Faecal Coliform Bacteria

Transcription

1 Faecal Coliform Bacteria Coliform bacteria include a wide range of aerobic and facultative anaerobic, Gramnegative, non-spore-forming bacilli capable of growing in the presence of relatively high concentrations of bile salts with the fermentation of lactose and production of acid or aldehyde within 24 h at C. Escherichia coli and thermotolerant coliforms are a subset of the total coliform group that can ferment lactose at higher temperatures. As part of lactose fermentation, total coliforms produce the enzyme b-galactosidase. Traditionally, coliform bacteria were regarded as belonging to the genera Escherichia, Citrobacter, Klebsiella and Enterobacter, but the group is more heterogeneous and includes a wider range of genera, such as Serratia and Hafnia. The total coliform group includes both Faecal and environmental species. By testing for coliforms, especially the well known E.coli, which is a thermotolerant coliform, one can determine if the water has probably been exposed to faecal contamination; that is, whether it has come in contact with human or animal faeces. It is important to know this because many disease-causing organisms are transferred from human and animal faeces to water, from where they can be ingested by people and infect them. Effects on Environment and Human Health Total coliforms should be absent immediately after disinfection, and the presence of these organisms indicates inadequate treatment. The presence of total coliforms in distribution systems and stored water supplies reveal regrowth and possible biofilm formation or contamination through ingress of foreign material, including soil or plants. Large quantities of Faecal coliform bacteria in water may indicate a higher risk of pathogens being present in the water. Some waterborne pathogenic diseases include ear infections, dysentery, typhoid fever, viral and bacterial gastroenteritis, and hepatitis A. The presence of faecal coliform tends to affect humans more than it does aquatic creatures, though not exclusively. Remedial Measures Faecal coliform, like other bacteria, can usually be killed by boiling water or by treating with chlorine. Washing thoroughly with soap after contact with contaminated water can also help prevent infections. Municipalities that maintain a public water supply should monitor and treat for Faecal coliforms.

2 Figure 9.1: Spatial distribution of Faecal Coliform Bacteria in Kerala surface water

3 Surface water Faecal Coliform For water entering a distribution system Coliform count in any sample of 100 ml should be zero (0). For water in a distribution system E coli count in 100 ml of any sample must be zero (0). Coliform organisms should not be more than 10 per 100 ml in any sample. Coliform organisms should not be present in 100 ml of any two consecutive samples or more than 5% of the samples collected for the year. Remarks Sampling sites above desirable limit (organism/100ml) are listed ditrictwise in Table 10.1 and the same is shown spatially in Figure 9.1 Table 10.1: Locations of Faecal Coliform Bacteria above desirable limit Location Kallana aru Lekkidi-Vythri Mukkadavu Munnar (8th mile) Perumpara Estate Pidavoor Tirunelli Vellayan Annakkayathumoola Kalar River Muthanga Muthappankolli Neduvannor Kadavu Pandalam Thamarakulam lake Value District 2 Kollam 2 Wayanad 2 Kollam 2 Idukki 2 Thirssur 2 Kollam 2 Wayanad 2 Tiruvanthapuram 4 Tiruvanthapuram 4 Kollam 4 Wayanad 4 Wayanad 4 Kollam 4 Pathinamthita 4 Kozhikode

4 Thommankuthu-Kaliyar Valikulam-Palapilly Malampuzha Moonnukalunkutodu Munddari Pazhayidam Pambala-lower Periyar Azhuta River Pamba-Aratukadavu Chenkulathukavu Koodathi Alathur Nilambur-Chaliyar Panathur Aranmula Sathrakadavu Cheruthoni Jalsoor Kakkad Vallakadavu Achankoil River Karimbam-Taliparamba Kuttampuzha Pamba-Njunungar Puthalam Sabrimala-Pamba Thannimoodu - Kallar Mananchira lake Bavikara-Chandragiripuzha Ellukachi-Karike Pookod Lake Azhuta River-Idukki Manjappalam Avananvancherri Chenkulam Nedumangadu Sasthamkotta Lake Koolimadu Ezhuvathruthy-Nariooarambu Muvathupuzha Pallipadi Karuvannurpuzha Kudapuzha Kulathurmozhi 4 Idukki 4 Thirssur 6 Palakkad 6 Idukki 6 Malappuram 6 Kollam 7 Idukki 8 Kottayam 8 Pathinamthita 9 Kottayam 9 Kozhikode 11 Palakkad 11 Malappuram 11 Kasarkod 1 12 Idukki 12 Kasarkod 12 Idukki 14 Pathinamthita 17 Kannur 17 Idukki 17 Pathinamthita 17 Malapuram 21 Pathinamthita 21 Idukki 22 Kozhikode 23 Kasarkod 26 Kasarkod 26 Wayanad 27 Idukki 27 Kozhikode 33 Tiruvanthapuram 33 Kollam 33 Thiruvananthapuram 33 Kollam 34 Kozhikode 50 Malappuram 50 Ernakulam 50 Malapuram 60 Malappuram 60 Thirssur 60 Kottayam

5 Kuppapuram Malapuram-Chamakayam Marakadavu Vadakara-Koorangottukatavu Kattupara Adukkam Cherananllur Kavalam-Kuttanadu Nallathanni Vettikattumukku Wadakancheery Kallarakadvu Kandiyoor Malumelkadavu Veeyapuram Athikayam Kaladi Kalikadu Kothamangalam-Kozhipalli Kundamankadavu Ottapalam Thirthala Peechi Dam Kazhuthruthy Poovathummuddu Puzhapalam - Chitturpuzha Thodupuzha Changanacherry Irriti Mannarkad-Kunthipuzha Munnar - Marayyr Rd Aluva Neyyar 60 Alapuzha 60 Malapuram 60 Wyanad 60 Kozhikode 80 Malapuram 90 Kottayam 110 Thirssur 110 Alapuzha 110 Idukki 110 Kottayam 110 Thirssur 140 Pathinamthita 140 Alappuzha 140 Kollam 140 Alappuzha 170 Pathinamthita 170 Ernakulam 170 Tiruvanthapuram 170 Ernakulam 170 Thiruvananthapuram 280 Palakkad 280 Palakkad 300 Thirssur 350 Kollam 350 Kottayam 350 Palakkad 500 Idukki 900 Kottayam 900 Kannur 900 Palakkad 900 Idukki 1600 Ernakulam 1600 Thiruvananthapuram

6 Figure 9.2: Spatial distribution of Faecal Coliform Bacteria in Kerala well water

7 Well water Coliform (MPN) For water entering a distribution system Coliform count in any sample of 100 ml should be zero (0). For water in a distribution system E coli count in 100 ml of any sample must be zero (0). Coliform organisms should not be more than 10 per 100 ml in any sample. Coliform organisms should not be present in 100 ml of any two consecutive samples or more than 5% of the samples collected for the year. Remarks Sampling sites above desirable are listed districtwise in Table 10.2 Table 10.2: Locations of Faecal Coliform Bacteria above desirable limit Location Athikayam Boundermukku Kallarakadvu Kallely Check Post Neyyar Dam Pampa Valley Pazhayidam Pidavoor Vadaserikara Vaithiri Bengathadka Bovikanam Chenkulathukavu Manjeri Nilambur Onakkoor-Piravam Value District 2 Thiruvananthapuram 2 Thiruvananthapuram 2 Kottayam 2 Kollam 2 Wayanad 4 Kasaragod 4 Kasaragod 4 Kottayam 4 Malappuram 4 Malappuram 4 Ernakulam

8 Kattachal Kochupilammood Kulathurmozhi Old Munnar Vallakadavu Avananvancherri Peeramedu Thannimoodu Kandiyoor Kayamkulam Nedumangadu Veeyapuram Thiruvallam Adhur Kallummoottilkadavu Kanhangad Kothamangalam Mattancherry Muvathupuzha Payyanoor Thalassery Chatakadavu Alathoor -WYD Alathur Kulasekaram Malumelkadavu Tirur Aaviyal Hosabettu - Manjeshwar Kottooli Koyilandy- Kothamangalam Thodupuzha Adukkam Irriti Mahe Neyyathinkara Poorot Karimbam-Taliparamba Ponnani Kalikulam Junction Kavalam Kollengode 6 Kollam 6 Kollam 6 Kottayam 6 Idukki 6 Idukki 7 Thiruvananthapuram 7 Idukki 7 Idukki 9 Alapuzha 9 Alapuzha 9 Thiruvananthapuram 9 Alapuzha 11 Thiruvananthapuram 12 Kasaragod 12 Kollam 12 Kasaragod 12 Kannur 12 Kannur 13 Wayanad 14 Wayanad 14 palakkad 14 Thiruvananthapuram 14 Kollam 14 Malappuram 17 Kasaragod 17 Kasaragod 17 Kozhikode 17 Kozhikode 17 Idukki 22 Kottayam 22 Kannur 22 Puduchery 22 Thiruvananthapuram 22 Kasaragod 23 Kasaragod 23 Malappuram 26 Alapuzha 26 Alapuzha 26 palakkad

9 Koodungalur 26 Thrissur Koyilandy 26 Kozhikode Puzhapalam 26 palakkad Sulthan Bathery 26 Wayanad Thrissur 26 Thrissur Vettakkal Junction 26 Alapuzha Wadakancheery 26 Thrissur Koyilandy 27 Kozhikode Vettikattumukku 27 Kottayam Balusserry - Vaikundam 30 Kozhikode Kaladi 30 Ernakulam Malappuram-Kottakunne 30 Malappuram Vadakara 30 Kozhikode Chemnad 33 Kasaragod Cherananllur 33 Thrissur Kalpetta - Rattakoli 33 Wayanad Ottapalam 34 palakkad Perinthalmanna 34 Malappuram Payyanoor 40 Kasaragod Chalakudy 50 Thrissur Poovathummuddu 50 Kottayam Thuruthelpalam 80 Kottayam Guruvayoor 110 Thrissur Kannimari 110 palakkad Karingalmanna 110 Kozhikode Placimada 110 palakkad Mullackal-Azhapuzha 140 Alapuzha Guruvayoor1 240 Thrissur Kannur 280 Kannur Chavakkad 300 Thissur Thondikulam Agraharam 350 palakkad Ernakulam 500 Ernakulam Fort Cochin 500 Ernakulam Mannarkkad 500 palakkad Aluva 900 Ernakulam Thrissur >1600 Thrissur

10 Figure 9.3: Spatial distribution of Faecal Coliform Bacteria in Kerala tap water

11 Tap water Coliform (MPN) For water entering a distribution system Coliform count in any sample of 100 ml should be zero (0). For water in a distribution system E coli count in 100 ml of any sample must be zero (0). Coliform organisms should not be more than 10 per 100 ml in any sample. Coliform organisms should not be present in 100 ml of any two consecutive samples or more than 5% of the samples collected for the year. Remarks Sampling sites above desirable limit (organism/100ml) are listed districtwise in Table 10.3 Table 10.3: Locations of Faecal Coliform Bacteria above desirable limit Location Value District Adithippuzha Boundermukku 2 Thiruvananthapuram Kalikadu 2 Thiruvananthapuram Kallely Pandalam 2 Kasaragod Pathanapuram pump house 2 Kottayam Vadaserikara Kakkad 4 Ernakulam Kilikkallungal 4 Malapuram Kondayangadi-Mananthavadi 4 Wayanad Nilambur 4 Malapuram Ponathur 4 Kasaragod Vaithiri 4 Wayanad Avananvancherri 6 Thiruvananthapuram Chenkulathukavu 6 Kottayam Kavalam-Kuttanadu 6 Alappuzha Kummallor 6 Kollam

12 Nedumangadu Pamba-Triveni Pazhavangadi Jn-Aazhapuzha Nedumkandam Peeramedu Akathethara Kandiyoor Kayamkulam Payyanoor Thathampally Kakki Junction Kallarakadvu Kulasekaram Parayilkaling Thenkara Aluva Chalakudy Kothamangalam Muvathupuzha Pallikunnu - Kannur Thalassery Theekoy Thiruvallam Veeyapuram Munnar Town Alathoor -WYD Kalpetta - Rattakoli Kalpetta Malappuram-Kottakunne Malumelkadavu Ottapalam Sultan Battery Chittur Kalikulam Junction Kanhangod Kasargod Kollengode-Vellanara Mahe Moonkilmada Pokki-Manjeshwar South Beach - Calicut Thodupuzha Vadakara 6 Thiruvananthapuram 6 Pathinamthita 6 Kannur 7 Thiruvananthapuram 7 Alappuzha 9 Palakkad 9 Alappuzha 9 Alappuzha 9 Pathinamthita 9 Alapuzhala 11 Alappuzha 11 Pathinamthita 11 Thiruvananthapuram 11 Pathinamthita 11 palakkad 12 Thrissur 12 Kannur 12 Kannur 12 Kottayam 12 Thiruvananthapuram 12 Alapuzhala 13 Idukki 14 Wayanad 14 Wayanad 14 Wayanad 14 Malapuram 14 Kollam 14 Palakkad 14 Wayanad 17 Palakkad 17 Alappuzha 17 Kasaragod 17 Kasaragod 17 Palakkad 17 Puducherry 17 Palakkad 17 Kottayam 17 Kozhikode 17 Idukki 17 Kozhikode

13 Wadakancheery Thamarassery Alathur Cholomkunnu Kaladi Kallummoottilkadavu Koodungalur Neyyathinkara Talipparamba Kulathurmozhi Chavakkad Cherananllur Ernakulam Kollam Beach Perror Tirur Balusserry - Vaikundam Thrissur Guruvayoor Irriti Kuppapuram Ponnani Chirakadavu Fort Cochin Shastiparambu 17 Thrissur 21 Kozhikode 26 Palakkad 26 Malapuram 26 Ernakulam 26 Kollam 26 Thrissur 26 Thiruvananthapuram 26 Kannur 27 Kottayam 33 Thirssur 33 Thirssur 33 Ernakulam 34 Kollam 34 Idukki 34 Malapuram 60 Kozhikode 60 Thrissur 110 Thrissur 140 Kannur 170 Alappuzha 240 Malapuram 280 Kottayam 300 Ernakulam 350 Ernakulam