither over exploitation of natural resources should be permitted nor the carrying capacity of the tourist sites ignored''. The policy in its preamble clearly states that the policy envisages new initiatives like making tourism catalyst in employment generation, environmental regeneration, development of remote areas and promoting social integration. To create employment opportunities and bring about socio-economic benefits to the community, particularly in the interior and remote areas and strive towards balanced and sustainable development are the objectives of the policy. It is the policy of the central government to encourage people's participation in tourism development including PanchayatiRaj institutions, local bodies, co-operatives, Non-government organizations and enterprising local youth to create public awareness. Focused attention will be given for the integrated development of identified centres with ws Tourism Policies in Maharashtra : The government of Maharashtra announced a policy of incentives in 1999 for new tourism projects and expansion of the existing projects. The type of incentives included total tax exemption for a certain period and supply of electricity at industrial rates. The special package for Sindhudurg district provided for 50% concession on available government land and no increase in water and electricity tariff for a period of 10 years. The government of Maharashtra has prepared the MEDC's Vision 2005 Report for Konkan, which states that ''Although Konkan is generously endowed with natural resources its per capita income is much lower than the state average and it could be raised to Rs. 1 lakh. This is possible by harnessing the tremendous potential of Konkan region, especially in tourism and entertainment. For the purpose following initiatives have been undertaken. The international airport will come up on the border of Sindhudurg. The coastal highway will be completed. Promotion of Ayurvedic tourism. The Government of Maharashtra has included ayurvedic vanaspati plantation in Employment Guarantee Scheme. Adopting single window scheme for promotion industrial development in Konkan. Government will invite private sector in generation of Hydroelectric power in Konkan. The 720 km. coastline of Konkan has been included for development as the National Tourism Circuit and Tarkarli has been chosen as the new port of call for Hebridean Cruise Liners. Development of Konkan on the lines of the French Riviera, Bali and Gold coast, self contained resorts will be developed on under populated and under productive lands. Strong Public Private Partnership collaboration in the development of infrastructure, creation of training schools for locals aggressive marketing. Government of Maharashtra allocated Rs. 5 crore in the budget for the Konkan Riviera. Tourism policy 2006 policy aims at acquiring a planned growth in tourism, in an ecologically sustainable manner and promoting arts and handicrafts. It stated the 'Action Plan' for the next five years and the long term vision for2025 as development of infrastructure at tourist destinations. The Ecotourism policy 2008 has misconstrued ecotourism as nature tourism and defines nature tourism as ''manifestation of the culture of the local residents, study of flora and fauna in unpolluted natural environment and to travel to natural areas to admire its beauty and to observe nature closely. In its principles it states that as per the saying 'Small is Beautiful', nature tourism should be small scale.it states that MTDC would be responsible to promote ecotourism and would work in association with Forest Department to organize wildlife tours. Ecotourism Initiatives - Konkan Diving Dreams : MTDC's project Konkan Diving Dreams has been inaugurated on 24th May, 2007 at Tarkarlibeach six kilometers from Malvan in Sindhudurg District. Blue water, golden sand, coral reefs, dolphins and abundance of endangered underwater animals has been found along the Konkan coast after the MTDC's initiation of ecotourism. Snorkeling project has been settled on the pristine waters of Tarkarli sea and Sindhudurg fort. Scuba diving has commenced from October 2007 between Tarkarli and Vengurla rock. The rock formations have maintained marine life and one can find here amazing corals, colourful fishes and sargasum forest. MTDC has trained local youth as a 'guide for snorkelling and scuba diving. Water sport activities have also been started in Karli river of Tarkarli village with modern equipments i.e motor boats, aero speed boats, water scooter, banana boat, dolphin boat and wind surfer. The Sindhudurg district, has been declared as the 'Tourism District', has, best beaches of the region. Tata Consultancy Services has prepared an integrated tourism development plan for the entire district. Under a tourism development plan prepared by Tata Consultancy Services for the state government, 21 sites have been identified for such development. Industry has already started taking tremendous interest and the Taj group of hotels has been given a sprawling 66-hactare plot at Shiroda village to set up naturopathy centre and resort. The Oberoi group is setting up an 80-hectareholiday village at Mithras. The Fomento group, owners of the Cidade de Goa hotel at Panjim in Goa, is negotiating for a 55-hectare plot at Mochemad village. In addition, the MTDC itself is constructing budget hotels and camping sites at various locations. Scuba diving has commenced from October2007 between Tarkarli and Vengurla rock. It has plans to start water sports activity in karli river of Tarkarli village with modern equipments, i.e motorboats, aero speed boats, water scooter, banana boat, Dolphin boat and windsurfer. Maharashtra government is considering setting up an amusement parkon the lines of the Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (1) March

8 world famous Disneyland at Sawantwadi, amusement park at Kumarmath in the district. Shiroda, Tarkarli, Mochemad, Mandwa, Kihim and Janjira have been identified for further beach promotion drives. These are as will compete with Goa. For this purpose MTDC plans to implement the STDP. For fulfilling all these projects under the name of ecotourism policies large acres of agricultural land were acquired by the government for the construction of five-star hotels, resorts and the proposed Oros Airport. The tourism development model in the region was to cater specifically to the needs of foreign tourists with the sole intention of bringing in foreign exchange. The image of Sindhudurg as a 'foreign tourist destination' has not only made it completely inaccessible to domestic tourists due to its ultra-expensive nature but also has gradually adulterated its socio-cultural ethos. Tourism activities have caused the displacement of locals from areas like Mithabao, Tarkali, Shiroda and Malwan, giving rise to anti-tourism protests and demonstrations in many places. While the country was already witnessing vibrant and widespread protests against the SEZ Act 2005, the National Tourism Advisory Council (NTAC), a think-tank under the Ministry of Tourism (Mo T) meant to advise it on policy issues, floated in November 2006 the proposal of establishing Special Tourism Zones (STZs) along the lines of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) to boost tourism and increase investment, employment and infrastructure in the country. It is thought that with these incentives, private investors would come flocking to STZs, resulting in improved infrastructure increased economic activities and creation of jobs for the 'dependent communities' in the STZ area. Conclusion : (1) The thrust of the policies have been on developing commercial tourism though the nomenclatures have been changing like sustainable tourism, ecotourism, nature tourism etc. (2) The draft policy 1997 for the first time clearly highlighted tourism as an important instrument for sustainable development and preserving environment and ecology. (3) The specific ecotourism policy 1998 though advocates all the principles of ecotourism it also assigned export house status offering various types of incentives to travel agents and tour operators. (4) The tourism policy 2002 also assigns very high level of importance to sustainable tourism development and at the same time this policy created tourism economic zones with private participation. (5) The government of Maharashtra in its various policy initiatives also assigns tremendous importance to sustainable tourism through ecotourism. However, various ongoing projects are the commercial mass scale tourism projects having potential threats to the environment and likely disasters. (6) The ecotourism policy 2000 also has misconstrued ecotourism as nature tourism. Under the name of ecotourism initiatives various tourism infrastructure and tourism development projects have potential threat to environment and posing dangers of disasters. (7) Ecotourism needs to be understood in the right perspective. (8) Tourism that destroys the natural environment or that leads to the disappearances of local human culture and values is not compatible with ecotourism. References : (1) Singh, R, (2004). National Ecotourism and Wildlife tourism, Policies and guidelines. Kanishka, New Delhi. (2) Singh, R, (2004). Handbook of Environmental Guidelines for Indian Tourism. Kanishka New Delhi. (3) Proceeding of The South Asia Regional Conference on Ecotourism, (20002) Sikkim, India. at (4) http : // background.htm. Report : (1) Acharya Keya (1997) Issues in Wildlife Tourism in Karnataka. (2) Study Report on Preparation of 20 years Perpective plan for Development of sustainable Tourism in Maharashtra, March 2003 available at (3) Policy Documents : (1) Department of Tourism, (2002). National Tourism Policy Ministry of Tourism and Cultural affairs Government of India at URL (2) Department of Tourism, (1982). National Tourism Policy, Ministry of Tourism and Cultural Affairs at URL http : // (3) National Tourism Policy, (2002). Depart of Tourism, Ministry of Tourism and Culture and Government of India at http : // (4) National Ecotourism Policy, (1998). Department of Tourism, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Government of India. (5) National Action Plan for Tourism-Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation, GOI, Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (1) March

9 a G eography An International, Registered & Referred Monthly Journal : Research Link - 120, Vol - XIII (1), March , Page No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No yesnš lenmeerue cew heâmeue Øee he keâe legueveelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew yesnš lenmeerue cew heâmeue Øee he keâe legueveelcekeâ DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ DeOÙeÙeve mes mhe neslee nw efkeâ yesnš lenmeerue cew Yeeweflekeâ Je meebmke=âeflekeâ JeeleeJejCe ke=âef<e kesâ efues Øeefleketâue heefjefmleefleùeeb GlheVe keâjlee nw~ Ùeefo Ùeneb hej DeeefLe&keâ JÙeJeefmLele efjeefoeùeew mes Yetefce keâe GheÙeesie efkeâùee pees, pewmes DeÛÚer efmebûeef&, GefÛele cee$ee cew Keeo, DeÛÚs yeerpe SJeb Yetefce keâšeje keâes jeskeâves kesâ meeoeve DeheveeSb peesb, lees hewoejeej cew Je=efæ nesieer~ yeì{er ngf& hewoejeej ve kesâjeue DeefOekeâ Deveepe, yeefukeâ DeefOekeâ JÙeeheeefjkeâ heâmeuew Yeer hewoe keâjwieer~ efkeâmeeveew keâes DeefOekeâ mes DeefOekeâ ueeye efceuesiee, efpememes jnve-menve SJeb yesnš lenmeerue kesâ peerjeve mlej keâes TBÛee G"eves cew meneùelee Øeehle nesieer~ [e@.mebpeùe meesnveer* SJeb kegâ.hee ue** ifjp; % Hkkjr,d d`f"k iz/kku ns'k gs vksj d`f"k iz/kku ns'k esa Hkwfe] ifjokj] lekt,oa ns'k vkfn ds fy, egroiw.kz LFkku j[krh gsa Hkwfe eq[;r%,d,slk lalk/ku gs tks izd`fr dh nsu gsa fdlh Hkh ns'k dh Hkwfe ml ns'k ds fuokfl;ksa ds vkffkzd thou ij izhkko Mkyrh gsa tsls & iozrh; {ks=ks a es a tgka HkkSfrd rroks a ds dkj.k d`f"k finm+h volfkk es a gksrh gs vksj d`f"k vk/kkfjr m ksx LFkkfir djus esa dfbukbz vkrh gs] tcfd esnkuh {ks=ksa esa d`f"k dk;z muufr'khy gksrk gs vksj d`f"k vk/kkfjr m ksx,d lkfk iuius yxrs gs ftlls ekuo dk vkffkzd thou muufr'khy gks tkrk gsa ftyk lgkjuiqj dh csgv rglhy dk HkkSxksfyd {ks= / kjkryh; Lo:i vr;f/kd fofo/krk fy, gq, gs] bldk mrrjh Hkkx f'kokfyd Js.kh ds varxzr vkrk gs] e/;orhz Hkkx] HkkHkj ¼?kkM+½ {ks= gs tks vr;f/kd tfvy lel;k okyk gsa bl {ks= es a Hkw&{kj.k dh lel;k vr;f/kd gsa mrrjh,oa e/;orhz {ks= es a rhoz <ky gksus ds dkj.k Hkwfe dvko dh lel;k ges'kk cuh jgrh gsa fupyk {ks= jrkyk dgykrk gs] tks fd esnkuh,oa d`f"k dh n`f"v ls mi;ksxh gsa 'kks/k {ks= dk ifjp; % csgv rglhy mrrj&if'pe mrrjizns' ds lgkjuiqj tuin ds mrrj esa flfkr gsa csgv rglhy ds mrrj esa f'kokfyd iozrekyk] nf{k.k esa iaqokjkdk o ljlkok fodkl [k.m] if'pe esa ;equk unh o gfj;k.kk jkt; dk ;equkuxj tuin rfkk iwoz eas mrrjkapy jkt; dk ftyk gfj}kj flfkr gsa csgv rglhy dk folrkkj ^ 0^^ ls ^15^^ mrrjh v{kak'k rfkk ^ 30^^ ls ^30^^ iwohz ns'kkarj ds e/; flfkr gsa csgv rglhy dh if'peh lhek izkd`frd lhek ;equk unh }kjk ifjlhfer gsa csgv rglhy dk dqy {ks=qy gsdvs;j gsa mn~ns'; % orzeku v/;;u ds mn~ns'; mu lel;kvks a dks <w a<uk ftlls ;gk d`f"k fodkl dh lehkkoukvks a dks [kkstk tk lds aa tsls & orzekues a?kkm+,oa jrkyk {ks= es a d`f"k mi;ksx dh flfkfr Kkr djuka?kkm+,oa jrkyk {ks= es a d`f"k flfkfr es a varj dk v/;;u djuka fof/k ra= % csgv rglhy ds varxzr dqy 330 xzke gs ftles a ls 66 xzke xsj vkckn o 264 xzke vkckn gs aa izlrqr v/;;u {ks= es a 10 xkao?kkm+ {ks= o 10 xkao jrkyk {ks= es a ;kfn`fpnd fof/k ls fy;s x;s gs s ftles izr;sd xkao es a 20&20 O;fDr;ks a ls iz'ukoyh }kjk mudk Qly izk:i] ty Lrj] flapkbz lqfo/kk vkfn iz'uks a dks tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;ka v/;;u {ks= dk HkkSfrd o.kzu % ;g Hkkx xaxk ;equk nksvkc dk vax gksrs gq, Hkh /kjkryh; fofhkuurkvksa ls lqlfttr gsa /kjkryh; mppkop leqnz ry ls Å pkbz] e`nh; lajpuk] viokg ra= rfkk vu; HkkSfrd rroksa ds vk/kkj ij v/;;u {ks= dks izns'kks a dh miflfkfr dk cks/k djkrh gsa ¼1½ f'kokfyd igkm+h {ks= ¼2½ mi igkm+h izns'k ¼?kkM+ izns'k½ ¼3½ [kknj ¼4½ jrkyka fev~vh % iozrh; ou fev~vh % ;g Hkkjh phdk ls jsrhyh izdkj dh fev~vh gksrh gsa tsls dadm+& irfkj ;qdra jsrhyh o dadjhyh fev~vh % ;g fev~vh?kkm+ {ks= esa ik;h tkrh gs] ;g xgjs pkdysvh jax dh de mitkå fev~vh gksrh gsa ;g fev~vh jsrhyh gydh eqyk;e o phdk] bles a dadm+& irfkjksa dh vf/kdrk gksrh gsa ckaxj fev~vh % ;g gydh nksev o 75 izfr'kr jsr dk va'k gksus ds dkj.k de mi;ksxh gksrh gsa *meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (Yetieesue efjeyeeie), Yes ueeue heešeroej MeemekeâerÙe mveelekeâesòej ceneefjeåeeueùe, cent (ceoùeøeosme) **MeesOe Úe$ee (Yetieesue efjeyeeie), Yes ueeue heešeroej MeemekeâerÙe mveelekeâesòej ceneefjeåeeueùe, cent (ceoùeøeosme) Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (1) March

10 nksev fev~vh % jrkyk {ks= dh fev~vh nksev fpduh gksrh gs] ftles a jsr ds d.k cgqr de gksrs gs ;g mitkå fev~vh gksrh gsa viokg ra= % ;equk unh csgv rglhy dh izeq[k unh gsa fgumu ;equk dh lcls cm+h lgk;d unh gsa ;g f'kokfyd igkfm+;ksa ls fudyrh gsa [kqtukoj] uygsmk] lksgkxuh o dkyh unh] ukxnso vkfn fgumu dh cka;s vksj dh lgk;d ufn;ka gsaa ukxnso] <eksyk o d`".kk nka;h vksj dh lgk;d ufn;ka gsa ;s nf{k.kh Hkkx dh vis{kk mrrjh Hkkx esa rhoz izokg j[krh gsaa ftlds dkj.k mrrjh Hkkx esa bu ufn;ksa ls flapkbz ugha gks ikrh gsa bl dkj.k?kkm+,oa jrkyk nksuksa Hkkxksa es a tylrkj esa dkqh vlekurk gs tslk fd uhps rkfydk esa?kkm+ jrkyk nksuksa dk tylrkj n'kkz;k x;k gsa v/;;u djus ls Kkr gqvk fd]?kkm+ vksj jrkyk {ks= ds ikuh dk Lrj dk varj nksuksa {ks= esa 49&50 QhV dk varj ik;k x;k gsa ftlds dkj.k ;gk ds Qly izk:i es a Hkh varj ik;k tkrk gsa v/;;u ls Li"V gksrk gs fd?kkm+,oa jrkyk {ks= ds ckcsy cqtqxz] VksMjiqj] 'ksjiqj [katjiqj] [kqtukoj] dekyiqj eqlr] Hkkstsokyk] ehjiqj Bldk tnhn] dknjiqj] lqugvh] frmqok] yrhqiqj HkwM] fetkziqj iksy] vyh vdcjiqj] gehjiqj] vkfjqiqj] egewniqj uxyh] [kqjzeiqj] Qrsgiqjiyks] Fkkiqy blekbyiqj] iujkuk esa eddk] xuuk] xsgw ] tks] eawxqyh vkfn fofhkuu Qly izk:i,oa Qlyksa ds mriknu esa cgqr varj ik;k x;ka varj dk izeq[k dkj.k ;gka ds ty Lrj varj gksuk gsa Rkfydk %?kkm+,oa jrkyk {ks= esa Qly mriknu dk vkslr o varj varj l- dz- Qly dk uke vkslr mriknu izfr gsdvs;j@ fdoavy esa ¼jrkyk½ vkslr mriknu izfr gsdvs;j@ fdoavy esa ¼?kkM+½ 1- xuuk /kku 21 & & 3- xsgw mm+n 20 & & 5- tks Tokj & & & 7- eddk eawxqyh & 14 & rkfydk ls fofnr gksrk gs fd nksuksa {ks= ¼?kkM+,oa jrkyk½ esa Qly mriknu esa dkqh varj ik;k tkrk gsa lel;k % jrkyk {ks= es a fofhkuu izdkj dh Qlys a mxk;h tkrh gs a]d;ks afd ;gk Hkwfe d`f"k ;ksx;,oa flapkbz dh lqfo/kkvks a ls ifjiw.kz gsa tcfd nwljh rjq?kkm+ {ks= es a d`f"k n'kk,a jrkyk {ks= dh foijhr volfkk es a gsa uk rks ;gka d`f"k ;ksx; Hkwfe gs vksj uk gh flapkbz dh lqfo/kk, A leiw.kz d`f"k vfkkzr~ 98 izfr'kr Hkkx o"kkz ij vk/kkfjr gsa vr% ;gka Qly mriknu jrkyk {ks= dh vis{kk de gsa v/;;u {ks= esa d`f"k ds izhkko % jrkyk {ks= es a d`f"k n'kk,a vpnh gksus ds dkj.k ekuo thou csgrj rjhds ls O;rhr gksrk gsa bl {ks= esa f'k{kk lqfo/kk] csgrj i'kq/ku] vpnh vkoklh; lqfo/kk,,oa d`f"k lk/kuksa ls ;qdr gsa tcfd?kkm+ {ks= esa d`f"k n'kk, vpnh ugha gksus ds dkj.k ekuo thou vlr&o;lr] f'k{kk lqfo/kk u ds cjkcj] nq/kk:,oa vpnh uly ds i'kqvks a dh deh] d`f"k lk/kuks a dk vhkko vkfna ;gka yksx >ksim+huqek?kjkas esa fuokl djrs gsaa vdlj xehz ds eksle esa ;s yksx I;kl,oa >ksifm+;ksa esa vkx yxus ls ne rksm+rs utj vkrs gs( vksj cjlkr ds le; esa ck<+ tslh izkd`frd vkink dk lkeuk djuk im+rk gsa lek/kku % ;gka dh d`f"k eq[;r% ekulwu ij fuhkzj gsa vf/kdrj fdlkukas dks lw[ks dk lkeuk djuk im+rk gsa ftlls fdlkuksa dh flfkfr n;uh; gsa bl flfkfr dks lq/kkjus ds fy, dqn lq>ko fn;s x;s gsaa ;gka eq[; lel;k?kkm+ {ks= esa gs] ysfdu ;s lq>ko nksuksa ds fy, ykhkdkjh gsa] ftugsa viukus ls?kkm+ {ks= dh flfkfr esa lq/kkj vksj jrkyk {ks= dh flfkfr vksj Hkh csgrj gks tk;sxha lq>ko % ¼1½ csgv rglhy esa d`f"k tksr dk vkdkj fujurj?kv jgk gsa [ksrksa ds bl fohkktu dks jksdus ds fy, pdcunh ;kstuk o lkewfgd d`f"k dks viukus gsrq d`"kdksa dks izksrlkfgr fd;k tk,a ¼2½ ;gka dh ufn;ksa ij NksVs cka/k cuk;s tkus pkfg, rfkk rkykcksa dks xgjk dj flapkbz lqfo/kkvks a es a o`f) dh tkuh pkfg,a ¼3½ l?ku o`{kkjksi.k uhfr iw.kz :i ls ykxw dh tkuh pkfg,a ¼4½ jklk;fud [kknka s dk mi;ksx fujurj c<+ jgk gs] ftlls Hkwfe dh mozjk 'kfdr fujurj?kv jgh gsa blds fy, ty dh vko';drk gksrh gs ijurq ;gka flapkbz lk/kuksa dh lel;k gksus ds dkj.k tsfod [kkn ds mi;ksx dks c<+kok nsuk pkfg,] ftlls fev~vh dh mozjk 'kfdr esa o`f) gksxha ¼5½ ;gka ds fdlkuks a dh vkffkzd flfkfr vpnh ugha gksus ds dkj.k ;s vk/kqfud d`f"k ;a=ksa dks viukus esa lefkz ugha gs vr% d`f"k ;a= iapk;r Lrj ij miyc/k djk;s tkus pkfg,] ftlls ;gk ds d`f"k fodkl Lrj esa c<+ksrrjh gksa ¼6½ f}qlyh {ks=qy esa o`f) gksuh pkfg,a ¼7½ d`f"k ;ksx; csdkj im+h Hkwfe dks [kkn,oa muur rduhd ls d`f"k ;ksx; cuk;k tk ldrk gsa ¼8½ izkd`frd izdksi ls ;gk dh d`f"k vr;f/kd izhkkfor gksrh gs tsls & lw[kk] ck<+] vfxu vkfna vr% d`f"k chek ;kstuk ykxw dj d`"kdks a dks gksus okyh gkfu ls cpk;k tk ldrk gsa fu"d"kz % csgv rglhy es a HkkSfrd o lkald`frd okrkoj.k d`f"k ds fy, izfrdwy ifjflfkfr;k mriuu djrk gsa ;fn ;gka ij vkffkzd O;ofLFkr fof/k;ksa ls Hkwfe dk mi;ksx fd;k tk;s tsls & vpnh flapkbz] mfpr ek=k es a [kkn] vpns cht,oa Hkwfe dvko dks jksdus ds lk/ku viuk,a tk;saa blls isnkokj esa o`f) c<s+xh] c<+h gqbz isnkokj u dsoy vf/kd vukt cfyd vf/kd O;kikfjd Qlysa Hkh isnk djsxha fdlkuksa dks vf/kd ls vf/kd ykhk feysxk] ftlls jgu&lgu,oa csgv rglhy ds thou Lrj dks Å pk mbkus esa lgk;rk feysxha Research Link - An International Journal Vol - XIII (1) March