Selected aspects of sustainable tourism development at the local government

Transcription

1 Selected aspects of sustainable tourism development at the local government JANUSZ GRABARA Faculty of Management Czestochowa University of Technology ul. Armii Krajowej 19 B, Czestochowa POLAND STEFAN NOWAK, AGNIESZKA ULFIK Faculty of Sport and Tourism Management The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice ul. Mikołowska 72a, Katowice POLAND Abstract: Tourism is an important sector of the economy. Currently in Poland most of the tasks related to tourism, has been passed on to local governments. Communities, as well as districts and provinces have to find the funds to cover the demand for tourism in their budgets. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of local government on the development of tourism, by examining the income and expenses of the local governments. There were studied the revenue and expenditure communities, districts and provinces throughout the country, presenting them in aggregate form divided into six regions of the country and the combined data from all Poland. The study concerned the years 2008 to The biggest spending on tourism in the studied years to renew their community, and those fees are significantly increased in the analyzed period of time. Revenues from tourism were significantly lower than its expenditures for communities, districts and provinces. These costs, however, should have a positive impact in terms of tourism income in subsequent years. Key Words: tourism, local government, sustainable tourism, tourism development, community, district, province, expenses on tourism, revenue from tourism. 1 Introduction Decisions taken by local government often have great importance for the development of tourism in the region. Tourism together with recreation (particularly physical recreation), make it possible to improve the quality of life of residents. This is inter alia, contributing to the promotion of a healthy and active lifestyle, which leads to an improvement in health status [1]. Tourism is, however, possible to improve the economic situation by increasing income such as in the service industry. Tourism and recreation are the two most important elements included in the dimension of the issues of free time, which means that participation in tourism and recreation is a form of leisure activity [2]. In addition to the forms of leisure time activities tourism and recreation are important issues pursued by local governments [3]. In this context, as they have a specific financial impact on both the cost and revenue at all levels of local government. One possibility is to also improve the quality of online services related to tourism, which increases the availability of the region for tourists [4]. Another important issue is sustainable tourism. It is not only protection of the environment, but also includes improving living conditions of the nearest social environment and economic aspects of the tourist area. More and more countries are implementing plans and projects sustainability of the tourism sector [5]. These solutions can have various form of reducing water consumption by hotels, to limit the number of tourists in places particularly valuable because of the environment or historical significance. Other solution is to promote local products, thereby improving the quality of life of residents by giving them the opportunity to raise the profile of the material. The country attractive to tourists, are accepted and implemented strategic ISBN:

2 plans for the implementation of sustainable tourism, which is now gaining importance. 2 Tourism in the reform of local government in Poland In the 90's of last century, fundamental changes took place in Poland. There was the transformation, leading to decentralization of public administration and establishing a new territorial division of the country. The first stage of these changes was the reform of community [6]. The new law introduced a system of local administration at the elementary level, the territorial administration of the country. Community received the full independence of the legal attributes, economic independent budget and independent source of income [7]. In the later stages occurred the reform of the district [8] and province [9] that creates self government administration also at these levels. The result of the reforms was the introduction of the three division of the country. The fundamental units of local government became community, district and province [10]. According to the package of laws which local government reform, local government entity is the local community living in a particular area, organized by the territorial self government relationship. Government is a creature called by the State to perform its tasks, and its existence is dependent on the will of the legislature. Municipalities performing state administration, use their own resources. Local government autonomy is mainly reflected in the financial independence [11]. Up to 70% of the tasks are implemented at the local level [7]. Such a system sharing tasks, indicating that the territorial organization of the country is based on the local government in each of the areas of administration, most of the tasks performed by the local level. Local government units as a result of political changes have also been forced to take on issues related to tourism, as a task of its own. In 1999 it was appointed Department of Tourism, which is currently located within the Ministry of Sport and Tourism. Tourism management already at the lowest level of local government. Often, however, it must be considered from the perspective of the whole region, often involving several local government units [12]. It is necessary to properly construct a development strategy that could lead to a change in the profile of local government functions and enable the development of tourism, not only in areas generally considered to be attractive to tourists. Among the factors affecting the tourist profile, usually refers to the location, natural conditions, tourist attractions, historical factors and the management of local government [3]. Local authorities and the population living in the region, have a special role in the development of tourism. Management of local governments in terms of tourism, should be designed to promote the development of local and regional tourism products [3, 5]. Great importance for the development of tourism are also infrastructure investments for local governments that are not only a necessity, but also an opportunity [13]. In the case of co ordination of infrastructure investments, the effect of the impact of these investments can significantly increase may appear synergies. 3. Expenses and revenue of local governments related to tourism Local government units at all levels are obliged to incur any expenditure on tourism. These costs are, however, difficult to clearly classify. It is also connected with sustainable development of tourism and all regions. The development of tourism affects different types of investments, such as infrastructure spending on roads, railways, expenditure on energy development, protection of the environment [14]. In studies of expenditure and revenue from tourism, included three division into units of local government: municipalities, counties and provinces. Data were grouped according to the divisions of the country into regions. In all these studies was adopted Polish division into 6 regions: Central Region including Łódź and Mazovia Province, Southern Region including Małopolska Province and Silesia Province, Eastern Region including Lublin, Podkarpacie, Podlasie and Świętokrzyskie Province, North Western Region including Lubuskie, Wielkopolska and West Pomerania Province, South Western Region including Lower Silesia and Opole Province, Northern Region including Kujawy Pomerania, Pomerania and Warmia Masuria Province. Expenditure on tourism presented in accordance with the division adopted by the Central Statistical Office in Poland ( Tourism is classified in section 630 Nomenclature of ISBN:

3 Territorial Units for Statistics. On commissioning work for print, the data from the year 2012 have not yet been published. Table 1 presents expenses on tourism in 2011 incurred by communities, grouped in regions. There is also value of expenses in Poland which amounted ,77 PLN. The same value in 2010 was ,88 PLN. In 2009 it was only ,14 PLN and in year ,32 PLN. This huge difference is due to changes in legislation over the studied years. Expenditure in many areas of life are gradually shifted onto the shoulders of local governments, increasing in this way the amount needed to meet the needs. Behind these changes often are not borne out grants and subsidies from the central government. Table 1. Community expenses on tourism in year 2011 divided into regions in PLN. Region of Poland Community expenses on tourism [PLN] Central ,93 Southern ,48 Eastern ,28 North western ,20 South western ,39 Northern ,49 POLAND ,77 more than spending districts. These data are presented in Table 3. Provinces in 2011 spent on tourism the amount of ,36 PLN. In 2010 it was ,98 PLN. In 2009 this amount was significantly higher at ,44 PLN, but in 2008 it was much lower at only ,04 PLN. Table 3. Province expenses on tourism in year 2011 divided into regions in PLN. Region of Poland Province expenses on tourism [PLN] Central ,21 Southern ,57 Eastern ,49 North western ,04 South western ,54 Northern ,51 POLAND ,36 Tourism expenditure incurred by the various levels of local government underwent significant changes in recent years. Data on tourism expenditure incurred in the years by the communities (column A), districts (column B) and provinces (column C) are shown in Figure 1. Data on tourism expenditure made by the districts are presented in Table 2. Total expenditure in 2011 amounted to only ,65 PLN which is a small amount compared to the communities. In year 2010 it was ,75 PLN, in 2009 only ,86 PLN and in 2008 it was ,59 PLN. Spending on tourism districts are much smaller than the expenditure of communities. Table 2. District expenses on tourism in year 2011 divided into regions in PLN. Region of Poland District expenses on tourism [PLN] Central ,93 Southern ,14 Eastern ,69 North western ,94 South western ,55 Northern ,40 POLAND ,65 Expenditure on tourism regions in 2011 were lower than the expenditure of municipalities, but Fig. 1. Expenses on tourism generated in local governments: communities (column A), districts (column B) and provinces (column C) in years in Poland in millions PLN It should be noted that the biggest spending on tourism in the years 2010 and 2011 issued communities. This situation was quite different from previous years, when significantly more spending fell on the shoulders of provinces. This is due to ISBN:

4 changes in legislation and the fact that Poland was preparing for the UEFA European Football Championship EURO 2012, which took place in Poland and Ukraine. Many of the investments related to the euro and indirectly related to tourism and this is reflected in the presented data. In addition to spending on tourism, local governments also received income. Tables 4, 5 and 6 of the revenue from tourism in 2011, obtained at various levels of local government. Table 4 shows the community revenue from tourism, by region and cumulatively for the whole country. In 2011 this revenue in Poland were ,17 PLN, in ,29 PLN, ,10 PLN, ,02 PLN. Satisfactory is that this revenue to grow significantly over the years Table 4. Community revenue from tourism in year 2011 divided into regions in PLN. Region of Poland Community revenue from tourism [PLN] Central ,58 Southern ,54 Eastern ,44 North western ,59 South western ,88 Northern ,14 POLAND ,17 In the case of provinces, tourism revenues were greater than revenue in districts but at the same time significantly less than the income in communities. Data on 2011 are shown in Table 6. In 2011tourism revenues amounted to ,01 PLN. In previous years, revenue was lower and amounted to ,05 PLN in 2010, ,14 PLN in 2009 and ,06 PLN in Table 6. Province revenue from tourism in year 2011 divided into regions in PLN. Region of Poland Province revenue from tourism [PLN] Central ,93 Southern ,94 Eastern ,01 North western ,43 South western ,55 Northern ,15 POLAND ,01 Tourism revenues generated in each local authority levels shown in figure 2 the figure that includes income received by communities (column A) Wanted (column B) and provinces (column C) in the years The revenue generated from tourism at the county level in 2011 are shown in Table 5, by region of the country. In 2011, the value of these revenues amounted to ,85 PLN. This amount in previous years amounted to ,51 PLN in 2010, ,56 PLN in 2009 and ,89 PLN in In this case we can also see a noticeable increase in revenues from tourism, but these amounts to the district level is much lower than at the community level. Table 5. District revenue from tourism in year 2011 divided into regions in PLN. Region of Poland District revenue from tourism [PLN] Central ,42 Southern ,93 Eastern ,44 North western ,14 South western ,18 Northern ,74 POLAND ,85 Fig. 2. Revenue from tourism generated in local governments: communities (column A), districts (column B) and provinces (column C) in years in Poland in millions PLN. In the case of income, as in the case of expenditure for 2010 and 2011 differ from previous years. In this case, the changes are mainly due to ISBN:

5 changes in legislation. No less important is also the global crisis [15]. It is also significant disproportion of expenditure and income. Over the years studied, spending on tourism revenue exceeded almost twice as local governments, both at the level of communities and districts and provinces. Ensure that this is not a reason for satisfaction for the decision-makers responsible for the budgets of local governments. Bear in mind, however, is the specificity of the tourism industry. expenses incurred for the development of tourism, often associated with deferred revenue at the time. Sometimes it is also necessary to build a brand of tourism products in order to receive the income, and the process is long and usually quite expensive. 4 Conclusion Local governments at all levels: communities, districts and province, are under the law of their own tasks to take care of meeting the needs of residents. Among the tasks of their own, very important is tourism. Expenditure and revenue of this industry, however, are usually difficult to estimate because of the diversity of both expenditures and revenues. As for spending, one of the most important in terms of tourism, investment in infrastructure, such as even the construction and maintenance of road networks, sewerage networks, system utilities, and energy security of the area. Expenditure of this type, although significantly promote the development of tourism, not all are classified as expenditure on tourism, as are the other areas of the economy. The situation is similar in the case of income. Studies have shown that in each of the six regions of incurred expenses directly related to the development of tourism. In each of the years, the largest investment in tourism communities have suffered, taking on the role of conducting tourism investment and financial support for Local Tourism Organizations. In the analyzed period of time, that is, between , Poland was preparing for Euro 2012, which also meant that there have been a lot of investment to prepare the country for the adoption of tourists visiting stadiums, to stop them or to encourage them to re-visit Poland or a specific region. In subsequent years, expenses on tourism in the entire country was growing, as can be seen particularly strong growth in Data for 2012 were not yet available when paper was put into print. In terms of income from tourism is also apparent is a significant increase in the coming years. Showed the highest income communities in It should be noted that in the examined time period, but increased both expenditure and revenues from tourism, it is these values differed significantly from each other. Expenditure incurred in the whole country in 2011 was almost twice as high as that of revenue, as shown in Tables 1-6 and Figures 1 and 2. The situation was similar in previous years. In 2010, this disparity is almost three times spending on tourism at the level of communities amounted to ,88 PLN and at the same time, only ,29 PLN revenue. In the case of district and provincial governments retained were similar relationship between expenditure and revenue. Although such data is very worrying from the point of view of local governments, it should be remembered that the money invested in tourism, often paying off for many years and do not always give an immediate effect. Additionally, in 2012 in Poland and Ukraine held EURO 2012 and many of the investments were dedicated just for this sporting event. It will be good to observed as the expenditure will have an impact on revenue from tourism in the coming years, especially if they were reflected in the References: [1] A. Hadzik, M. Grabara, Turystyka a inwestycje i imprezy sportowe, Turystyka i Rekreacja, T. 5, [2] A. Panasiuk, Ekonomika turystyki i rekreacji, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa, [3] J. Pasieczny, Profile gmin w Polsce zarządzanie rozwojem i zmianami, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa [4] D. Cotîrlea, Issues regarding e-service quality management customization on online tourism domain, Polish Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 3, [5] P. Bajdor, J. Grabara, Turystyka zrównoważona przegląd literatury i charakterystyka, (in:) S. Nowak (Ed.), Regionalne i lokalne strategie rozwoju turystyki. Materiały i studia. Wyd. Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego w Katowicach, Katowice [6] The Polish Act of 8 March 1990 community self-government (Journal of Laws from 2001, No 142, item 1591). [7] J. Gąciarz, Organizacja i zasady działania administracji publicznej w Polsce, (in:) ISBN:

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