Analysis of tourist supply and demand in West Pomeranian voivodeship 2

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1 Ewa Hącia 1 Maritime University of Szczecin (Poland) Analysis of tourist supply and demand in West Pomeranian voivodeship 2 Introduction Considering the tourism as a market, two of its elements can be referred to basic market phenomena. Tourist traffic fulfil the function of demand, while tourism service sphere has supply function. Tourist service is based on the material and organizational measures, which form a tourist economy in the widest sense [1 p. 19]. The subject of the transaction on the tourist market are goods and services that make up the tourism product [5, p. 45]. While the nature of this market is influenced by the characteristics of the tourist supply and demand. A feature of the tourist demand is its mobility and concentration in the space. A tourist travels in order to meet its tourism needs. The direction of this migration are areas with significant tourist attractions, where the tourist supply is located. The main aim of the article is the analysis and assessment of tourist supply and demand in the West Pomeranian voivodeship. A particular attention has been paid to the tourist accommodation as one of the measures of tourist supply. However, analysis of tourist demand has been carried out on the basis of tourist traffic. The article is the result of the research carried out with application of the diagnostic scientific procedure, enabling assessment of the present state. The analysis of tourist supply and demand in West Pomeranian voivodeship was conducted for the year For the purpose of this study, statistical data from the Local Data Bank published by the Central Statistical Office [10] and other studies were used [7]. Tourist accommodation in west pomeranian voivodeship as the measure of tourist supply Tourist supply in the strict sense is the amount of tourism product offered for sale at the specific price and the time [9, p. 23]. The elements of the tourism product include goods and services to meet the needs of tourists and also attractions and tourist infrastructure, the image of the destination, the tourist's expectations, experiences and the organization of consumption. This is some kind of market offer proposed by the enterprise and tourist place as well. However, not all the proposed goods and services must include in the composition of the product. The same company can offer different products, in accordance with the demand for specific goods and services. Tourist supply in wider interpretation is the overall activities of all subjects that meets the demand of tourists [5, p. 56]. Tourist supply is located in areas with significant tourist attractions. For this reason, it is fixed in the space, so tourist has to move to the place of its occurrence [9, p. 29]. The volume of tourist supply is limited by the absorption of the area [5, p. 57]. It is also high capital-intensive and stationary in a short period of time. However, long-term changes are dependent on the investment opportunities in a particular location. It is also characterized by seasonal occupancy. Knowledge of the size and structure of tourist supply is essential in the process of planning and management of tourism in the area. The evaluation of elements included in the supply (made by tourists) has an impact on the tourist attractiveness of place or region. The tourist attractiveness depends on the tourist virtues and facilities as well as the availability of transport. The tourist facilities are planned allocation of tourist infrastructure in the area, necessary in developing tourist functions [6, p. 15]. It includes these elements, which ensure proper functioning of tourist reception area, with an assumption that all needs of the tourists are met [3, p. 55]. The tourist facilities consist of accommodation, catering units and transport. An essential element of the tourist facilities is the tourist accommodation, which represents all the objects where tourists can spend the night, outside the place of their living. It is also one of the measures of the tourist supply [9, p. 38]. The state of tourist accommodation in Poland and West Pomeranian voivodeship in the year 2013 is shown in the table 1. The characteristic of tourist accommodation includes figures and selected indicators, which are often used as gauges of the tourist development of the region. The Baretje s and Defert s rate is one of the most commonly used indicator in case of evaluation of tourist accommodation. It is measured in number of bed places per 100 inhabitants [4, p. 41]. In spatial analysis other indicators are used, for example number of bed places per 1 km 2, called the tourist accommodation density rate. 1 2 Maritime University of Szczecin, Faculty of Economics and Transport Engineering, Institute of Transport Management, Department of Organization and Management ehacia@op.pl. Reviewed paper

2 Tab.1. The state of tourist accommodation in Poland and West Pomeranian voivodeship in the year 2013 Specification Poland West Pomeranian voivodeship The place of West Pomeranian in voivodeship s ranking Tourist accommodation establishments Number of facilities III Number of bed places I Number of bed places per 100 inhabitants (Baretje s and Defert s rate) I Number of bed places per 1 km 2 (the tourist accommodation density rate) II Occupancy rate of bed places [%] I Source: own study based on [7]. Studying figures contained in the table 1, it is possible to conclude that West Pomeranian voivodeship is characterized by a significant tourist accommodation. In 2013, about 18% of all bed places in Poland were located in this area, giving first position in the country. The occupancy rate of bed places was also the highest. Tourism plays an important role in West Pomeranian voivodeship. It was confirmed by the highest Baretje s and Defert s rate in Poland. Moreover, this region is characterized by high density of the tourist accommodation. The rate was much higher than the average for Poland. The structure of the bed places in tourist accommodation establishments in West Pomeranian voivodeship in 2013 ( ) is presented in the table 2. The largest group was places in holiday centres. About 41% of all bed places in Polish holiday centres was situated in this region. Unfortunately, there is trend of declining number of bed places in this group. Nearly 13% decrease has been observed in comparison with Table 2 also contains information about the occupancy rate of bed places in each type of tourist accommodation facilities. The highest indicator has been reported in health establishments 72%. The occupancy of other objects vary between 11.70% to 48.60%. However, only in two cases (hotels, holiday youth centres) the average for the whole region exceeds. It has been proved that there has been unused potential of tourist accommodation in West Pomeranian voivodeship. Tab. 2. The structure of bed places in tourist accommodation establishments and occupancy rate in West Pomeranian voivodeship in the year 2013 Tourist accommodation establishments Number of bed places Share in the total number of bed places [%] Occupancy rate of bed places [%] Hotels and similar establishments including: Hotels Motels Boarding houses Other hotel facilities Other facilities including: Excursion hostels and shelters (including youth, school) Holiday centres Holiday youth centres Training-recreational centres Creative arts centres and complexes of tourist cottages Camping and tent camp sites Hostels Health establishment Rooms for guest Agrotourism lodgins Other not classified Source: own study based on [7]

3 Due to the formation of tourist supply, knowledge of the tourist accommodation structure and the degree of its occupancy is important. It allows investment planning of in the field of construction, expansion and modernization of tourist accommodation facilities. The interest in a particular type of object (represented, inter alia, by the occupancy rate), affects tourist offer. This proposal should be designed to meet the specific needs of tourists in the region. West Pomeranian voivodeship is characterized by the spatial differentiation of tourist accommodation arrangement. In the year 2013, 84.69% of all West Pomeranian s bed places were located in the six coastal counties (powiats). These were the counties: Kołobrzeg (21.84%), Kamień (15.65%), Gryfice (15.21%), Koszalin (12.36%), Sławno (11.18%) and Świnoujście (8.45%). These coastal areas are characterized by significant tourist attractions. Therefore, tourist accommodation has been located there. Its size denotes the large tourist supply. Further evaluation of tourist supply has been limited to these six counties with the largest concentration of tourist accommodation. Table 3 shows the comparison of selected parameters of tourist accommodation in six counties of West Pomeranian voivodeship in Figures presented in table show that these counties are characterized by high density of the tourist accommodation. The highest rate was in city county Świnoujście, the lowest in Koszalin, but it is higher than the average for the entire voivodeship. However, the highest occupancy rate of bed places was noted in Kołobrzeg (during the year). Due to the seasonal nature of tourism, the rate goes up in the peak summer season. The coastal counties of West Pomeranian voivodeship are also differential in terms of the spatial concentration of tourist accommodation. Therefore, the analysis of tourist supply has been limited to gminas that are the most important for tourists within these counties. Number of bed places in 2013 was the criterion for selection % of Kołobrzeg s bed places were located in gminas: Kołobrzeg (76.96%) and Ustronie Morskie (22.17%). Gminas Dziwnów (59.01%) and Międzyzdroje (33.57) had 92.58% of places situated in Kamień. Within gminas Rewal (76.14%) and Trzebiatów (23.33%) there were 99.47% of Gryfice s bed places. The majority of places in Koszalin were located in Gmina Mielno (94.50%) % of Sławno s bed places were in Gmina Darłowo. These gminas and also Świnoujście were selected to further analysis. Tab. 3. Characteristics of selected parameters of tourist accommodation in six counties of West Pomeranian voivodeship in the year 2013 Specification Kołobrzeg Kamień Gryfice Koszalin Sławno Świnoujście (city county) Number of facilities Number of bed places Number of bed places per 100 inhabitants (Baretje s and Defert s rate) Number of bed places per 1 km 2 (the tourist accommodation density rate) Occupancy rate of bed places [%] The tourist accommodation in the nine coastal gminas was evaluated by the same two rates (Baretje s and Defert s, the tourist accommodation density). The results are shown in the table 4. It allows to compare the values of the indicators calculated for gminas, counties and West Pomeranian voivodeship. All of the selected gminas are characterized by high density of the tourist accommodation. The highest rate was reported in Gmina Rewal, the lowest in Gmina Trzebiatów. In terms of number of bed places Gmina Kołobrzeg is the leader, which is characterized by lower density of tourist accommodation. Tab. 4. Selected indicators of tourist accommodation in nine gminas of West Pomeranian voivodeship in the year 2013 Gmina Number of bed places Number of bed places per 100 inhabitants (Baretje s and Defert s rate) Number of bed places per 1 km 2 (the tourist accommodation density rate) Kołobrzeg Ustronie Morskie Dziwnów Międzyzdroje Rewal Trzebiatów Mielno Darłowo Świnoujście

4 Taking into account the number of bed places per inhabitants or per area, it is possible to calculate indicators which are reflecting maximum capacity of tourist accommodation. Assuming full occupancy of bed places in selected gminas, these figures illustrate the maximum degree of spatial concentration and congestion. Due to the limited absorption of this area, it is probably impossible to occupy the entire tourist accommodation. It is also associated with other aspects, including social and environmental, which are not the subject of presented research. Tourist traffic as the measure of tourist demand Besides supply, tourist demand has an impact on nature of tourist market. The size of the requirements for tourist product at the specific price and the period of time is named tourist demand [9, p. 47]. This notion is related to meet needs of tourist. In this context, the tourist demand are requirements for certain goods and services, that tourists are willing to buy at the specific price in order to meet their needs, related to the tourist traffic [2, p. 25]. A tourist has to move in order to meet his tourism needs, due to tourist supply located in a particular place. Hence, tourist demand is characterized by mobility and concentration in space. The location of tourist attractions determines the direction of tourist trips and spatial arrangement of tourist traffic. An important feature of the tourist demand is its seasonality. It is reflected in the variation of tourist traffic volume. This attribute is dependent on the type of tourism, geographical location and climatic conditions. Changes in the intensity of tourist traffic are observed within a year, as well as within a week (weekend trips). Knowledge of this changes allows to counteract the effects of seasonality of tourist demand. These activities consisted, inter alia, of price reductions, preparation year-long tourist offer, arranging additional events, creating new forms of tourism, including offers for specific customer groups. Tourist demand is restitutive (renewable). It means that tourist buys similar tourism product anew. As a result of increase in its income, a tourist acquires better (more expensive) product. The resignation of any form of tourism is a last resort. A tourist assumes that tourist needs will reappear in future. Knowledge of the size and structure of tourist demand is essential in shaping the tourism policy and decision-making process by entities operating in the field of tourist supply. The primary measure of tourist demand is the size and structure of tourist traffic [9, p. 77]. Tourist traffic is temporary migration outside place of residence. It is a result of social needs that refers to different kind of tourist motivation [4, p. 13]. Participants in tourist traffic create demand for goods and services (during the trip and stay). This demand causes consequences of different nature in tourist reception areas (tourist host places), tourist emission areas (places of residence for tourists) and transit areas. A tourist is a participant (subject) in tourist traffic. It is characterized by different needs and possibilities of participation in tourist travel. Analysis of tourist traffic, as the measure of tourist demand in West Pomeranian voivodeship, has been limited to nine coastal gminas. It was the same gminas for which the assessment of tourist accommodation was carried out. This study allows to identify the relationship between supply and demand in these areas. The tourist traffic has been assessed on the basis of the statistical data published by the Central Statistical Office [10]. These statistics is a result of full original research carried out in tourist accommodation facilities. Data was related to the number of tourist and overnight stays in tourist accommodation establishments in Table 5 presents the comparison of the number of tourist and overnight stays in tourist accommodation establishments in nine gminas of West Pomeranian voivodeship in the year According to the figures, the highest number of tourists occupied bed places in Gmina Kołobrzeg. It was about 22% of all tourist accommodated in West Pomeranian voivodeship. However, the share of this gmina in all voivodeship was about 41%, if number of overnight stays of foreign tourists is considered. On the other hand, the fewest tourist accommodated in Gmina Trzebiatów. In the year 2013, 82.58% of all overnight stays in West Pomeranian voivodeship was in nine analyzed gminas. In case of the analysis of tourist traffic many indicators can be used. Some of them are treated as intensity rate. Schneider s rate and Charvat s rate are the most popular. First of them is measured in number of tourists accommodated per 100 inhabitants. Second of them is measured in number of overnight stays per 100 inhabitants [8, p. 69]. Other indicators are also used in spatial analysis, for example number of tourists per 1 km 2 [4, p. 41], called the tourist traffic density rate

5 Gmina Tab. 5. Number of tourists and overnight stays in tourist accommodation establishments in nine gminas of West Pomeranian voivodeship in the year 2013 Number of tourists accommodated total Number of foreign tourists accommodated Number of overnight stays total Number of overnight stays of foreign tourists Kołobrzeg Ustronie Morskie Dziwnów Międzyzdroje Rewal Trzebiatów Mielno Darłowo Świnoujście Selected indicators of the tourist traffic intensity and density in nine gminas of West Pomeranian voivodeship in the year 2013 is presented in the table 6. Tab. 6. The tourist traffic intensity and density rates in nine gminas of West Pomeranian voivodeship in the year 2013 Gmina Number of tourists accommodated per 100 inhabitants (Schneider s rate) Number of overnight stays per 100 inhabitants (Charvat s rate) Number of tourists per 1 km 2 (the tourist traffic density rate) Kołobrzeg Ustronie Morskie Dziwnów Międzyzdroje Rewal Trzebiatów Mielno Darłowo Świnoujście The nine coastal West Pomeranian s gminas are characterized by differentiation of tourist traffic. In terms of its density, very high values are reported in two gimas: Rewal and Kołobrzeg. However, less spatial concentration of tourist traffic was in gminas: Trzebiatów and Darłowo. The intensity of traffic in analyzed gminas developed in a slightly different way. High Schneider s rate has been noticed in the following gminas: Rewal (about 33 tourists per 1 inhabitant), Mielno (about 27 tourists per 1 inhabitant), Międzyzdroje and Dziwnów (about 20 tourists per 1 inhabitant). When Charvat s rate is considered, three gminas were the best (Rewal, Mielno i Dziwnów). In accordance with indicators, the lowest intensity of tourist traffic was observed in following gminas: Trzebiatów (about 2 tourists per 1 inhabitanta), Darłowo (about 3 tourists per 1 inhabitant) and Świnoujście (about 5 tourists per 1 inhabitant). Conclusions 1. Tourist as a participant in tourist traffic travels in order to meet its tourism needs. Its migration creates tourist demand in the place where tourist supply is located. 2. One of the measures of tourist supply is tourist accommodation. The volume, intensity and density of tourist traffic allows to assess tourist demand. 3. West Pomeranian voivodeship is characterized by the spatial differentiation of tourist supply arrangement. More than 80% of all West Pomeranian s bed places were located in six coastal counties. These were the counties: Kołobrzeg, Kamień, Gryfice, Koszalin, Sławno and Świnoujście. The largest concentration of tourist accommodation within these counties were in the following nine gminas: Kołobrzeg, Ustronie Morskie, Dziwnów, Międzyzdroje, Rewal, Trzebiatów, Mielno, Darłowo, Świnoujście. 4. Among nine analyzed gminas, the largest number of bed places was located in Kołobrzeg. Gmina Rewal was characterized by the highest density of tourist accommodation. 5. West Pomeranian voivodeship is also characterized by the spatial differentiation of the volume, intensity and density of tourist traffic. In the year 2013, 82.58% of all overnight stays in West Pomeranian voivodeship was in nine analyzed 13334

6 gminas. The highest number of overnight stays was in Gmina Kołobrzeg. While Gmina Rewal was characterized by the highest density and intensity of tourist traffic. 6. Gmina Trzebiatów was characterized by the lowest density of tourist accommodation and also the lowest intensity of both tourist accommodation and traffic, among nine analyzed gminas. Abstract The main aim of the article is the analysis and assessment of tourist supply and demand in the West Pomeranian voivodeship. A particular attention has been paid to the tourist accommodation as one of the measures of tourist supply. However, analysis of tourist demand has been carried out on the basis of tourist traffic. REFERENCES 1. Gaworecki W.W., Turystyka, PWE, Warszawa Gołembski G., Przedsiębiorstwo turystyczne w gospodarce wolnorynkowej, Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej w Poznaniu, Poznań Kaczmarek J., Stasiak A., Włodarczyk B., Produkt turystyczny. Pomysł, organizacja, zarządzanie, Polskie Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne, Warszawa Kurek W., Mika M., Turystyka jako przedmiot badań naukowych, [w:] Turystyka, praca pod redakcją naukową W. Kurka, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa Nowakowska A., Rynek turystyczny, [rozdział w:] Kompendium wiedzy o turystyce, pod redakcją G. Gołembskiego, PWN, Warszawa Pawlikowska-Piechotka A., Zagospodarowanie turystyczne i rekreacyjne, Wyd. Novae Res, Gdynia Turystyka w 2013 r., Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warszawa Warszyńska J., Jackowski A., Podstawy geografii turyzmu, PWN, Warszawa Wodejko S., Ekonomiczne zagadnienia turystyki, Wyższa Szkoła Handlowa, Warszawa Bank Danych Lokalnych Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego