Meridian Energy Project Hurunui Wind Proposal Assessment of Recreation and Tourism Effects

Transcription

1 Rob Greenaway &Associates Meridian Energy Project Hurunui Wind Proposal Assessment of Recreation and Tourism Effects 17 February Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 0

2 Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 1

3 Meridian Energy Project Hurunui Wind Proposal Recreation and Tourism Assessment of Effects Contents 1 Introduction and summary Report structure Recreation and tourism values Summary of effects Future tourism options Aims and objectives Aim Objectives Definitions and scope Method Recreation and tourism activities near proposal area Hurunui Tourism Summary Tourism flows Public reserve and conservation lands Motunau Beach Waipara and Glenmark Greta Valley Tipapa Omihi Scargill Significance Literature review summary United Kingdom Australasia Summary Effects of the proposal Construction Operation Future tourism options Mitigation Summary References Appendix 1: On-line literature search by location Appendix 2: International research: wind farms, tourism and recreation United Kingdom Spain Australia New Zealand United States Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 2

4 1 Introduction and summary This report describes the effects of a wind farm proposed by Meridian Energy for Centre Hill near Greta Valley in North Canterbury (Figure 1). The project site is on six private cattle and sheep farms collectively almost 3,500 ha of land. The proposed wind farm footprint will include approximately 58 ha of that. Thirty-three turbine locations have been identified. The maximum height from the ground to the top of the rotor arc of each turbine will be no greater than 130.5m. Figure 1: Location Proposed Hurunui wind farm 1.1 Report structure This report provides: A description of the proposal and a summary of all key findings (this section). A definition of the aims, objectives, study area and method (Section 2). A review of all the recreation and tourism activities identified in the study area (Section 3). A summary of international and national research relating to the effects of wind farms on recreation and tourism (Section 4). A review of the effects of the proposal on these values (Section 5). A set of appendices that provide background data for a complete understanding of the issues raised in the main body of the report. Specifically, an on-line review of tourism and recreation values in the study area and international case studies of wind farms and tourism. Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 3

5 1.2 Recreation and tourism values The main regional tourism centre in the southern corner of the Hurunui District is Waipara, with its wine focus and association with the Weka Pass railway. Motunau Beach is a popular regional recreation destination with fishing charters the key tourism activity. Several accommodation options are available in the Greta Valley, including the Greta Valley Camping Ground and several B&B-style services. The Woolshed at Tipapa (Tipapa) on Motunau Valley Road is a recently opened events venue associated with an accommodation service. There are few other tourism activities in the immediate area surrounding the proposed wind farm. The local setting is one where visitors are likely to stop off on their way through to other destinations (such as Waipara, Christchurch and Kaikoura), rather than a specific tourist centre in itself. Tipapa is the only setting operating as a specific visitor destination close to the wind farm site. Recreation settings within the immediate area are Motunau Beach, Scargill Golf Course and Domain, Omihi Reserve (the Glenmark Rugby Club and tennis courts), and the Motunau Beach Road (which is used for the Greta Valley Marathon Relay). 1.3 Summary of effects International research into the effects of wind farms indicates that they have little adverse effect on tourism and recreation activity. This outcome partly results from the fact that wind farms are rarely built in areas with high tourism profiles, and also reflects that there is a mix of personal responses to wind farm developments. The majority of respondents to relevant surveys consider that wind farms have no effect on their activities. All primary research into the effects of wind farms on recreation and tourism cited in this report describe a portion of respondents who state that wind farm development would have an adverse effect on their likelihood of returning to a visitor setting. No surveys consider deterrents to visiting a setting for the first time, because they are conducted in situ. There is also a portion of respondents who state that wind farms are an attraction, although no data has been located in preparing this report to support the finding that people will visit a region specifically because of wind farms. Rather, wind farms are something to visit while already in a visitor setting. The portion of respondents who do not like wind farms and who state that wind farms would reduce the likelihood of visiting a destination may therefore represent a potential net loss to tourism. However, none of the studies cited have reported an actual loss in tourism activity, and the final conclusions are that wind farm developments have negligible effects on tourism and recreation. However, the caveat is that wind farms are generally not built in popular visitor areas where tourism is fully dependent on landscape values. Effects of the operation of the proposed wind farm on recreation and tourism will relate to the visibility and audibility of the turbines. There is little tourism or recreation activity in the area which defines itself by the landscape setting of Centre Hill, although the North Canterbury landscape in general is referred to as adding to the visitor experience. Tipapa is the exception and promotes itself as a specific seasonal destination (October to April), based around its restored woolshed, the sale of a small range of boutique products, refreshments, luxury accommodation and two short rural walks. The visual amenity of the Greta Valley and Waipara areas is supported by the pleasant rural backdrop, but there are no data to suggest that the changes reviewed in the landscape assessment for the proposal would lead to notable changes in regional tourism and recreation participation levels. For example, there is little evidence to suggest that anglers fishing off Motunau would be less likely to visit as a result of seeing a wind farm. Rough (2011), in his assessment of landscape and visual effects of the proposal concludes that there will be substantial effects from five publically accessible viewpoints: Greta Village Café and Bar car park Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 4

6 SH1 and lay-by near Glenmore Motunau Beach Road near Greta Valley School Motunau Beach Road, 4km from SH1 Reeces Road opposite Serrat Downs None of these is a visitor setting where views of the wind farm are likely to have an adverse effect on the recreation or tourism experience of the district. All but one (Greta Village Café and Bar car park) are transit areas. The Greta Village Cafe and Bar car park is not, in itself, a visitor destination unlike the bar and café itself, which looks out to the west. The Greta Village Café and Bar is more likely to benefit from additional traffic stopping to observe the wind farm than suffer any adverse effect. It is unlikely that settings which have a slight or lower visual effect from the wind farm will undergo any change to their level of recreation or tourism activity or satisfaction, considering the rural character of those settings and the minor contribution of the wind farm to the general vista. Areas with moderate visual effects may have some resulting effects on levels of recreation or tourism activity or satisfaction, if there is a dependency on the pre-existing character of the landscape setting. Omihi Reserve (Glenmark), as a focus for sports activity, is unlikely to have any change in participation or satisfaction levels considering its sporting focus. In relation to Tipapa, Rough (2011) concludes: With regard to the private property of Tipapa,... unless visitors take a walk on a future walking track to a feature referred to by the land owner as One Tree Hill, or roam on foot or horseback over hills and farmland where turbines will be highly prominent in some views, the proposed wind farm will have only a very slight to nil landscape and visual effect on those areas of Tipapa that are the principal visitor attractions. The proposed wind farm is unlikely to have long-term adverse effects on recreation and tourism in the Hurunui District. Some minor adverse effects may accrue to Tipapa during the construction phase, and upon completion the scene from some viewpoints on the property will change. Some visitors to Tipapa may be adverse to wind farms in this setting, and substantial views of the turbines from farm walks will reduce the quality of their experience, although this may not translate into a reduction in the number of people who chose to take the walk or stay at the property. As with any wind farm development, potential visitors to settings in the immediate area who dislike wind farms as a component of the landscape will have a reduced quality of experience Conversely, capitalising on the regionally rare option to view a wind farm should be examined by local service operators and an appropriate opportunity developed. If that occurs, there may be a small benefit from increased visitor activity in the Greta Valley area. 1.4 Future tourism options The wind farm proposal is unlikely to curtail the development of future tourism options in the Hurunui District, considering the suite of tourism opportunities available regionally compared with the natural and developed features of the Greta Valley area. The wind farm footprint is on private land and the visual catchment is not strongly promoted for its landscape values, although they remain important. The wind farm itself may be of interest to some visitors, with Greta Valley its closest service centre. Working with service providers to develop an off-road viewing area and information services will afford local benefit by giving passing traffic an additional reason to stop. The local community could establish a strategy to take further advantage of visitor interest by developing an access opportunity to the turbines. Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 5

7 2 Aims and objectives 2.1 Aim Review the recreation and tourism values within the study area, assess the adverse and positive effects of Meridian s proposed wind farm on these values, and identify the potential for mitigating any adverse effects of the proposal. 2.2 Objectives Identify and assess the significance of the recreation and tourism values in the study area. Review the impacts of the proposed operation of the wind farm on the identified recreation values and describe the likely changes to the recreation setting. Propose mitigations required to manage any adverse effects. Identify any potential benefits. 2.3 Definitions and scope This report deals with recreation and tourism values that may be affected by the development of the Project Hurunui wind farm. Recreation is loosely defined as activities pursued for pleasure during free time. Tourism is a subset of recreation. A tourist is a person staying away from home for at least one night while undertaking recreation. It is very hard to tell the difference between a tourist and a recreational visitor within a recreation setting they generally do the same things. A Kiwi family camping by a river might not consider themselves to be tourists, but by definition they are the same as an Australian visitor staying in the same location, although the Australian may have a different expenditure pattern including international air travel, a different frequency of visit and some different expectations. Locally, their social, economic and environmental impacts will be very similar. This study does not consider personal recreation undertaken on one s own property. This could include watching television while glancing out the window at the view, or hunting on a private farm. Effects of a development proposal on such personal and local values are considered to be covered by, for example, landscape assessments, albeit at a generic level. How an individual responds during their recreation time to a development when experienced from their own property is personal and specific and are not covered in this report. Effects on public recreation spaces are more general; visitors have more options as to where and how they visit and effects of change are more broad and general, relating to tourism flows, general levels of satisfaction and expenditure patterns. 2.4 Method This study is based on: A comprehensive literature review including relevant recreation studies, national and regional policy documents and strategies, popular recreation and tourism guides (indexsearched for listings of the study area or potentially relevant locations), internet resources and international wind farm case studies and research reports; Site visits to the study area, including The Woolshed at Tipapa, Motunau Beach and other regional recreation settings; The review of project designs and parallel technical reports (such as noise, landscape, traffic and construction), and communication with their authors. Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 6

8 3 Recreation and tourism activities near proposal area This section describes the tourism and recreation settings identified within the area circled in Figure 2. The area represents a radius of approximately 15 kms from the centre of the proposed wind farm site. The assessment of Rough (2011) notes that at the 15 km boundary the visual effects are considered to be very slight and at 20 km or more, negligible. However, the objective here is not to identify the scale of visibility from publically accessible recreation and tourism settings, but to describe the type and scale of tourism and recreation activity in those settings, and the degree to which the wind farm is likely to have an impact. The primary assessment made here considers the effect of the operation of the wind farm, with visibility the key determinant. Construction effects are considered later in this report (Section 5), as these effects are not bound by the study are shown in Figure 2. This section summarises land and activities managed or promoted by specific agencies (such a territorial authorities and the Department of Conservation), and then reviews tourism and recreation activities at specific locations. The World Wide Web (the Web) has been referred to for identifying tourism activities. On-line promotion for tourism activities is a core component of the marketing plan of any serious tourism operation. Those tourism businesses which do not have a Web presence are likely to be very small scale. A summary of Web references is included as Appendix 1. 10km Figure 2: 15km radius (red) around approximate wind farm footprint (orange) Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 7

9 3.1 Hurunui Tourism This section considers the tourism products promoted in the Hurunui District at the broad level. A review of specific locations in the District is provided in subsequent sections. Hurunui Tourism is governed by a Board comprised of both Hurunui District councillors and independent members who in turn are a sub-committee of the Hurunui District Council. The agency is tasked with promoting tourism in the Hurunui District and supporting industry capability. 1 The agency operates the Visit Hurunui website which seeks to describe the attractions in the region and to coordinate the promotion of commercial accommodation and attraction providers. The site ( provides a snapshot of the region s main attractions. The region is described as: 2 Located as close as a quick 30-minute drive from Christchurch the Hurunui district offers diverse landscape, a rich country lifestyle and award-winning attractions. The Hurunui s small towns offer a window into the rich culture of New Zealand s rural lifestyle. Boasting an abundance of beaches, forests, parks and rivers, including more than 274 hectares of recreation reserves the Hurunui is the perfect playground. The main beaches are at Leithfield, Amberley, Motunau and Gore Bay and there are recreational lakes at Lake Sumner, Lake Taylor and Lake Tennyson. From walks to fishing, picnics to surfing there truly is something to suit every taste and budget. Twenty-two commercial activity providers are listed with Visit Hurunui. Figure 3 shows the location of these. Two maps are shown to include both pages of data. Activities are concentrated in the Waipara and Hanmer areas. Wind farm Figure 3: Activity providers in Hurunui listed with Visit Hurunui 1 Hurunui Community Plan Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 8

10 Thirty-three accommodation providers are also listed and their locations are shown in Figure 4. The campgrounds at Greta Valley and Motunau are not included and various B&Bs are also absent, such as Lovat Downs on Greta Valley Road several kilometres north west of Greta Valley township. 3 Identified providers are clustered around Hanmer Springs and Waipara with several in rural areas, including The Woolshed at Tipapa (Figure 4, number 12 right map), the Waiau Motor Camp (Figure 4, number 13 right map) and the Hurunui Pioneer Village (Figure 4, number 4 right map). Tipapa is the only service provider, in addition to the services in Greta Village, in proximity (less than 2kms) to the wind farm site. Wind farm Figure 4: Accommodation providers in Hurunui listed with Visit Hurunui Visit Hurunui describes the Greta Valley and Motunau area thus: Greta Valley is a great family camping area midway between Amberley and Cheviot. It s the ideal location for those wanting to get away from it all while still being close to surrounding tourism destinations. If you enjoy hitting the golf ball then check out the Scargill Golf Course located only 4kms from Greta Valley. Enjoy the tranquillity of nine holes with tree lined fairways, a few hills and target greens. Highlights Motunau Beach Golf - 9 holes Nape Nape Heritage sites Coastal walks Greta Valley and Motunau Beach Near Greta Valley, on the coast, is Motunau Beach, a popular holiday settlement and camping ground. The beach was first used by Maori sailors as a stopover when travelling by canoe between Kaikoura and Kaiapoi. Surfcasting is popular, a crayfishing industry is based here and charter boats are available for sea fishing. The Motunau Beach Clifftop Coastal Reserve offers sweeping views of the coastline and Motunau Island. Motunau Island once a whaling station is now a nature reserve for some of New Zealand s rarest birds, including the endangered white flipped penguin. 3 Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 9

11 Local Events (yearly) Motunau Beach Boat Fishing Contest February One service provider is identified in the Greta Valley / Motunau area: Tipapa. This service provider is discussed in more detail in Section of this report. The Alpine Pacific Triangle is a touring route between Waipara, Kaikoura and Hanmer Springs promoted by Visit Hurunui. The three destinations form the vertices of the triangle and are the primary tourism service centres, although various centres are promoted in between. Figure 5 shows an extract from the Alpine Pacific Triangle promotional brochure within the area of the proposed wind farm, with text details for Glenmark (Omihi), Motunau, Waikari and Greta Valley. The nearest promoted walking settings are immediately south of Cass Peak. Figure 5: Alpine Pacific Triangle touring map extracts Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 17

12 The Alpine Pacific Triangle route is described by Visit Hurunui : 4 Hanmer Springs is a great place to begin your scenic escape from the real world. Along the way check out our Top 10 Family Escapes for Summer. The route boasts breath-taking and diverse landscape from snow-capped mountains to rich ocean views, with interesting stops along the way. The touring route is very popular with those want to experience our wine, thermal waters and hospitality. Set yourself up for the day with a sumptuous breakfast at one of Hanmer Springs many cafes. Then set off on one of the most scenic side roads in Canterbury, the inland road between Waiau and Kaikoura. It s a stunning journey with rolling hills and mountains, including the Mount Lyford ski field. After taking in the scenery along the inland road your stomach might be starting to rumble. What better way to satisfy your hunger than fish and chips or a fresh crayfish, in Kaikoura. On your way south be sure to keep an eye out for seals along the rugged coastline. Stop for refreshments in Cheviot, before heading to Gore Bay for a walk along the beach or to watch the locals take on the waves on their surfboards. Next on the agenda has to be a relaxing glass of wine in the sun at a Waipara Valley winery. The North Canterbury Wine and Food Trail is the ideal way to explore the numerous wine and food options the wider district has to offer. After such an eventful day there is only one thing that can top it all off back to Hanmer Springs for a luxurious soak in the Hanmer Springs Thermal Pools. Table 1 describes the tourism activities undertaken by domestic and international visitors to the Hurunui District as reported by the NZ Tourism Research Council (TRC, a division of the Ministry of Economic Development) from its International Visitor and Domestic Travel Surveys. 5 Figures for any one activity can vary substantially by year due to small sample sizes (visitor counts less than 5,000 are subject to greater than ± 50% error). Consequently, the domestic data presented here represents averages for the years 2000 to For international visitors the data relate to results collated from 1997 to Table 1: Hurunui District domestic and international visitor activities. Percent of respondents reporting carrying out each activity. Source: TRC 2010a Activity Domestic % International % Dining Volcanic/geothermal attractions Walking and trekking Visiting friends and relatives 14 3 Sightseeing (land) Shopping 9 5 Swimming 7 7 None/nothing 7 4 Business 7 2 Fishing See: 6 Data for the year ended September 2010 has recently become available from TRC (TRC 2011), but is based on a new method and therefore cannot be used in trend analysis. Due to the relatively small sample size for the Hurunui, the data presented here, relying on averages over time, is currently preferred. Results from the latest data set are, however, comparable (generally within one to three percent total difference). Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 18

13 Table 1: Hurunui District domestic and international visitor activities. Percent of respondents reporting carrying out each activity. Source: TRC 2010a Activity Domestic % International % Entertainment 4 3 Other activities 4 3 Other scenic/natural attractions 3 2 Theme and leisure parks 3 1 Cycle sports 3 3 Golf 3 2 Other sports 2 0 Other water activities 2 0 Motor sports 1 1 Snow sports 1 0 Wineries 1 1 Farms 1 0 Boating 1 2 Museums and galleries 1 0 Hunting/shooting 1 0 Convention/conference 1 0 Gardens 1 0 Horse trekking/riding 1 2 Other land activities 0 1 Canoeing, kayaking, rafting 0 1 Bungy jumping 0 1 The importance of the Hanmer area is shown by the percent of respondents who visited volcanic / geothermal attractions more-so by international visitors than domestic, although international visitors account for only 30% of the guest nights in accommodation in the Hurunui District (TRC 2010b). Of note is the low participation in winery activities and the importance of walking and trekking. Wineries are heavily promoted in the Waipara area, but do not appear to have high prominence in these results, which may reflect the nascence of the attraction or an association in the minds of respondents who eat at wineries with the activity of dining. Sightseeing (land), which is differentiated from sightseeing from the air, is also an important regional activity Summary Regional promotion of tourism services in the Hurunui District are concentrated in and around Hanmer and Waipara. Kaikoura, outside the District, forms an important promotional partner for Hurunui. The Greta Valley area is outside these core areas with one operator active in marketing through Visit Hurunui Tipapa. The Scargill Golf Course and the Omihi clubrooms are also promoted. Motunau Beach is the main natural feature in the immediate area described as a visitor destination. Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 19

14 3.2 Tourism flows The Tourism Research Council has developed a Tourism Flows Model while identifies the air and road movements of domestic and international travellers within New Zealand. 7 The data for international visitors is sourced from the TRC s International Visitor Survey and the domestic data from a periodic household survey. Full-year data are available up to 2007 on-line. The TRC has published a summary of the 2005 data at a regional level, which is comparable to that for Figure 6 shows the results for the lower South Island. The minimum thresholds for each data subset for inclusion in the study results are: Domestic day travellers: 4000 annual tourist trips on each road section, although where a road features more than this base number, counts down to 1000 trips are reported for the destinations of travellers. Domestic overnight travellers: 1000 annual tourist trips on each road section. International travellers: 1000 annual tourist trips on each road section. Figure 6: Lower South Island road flows by all travellers in Source: TRC (2007) Motunau and the Motunau Beach Road are not described due to insufficient data (they do not meet the minimum data thresholds). Data are only presented as one set for the road between Waipara and Kaikoura. Greta Valley or any location on SH1 between Waipara and Kaikoura have insufficient responses in the surveys to identify them as a destination with any reliability. That is, the road between Waipara and Kaikoura is not subdivided into discrete sections and data are only provided for the road section in toto as no site within the road section appears within the results as a destination. 3.3 Public reserve and conservation lands Figure 7 locates public reserve land managed by the Department of Conservation (DOC) and the Hurunui District Council (HDC), as identified by the 2002 Canterbury Conservation Management Strategy (DOC 2002), and the HDC Reserves Management Plan (HDC 2008). Tables 2 and 3 describe the recreation attributes of each land unit. The largest and closest reserve area is the Scargill Motunau Reserve, which includes a nine-hole golf course, tennis courts, cricket oval, sports pavilion, bowling club, squash courts and a scout den. Several small and isolated esplanade reserves, marginal strips and gravel reserves are not shown in Figure 7 due to their very small size and lack of recreation value. 7 Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 20

15 Balmoral Picnic Area Balmoral Lookout Reserve Figure 7: DOC and HDC reserves HDC administered DOC administered 7a Boundary Creek Scenic Reserve Turbine footprint Cranky Tom Scenic Reserve Omihi Reserve 7b Glenmark Reserve Mt Ararat Rata Reserve Tiromoana Scenic Reserve Cass Peak UC1 Adj. Pacific Ocean Tiromoana Scenic Reserve Ella Peak 2a 2b Motunau Motunau River River Marginal Marginal Strip Strip Motunau Beach Conservation Area Scargill Motunau Reserve (golf course) Conservation area N34005 Motunau Beach Camping Ground 7a Motunau Beach Reserves 7b Tavern Drive Reserve Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 21

16 Table 2: Department of Conservation-administered public lands CMS Land Unit N33039 and N33041 Boundary Creek Scenic Reserve N33040 Cranky Tom Scenic Reserve N33046 Ex Balmoral Lookout Reserve N34047 Motunau River Marginal Strip N34010 Motunau Beach Conservation Area N34005 Conservation area (Motunau) N34004 Mt Ararat Rata Reserve N34023 Tiromoana Scenic Reserve (Cass Peak Area) N34023 Tiromoana Scenic Reserve (Ellla Peak Area) UC1 Adj. Pacific Ocean CMS recreation data Visitor Use: Low. Facilities: Nil Visitor Use: Low. Facilities: Nil Visitor Use: Day visitors. Facilities: Fire lookout No data Visitor use: Low. Facilities: nil No data Visitor use: not defined. Facilities: nil Visitor use: Low. Facilities: nil Visitor use: Low. Facilities: nil No data (unclassified) Table 3: Hurunui District Council administered reserves HDC Reserve Omihi Reserve. 3.7 ha. Scargill Motunau Reserve ha Glenmark Reserve. 6.0 ha. Tavern Drive Reserve 0.5 ha. Greta township Motunau Recreation Reserve. 1.4 ha. Motunau Beach Parade Reserve. 0.2 ha. Motunau Beach Cliff Top Coastal Reserve. 9.7 ha. HDC Reserves Management Plan description Omihi Reserve is primarily dedicated to the sporting recreational uses of rugby, tennis and netball. Centrally located, and adjacent to the Omihi School, the Omihi Reserve is the social and sporting centre for the district community. The Reserve is a centre for sports, recreation and social activities for the Scargill/Motunau community and includes a sports domain area, nine-hole golf course, and a remainder of farmland planted in woodlot and amenity trees. The Reserve is made up of two distinct areas including a large grove of mature oak which cover approximately half of the total hectares. The balance of the reserve consists of an open informal sports area with tennis courts. The Tavern Drive Reserve situated beside the Greta Valley Tavern serves as a "village green" for the Greta Valley community. The Reserve comprises a small amenity planting adjacent to the Greta Valley Store and the central reserve features an adventure playground, picnic facilities, and a number of shade trees. The Motunau Recreation Reserve is centrally located in the hilltop residential area on Lindsay Terrace. It is ideally situated to function as a centre for community recreation and social activities. The Reserve features tennis courts, a basket ball hoop, the community fire shed and some grazed grassed area. Otherwise known as Fisherman's Reserve, is situated along the foreshore of the Motunau River mouth adjacent to the recreational fishing boat launch area. For practical purposes, the entire foreshore area is treated as reserve land. The Reserve constitutes a significant part of the Motunau River mouth landscape, with views of sandstone cliffs and dunes opposite, and Motunau Island off shore. Recent developments include the construction of a shower/changing shed, the installation of barriers around undermining prone areas and a petanque area. A narrow strip of land that runs along the Pacific Coast edge from the Motunau River mouth to Sandy Bay. Due to the high erosion potential of the cliffs, there is concern about safety along some sections of the existing cliff top walkway. The Canterbury Regional Council monitors the rates of erosion in this area, and the indications are that the process of cliff failure or slumping will continue. While this process may deprive walkers the opportunity to traverse the cliff tops in safety, the natural erosion offers a wealth of fossil debris for collectors. The recent installation of steps at the end of Sandy Bay Road enables walkers to have direct access to Motunau Beach from the cliff top reserve. The Reserve provides a walking track from Island Terrace to Clutha McKenzie Reserve. Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 22

17 Table 3: Hurunui District Council administered reserves HDC Reserve Motunau Beach Camping Ground. 0.6 ha. Clutha Mackenzie Reserve. 0.3 ha. Happy Valley River Reserve. 1.3 ha. HDC Reserves Management Plan description The Motunau Beach Camping Ground occupies low-lying land along the south bank of the Motunau River. Since the 1930s this land has been used as an informal campground for visitors and fisherman. An honesty box system for the collection of fees is operated to help maintenance costs. In response to public demand, the camping ground has been provided with a new toilet block. Access to the campground is from the lower end of Lindsay Tce. This area is prone to occasional flooding. Located on the south side of Beach Road, Motunau Beach. The Reserve is named in memorial after Mr Clutha Mackenzie C.B.E, former Chairperson of the Hurunui County Council for 37 years. The reserve underwent development as a native planting area in 2000 and features a self closing gate on Beach Road and a walkway through the reserve which links to Motunau Beach Cliff Top Coastal Reserve. From its vantage point, the Reserve provides commanding views of the ocean. Previously referred to as Bridge Corner Reserve, is located on the north bank of the Motunau River. The Reserve includes a corner lot of land extending from the bridge and connects to a marginal strip. Happy Valley River Reserve was formed on the realignment of Happy Valley Road in the 1960s. It was thought that this riverside area had the potential to be developed as an alternate camping ground, however this plan has never been realised. 3.4 Motunau Beach Motunau Beach is off the main tourist route (SH1), and is not described in the Insight (2007), Footprint (Donald 2009), Let s Go (2006) 8 or Lonely Planet (2010) guides to New Zealand available at the time of writing. It is a regionally popular holiday and bach area providing important fishing and diving access to the Canterbury coast. Local reserves provide for basic camping, coastal walking and play areas for the Motunau community and visitors. The focus of the area is strongly coastal, including fishing and surfing. The HDC Reserves Management Plan (HDC 2008) suggests continued upgrading of the Motunau Beach Camping Ground to official campground status (rather than the existing informal status). Motunau Island is administered by the Department of Conservation as a Nature Reserve under the Reserves Act 1977 and access is by permit only (DOC 2002). Several events are held in the area annually and occasionally, such as the Canterbury Classic Triathlon Waipara and Glenmark The tourism scene in the Waipara Valley is dominated by the wine industry. The 2008 Lonely Planet Guide to New Zealand described the scenic Waipara valley as NZ s fastest expanding wine region home to over a dozen wineries. The 2010 Lonely Planet edition describes it as having up-and-coming vineyards, with the introduction, the scenic Waipara Valley is home to around 20 vineyards. The Lonely Planet guides (2010 and 2008) make no other activity recommendations for the Valley. The Alpine Pacific Triangle Touring Route guide (see section 3.1 of this report) describes the Waipara Valley as, one of New Zealand s finest and most rapidly expanding wine regions. The touring guide recommends wineries, olives, lavender and other local produce, as well as identifying the Weka Pass vintage railway, walking tracks and a nature reserve (the Tiromoana Bush and Mt Cass Walkways). Also noted as visitor locations are the Glenmark Estate and Glenmark Church and Glenmark Vicarage. The Insight Guide to New Zealand (2007) focuses on wine in the Waipara Wineries at Waipara in North Canterbury produce some top pinot noirs, but for the greatest wine-andlandscape spectacle, go to Central Otago but does mention the Waikari limestone landscape (Frog and Seal Rocks) on SH7 beyond the Waipara Valley. 8 Now only an online resource, also with no mention of the area ( at Jan 2011). 9 Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 23

18 The Footprint New Zealand guide (Donald, 2007) states that the, Alpine Pacific Triangle is designed to combine the lesser attraction of the Waipara Valley with its two star destinations, Hanmer Springs and Kaikoura and offers no more information about Waipara. The 2009 edition omits the area entirely. An off-road mountain bike event around Mount Cass, south of the proposal area, called The Mud House Winery and Café Mud Ride was planned for April 2010 but was postponed. 10 The key tourism attractions in the Waipara Valley are not strongly landscape-dependent, being based on the cultural features of viticulture, boutique horticulture, vintage rail (which is strongly linked to the Waikari and Weka Pass limestone landscapes) and, to a lesser extent, the two local walkways Mount Cass and Tiromoana Bush. While the scenic characteristics of the Valley will always be important, there is little suggestion in the tourism literature that visitors should be drawn to the area as a result of important landscape features per se. 3.6 Greta Valley Greta Valley offers a refreshment stop on SH1 and accommodation at the Greta Valley Camping Ground and at Tipapa (see below). An annual road running relay event the Greta Valley Marathon Relay uses the Motunau Beach Road, Happy Valley Road and Glendhu Road circuit. In 2009 the event was staged in early September, and August in Figure 8: Greta Valley Walkway The township is not promoted as a destination in itself, but is generally described as providing easy access to a number of regional recreation settings. The Greta Valley Camping Ground is located off Valley Road in Greta township and offers a higher level of service than the Motunau Beach Camping Ground, with showers and lounge facilities. Consequently, it attracts users of Motunau Beach (some only for a shower), as well as passing traffic on the State Highway, particularly touring cyclists (Rob Hey, camp owner, pers comm.). The Greta Valley Walkway is shown on the 2009 Topo50 series (Figure 8), and although this appears in the New Zealand Walkways guide (NZCA 2003), it has never been officially gazetted, has no status as a Walkway, passes over private land and has been shut by the landowner. It is no longer available Tipapa Tipapa (bottom right in Figure 8 offers a converted woolshed as a seasonal (October to April) events venue, museum and shop, plus a restored homestead offering luxury accommodation. Farm walks to viewpoints offering expansive views of North Canterbury and distant ranges are available to guests. More detail from Tipapa s on-line promotion is included in Appendix Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 24

19 3.7 Omihi Omihi features no tourism accommodation or activity and is the location of the Omihi Reserve, which is described by the HDC (2008) as, primarily dedicated to the sporting recreational uses of rugby, tennis and netball. Centrally located, and adjacent to the Omihi School, the Omihi Reserve is the social and sporting centre for the district community. The Reserve is home to the Glenmark Rugby Figure 9. Omihi Reserve Football Club and the Glenmark Clubrooms, and is often referred to as the Omihi Domain. Mt Vulcan Station, approximately 6 kms directly west from Motunau and accessed from Reeces Rd via Omihi, hosts mountain biking (the Vulcaniser) and rogaining (long distance cross-country navigation) events Scargill Scargill s reserve area is limited to the Scargill Motunau Reserve which is largely occupied by the nine-hole Scargill Golf Club, but also includes a domain which provides tennis courts, a cricket oval, sports pavilion, bowling club, squash courts and a scout den. Community members have been volunteering time and resources to develop a walkway around the Scargill Golf Course (Kerry Prenter, Ward Councillor, pers comm.). Lilburn Farm, almost 8kms from the wind farm site on Stewarts Run Road, offers horse trekking and farmstay accommodation. 3.9 Significance There are few tourism activities in the area surrounding the proposed wind farm which treat the setting as a destination in itself. Tipapa is an exception to this generalisation and promotes itself as a specific seasonal destination (October to April), based around its restored woolshed, the sale of a small range of boutique products, refreshments, luxury accommodation and two short rural walks. Otherwise, the Greta Valley relies on passing traffic and other attractions in the district, particularly Motunau Beach. For example, the Greta Valley Camping Ground is described as a location from where other recreation and tourism settings are accessible, rather than a recreation destination per se. The setting relies heavily on visitors stopping off on their way through to other locations (such as Christchurch and Kaikoura). The main proximate tourism centre is Waipara, with its wine focus and its association with the Weka Pass railway. Motunau Beach is a popular regional recreation destination with some tourism activity via fishing charters and events. Several accommodation options are available in Greta Valley and Scargill, including the Greta Valley Camping Ground and several B&B or farmstay-style services. While the landscape setting of the Greta Valley area will be important to visitors, it is not marketed in a general manner as a reason for visiting the area. Key recreation settings are the Motunau Beach area, Scargill Golf Course and Omihi Reserve, the Motunau Beach Road (which is used for the Greta Valley Marathon Relay) and Tipapa as a tourism and venue 12 Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 25

20 centre. Motunau Beach and possibly Omihi Reserve with the Glenmark Rugby Club are the only established regionally significant visitor settings in the study area. Tipapa is a nascent development and its long-term significance is difficult to define at this stage. Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 26

21 4 Literature review summary The literature reviewed (see Appendix 2) indicates that there is a mix of reactions to wind farms from a recreation and tourism perspective, but the trend is generally neutral (when both positive and negative attitudes are weighed), and there are often positive factors to consider. No domestic longitudinal research into the effect of wind farms on tourism or recreation pre and post wind farm construction has been located. Difficulties arise where many factors may affect the success of a tourism operation, and businesses come and go with and without wind farms in proximity. Figure 10, for example, shows monthly guest night data for the Manawatu Regional Tourism Organisation (RTO) area compared with national guest nights, for the period January 2000 to October 2010 (MED 2010), with linear trend lines shown for both data sets. Wind farms have been prominent on the Tararua Ranges since 1999, with their numbers progressively growing since (Tararua wind farm with 134 turbines, Te Rere Hau with 65 and Te Apiti with 55 turbines). The Manawatu RTO has shown a growth trend in guest nights over that time, with a recent softening in-line with the national trend, which is correlated with the global recession. Figure 10: Monthly guest nights, Manawatu RTO and New Zealand, Jan 2000 Oct 2010 Manawatu RTO guest nights National guest nights The Footprint New Zealand Guide (Donaldson 2009) notes in relation to the Te Apiti and Tararua wind farms, Well before arriving in Palmy you will no doubt have seen the small forest of white blades that make up the Te Apiti and Tararua Wind Farm on the ranges east of the town. With almost 200 turbines it is one of the largest wind farm sites in the southern hemisphere and a great testimony to clean, renewable energy in New Zealand. It is well worth going to take a closer look and you can do so in the heart of the Te Apiti site via the town of Ashhurst... If you do not have you own transport you can join a quad bike tour... It would be risky to correlate any positive or negative effects of wind farm development with Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 27

22 any regional trend in accommodation uptake in the Manawatu. However, there has been no overt difference between the regional profile and the national. 4.1 United Kingdom In a survey of 307 visitors to Argyll in Scotland (MORI, 2002) where 83% of respondents noted the landscape and countryside of the area as of particular interest of the 49% who had seen a wind farm in the area, 15% reported they had a completely positive effect, 28% reported a generally positive effect, 43% reported an equally positive and negative effect, 7% reported a generally negative effect, and 1% a completely negative effect. Four percent noted that the wind farms would make them more likely to visit again, 91% reported that they would make no difference and 2% reported that the wind farms meant it was less likely that they would visit again. Similarly, a 2004 study by the University of West England into a proposed wind farm in North Devon (Aithchison, 2004), based on interviews with 379 day visitors and tourists, reported that the majority of respondents (58%) thought that wind farms had no overall impact on the tourism experience. Eighteen percent reported that they had a positive effect on the tourism experience, and 15% reported a negative effect. The authors conclusion was no overall negative impact on tourism numbers, no overall detrimental effect on the tourist experience, and no overall decline in tourism expenditure. Research carried out by QA Research (2005) of 449 visitors to Cumbria into additional potential wind farms in the area reported that, to 86% of visitors, more wind farms in Cumbria would make no difference to their visit frequency, 10% would visit less often and 1% would not visit at all. With regard to the statement, I would avoid an area of countryside if I knew there was a wind farm there, 77% disagreed or strongly disagreed and 19% agreed or strongly agreed. However, 71% indicated an extra wind farm would make no difference when visiting the district; 28% thought it would be an additional attraction; 79% indicated it would not reduce their enjoyment on visits; and 91% indicated it would not discourage them from visiting. Seventy-five percent of respondents had prior experience of wind farms in Cumbria, and unfortunately the study report does not indicate the response differences between those who had and had not experienced a wind farm. RBA Research (2002) completed 234 face-to-face interviews with residents near the Lambrigg wind farm in Cumbria and reported that 71% of respondents thought that the wind farm had no effect on the number of people visiting the area, 14% said they didn t know what the impact had been and 11% believed that the number of visitors to the area had increased. Three percent thought that visitor numbers had declined. Undergraduate students from Leeds Metropolitan University (Star Consultants 2003) completed face-to-face interviews with 147 visitors to the Lake District for Friends of the Lake District. In relation to visits to Kirby Moor, 79% of respondents were neither encouraged nor discouraged to visit that area as a result of the wind farm. Equal numbers of respondents (7.5%) were encouraged and discouraged. In relation to Lambrigg Fell another wind farm area the neutral group was even larger 84%. In response to the potential for increasing the number of wind farms in the Lake District, 75% of respondents stated it would make no difference to their visit frequency, 22% stated they would visit less frequently and 2% would be encouraged to visit. The students also interviewed 30 tourism organisations in the Lakes District, including the Ramblers Association. The students report includes analysis of the results by subgroup (such as B&Bs and museums), but as each subgroup was quite small (three B&Bs for example), this detailed analysis is unlikely to be representative. In relation to the Kirby Moor wind farm, all businesses noted that it had had no effect on their operations. Only the Ramblers considered it a negative effect. The same results applied to Lambrigg Fell and a proposed wind farm at Wharrels Hill. Almost three-quarters supported the concept of wind farm visitor centres, and those who did not felt they would be competition for their businesses. Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 28

23 In a visitor survey undertaken on behalf of the Wales Tourist Board (NFO System Three 2003), 68% of respondents said that if the number of wind farms increased in Wales it would have no difference to the likelihood they would take holidays in the Welsh countryside. A further 9% said any impact would be negligible, 11% would steer clear of the area (although this statement was not defined in the report compared with the following group) and 2% said they would be less likely to come back. In 2008 the Scottish Government released an analysis of the economic impacts of wind farms on Scottish tourism undertaken by Glasgow Caledonian University (2008). This study was based on international literature review, intercept surveys with almost 400 visitors to areas in Scotland with wind farms, and an internet-based response survey. The literature review found: There is often strong hostility to developments at the planning stage on the grounds of the scenic impact and the perceived knock-on effect on tourism. However, developments in the most sensitive locations do not appear to have been given approval so that where negative impacts on tourism might have been a real outcome there is, in practice, little evidence of a negative effect. This finding is reiterated in Eltham et al (2008). There is a loss of value to a significant number of individuals but there are also some who believe that wind turbines enhance the scene. An established wind farm can be a tourist attraction in the same way as a hydro-electric power station. This was considered to be only true whilst a visit remains a novel occurrence. In Denmark, a majority of tourists regard wind turbines as a positive feature of the landscape. Over time hostility to wind farms lessens and they become an accepted, even valued, part of the scenery. Those closest seem to like them most. Overall there is no evidence to suggest a serious negative economic impact of wind farms on tourists. In relation to the effects of wind farms on visitor intentions to return to Scotland, the study s intercept survey found: Under all circumstances [the respondent having seen a real wind farm, having seen a photo-montage of a local landscape before and after the creation of an existing wind farm, and seeing a photo-simulation of an expanded existing wind farm] the vast majority (93-99%) of those who had seen a wind farm suggested that the experience would not have any effect. Indeed there were some tourists for whom the experience increased the likelihood of return rather than decreasing it. The assessed change in likelihood combines both decreases (negative impacts) and increases (positive impacts). In the second case (no farm to current levels [that is, when viewing a before and after photo-montage of an existing wind farm]) the net result of these changes in intentions at both the area level and nationally is relatively small, and in almost all cases is not significantly different from zero in a statistical sense. However when the farm was extended respondents became significantly more negative. The extended development scenario at the area level shows a small but statistically significant (at the 10% level) fall of 2.5% in the likelihood of revisiting an area and just under 0.5% fall in the likelihood of revisiting Scotland. The result at first sight seems to stand at odds to the result from the internet survey, where it appeared that once there was an intrusion into the scenery, the effect on the value of the landscape of expanding the size is relatively small. It is believed that this discrepancy may be explained by the difference between stated and revealed actions. The extended photos used in the intercept study were theoretical developments. Again those who did not like the idea of wind farms were given the opportunity to register a protest vote by threatening to withdraw if it proceeded. Because of the Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 29

24 context this protest was far lower than in some other studies but it would appear to exist. Consequently it is our view that the identified change should be viewed as the maximum response that might be expected. The Scottish Government report concluded a reduction in general tourism expenditure at four study areas of between 1.3% and 1.7% as a result of wind farm development. The total loss for Scotland was estimated at 0.1%. However, this was considered a worst case scenario as it was based on responses to extending existing wind farms where a statistically significant result was noted, and did not include the potential positive effects of wind farm tourism. The authors also reported: and The intercept study possibly overstates the likely negative responses because they were based on hypothetical extensions and were out of line with the marginality findings of the internet study. It is believed that there is an inherent possibility of a protest vote against wind farms which is not matched by similar responses from supporters. The development will happen over a number of years and both the market and tourists are likely to in part adjust to meet the new challenges. In 2008 four researchers from the Centre for the Study of Environmental Change and Sustainability and the School of Engineering and Electronics at the University of Edinburgh (Eltham et al 2008) compared residents perceptions of a Cornish wind farm (Carland Cross) based on their recall of the their opinions prior to its construction in 1991 and after living near the farm up to Figure 11 shows an example of the proximity to residences. A sample size of 100 respondents was sought and achieved. Figure 11: Carland Cross wind farm viewed from St. Newlyn East. Many residents can see the turbines from their property. Source: Eltham et al Findings included: The overall proportion of the population of St. Newlyn East finding the wind farm visually attractive changed from 6% to 40%. A total of 10% (±5.9%) of the population thought that the visual intrusion of the wind turbines was greater after the wind farm was constructed than they had expected while 8% (±5.3%) thought that the visual impact was less intrusive. A total of 59% of the population recalled anticipating that, in 1991, the wind farm would bring no positive environmental, social or economic impact to St. Newlyn East. By 2006 this proportion reduced by 37% (±16%) to 22%. There was no statistically reliable change in the perception about the positive or negative effects of the wind farm on tourism. The authors noted: If socio-institutional factors instigated the lower levels of acceptance seen in 1991 compared with 2006, it is Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 30

25 interesting that the number of residents remembering being concerned about the impact of Carland Cross on local tourism is negligible. This is despite the prominence of tourism within the Cornish economy (Lang, 2004) and the importance of the promotion of the unique and beautiful natural environment (South West Tourism, 2007) as a pull factor for potential visitors. St. Newlyn East, however, has no significant tourist accommodation or facilities, which Toke (2005) 13 found to be an important requirement in a settlement for significant concern to arise about impacts on tourism from local wind farms. 4.2 Australasia The Ten Mile Lagoon wind farm in Western Australia with nine turbines was reported to have had 50,000 visitors in The Albany wind farm, also in WA, with 12 turbines was reported to have had 100,000 visitors in In the Manawatu, Destination Manawatu reports a positive effect of the turbines east of Palmerston North, and a car park count showed 1200 vehicles at the Te Apiti wind farm visitor area in one weekend in In comparison, the Manapouri Power Station has around 40,000 visitors annually, and Benmore Power Station 4000 which is only slightly fewer than the number of people who walk the Heaphy Track each year. A UMR Research study (UMR 2007) completed for Meridian Energy in 2007, based on a telephone survey of 500 Otago residents, found: When asked to respond to the statement, Wind farms can be tourist attractions, 36% agreed, 26% disagreed and the remainder were neutral. When asked to respond to the statement with regard to the Project Hayes proposal, It would adversely impact the recreational value of the area, 24% agreed and 27% disagreed. When asked to respond to the statement with regard to the Project Hayes Proposal, It would be a new attraction for locals and visitors to the region, 33% agreed and 26% disagreed. In that same study, 14% of respondents were found to be opposed to the Project Hayes proposal, and 2.9% of that group (two people) based that opposition on, adverse impacts on recreational use of land. 4.3 Summary While there is a segment of the tourism and recreation population who may consider that wind farms have an adverse effect on their experience, there are no data which suggest that a wind farm will have important negative effects on tourism and recreation activity generally, with the caveat that wind farms have not generally been located in highly sensitive landscape settings where they would be likely to undermine an important recreation or tourism value. Rather, the data indicate that concerns are occasionally expressed by tourism operators and visitors about the effects of additional or too much wind farm development. Longitudinal research suggests that support for extant wind farms generally increases relative to opinions held pre-development. While most respondents to relevant surveys state that wind farms do not affect their tourism choices, a notable minority have some concerns. It is not possible to state that these concerns are in fact translated into actions. Consequently, the conclusions of the studies generally indicate that there has been little if any adverse effects on tourism in the areas considered. That is not to say that all visitors enjoy or are not affected by the visibility of turbines there is a minority of respondents to all the surveys quoted who would rather not see them at all. The conclusion that is used in this assessment is that while wind farms have not been identified as a deterrent to tourism, there is the potential to diminish the quality of the 13 Toke (2005) offers a review of English and Welsh planning outcomes in relation to wind farms. Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 31

26 experience of some visitors, and this may translate into a decision to not revisit a site if the adverse effects are significant. However, the scale of effect in gross tourism activity in a region is likely to be minimal, or impossible to measure, if wind farm developments avoid areas with important scenic qualities or where the landscape is the primary focus of the visitor experience. Also, wind farms have the potential to enhance the visitor experience for some. Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 32

27 5 Effects of the proposal This section considers the effects of the wind farm proposal considering the recreation and tourism activities which occur in the study area, and the findings of the national and international data on the effects of wind farm on recreation and tourism. 5.1 Construction Construction effects on recreation and tourism will be confined to traffic activity on SH1 and the Motunau Beach Road. If passage for other vehicles to Motunau Beach is maintained, there will be no notable effects on this setting and on recreation in Greta Valley. Avoiding traffic activity during the Greta Valley Marathon Relay will avoid effects on this annual event. The construction traffic and associated traffic noise and passage may affect patronage at The Woolshed at Tipapa. Quantifying the scale of effect is difficult due to the potentially limited effect and the nascent stage of business development at Tipapa. The staging area for delivery of construction materials and turbine components is 2kms in a direct line south-east of Tipapa over a 90m hill, relative to ground level at Tipapa near 278 Motunau Beach Road. URS (2011) reports that the staging area is 300 metres from 278 Motunau Beach Road and 400m from 285 Motunau Beach Road, and that daytime construction noise limits will be complied with at this site. Night time activities at the staging area may include concrete pours, and management and liaison with the proximate residence is recommended. However, Tipapa, at a much greater distance, will not be affected by noise. Movement restrictions for turbine components will limit their arrival times to daylight hours. 5.2 Operation International research into the effects of wind farms indicates that they have little adverse effect on tourism and recreation activity. This outcome partly results from the fact that wind farms are rarely built in areas with high tourism profiles, and also reflects that there is a mix of personal responses to wind farm developments. The majority of respondents to relevant surveys consider that wind farms have no effect on their activities. All primary research into the effects of wind farms on recreation and tourism cited in this report describe a portion of respondents who state that wind farm development would have an adverse effect on their likelihood of returning to a visitor setting. No surveys consider deterrents to visiting a setting for the first time, because they are conducted in situ. There is also a portion of respondents who state that wind farms are an attraction, although there appears to be no data to support the finding that people will visit a region specifically because of wind farms. Rather, wind farms are something to visit while already in a visitor setting. The portion of respondents who do not like wind farms and who state that wind farms would reduce the likelihood of visiting a destination may therefore represent a potential net loss to tourism. However, none of the studies cited have reported an actual loss in tourism activity, and the final conclusions are that wind farm developments have negligible effects on tourism and recreation. However, the caveat is that wind farms are generally not built in popular visitor areas where tourism is fully dependent on landscape values. Effects of the operation of the proposed wind farm on recreation and tourism will relate to the visibility and audibility of the turbines. There is little tourism or recreation activity in the area which defines itself by the landscape setting of Centre Hill, although the North Canterbury landscape in general is referred to as adding to the visitor experience. Tipapa is an exception and promotes itself as a specific destination. The visual amenity of the Greta Valley and Waipara areas is supported by the pleasant rural backdrop, but there are no data to suggest that the changes reviewed in the landscape assessment for the proposal would lead to Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 33

28 notable changes in regional tourism and recreation participation levels. For example, there is little evidence to suggest that anglers fishing off Motunau would be less likely to visit as a result of seeing a wind farm. Rough (2011), in his assessment of landscape and visual effects of the proposal concludes that there will be substantial effects from five publically accessible viewpoints: Greta Village Café and Bar car park SH1 and lay-by near Glenmore Motunau Beach Road near Greta Valley School Motunau Beach Road, 4km from SH1 Reeces Road opposite Serrat Downs None of these is a visitor setting where views of the wind farm are likely to have an adverse effect of the recreation or tourism experience of the district. All but one are transit areas. The Greta Village Cafe and Bar car park is not, in itself, a visitor destination unlike the bar and café itself, which looks out to the west. The Greta Village Café and Bar is as likely to benefit from additional traffic stopping to observe the wind farm than suffer any adverse effect, considering, for example, the level of interest in wind farms described by the research summarised in Section 4.0 of this report. It is unlikely that settings which have a slight or lower visual effect from the wind farm will undergo any change to their level of recreation or tourism activity or satisfaction, considering the rural character of those settings and the minor contribution of the wind farm to the general vista. Areas with moderate visual effects may have some resulting effects on levels of recreation or tourism activity or satisfaction, if there is a dependency on the pre-existing character of the landscape setting. Omihi Reserve (Glenmark), as a focus for sports activity, is unlikely to have any change in participation or satisfaction levels considering its sporting focus. It would be difficult to ascribe adverse effects on recreation and tourism participation from transitory views gained from such busy roads as SH1 and Scargill Valley Road, even where the visual effects are substantial. In relation to Tipapa, Rough (2011) concludes: With regard to the private property of Tipapa,... unless visitors take a walk on a future walking track to a feature referred to by the land owner as One Tree Hill, or roam on foot or horseback over hills and farmland where turbines will be highly prominent in some views, the proposed wind farm will have only a very slight to nil landscape and visual effect on those areas of Tipapa that are the principal visitor attractions. Tipapa is located within two kilometres of the wind farm footprint. The visual effect of the wind farm are described by Rough (2011) as nil, negligible or very slight around the woolshed and homestead. Views from farm walks, such as that proposed to One Tree Hill (see Figure 12) are assessed as having the potential for substantial visual effects. The visibility may diminish the experience of those visitors who do not like the sight of wind farms in this setting. It is difficult to quantify the scale of effect on the operation of the business, but some minor adverse effect may result considering the promotion of the operation as being based in a setting with historic values. The soundscape at Tipapa is an important value in relation, particularly, to the luxury accommodation service provided. URS (2011) has reviewed the impact of turbine sound in areas near the wind farm and identifies the Tipapa property (40 Motunau Beach Road) as almost entirely outside the modelled 35 db sound contour for the turbines (Figure 12). (The NZS 6808 criteria for noise sensitive locations is 40 db). Visitors to the woolshed and homestead will be unlikely to be able to detect the sound of the turbines, although when certain wind directions and very low background sound levels Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 34

29 coincide, it may be faintly audible at times (Dr Stephen Chiles, URS, pers comm.). Walkers on the property going beyond the main visitor area may experience higher levels of sound exposure, but at levels below 35 db. As the literature review shows, the effects on tourists of the visibility of turbines, and some very limited sound exposure, will depend upon their personal response to wind farms. As a proportion of visitors are likely to prefer to not experience turbines in any setting, or in this particular setting, some adverse effects are likely. The scale of the potential adverse effects on Tipapa are uncertain, as the potential scale of effect will be minor until a visitor has walked to certain viewpoints on the property from where a view of the wind farm will be possible. This will be an attraction to some and a detraction to others. Figure 12: Tipapa boundary and sound contours. Source: URS 2010 with Tipapa boundary overlay Tipapa boundary approx 35 db contour 40 db contour Turbine Noise sensitive location One Tree Hill 1000 metres 5.3 Future tourism options The wind farm proposal is unlikely to curtail the development of future tourism options in the Hurunui District, considering the suite of tourism opportunities available regionally compared with the natural and developed features of the Greta Valley area. The wind farm footprint is on private land and the visual catchment is not strongly promoted for its landscape values, although they remain important. The wind farm itself may be of interest to some visitors, with Greta Valley its closest service centre. Working with service providers to develop an off-road viewing area and information services will afford local benefit by giving passing traffic an additional reason to stop. The local community could establish a strategy to take further advantage of visitor interest by developing an access opportunity to the turbines. 5.4 Mitigation The main mitigation of interest to recreation is the management and minimisation of adverse visual, sound and effects relating to construction of the wind farm. Rough (2011) considers the management of visual effects in more detail. URS (2011) reviews sound effects and the Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 35

30 Traffic Design Group (2011) reviews construction traffic. The project development process has led to the relocation and removal of turbines which had the potential to adversely affect the visual amenity values at Tipapa. Some residual adverse effects may remain in relation to potential visitors to the setting who are particularly sensitive to the location of a wind farm in the area and who visit Tipapa beyond the main compound of woolshed and homestead. There is however the potential to positively market Tipapa in association with the wind farm, but it is understood that this is not a preferred option for the property owner. 5.5 Summary The proposed wind farm is unlikely to have any long-term adverse effects on recreation and tourism in the Hurunui District. Some minor adverse effects may accrue during the construction phase. Some visitors to Tipapa may be adverse to wind farms in this setting, and substantial views of the turbines from farm walks will reduce the quality of their experience. As with any wind farm development, potential visitors to settings in the immediate area who dislike wind farms as a component of the landscape will have a reduced quality of experience, although relevant visitor settings are limited to Tipapa. Conversely, capitalising on the regionally rare option to view a wind farm should be examined by local service operators and an appropriate opportunity developed. If that occurs, there may be a small benefit from increased visitor activity in the Greta Valley area. Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 36

31 6 References Aitchison, C Evidence gathering of the impact of wind farms on visitor numbers and tourist experience. Geography Research Unit, University of West England for North Devin Wind Power. Donald, D Footprint New Zealand. Footprint. Donald, D Footprint New Zealand. Footprint. Department of Conservation, Canterbury Conservation Management Strategy. Department of Conservation, Christchurch. Eltham, D., Harrison, G.P., Allen, S.J Change in public attitudes towards a Cornish wind farm: Implications for planning. Energy Policy 36 (2008) FERMATA, Experiential tourism strategy for the Kansas Flint Hills. Kansas Division of Travel and Tourism Development. Topeka, Kansas. Glasgow Caledonian University The economic impacts of wind farms on Scottish tourism. Report for the Scottish Government Greenaway, R Meridian Energy Project Hayes Proposed Wind Farm Recreation and Tourism Assessment of Effects. for Meridian Energy, Christchurch. Hurunui District Council, District Reserves Management Plan. Hurunui District Council, Amberley. Insight Guides, Insight Guides New Zealand. APA Publications. Insight Guides, Insight Guides New Zealand. APA Publications. Law, E Recreation opportunities in Canterbury. Department of Conservation, Christchurch. Lonely Planet, Lonely Planet Guide to New Zealand. Lonely Planet. Lonely Planet, Lonely Planet Guide to New Zealand. Lonely Planet. Ministry of Economic Development. Commercial Accommodation Monitor (CAM). Accommodation-Monitor/. Dec 2010 MORI, Tourist Attitudes towards Wind Farms. Research Study Conducted for Scottish Renewables Forum & the British Wind Energy Association New Zealand Conservation Authority, New Zealand s Walkways. Department of Conservation, Wellington. NFO System Three, Investigations into the potential impact of wind farms on tourism in Wales. Wales Tourist Board. NFO System Three, Investigations into the potential impact of wind farms on tourism in Scotland. VisitScotland. QA Research, Cumbria Tourist Board wind farm visitor impart research. Research completed for the Cumbria Tourist Board RBA Research, Lambrigg Wind Farm Public Attitude Survey. Report prepared for National Wind Power Ltd. Rough, P Project Hurunui Wind Assessment of Landscape and Visual Effects. Prepared for Meridian Energy Limited by Peter Rough Landscape Architects Limited Star Consultants, A Study into the Attitudes of Visitors, Tourists and Tourism Organisations towards Wind Farms on the Boundaries of the Lake District National Park. Report for Friends of the Lake District., Leeds Metropolitan University. Tourism Resource Consultants, Project Westwind Recreation and Tourism Report. Client report for Meridian Energy. Tourism Research Council, On-line: The Ministry of Tourism research website. TRCNZ, Wellington. Note, as of mid 2010 these data are no longer available on-line. Toke, D Explaining wind power planning outcomes: Some findings from a study in England and Wales. Energy Policy 33 (2005) Tourism Research Council, The Tourism Flows Model Summary Document. TRC, Ministry of Economic Development Tourism Research Council, 2010a. On-line: The Ministry of Economic Development tourism research website. TRCNZ, Wellington. Tourism Research Council, 2010b. Commercial Accommodation Monitor: October 2010 Hurunui. TRCNZ, Wellington. Tourism Research Council, On-line: The Ministry of Economic Development tourism research website. TRCNZ, Wellington. Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 37

32 Traffic Design Group, 2011 Project Hurunui Wind Assessment of Traffic Effects. Client report for Meridian Energy Ltd. UMR Research, Meridian Energy - Wind Farm Research. Research report for Meridian Energy. URS, Project Hurunui Wind Acoustics Assessment. Client report for Meridian Energy Ltd. Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 38

33 7 Appendix 1: On-line literature search by location Activity Text Reference Motunau Beach Accomm Motunau Beach Camping Area Details of this camp are in The New Zealand Camping Guide. [which states: Not right on the beach, but at the river mouth. Pleasant open area with shady trees. Just flush toilets and water.] Event This event is open to both members and non-members of Athletics NZ. This is the 3rd running of the Greta Valley Marathon relay, so far it has proven to be popular with the 20+ teams entered each year. There have been many favourable comments and everyone has a good time with the day completed at the Greta Valley Cafe & Bar with fine food, refreshments and the prizegiving. Greta Valley is a comfortable 1 hour drive north of Christchurch. The Greta Valley Marathon Relay is a six person running relay starting from the Greta Valley school on the corner of SH1 and Motunau Beach Road and finishing back at the Greta Valley Cafe & Bar in the village. The course follows the sealed road into Motunau Beach for approximately 15km then turns into the Happy Valley Road which becomes unsealed after a further 2km then continues along the Happy Valley Road for another 13-14km before meeting up with Glendhu Road. The course then continues along Glendhu Road before meeting with the Motunau Beach Road again and covers the reverse of the first lap then continuing back into Greta Valley village to finish outside the Cafe & Bar carpark. The course is very challenging with many twists, turns, climbs and descents throughout the whole course. Event Fishing Canterbury Classic Triathlon 2009 cycle on Motunau Beach Road between Glendhu and Happy Valley Roads. The little settlement of Motunau Beach nestles at the northern tip of Pegasus Bay. That's about one third of the way up the coast between Christchurch and Kaikoura. The drive from the city takes little over an hour. This is one of the reasons for the high turnout of boaties and anglers on most weekends. Motunau is a top destination for Canterbury divers. They are attracted to this stretch of rugged rocky coastline by the abundance of crayfish and good bottom fishing Motunau offers Canterbury boat anglers the best chance of catching the much sort after blue cod within reasonable reach of the city of Christchurch. For this reason the area takes a bit of a hammering by recreational fishers. On weekends when weather and tide are favourable dozen of trailer boats head out of this small fishing village after fish dinners. The Motunau Beach Rate payers Assn., Canterbury Sport Fishing Club, Can-terbury recreational Fishers Assn, Basher Charters, The North Canterbury Dive Club, and Sea Aqua Dive Club, have banded together to ask that anglers reduce their blue cod catch to reduce stress on the fishery. Kingfish are sometimes caught off Motunau over summer. It is also a good place to head out in search of albacore tuna. Boats anglers have successfully targeted this species from here particularly when the sea temperature is just right. The Motunau River bar is prone to silting and must be dredged periodically. Most anglers try to head out and return on the half tide. Many a prop has been altered from its original shape whilst making the crossing. For this reason the crayboats operating from here use large inboard jet units to cross the shallow bar or to at least extend the window for a safe crossing. Broadbill have been seen off this coast in the past, and there are certainly big mako and blue sharks out there. ping.co.nz/camp.p hp?id=889 ground.co.nz/club Site.asp?SiteID=1 1789&NoCache= 9/4/2009+4:50:36 +PM 4/ triclub.co.nz/filead min/user_upload/ EventInfo/2009/ _CantyCla ssicform.pdf mag.co.nz/deeps ea-motunau.htm Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 39

34 Fishing A word of warning for those considering diving for crayfish with scuba gear off Motunau. Every year divers get into trouble here. The tides are deceptively strong and even very experienced divers can get into serious trouble very quickly. I hate to say it but divers seem to lose their lives off Motunau on a regular basis. Visibility isn't that good. The water generally has a greenish tint to it. When the surface chops up - which it does most days - it is difficult for a surfacing diver to see the boat. It is equally difficult for boat crew to spot surfacing divers. The fast moving current, wind and tidal stream can separate divers and boat very quickly with disastrous consequences. My eldest son is a very competent diving instructor but I don't want him diving off Motunau! At the very least all divers should carry an Orange Sausage inflatable signal device. These things make you easier for searchers to spot, cost only a couple of dollars, and have been the difference between life and death for divers lost off Motunau. Fishing Spots - Motunau Launching & bar crossing at Motunau Beach Geoff Basher I am a commercial fisherman and charter operator and I do search & rescue. Motunau beach is about 1¼ hours drive north of Christchurch and has had a fishing fleet since about the mid 1930 s. Ranging from sailboats, inboards, stern legs, and outboards to what we use today, Hamilton jets. There are approximately 114 batches and houses, with about 30 permanent residents. The Motunau River is a tidal river. With about 100 mm at low tide to up to 2 m at high tide. The amateur boat ramp is situated on the south side of the river, and the commercial ramp is on the north side. On a busy weekend there can be up to 70 boats per day go out. When launching your boat always get it ready before you back down the ramp. If you don t, you could get a mouth full of abuse for blocking the way nz/fishingspots/motunau.ht m General General Surfing Near Greta Valley, on the coast, is Motunau Beach, a popular holiday settlement and camping ground. The beach was first used by Maori sailors as a stopover when travelling by canoe between Kaikoura and Kaiapoi. Surfcasting is popular, a crayfishing industry is based here and charter boats are available for sea fishing. The Motunau Beach Clifftop Coastal Reserve offers sweeping views of the coastline and Motunau Island. Motunau Island once a whaling station is now a nature reserve for some of New Zealand s rarest birds, including the endangered white flipped penguin. Near Greta Valley about 1 hour 20 minutes North of Christchurch, on the East coast of the South Island, is Motunau Beach, a popular holiday settlement and camping ground. Surfcasting is popular and a crayfishing industry is based here. Charter boats are available for sea fishing and you may even leave with a Crayfish or two. The beach with its backdrop of sea cliffs is a prized hunting ground for fossils, which occur in abundance, while the Motunau Beach Clifftop Coastal Reserve offers sweeping views of the coastline and offshore island. There are many wineries within 1/2 an hours drive. This is one of many New Zealand beach settlements where house prices have jumped up. For a $60,000 house in 2000 you would now pay around $300,000 or more. It is a great place to get away and relax. Not far away is the Scargill Golf course, always in great condition and the green fees are cheap at around $10. You will be lucky if there are any more than around 15 people on the course on any week day. Even in the weekends you should have no problems getting a round in. Motunau Beach in Kaikoura is an exposed beach and point break that has fairly consistent surf, although summer tends to be mostly flat. Works best in offshore winds from the north northeast. Windswells and groundswells in pacifictourism.co. nz/information/mo tunau/ alandatoz.com/ind ex.php?pageid= ks/motunaubeach Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 40

35 Greta Valley equal measure and the ideal swell direction is from the south southeast. The beach break offers both left and right hand waves and there is a left hand point break too. Best around high tide. Unlikely to be too crowded, even when the surf is up. Beware of rocks and private access. Accomm Greta Valley Camping Ground S Hwy 1, PO Box 19 Greta Valley (03) Fax (03) (025) ping.co.nz/camp.p hp?id=525 Accomm Brand new fully self contained cottage within Greta Valley Village yhouses.co.nz/pro perties/8895.asp Accomm Event Event Event General General Escape the bustle of the city and stay in the tranquil, rolling hills of Greta Valley. Located just 1 hour from Christchurch, Lovat Downs Bed and Breakfast Country Lodge is the perfect rural retreat, offering spacious accommodation and facilities of the highest quality. A working deer farm on 212 hectares, Lovat Downs Bed and Breakfast Country Lodge provides an unequalled rural setting for the perfect country escape. It also produces delicious venison an added bonus for the hungry traveller! You'll feel right at home in one of the four spacious double bedrooms, each with their very own private en suite and spa bath. With exceptional facilities, including the use of a tennis court and swimming pool, you won't find anything as tranquil and spacious at such an affordable rate. Explore the surrounding countryside via a number of neighbouring walkways to witness the commanding views or observe the velveting herd in action. Greta Valley is a comfortable 1 hour drive north of Christchurch. The Greta Valley Marathon Relay is a six person running relay starting from the Greta Valley school on the corner of SH1 and Motunau Beach Road and finishing back at the Greta Valley Cafe & Bar in the village. The course follows the sealed road into Motunau Beach for approximately 15km then turns into the Happy Valley Road which becomes unsealed after a further 2km then continues along the Happy Valley Road for another 13-14km before meeting up with Glendhu Road. The course then continues along Glendhu Road before meeting with the Motunau Beach Road again and covers the reverse of the first lap then continuing back into Greta Valley village to finish outside the Cafe & Bar carpark Greta Valley Marathon Relay Date 5/09/2009 Location Greta Valley, North Canterbury Region Canterbury Discipline Road Running Date: Saturday, 5th September 2009 Time: 10.00am, 10.30am & 11.00am Start Venue: Greta Valley School Finish Venue: Greta Valley Tavern carpark Distance: 42.2km Fab Fitz Health and Fitness Winter warm up Trail fun run & walk Sunday 5th July km run 10km run or walk Date Sunday 5th July 2009 Where- MJ&LA Johnstone's property, Patersons road (off Motunau Beach road ) GRETA VALLEY Course- This course offers spectacular views of the magnificent Southern Alps, Kaikoura ranges to Pegasus Seas. It follows farm tracks over hills and undulating territory consisting of grass, gravel and may include small water crossings. Drink stations will be available. Previews of the course are not permitted. No dogs allowed. Greta Valley is a great family camping area midway between Amberley and Cheviot where you can get away from it all. It s the ideal location for those wanting to get away from it all while still being close to surrounding tourism destinations. Greta Valley is located approximately halfway between Amberley and Cheviot and is a wonderful place for anyone wanting to 'get away from it all'. The closeness of surrounding tourism destinations and the chance to explore owns.co.nz/ ground.co.nz/club Site.asp?SiteID=1 1789&NoCache= 9%2F14%2F %3A42%3A4 5+AM cs.org.nz/article.a spx?id=3670&mo de= /ww w.../ _wi nterwarmupentry Form.doc pacifictourism.co. nz/information/mo tunau/ alandnz.co.nz/hur unui/motunau- Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 41

36 Venue Visitor attraction accomm for fossils make this a terrific family camping spot. A local walkway offers commanding views of the surrounding countryside. Venue for hire at historic woolshed in the Greta Valley. Corporate events and private events, Music, food and fashion events, Product launches, Exhibitions, Weddings.Cradled in the rolling hills of North Canterbury is Tipapa, an oasis of privacy surrounded by 500 acres of its own land and park-like grounds.it is a property blessed by its own geography, positioned in the middle of the Alpine Pacific Triangle Christchurch, Hanmer Springs and Kaikoura are all barely 1 hour s drive away, and within just 15 minutes of Tipapa you will discover the pleasures of the wonderful Waipara wine growing region, trout fishing on the Hurunui River, plus the diving and rich fishing grounds at Motunau Beach. Tipapa. Historic homestead in Greta Valley, North Canterbury with luxury accommodation available. Cradled in the rolling hills of North Canterbury, Tipapa was one of the original Grand Estates of the South Island. A Homestead befitting its stature is surrounded by 500 acres of its own land, and the original Woolshed dating back to 1890 nestles nearby. The Woolshed is a museum with original sheep pens, shearing machinery, wool press, and extensive shearers stencilling marks on the walls. It is also a store selling rare, high-end traceable woollen products, as well as fine wines, and unique speciality products. Everything is 100% made in the South Island. It is a property blessed by its own geography, positioned in the middle of the Alpine Pacific Triangle Christchurch, Hanmer Springs and Kaikoura are all barely 1 hour s drive away, and within just 15 minutes of Tipapa you will discover the pleasures of the wonderful Waipara wine growing region, trout fishing on the Hurunui River, plus the diving and rich fishing grounds at Motunau Beach. The Woolshed at Tipapa has been meticulously restored to its former and character-filled glory. The atmosphere of a working woolshed pervades every plank, and the extensive shearers stencilling on the walls tells a fascinating and historic story. The Woolshed is now ready to be shared as a very special events centre. Features include ~Approximately 170 sq metres of floor space ~Music system ~Theatre capability ~Fully heated ~Telephone & Broadband facilities ~Fully equipped commercial kitchen ~Catering as required ~Tables, chairs, cutlery, crockery and glassware ~Disabled facilities ~On & Off-licence ~Secluded courtyard ~Adjacent gallery with private garden The well-preserved sheep pens remain at The Woolshed together with the original shearing equipment, which dates back to the early 1900s, and was at that time steam engine driven. Facing North, The Woolshed overlooks an attractive grass circle to the hills beyond and is protected by a mature and impressive stand of trees. Parking is plentiful yet out of sight of The Woolshed and the surrounding area. Available for... ~Corporate events, meetings & conferences ~Private events and parties greta-valley.html events.com/ events.com Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 42

37 Waipara Accomm Accomm Accomm ~Music, food, fashion, and other events ~Product launches ~Exhibitions ~Courses & demonstrations ~Weddings The Tipapa Homestead and gardens are also available for receptions, and the surrounding land is on offer to explore, or for team building activities. Limited accommodation is available in the beautifully furnished Tipapa Homestead. This is a wonderful opportunity to enjoy, entertain and do business on one of North Canterbury s most exclusive private properties. It is the perfect place for meetings, planning and clear air thinking. This is indeed an exceptional location. We look forward to welcoming you at The Woolshed at Tipapa... A visit to Tipapa is an experience of great beauty. Walk to the view point on the land with spectacular views over North Canterbury to the Southern Alps. Relax in the Gallery and adjoining garden, and enjoy a bottle of wine, or a refreshing beer, and a smoko platter. You will leave Tipapa knowing you have experienced a unique and original North Canterbury estate. AA Accommodation in Waipara: five options identified: Teviot View Accommodation, Amberley Beach; House of Ball, Waipara, Dunnolly Luxury Vineyard Cottage and Villa, Waipara; Winery Cottage, Waipara; Waipara Hotel, Waipara. Claremont's luxury lodge - set among some of the hottest wineries in New Zealand. Nestled amongst the fertile and sun warmed plains of North Canterbury, within just minutes drive from Claremont, are Canterbury s award-winning Waipara wineries. This is now the fourth largest wine-producing area in New Zealand and expanding the most rapidly. Waipara has gained an international reputation for consistently producing some of the finest wines year after year. Enjoy New Zealand s beautiful Waipara wine country in the luxurious comfort of your very own private contemporary holiday home. Welcome to Dry Paddocks country retreat - your secluded and self contained luxury getaway in the heart of the Waipara Valley, North Canterbury, New Zealand. If you are looking for a luxury accommodation experience that is private and fully self contained, then Dry Paddocks is for you. el.co.nz/newzealand/waipara_ Accommodation.h tml ontestate.co.nz/activi ties/nearclaremont/winerie s-newzealand/waiparawineries.html docks.co.nz/ Accomm Holiday accommodation to rent yhouses.co.nz/w aipara.asp Accomm Managed by one of the world s most prestigious Hotel Groups, the Waipara Wine Village and Day Spa will include a Greg Turner designed golf course, luxury day spa, a restaurant, wine bar, international ale house, wine tasting and full conferences facilities. awineandspa.co.n z/ Accomm Showing Waipara Bed & Breakfast (2 options) el.co.nz/newzealand/waipara_ Bed- Breakfast.html Accomm The Waipara sleepers is one of the most interesting places to stay in this beautiful country.no visit to NZ is complete without stopping there. Budget Accommodation in Unique Historic Railway Wagons. Where the only thing budget about the place is the price. Enjoy a relaxing stay amongst a country garden setting. Take time out to tour the Vineyards by bike car or horse drawn wagon. Hunt for Fossils or Ride on the Weka Pass Steam train. asleepers.co.nz/ Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 43

38 Make Waipara Sleepers your home base and explore the region that offers Whale Watching, Skiing, Bungy Jumping, Jet Boat Rides, Horse Riding, or the quieter things in life such as Fishing, Tramping, Fossil Hunting, Swimming, Hot Pools, Golf and much much more. Event Event Event Event Event Canterbury Wine Tours - Half Day - Three Winery Tour just $ 65 per person - Visit 3 popular Waipara Wineries including wine tasting Claremont is an inspirational wedding venue for smaller, more intimate weddings with facilities for receptions and private celebrations for up to forty guests. Larger groups can be accommodated, during the summer months, with a garden function within our lovely grounds. As a corporate and meeting venue, Claremont offers a relaxed environment to rejuvenate and stimulate participants and so make a success of any small corporate retreat, meeting, team building or private event. Exclusive use assures total privacy for that special meeting or conference. Our Waipara Tour will take you to four award-winning wineries, such as Pegasus Bay, Mud House, Waipara Springs, Torlesse, Mt Cass, Muddy Water, Danny Schuster or Sherwoods. (all wineries subject to availability). You will be able taste the wine, view the vineyards and, if you wish, buy some wine. On our wine trail we are usually able to show you where the wine is made and you are often able to meet the winemakers. A lunch platter at one of the wineries is also included. The region s producers come together annually at the Waipara Valley Wine and Food Festival in the historic Glenmark Church grounds, providing an opportunity to savour a selection of local wines and foods. The Waipara Valley Farmers' Market is held every Saturday, 9-12, rain or shine from early November until April/May. It is held in front of the Hurunui Council Chambers, Carters Road, Amberley. There is an excellent range of local produce, from lamb through to vegetables, olive oils, eggs, honey, preserves and bread and lots in between including fabulous coffee. Stallholders come from the region between the Waimakariri and Conway Rivers. Event The Waipara Vintage Festival will be held September 26th and 27th A fun day of all the things associated with a vintage country fair. Traction engines, clydesdale horses, vintage cars and tractors and ploughing, stationery engines, variety of stalls, military vehicles, aerial top dressing display, fertiliser spreading with a truck blower, Weka Pass Railway train rides, dog trial and sheep shearing demonstrations. Run by the Friends of Glenmark Church to assist in the preservation of our historic community church Event Event Event There s a time and a place for bluegrass music and the Waipara Valley Wine & Food Celebration is definitely it. From the back of a truck the banjo pinks and harmonica wails through the fuggy summer air to the crowded grass amphitheatre. Tots dance maniacally arms in the air - as mums and dads sip at plastic wine glasses and absentmindedly nod their heads to the rhythm. From their makeshift stage, Johnny Possum and his Goodtime Hootin Band holler and fiddle, coaxing their audience into a toe-tappin, thigh slappin frenzy. Waipara Wine Village & Day Spa will be built on almost 16 acres of prime winegrowing land in the heart of Waipara, North Canterbury. Waipara is the fastest growing wine region in New Zealand, with over 80 vineyards covering more than 800 hectares of plantings, in a very popular tourism area within the Alpine Pacific Triangle and close to Hanmer Springs. The Waipara Wine Village & Day Spa will be a total visitor, hospitality, conferencing, event and spa experience. It will also provide a focus for Waipara winegrowers to showcase their locally produced wines. Mud House Events: 24 April 2010 The MudRide... event details 11 December 2009 'a day on the green'... event details avalley.co.nz/inde x.html ontestate.co.nz/activi ties/nearclaremont/winerie s-newzealand/waiparawineries.html erytravel.co.nz/wa ipara-wine-tourxidc3463.html pacifictourism.co. nz/information/wa ipara/ awine.co.nz/thing s_to_do/waipara_ valley_farmers_m arket com/nzlivecom/w aipara-vintagefestival Wine--Food- Cause-for- Celebration/tabid/ 420/articleID/9231 7/cat/440/Default. aspx egroup.co.nz/pro perties/waipara+ Wine+Village+Da y+spa.html usewineryandcafe.co.nz/events/ Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 44

39 General General General General General Highlights - Waipara valley wine trails, Weka Pass vintage railway, Bush and mountain walkways, Wetlands & native forests, Coastal cliffs & secluded beach. At the southern gateway to the Alpine Pacific Triangle is one of New Zealand s finest wine regions - Waipara Valley. A pleasant 45 minute drive from Christchurch, Waipara s wineries are currently producing in excess of 250,000 cases of wine in an average year..the fascinating diversity of local terroir not only contributes to an abundance of award-winning wines but is also ideal for olive farms, nut farms, lavender and flower growing. In recent years, the Waipara Valley has become a popular stop for travellers who appreciate good wine. Waipara is one of New Zealand's newest and most rapidly expanding wine areas - Pinot Noir and Riesling grapes do very well here. Some of the wineries have restaurants. Interesting forms of accommodation can be found in the area you can even stay in a converted railway carriage. To add to your gourmet experience, there are olive groves, nut farms and fields of lavender. Waipara is home to the historic Weka Pass Railway, which runs on specified Sundays. The train travels over 14 kilometres of the original Hurunui-Bluff Main Trunk line, built in Other things to do: Fishing - Many rivers are popular for trout and salmon fishing. Iron Ridge Quarry 707 Ram Paddock Rd, Waipara Valley, ph: , Here, in an old limestone quarry, Raymond Herber has his iron sculpture studio. Group visits by appointment. Karikaas Natural Dairy Products 156 Whiterock Rd, Loburn, Rangiora, ph: , Taste and buy excellent cheeses and butter at the factory shop. Limestone Hills Ram Paddock Rd, Amberley, ph: , A chance to join the owners on French black truffle hunts in season. A charming, two-bedroom cottage overlooks the Waipara River Gorge. Waipara Gardens General Store 63 Glenmark Drive, Waipara Village This local landmark is run by Sarah Hughes-Games, who also sells her quality, fresh vegetables and seedlings here. Waipara Valley Farmers Market Held each Saturday morning (Labour Weekend to April), at Pegasus Bay Winery. Waipara Wine Trail Most wineries are clustered close to a 10km stretch of SH1. See Weka Pass Railway ph: , On the first and third Sundays of the month, restored steam locomotive A428 chugs out of the Glenmark station on a return trip to Waikari at the other side of Weka Pass. A great way to see Frog Rock and other limestone formations. Take an idyllic road trip and tour the flavours of Waipara Valley's North Canterbury Food and Wine Trail. Just 45 minutes from Christchurch, choose from over 20 wineries, 15 cellar doors and three specialised winery restaurants. Sample innovative menus at local cafes, visit farm gate and artisan producers, and if you can spare a night, enjoy the generous hospitality of a top-class country retreat. The Waipara Valley is one of New Zealand's finest wine regions. Commercial grape growing began in 1982 and there are now over 20 wineries producing over 250,000 cases annually... The Waipara Valley is an enjoyable half or full day trip, and you have the appealing option of joining an organised wine tour. The Waipara Valley is New Zealand's most rapidly expanding wine area and is home to award winning winery cafes and internationally acclaimed wines. The long narrow Waipara Valley is only 65km's from Christchurch city and is home to award winning wines. Pinot Noir, Riesling, Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc dominate local planting s, however a number of other grape varieties are also grown. Wine lovers will enjoy the fabulous selection of wineries open to the public along with winery restaurants serving local cuisine. Wine tours in the Waipara Valley are available and highly recommended for anyone considering trying a few wines as drinking and pacifictourism.co. nz/information/wa ipara/ aland.com/travel/ destinations/regio ns/christchurchcanterbury/towns. cfm/nodeid/274.ht ml e.co.nz/index.cfm?pageid= hurchnz.com/expl ore/waiparavalley.aspx alandnz.co.nz/hur unui/waiparavalley.html Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 45

40 General General General General Train Train driving don't mix! Professional wine tour companies are located in Christchurch and the Hurunui area The Waipara Valley is situated only 40 minutes drive north of Christchurch International Airport and Christchurch city, the capital of the South Island. It is the fastest growing wine region in New Zealand with around 80 vineyards in the Waipara Valley covering more than 1,500 hectares of plantings. The Waipara Valley is snuggled in the lee of the Teviotdale hills that provide protection from cool easterly winds but open to warming north west winds. The valley has three general sites, valley floor, hill slopes or river terraces. The soil types include; gravely deposits on flats and terraces in the central and west of the valley, limestone derived clays on hillsides and valley floor to the eastern side and gravely loams over alluvial subsoil in the southern part of the region. The north facing moderately sloping terrain provides an ideal sun trap for fruiting vines. This gives each vineyard unique characters that contribute to a range of wine styles that demand a visit to each winery to fully appreciate Waipara. The Terroir combined with the long hot autumn period helps produce unique richer, spicier pinot noirs and rieslings regional specialties. Other varieties of note include Pinot Gris, Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc Waipara is in the Waipara road district and in the Kowai riding of the Ashley county. The township is on the banks of the Waipara river, close to the railway traffic bridge. There is a post office at the flag railway station, mails are received and despatched daily, and there is telephonic connection with Amberley. The railway station is forty-one miles from Christchurch, and stands 231 feet above the level of the sea. Glenmark homestead is not far away from the settlement. There is a hotel at Waipara, and coaches ply daily between the township and Cheviot. At the census of 1901 the population of the township was eighteen, at Upper Waipara twenty-five, at Waipara Downs also twenty-five, and the railway co-operative workmen numbered 163. These men were, at the date of the census, engaged on the construction of the Waipara-Cheviot branch railway, and were, in the majority of cases, living in tents. Waipara s reputation as a respected wine region is well-established. Although compact, the Waipara Valley is home to around 24 wine producers, including 11 cellar door operations and three vineyard-based restaurants. The standard of wine produced in the Waipara Valley is world class - with the awards to prove it! Rich, spicy Pinot Noir and aromatic, dry Rieslings are specialties of the region, but every varietal, from Cabernet Sauvignon to Chardonnay and Gewürtztraminer, can be grown, tasted and purchased here. Organised vineyard tours are a perfect way to maximise your time in Waipara, seeing (and tasting) the best of the region. Choose from a package tour or personalised tour and enjoy all this region has to offer. Welcome to the Alpine Pacific Triangle - One of New Zealand's most stunning and spectacular touring routes located on the rugged east coast of the South Island. Experience the irresistible charm of Hanmer Springs - New Zealand's alpine spa village, the superb wine and food at the wineries of the Waipara Valley and the magnificent marine mammals of Kaikoura all located just north of Christchurch The Weka Pass Railway is based at Waipara. This historic rural railway uses both vintage steam and diesel-electric locomotives on 12.5km of scenic rail line. Waipara Valley accommodation is diverse, from luxury homestay to winery cottages to budget accommodation in unique historic railway wagons! From Waipara it is only a 40 minute drive to Hanmer Springs Thermal Pools or just over 1 hour from whale watching in Kaikoura. Weka Pass Railway - Trains run between Waipara and Waikari on 14kms of the original Hurunui-Bluff Main Trunk line built in 1882, destined never to reach the planned Nelson/Marlborough terminus. The station at Waipara is named Glenmark for the district. Train hire is available for groups any day other than the public running days which are the first and third Sunday of each month, every Sunday during January and February and most public holidays. Hire rates vary to satisfy individual requirements. There is heaps to see and do! Take a picnic or use Waikari's hotel or tearooms for a snack or lunch. Make sure you have a camera handy for awine.co.nz/ org/tm/scholarly/t ei-cyc03cycl-t1- body1-d4- d30.html rners.co.nz/newzealand/waipara/ pacifictourism.co. nz/ alandnz.co.nz/hur unui/waiparavalley.html rners.co.nz/newzealand/product/? product=wekapass-railway Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 46

41 Train Walking Wine Wine Wine Wine plenty of uphill photo stop opportunities. There are two 'open' cars for open air viewing. You will see vineyards, olive groves, cattle, sheep, irrigation dam and wild bird life as the view expands during your climb into the pass itself. Watch out for fossil seashells, narrow cuttings with wild flowers and the named limestone rocks such as the Frog, Seal, Finger and Thumb. See the old coach road tracks, the toll gate site and the once high viaduct before you arrive to the magnificent view of the Hurunui Basin with its mountain backdrop. Weka Pass Railway, Waipara, New Zealand. This is a historic rural railway using both vintage steam and diesel-electric locomotives on 12.8 km of scenic line through the unique limestone beauty of the Weka Pass out of Waipara where superior weather patterns provide crystal clear air and high sunshine hours. The Weka Pass Railway is a totally voluntary organisation, whose members are dedicated to the preservation of New Zealand's rail heritage. Initially the railway runs across flat farm land and passes a large irrigation reservoir and vineyards, before climbing grades as steep as l:50 ( 2% ) as it winds through the cuttings in the Pass. One can only marvel at the achievements of the workers who in the 1880's moved tons of clay and limestone by hand to form all the cuttings and large embankments. The Weka Pass section was completed in just over two years. The land was once under the sea and some of the surrounding limestone rocks have weathered into unusual shapes. Most notable are Frog Rock and Seal Rock, in the middle of the Weka Pass. Sea shells and fossils may be seen in the walls of many cuttings. Waipara Valley Area Walks: 1. Advanced Search Tiromoana Bush Walk - Update from Transwaste Canterbury August 09. The Tiromoana Bush Walkway is now closed for August and September for lambing. For all enquiries please phone Mt Cass Walkway - Update from Transwaste Canterbury August The Mt Cass Walkway is now closed during August and September for lambing. For all enquiries please phone Pegasus Bay Special viticultural region. The Waipara Valley is in the South Island of New Zealand, 30 minutes drive north of Christchurch. To the east Waipara Valley is separated from the ocean (Pegasus Bay) by a range of hills which protect it from the cooling winds of the Pacific. Within the Waipara Valley Pegasus Bay vineyard gets maximum protection from the Pacific's easterly breezes by being tucked up under the lee of the Teviotdale Range. Heat summation during the day is promoted by smooth stones and gravels left behind by an ice age glacier Black Estate is a remarkable place for wine. A family owned vineyard on the warm, sunny slopes of the Waipara Valley, where the vines grow through clay and limestone soils to produce intense wines completely expressive of this site. Our wines are hand crafted using artisan techniques and a dedication to creating exceptional Waipara Pinot Noir, Chardonnay and Riesling Canterbury s iconic winery located in the Waipara Wine district, 45 minutes north of Christchurch on State Highway 1, where there is now the shop, taste, dine, buy wine experience. The Mud House has become a popular venue destination and facility for events, concerts and conferences as well as the home of our award winning wines and wild new menu. Recently remodelled our Winery & Café provides both local and overseas visitors with a quality experience by combining superb wines and the very best of New Zealand products Established in 1986, Daniel Schuster Wines Ltd is a small, quality-focused producer of classically structured wines with individual character that reflects the unique growing conditions of our Estate Vineyards. The company is jointly owned by the Schuster and Hull families, who share a common interest in grape growing, winemaking and the appreciation of fine wine with food. The winery is located in the fast emerging wine producing district of Waipara in North Canterbury and our wines are produced entirely from assrailway.co.nz/ pacifictourism.co. nz/information/wa iparawalks/ usbay.com/about co.nz/ usewineryandcafe.co.nz/ ielschusterwines.c om/about.html Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 47

42 Wine Wine Wine Wine Wine Wine Wine Wine grapes grown on our three estate/ managed vineyards; the Omihi Hills Vineyard and Hull Vineyards in Waipara and the Petrie Vineyard in Rakaia. Greystone Wines. Our cellar door is open for the season! Come and visit us from Friday to Sunday, 11am to 5pm here in the Waipara Valley, only 50 minutes north of Christchurch. 50 minutes north of Christchurch on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand sits the Waipara Valley which experiences the long dry growing season found in the most famous wine regions of the world. On the northwest facing slopes of these limestone-studded hills and in the rain shadow of the Southern Alps you ll find the home of Greystone Wines. If you are one of our many regular lovers of Whitestone wines welcome to our new website. If you are new to the brand of Whitestone wines, welcome to our wonderful range of wines that we love, from the sunny Waipara Valley. Max & Velda Smith created Whitestone Wines in a river bed. Max moved the river to create the ideal site for the vineyard. To find out more about Max and Whitestone Vineyard look at HISTORY. Please visit our parent website at Waipara Wine Cellars to purchase our wine. Kim Crawford Wines. Canterbury consists of two major wine areas; the plains around the city of Christchurch, where grapes were first planted in the late 1970s, and the more recently developed valley area of Waipara, an hour's drive north of Christchurch. In the southern area the soils are mainly alluvial silt loams over gravel subsoils while in Waipara they are chalky loams that are often rich in limestone. Long, dry summers, abundant sunshine and relatively cool growing conditions are a feature in both areas although Waipara, which is sheltered from the coast by a low range of hills, can be significantly warmer. Kings Road Waipara Pinot Noir. Kings Road runs west from the main highway south as you cross North Canterbury into the Waipara region. This area is reputed to have the highest sunshine intensity in the country. In 2001 we planted our vineyard with a range of different Pinot Noir clones. Row spacing is very narrow only 2 metres apart as we wanted to ensure good ripening potential. Situated in the Waipara area of North Canterbury, New Zealand, Muddy Water is a direct translation from the Maori place name - wai (water) para (sediment, mud). Just as our name reflects the place, our wines reflect our vineyards. Our vineyards are situated on sunny slopes above the Waipara Valley in North Canterbury, on the South Island of New Zealand. Protected from cool sea breezes by a range of coastal hills, the Waipara area has a climate distinct from the rest of Canterbury The Waipara wine region is located 40 minutes' drive north of Christchurch and is home to over 1400ha of vines. Waipara's global reputation of excellence has developed rapidly over the region's short history, as more vineyards, wineries and cellar door operations have been established amongst the surrounding hills. The broad range of soil types, coupled with the natural sun-trap of the valley have seen an expansive, award-winning range of wine varieties emerge from Waipara. This tour explores four of North Canterbury's boutique vineyards, Canterbury House, Mark Rattray, Pegasus Bay and Waipara Springs all producing a fine selection of both white and red wines. This tour explores four of North Canterbury's boutique vineyards, Canterbury House, Mark Rattray, Pegasus Bay and Waipara Springs all producing a fine selection of both white and red wines. Torlesse Wines Limited is based at Waipara Village, adjacent to State Highway 1, 60 kilometres north of Christchurch. The company takes its name from an early Canterbury resident, surveyor and farmer, Englishman Charles Torlesse. He gave his name to the Torlesse mountain range which part circles the Canterbury Plains and was at one time the largest land owner and farmer in North Canterbury and founder of the nearby town of Rangiora. Interestingly, the name Torlesse is given to the underlying onewines.co.nz/h ome ines.co.nz/ wfordwines.co.nz/ wineregions/canterbur y-waipara.php aryvineyards.co.n z/kings.html water.co.nz/home rners.co.nz/newzealand/waiparawine/ m/newzealand/activities/ christchurch/waip ara-wine-trailfromchristchurch.aspx e.co.nz/index.cfm/ About_Torlesse_ Wines Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 48

43 Wine Wine Wine Wine Wine Wine Wine Omihi bedrock from which most New Zealand soils are derived Torlesse, the terroir of New Zealand! Waipara Downs, a vineyard of 4 ha lying on the limestone-rich slopes of the Waipara Valley, produces hand picked, 100% oak-aged quality wines, from the estate grown grapes. Under management of Keith, Ruth and Scott Berry Waipara Hills has experienced spectacular success and growth since it was launched as a small public wine company in 2001.To facilitate the rising production a purpose-built 2000 tonne state-of-the-art winemaking facility was leased in Marlborough. Known as South Pacific Cellars the facility offers the company's winemaking team a high tech platform from which to create the best quality award winning wines. Waipara Hills also has an impressive winery at Waipara, where the winery restaurant is based on State Highway One. Waipara Hills vineyard. By day, intense sunshine and dry winds challenge our vines to survive. By night temperatures drop dramatically, and the vineyard rows shiver under the pale light of the Southern Cross. The South Island of New Zealand is a land of extremes. Hot days, cool nights; high mountains, low river flats; bright sunshine, heavy snow clouds. It's these contrasts that give Waipara Hills wines their famous intensity, character and complexity. Waipara is located on the east coast of the South Island, about an hour's drive north of Christchurch and a winding half day drive south of Marlborough. At the northern end of the Canterbury plain, the topography turns to gentle slopes with a group of hills along the coast. Unlike the relative bustle of some other regions, Hastings at Hawke's Bay, Blenheim in Marlborough, and the Christchurch area of Canterbury, Waipara is a quiet, isolated village on the Christchurch-Picton highway. With the potential Waipara has for growing top-quality grapes, it won't be a sleepy village much longer. Evidence the recent investment in the impressive Canterbury House Winery. Evidence too in the reviews being garnered by Mountford Vineyard and Pegasus Bay. Waipara Valley, one of the fastest growing wine regions in New Zealand, is seeing a big jump in tourism to the area as a result of the interest in local wine, Alpine Pacific general manager Scott Pearson said today Waipara Wine Cellars promotes and distributes Exclusive Boutique Wines from the Waipara and Marlborough wine growing regions of New Zealand. All wines are from the single vineyards of Waipara Downs Wines, Whitestone Vineyard Waipara, and Rapaura Estate, Marlborough and are crafted by winemaker Scott Berry of Waipara Downs Wines, Waipara, North Canterbury. When the Waipara Winegrowers invited me to the 2002 Waipara Valley Wine and Food Celebration as the 'guest winewriter' for the weekend, I found an exciting and expanding wine region with dedicated and passionate wine producers. Waipara is part of rural Canterbury just 40 minutes drive north of Christchurch. While there was an unsuccessful foray with grapes in the 1960's most historians record the first grapes in the region as being planted in Sheep farmers chose grapes to trial as a diversification crop because grapes don't eat grass. From those testy beginnings, the region has burgeoned to 17 producers who own their own vineyards (see map). Other producers, e.g. Waipara Hills, use contract growers. The natural 'Y'-shaped valley with its free draining river gravels and limestone-rich clay and sandy soils is only a few kilometres from the South Pacific Ocean to the east but is well sheltered by the intervening Teviotdale Hills. The peaks of the "Three Deans" dominate the vista to the west. romnewzealand.c om/businesses/w aipara-downswines rry.co.nz/brand.js p?name=waipara %20Hills ahills.co.nz/? neries.com/waipar a.htm ws.co.nz/news.cf m?l=1&t=0&id= awinecellars.co.n z/ theweek.com/regi ons/waipara.html Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 49

44 Motor biking Wine Mountain biking Scargill Pioneer Motor Cycle Club Omihi Valley March 2009 Club results Omihi Waipara New Zealand Wine. Black Estate Top Vineyard Wines Stockists.. a remarkable place for wine. The Vulcaniser course is located in very picturesque countryside overlooking the coast with views across Pegasus Bay towards Banks Peninsula, to the Southern Alps and along the North Canterbury coast towards Motunau Island. The race is being held at Mt Vulcan Station. Head north from Christchurch. Turn right off SH1 into Reeces Rd (by the school) at Omihi about 10km north of the Waipara junction. Travel up this road for 11km to where you will be directed up a white gravel farm road to the parking area (approx. 3km). This road is NOT SUITABLE for cars with low ground clearance. There may be a walk or bike of 700m of relatively easy gradient 4WD track to the start/finish area if the access road is slippery on race day. Allow approx. 1hr 15min from the north edge of Christchurch Golf Course is located in the Scargill Valley, only 1 hour from Christchurch and 4 km from SH 1 at Greta Valley. Only 20 minutes from Motunau Beach..Come and enjoy the tranquillity of this nine-hole course that is situated in the Scargill Valley. Tree lined fairways, a few hills and target greens make this a picturesque and challenging course to play. The clubhouse will be opened for visiting groups by prior arrangement. Horse trekking and accomm Glenmark Accomm Accomm Event Lilburn Farm, 172 Stewarts Run Road, Scargill Valley Lilburn is a 2000 acre, moderate to steep hill country, beef breeding farm, located 80km North of Belfast, about 1hour by car (allow extra for towing). The road up here is shingle and we would recommend 4WD if you are towing two horses. We are a beef breeding farm so you will be riding amongst bulls, cows & calves at times and you will need to ride quietly at a walk through them. As you trek you will need to be able to stop and look at the map provided and work out your direction, paddocks are numbered on gateposts. If you assess your group as to how long you wish to ride for each day and at what speed, I can help you determine the best direction to go prior to your arrival. On request I may be available to guide treks. We recommend your horse to be shod & fit, a breastplate is fitted for going up hills, you ride in footwear with some grip so you can get off and walk your horse down steep areas of hill, provision to carry some water & a coat, to wear your hardhat, and to carry a cell phone (coverage is good on hilltops) Welcome to The Old Glenmark Vicarage, a historic New Zealand landmark in the heart of the Waipara Wine Valley. Built in 1907, The Vicarage is a beautiful example of late 19th century architecture set amongst 100 year old trees and established grounds. The house overlooks our boutique vineyard, the Vicarage s wines are made by a neighbouring winery, offering wines of quality and distinction. The Old Glenmark Vicarage is an historic landmark in the heart of the Waipara Wine Valley. Built in 1907, The Vicarage is a beautiful example of late 19th century architecture set amongst 100 year old trees, established gardens and our boutique vineyard. Waipara Wine and Food Celebration - The Biggest, Little, Best Wine and Food Celebration in the Country is Back! Date: Saturday 6th March Venue: Glenmark Church, Church Rd, Waipara rtrials.co.nz/post/ Omihi-Valley- March-2009.aspx co.nz/ ainbike.orconhosti ng.net.nz/ burygolf.co.nz/pa ge/canterbury+clu bs/?club=14 arm.com/index.ht ml arkvicarage.co.nz/ pacifictourism.co. nz/information/pro duct/?product=the -old-glenmarkvicarage-thevicarage-barn awine.co.nz/event s/waipara_valley_ wine_and_food_c Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 50

45 General Train Wine Wine Spye General Wildlife Glenmark was probably the most valuable station in Canterbury. Roughly speaking it ran from the east side of the Omihi Valley to the west side of the Weka Pass, and included the Doctor's Hills and the Deans, page 272and it ran from the Hurunui to the Waipara. The freehold and leasehold covered a hundred and fifty thousand acres. At one time it contained eighty-one thousand acres of freehold and carried 90,000 sheep. Weka Pass Railway - The Railway Experience of Yester-Year - Just a short walk up the road to the Weka Pass railway that offers an opportunity to experience Rail Travel 1950's style. Departing Waipara's Glenmark station the train leaves the North Canterbury plains to climb up a series of graceful curves. Though limestone cuttings of the Weka Pass and beyond Passing Frog Rock and ending up at the Waikari station. Visit the craft shops at Waikari and enjoy a picnic lunch then catch the train back to Waipara. The original 1930 carriages and open air observation wagons are hauled by period diesel locomotive or restored steam engine. Plenty of photographic opportunities and on train commentary on the history and locations during the trip. Glenmark Wines, 169 Mackenzies Rd, Waipara Glenmark Wines takes its name from the huge Glenmark sheep station owned by the 19th-century pastoralist George Henry Moore. The Weka Plains property farmed by the McCaskeys was originally part of that estate and the old Glenmark homestead, which was burned down in 1890, is pictured on the Glenmark label. The Old Glenmark Vicarage Wines. Hand-crafted Boutique Wines. Situated in the heart of the Waipara Valley Wine District, the Vicarage has a small boutique vineyard planted with Pinot Noir, Riesling and Chardonnay vines.. The Vicarage's wines are made by a neighbouring winery, one of the first in the region with a strong reputation for quality craftsmanship and wines of distinction. Spye is an historic and highly regarded 1,012 hectare sheep and beef breeding and finishing property. An easy 50 minute drive north of Christchurch with frontage to the State Highway, the property is located in the Waipara/Omihi wine growing district. Back at Kaikoura township, our route south takes us along State Highway 1. The hills now are much reduced after the soaring peaks behind Kaikoura, and it is not until you reach Spye, some 111 kilometres further south, that the Canterbury Plains open out before you. This wide expanse is the country's most distinctive and easily defined geographical area by far the largest, contiguous area of lowland we have. elebration org/tm/scholarly/t ei-aclearl-t1- body-d10-d7.html t.nz/~waipara.slee pers/weka_pass_r ailway.htm e.co.nz/index.cfm?pageid=7443&r =0 arkvicarage.co.nz/ wines.html s.co.nz/ rs.co.nz/wildlife/ka ikoura/canterbury. htm Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 51

46 8 Appendix 2: International research: wind farms, tourism and recreation This section reviews the findings of international research into the effects of wind farm development on tourism. This review provides an important foundation for this assessment, due to the influence on tourism and recreation of the operation of the proposed wind farm being limited to visual effects. 8.1 United Kingdom It is appropriate to reference studies completed in Scotland and England for the reason that they have included members of the same European tourism market that New Zealand relies on, in part, and have been carried out in an area which bases much of its tourism product on relatively natural landscape settings. The equivocal and contingent responses to the surveys in Scotland also match the little research that has been completed in New Zealand. There is a mix of reactions to wind farms from a tourism perspective, but the trend is generally neutral, and there are often positive elements. In a survey of 307 visitors to Argyll in Scotland (MORI, 2002) where 83% of respondents noted the landscape and countryside of the area as of particular interest of the 49% who had seen a wind farm in the area, 15% reported they had a completely positive effect, 28% reported a generally positive effect, 43% reported an equally positive and negative effect, 7% reported a generally negative effect, and 1% a completely negative effect. Four percent noted that the wind farms would make them more likely to visit again, 91% reported that they would make no difference and 2% reported that the wind farms meant it was less likely that they would visit again. Similarly, a 2004 study by the University of West England into a proposed wind farm in North Devon (Aithchison, 2004), based on interviews with 379 day visitors and tourists, reported that the majority of respondents (58%) thought that wind farms had no overall impact on the tourism experience, a further 18% reported that they had a positive effect on the tourism experience, and 15% reported a negative effect. The report conclusion was no overall negative impact on tourism numbers, no overall detrimental effect on the tourist experience, and no overall decline in tourism expenditure. NFO System Three (2002) completed a meta-data analysis, and a survey of 180 domestic, national and international tourists to Scotland for VisitScotland into the potential impact of wind farms on tourism in Scotland, and in 2003 a similar study for the Wales Tourism Board (NFO System Three, 2003). Findings for the Scotland study included: The Scottish research identified the emotive nature of the whole issue of wind farm development. Amongst the trade bodies interviewed, the majority were either positively disposed towards wind farm development, or at least conditionally so. Trade bodies who were more negative tended to have very strong reasons for this opinion. In Wales, most trade body representatives were, in principle, supportive of renewable energy and the development of wind farms. However, the general view was that wind farms should be very carefully sited and not in areas which were deemed to be particularly sensitive to their development. There were variations in the explanation of what constituted a no-go area with some organisations more explicit than others in their definition. Nevertheless, there was general consensus that they should be located outside of designated areas (e.g. National Parks and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Sites of Special Scientific Interest) and in areas in which the visual and environmental impacts would be minimised. In the absence of any research in Wales that has attempted to quantify the impacts of wind farms on tourists, most respondents found it difficult to assess these types of impacts. Amongst those who did provide an opinion most believed that the impacts on tourism were negligible although these views were based on anecdotal evidence. Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 52

47 Welsh tourism operators did not report any adverse effects from existing wind farms, but some were worried about their development would may impact on those returning to the area in the future. Amongst visitors to Scotland, the picture was mixed with a large proportion commenting on the visual intrusion on the landscape. The visual impact represented the main concern with 38% of visitor respondents reporting that wind farms spoiled the scenery. Most other respondents felt that the visual intrusion of wind farms needed to be taken account when they were being sited. When asked for their overall views on wind farm development, the majority of visitor respondents over three quarters were either positive or at least neutral towards wind farm development. At the same time, a significant minority (21%) of visitors held much more negative views towards wind farm development. These figures were almost identical in the Welsh study. The majority of visitors respondents were at least conditionally positive towards wind farm development from a tourism perspective. The use of the term conditionally positive was considered important in terms of wind farm development and its impact on tourism. Only a relatively small proportion of visitors were positive towards wind farm development without any conditions. A much larger proportion were more likely to qualify their acceptance using phrases such as it depends, so long as, and provided that in their responses. Most of these conditions related to the siting of the wind farms and a recognition that, for most people, they are seen as being visually intrusive. Consequently, a common theme amongst both the trade and visitors was that wind farms should not be sited in or near designated areas of outstanding scenery. In addition, there was a consensus amongst visitors that, wherever possible, wind turbines should not be located in or near popular tourist areas. There was a feeling amongst visitors that wind farms held some appeal at the time because of their novelty value. For most visitors, it was fairly unusual to see a turbine or a wind farm in the countryside (as it is currently in New Zealand) and therefore when they were seen, they held a degree of curiosity. This suggests that there could be a danger of cumulative development of wind farms throughout the countryside where one of their present appeals uniqueness and the fact that they are unusual, is lost. The issue of the preferred sizes and scales of individual wind farm developments from the tourism industry point of view more difficult to determine. Whilst the trade were more likely to prefer the idea of a smaller number of larger wind farm developments, visitors were rather more likely to choose the option of a larger number of smaller scale developments. It would appear however that the largest proportion of visitors would prefer to not see any wind farms at all when in the Scottish countryside. A preference for a larger number of small scale developments rather than a smaller number of large scale developments was considered to probably be based on the feeling that if they had to see any wind farms at all, the smaller and less intrusive the development, the better. Attitudes towards wind farms tended to be slightly more positive amongst those who had actually seen and experienced them than amongst those who had not done so Seventy percent of those in the Scottish study who had seen wind farms thought they made no difference to their experience, versus 54% for those who had not seen them. This suggested that the perceived negative associations with wind farms visual and noise pollution are less problematic amongst those respondents who have actually seen them in situ. Many opinions were reported to have been based on, rumour and often misinformation. In the Scottish study as many as 26% of visitors claimed that they would be less likely to visit a specific site, based on mock-ups of wind farm developments, if a wind farm was developed there in future. One percent would be more likely to return, and 70% claimed that it would make no difference. The report authors noted that it would be difficult to determine the extent to which this would actually be the outcome of a wind farm development, although it offers evidence that specific developments would be likely to result in a reduction in the number of visits made by the existing visitor markets. This Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 53

48 again illustrates that from a tourism perspective, the siting of wind farms is particularly crucial. In the Welsh study the largest proportion of respondents claimed that it would make no difference to their likelihood to take holidays in the Welsh countryside if the number of wind farms increased (68%). A further 9% claimed that any impact would be minimal. On the other hand, a significant minority would be affected: 11% would steer clear of the area and 2% would be less likely to come back. This would tend to suggest that a wind farm development could have a negative impact on future visits none of the respondents replied that they would be more likely to return for example The NFO System Three report authors (2002) stated that their research had highlighted a mix of different messages and conditions related to wind farm development in relation to tourism. This made a: general, all-encompassing tourism policy fairly impractical. Most respondents, both on the trade and consumer sides, felt that each case should be judged on its own merits rather than attempting to define an overall policy which suggested that VisitScotland was either for or against wind farm development. Therefore, our recommendation would be to devise a policy which was set within the overall context of the recognition of the importance of sustainability and renewable energies but which would allow judgement on individual wind farm applications, taking account of all of the key factors and elements indicated. An important finding of the NFO System Three surveys was respondents identification of facilities which detracted or enhanced their visitor experience. The value in this question set was that it was asked before respondents were aware that the survey was targeted at wind farms. Table 4 summarises the results: Table 4: Proportion of Respondents claiming that each facility/development detracted or enhanced the experience (% of n=180). NFO System Three (2002 and 2003) Scotland % of n=180 Wales % of n=266 Facility or development Detracted Enhanced Detracted Enhanced Electricity pylons and wires Mobile telephone masts Quarries Planted, geometric forestry Wind farms and turbines Telephone wires and poles Hydro electric and other power stations Fish farms Hydro electric dams Electricity pylons rated well above wind turbines as adverse features, and had very few respondents citing them as enhancing the experience. Wind turbines were more equivocal, of less concern than geometric forestry and as much a detraction as telephone poles and wires. Research carried out by QA Research (2005) of 449 visitors to Cumbria into the potential to develop additional wind farms in the area, reported that to 86% of visitors, more wind farms in Cumbria would make no difference to their visit frequency. Ten percent would visit less often and 1% would not visit at all. With regard to the statement, I would avoid an area of countryside if I knew there was a wind farm there, 77% disagreed or strongly disagreed and 19% agreed or strongly agreed. However, 71% indicated an extra wind farm would make no Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 54

49 difference when visiting the district; 28% thought it would be an additional attraction; 79% indicated it would not reduce their enjoyment on visits; and 91% indicated it would not discourage them from visiting. Seventy-five percent of respondents had prior experience of wind farms in Cumbria, and unfortunately the study report does not indicate the response differences between those who had and had not experienced a wind farm. RBA Research (2002) completed 234 face-to-face interviews with residents near the Lambrigg Fell wind farm in Cumbria. They found that 71% of respondents thought that the wind farm had no effect on the number of people visiting the area, 14% said they didn t know what the impact had been and 11% believed that the number of visitors to the area had increased. Three percent thought that visitor numbers had declined. Star Consultants (2003) a group of undergraduate students from Leeds Metropolitan University completed face-to-face interviews with 147 visitors to the Lake District for Friends of the Lake District. In relation to visits to Kirby Moor in the Lakes District, 79% of respondents were neither encouraged nor discouraged to visit that area as a result of the wind farm, and equal numbers of respondents (7.5%) were encouraged and discouraged. In relation to Lambrigg Fell another wind farm area the neutral group was even larger 84%. In response to the potential for increasing the number of wind farms in the Lake District, 75% of respondents stated it would make no difference to their visit frequency, 22% stated they would visit less frequently and 2% would be encouraged to visit. The students also interviewed 30 tourism organisations in the Lakes District, including the Ramblers Association. Their report includes analysis of the results by subgroup (such as B&Bs and museums), but as each subgroup was quite small (three B&Bs for example), this detailed analysis is unlikely to be representative. In relation to the Kirby Moor wind farm, all businesses noted that it had had no effect on their operations (only the Ramblers considered it a negative effect). The same results applied to Lambrigg Fell and the proposed wind farm at Wharrels Hill. Almost three-quarters of businesses supported the concept of wind farm visitor centres, and those who did not felt they would be competition for their businesses. In 2008 the Scottish Government released an analysis of the economic impacts of wind farms on Scottish tourism undertaken by Glasgow Caledonian University (2008). This study was based on international literature review, intercept surveys with almost 400 visitors to areas in Scotland with wind farms, and an internet-base response survey. The literature review found: There is often strong hostility to developments at the planning stage on the grounds of the scenic impact and the perceived knock-on effect on tourism. However developments in the most sensitive locations [which is taken to mean, locations where tourism values are directly dependent on existing visual amenity values] do not appear to have been given approval so that where negative impacts on tourism might have been a real outcome there is, in practice, little evidence of a negative effect. There is a loss of value to a significant number of individuals but there are also some who believe that wind turbines enhance the scene. An established wind farm can be a tourist attraction in the same way as a hydro-electric power station. This was considered to be only true whilst a visit remains a novel occurrence. In Denmark, a majority of tourists regard wind turbines as a positive feature of the landscape. Over time hostility to wind farms lessens and they become an accepted even valued part of the scenery. Those closest seem to like them most. Overall there is no evidence to suggest a significant negative economic impact of wind farms on tourists. In relation to the effects of wind farms on visitor intentions to return to Scotland, the intercept survey by Glasgow Caledonia University (2008) found: Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 55

50 Under all circumstances [the respondent having seen a real wind farm, having seen a photo-montage of a local landscape before and after the creation of an existing wind farm, and seeing a photo-simulation of an expanded existing wind farm] the vast majority (93-99%) of those who had seen a wind farm suggested that the experience would not have any effect. Indeed there were some tourists for whom the experience increased the likelihood of return rather than decreasing it. The assessed change in likelihood combines both decreases (negative impacts) and increases (positive impacts). In the second case (no farm to current levels [that is, when viewing a before and after photo-montage of an existing wind farm]) the net result of these changes in intentions at both the area level and nationally is relatively small, and in almost all cases is not significantly different from zero in a statistical sense. However when the farm was extended respondents became significantly more negative. The extended development scenario at the area level shows a small but statistically significant (at the 10% level) fall of 2.5% in the likelihood of revisiting an area and just under 0.5% fall in the likelihood of revisiting Scotland. The result at first sight seems to stand at odds to the result from the internet survey, where it appeared that once there was an intrusion into the scenery, the effect on the value of the landscape of expanding the size is relatively small. It is believed that this discrepancy may be explained by the difference between stated and revealed actions. The extended photos used in the intercept study were theoretical developments. Again those who did not like the idea of wind farms were given the opportunity to register a protest vote by threatening to withdraw if it proceeded. Because of the context this protest was far lower than in some other studies but it would appear to exist. Consequently it is our view that the identified change should be viewed as the maximum response that might be expected. The report concluded a reduction in general tourism expenditure at four study areas of between 1.3% and 1.7% as a result of wind farm development. The total loss for Scotland was estimated at 0.1%. However, this was considered a worst case scenario as it was based on responses to extending existing wind farms where a statistically significant result was noted, and did not include the potential positive effects of wind farm tourism. The authors also reported: The intercept study possibly overstates the likely negative responses because they were based on hypothetical extensions and were out of line with the marginality findings of the internet study. It is believed that there is an inherent possibility of a protest vote against wind farms which is not matched by similar responses from supporters. and The development will happen over a number of years and both the market and tourists are likely to in part adjust to meet the new challenges. In 2008 four researchers from the Centre for the Study of Environmental Change and Sustainability and the School of Engineering and Electronics at the University of Edinburgh (Eltham et al 2008) compared residents perceptions of a Cornish wind farm (Carland Cross) based on their recall of the their opinions prior to its construction in 1991 and after living near the farm up to Figure 9 shows an example of the proximity to residences. A sample size of 100 respondents was sought and achieved. Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 56

51 Figure 9: Carland Cross wind farm viewed from St. Newlyn East. Many residents can see the turbines from their property. Source: Eltham et al Findings included: The overall proportion of the population of St. Newlyn East finding the wind farm visually attractive changed from 6% to 40%. A total of 10% (±5.9%) of the population thought that the visual intrusion of the wind turbines was greater after the wind farm was constructed than they had expected while 8% (±5.3%) thought that the visual impact was less intrusive. A total of 59% of the population recalled anticipating that, in 1991, the wind farm would bring no positive environmental, social or economic impact to St. Newlyn East. By 2006 this proportion reduced by 37% (±16%) to 22%. There was no statistically reliable change in the perception about the positive or negative effects of the wind farm on tourism. The authors noted: If socio-institutional factors instigated the lower levels of acceptance seen in 1991 compared with 2006, it is interesting that the number of residents remembering being concerned about the impact of Carland Cross on local tourism is negligible. This is despite the prominence of tourism within the Cornish economy (Lang, 2004) and the importance of the promotion of the unique and beautiful natural environment (South West Tourism, 2007) as a pull factor for potential visitors. St. Newlyn East, however, has no significant tourist accommodation or facilities, which Toke (2005) 14 found to be an important requirement in a settlement for significant concern to arise about impacts on tourism from local wind farms. In 1997 Robertson Bell Associates (RBA) was commissioned by National Wind Power Limited to conduct an independent survey among the residents living near to the 20 turbine Welsh Taff Ely wind farm, Mid Glamorgan, with 336 interviews completed among people living within a two mile radius of the turbines. 15 More than three in five local people supported the wind farm, which could be seen by more than 70% of the people questioned. More thought it made the scenery more interesting than spoilt the scenery. Findings of the survey included: More than three in five (63%) said they supported the Taff Ely wind farm, including 28% who say they strongly support it. Only 4% said they opposed the wind farm. The remainder Taff-Ely 14 Toke (2005) offers a review of English and Welsh planning outcomes in relation to wind farms. 15 See: Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 57

52 (32%) said 'no opinion either way'. More than three in four (78%) were able to mention at least one way in which the Taff Ely wind farm had benefited the local area, with 8% saying there were no benefits. Seven in ten residents (71%) identified no drawbacks with the wind farm, (49% said Taff Ely wind farm had no negative effects on the local area and a further 22% said 'don't know'). Of those who identified drawbacks, the most commonly mentioned was the visual impact of the wind farm, spontaneously mentioned by 18%. Other than visual impact, no further drawbacks were mentioned by more than 4% of respondents. On being asked how they thought the wind farm fitted into the countryside, more residents said 'it makes the scenery more interesting' (29%) than said 'it spoils the scenery' (17%). Half (51%) described it as 'all right'. Of the turbines themselves, more described them as 'graceful' (20%) than described them as 'ugly' (14%) with most (63%) saying they are 'all right'. In terms of the number of people visiting the area, a majority (68%) said the wind farm had no effect. Many more respondents said visitor numbers had increased, however, than said they had decreased (15% and 1% respectively). 8.2 Spain The following is drawn from NFO System Three (2003): Consultations with representatives from organisations in Spain were undertaken to gather knowledge and experiences from a country with a substantial amount of wind farm development. There are around 40.2 million people living in Spain in an area of 504,782 square km. In December 2002 there were 261 wind farms in Spain. These developments produce 5,060 MW electricity, which is ca 0.5% of the total amount of energy produced in Spain. The aim is to increase the production to 5% in Spain has the largest wind power capacity and market in the world, after Germany and the United States. The three countries, together with Denmark account for more than 80% of total installed wind power capacity. The development of wind farms in Spain has grown rapidly and yet several independent studies have shown that wind farms have not had any effect on tourism in Spain, neither for inland nor coastal tourism. However there are certain places in Spain that are near their saturation point in terms of wind farm development, but those are not areas of particular importance for tourism. There have been a few examples of positive effects on tourism from wind farms, where a new type of tourism, so called green tourism is being established when an area is promoted by sustainable energy sources. This involves, amongst other things, hotels run only by renewable energy and examples of this kind of development can be found on the Canary Islands. Generally, there seems to be a lack of knowledge and misinformation about the effects of wind farms on tourism businesses. This is especially thought to be the case in Catalonia, where a larger number of businesses and residents are opposing wind farms, although they are situated in very remote parts of the area. Therefore, the Spanish organisations consulted, stressed the importance of education and information about wind farms and their impact on businesses as well as for local communities. The example of Navarra was also mentioned, where a large proportion of Spain s wind farms are located. Wind farms have been developed in the area but in places far away from communities, where they are thought to cause little disturbance. At the same time, the number of houses in the rural part of the region has increased and local people are educated about wind farms and other types of renewable energy sources. The aim is to make as many rural communities as possible self-sustainable with renewable energies and thus facilitate the development of tourism and other industries. This process is Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 58

53 thought to minimize the abandoning of rural areas, especially of young people, which is a significant social problem in Spain. 8.3 Australia At the close of 2008, there were 50 wind farms in Australia, with a total of 756 operating wind turbines. The total operating wind generating capacity at the end of 2008 was 1,300 megawatts (MW) providing 1.3% of Australia's national electricity demand. South Australia has more than half of the nation's wind power capacity, providing about 15% of the State s electricity needs. Victoria also has a sizeable system, with large proposals for expansion. 16 The Australian Wind Energy Association has released several papers on wind farms and tourism. 17 In these papers, it is clear that many wind farms receive high visitor numbers, and that some operators have benefited from running commercial tours. Codrington, for example, attracts an estimated 50,000 visitors per year (not all on commercial tours). Likewise, other wind farms including those at Esperance (Ten Mile Lagoon), Albany, the Atherton Tablelands, Woolnorth in Tasmania, Crookwell in New Codrington South Wales and Toora in NSW all attract high numbers of visitors. The novelty factor of the turbines appears to have been evident at all sites, with the number of visitors reported to be dropping off over time. The Windy Hill wind farm in Atherton was reported by the Association to have been visited by 30,000 cars in the first three months of operation. The Albany farm was reported to have 100,000 visitors in All sites are reported to be part of commercial tourism itineraries. The Ten Mile Lagoon wind farm in Western Australia with nine turbines was reported to have had 50,000 visitors in The Albany wind farm, also in WA, with 12 turbines was reported to have had 100,000 visitors in In 2001, an AusPoll study in Victoria and reported by the Australian Wind Energy Association 18 showed that 94% of respondents described wind generators as interesting and 74% as graceful. A subsequent survey showed that 36% of respondents were more likely to visit a coastal area if it had a wind farm, while 55% said it would make no difference. Only 8% said it would deter them from visiting. The survey also showed that 95% of respondents supported the construction of more wind farms. This result was again backed up in a national poll in 2003 which found that 95% support (27%) or strongly support (68%) building wind farms to meet Australia s rapidly increasing demand for electricity. The National Trust of South Australia has worked with the Australian Wind Energy Association to come up with an Energy Infrastructure (wind farms) Policy. With respect to cultural heritage, the policy states: State heritage places and areas, and local heritage places, zones or areas should be protected from undesirable visual intrusion by energy infrastructure, including wind farms. Significant landscapes, scenic tourist routes, character streetscapes, vistas or panorama, regardless of whether the view is from public or private land, must be identified and protected from visually intrusive energy infrastructure. The industry recognises the difficulties in developing sensitive areas. Pacific Blue (developer of the Codrington and Portland wind farm projects), for example, reports that they avoid public land altogether for wind farm developments, given the associated difficulties. Key lessons with regard to the Australian cases include: The novelty factor is significant, with many visitors wanting to take a look at the new technology, but numbers are reported to be declining over time; See: Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 59

54 Even within the tourism industry, views on the effects of wind farms on tourism differ. For example, while the Western Australia Tourism Commission supports wind farms, Tourism Victoria is concerned about the potential impacts of the wind farm developments at Portland and other areas; The majority of visitors to wind farms are low yield sightseers who offer little income to the commercial tourism industry. Albany 19 The Albany wind farm opened in 2001 with 12 turbines is located on public recreational land in Western Australia on a coastal reserve, through which runs part of the well-known multi-day trek, the Bibbulmun Track. About a century ago the site was zoned for a pine plantation, but trees were never planted. To allow a wind farm development, the land was rezoned to allow for recreation, conservation and wind energy development. The wind farm is listed as an attraction on and is on an established scenic drive route. Those intending to surf and fish pass through the reserve on the way to the sea, and walkers on the Bibbulmun Track pass by it. The reserve is also used for other activities including hang gliding. Albany Albany The Bibbulmun Track is Western Australia s only long distance walking trail. It has important Aboriginal heritage, natural and scenic values. In 1999/2000, an estimated 215,000 walking days were recorded on the track, the majority being short-term hikers undertaking one to three days of hiking. An employee of the Western Australia State Tourism Organisation reports that the wind farm has benefited tourism. The area is now visited more frequently and provides better access for users of the reserve. The wind farm is not, however, the main focus of any commercial tourism operation. Western Power, the Albany Wind farm developers, had to ensure impact on the track-walkers was minimal. The track was improved and moved to accommodate the additional walkers who were expected to visit this section (given improved road access). The turbines were placed in positions that had the least visible impact on walkers. A study completed by Sinclair Knight Mertz suggested that the opinions of track-walkers differed significantly, with some seeing a complimentary connection between the track and natural energy production, and others being absolutely opposed. 19 See: Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 60

55 The Department of Conservation and Land Management, the organisation that manages the track, has stated that apart from an increase in tourist numbers directly at Albany to view the wind farm, they did not expect numbers to significantly change on the whole of the track. A Wind Discovery Centre at the wind farm was opened in According to the city s economic development manager, John Berry, traffic counters suggest about 100,000 people visited the wind farm in The site has the potential to be a premier WA tourism icon based on the sheer size of the structures and magnificent coastal setting. 20 A national tourism promotional website states: 21 This day trip to Albany is all about natural elements, and a trip to Albany's Wind Farm is a perfect way the end the day. Opened in October 2001, this wind farm is biggest of its kind in the southern hemisphere. Many huge turbines are perched on the hillside, spinning vigorously in order to create electricity for Albany homes with clean, green electricity. It's an impressive sight to see. Esperance wind farms Also in Western Australia is the Ten Mile Lagoon wind farm and Nine Mile Beach wind farm at Esperance, consisting of nine and six turbines respectively and developed in These farms generate 22% of Esperance s electricity supply. The nearby Salmon Beach wind farm was closed in 2002 due to urban encroachment. The Ten Mile Lagoon site is located on an area zoned as a flora reserve. To gain consent for the development, Western Power was required to rehabilitate other areas and become a vestee of the land with certain responsibilities in regard to conservation and land management on behalf of the Crown. 22 The developer, Western Power, states: The remaining two Salmon Beach wind turbines, the Ten Mile Lagoon Wind Farm and the new Nine Mile Beach Wind Farm are symbols of the town, which thousands of tourists visit every year. A 2001 study completed by Sinclair Knight Mertz, and reported on by the Australian Wind Energy Association, 23 suggested the Salmon Beach and Ten Mile Lagoon wind farms were visited by 50,000 people per year, with road counters to Ten Mile Lagoon registering 80 cars per day. Walkaway Wind Farm Alinta s Walkaway Wind Farm, just south of Geraldton in Western Australia was opened in August 2005 with 54 of the world s largest turbines. The project is promoted by the developer (Alinta) as: Aside from being a major boost to cleaner and cheaper electricity for the Mid-West and South-West regions of Western Australia, the Alinta Wind Farm is already proving to be a major tourist attraction. A car park and visitors' information booth is being constructed alongside one of the wind turbines to give visitors a close-up look at one of Australia's largest wind energy Walkaway 20 Albany Advertiser 31/1/ See: 23 See: Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 61

56 facilities. 24 Geraldton is a town of 100,000, with a backdrop of a range of hills that are operated as a privately-owned sheep station. The land owner is a partner in the development proposes to revegetate the range and create a recreational park, owned by the community. The Northern Agricultural Catchments Council s 2005 Regional Natural Resource Management Strategy described industrial tourism in the area as a growth area: Tours of crayfish factories, Geraldton port, mines, farms, aquaculture ventures, technological sites (like the new Walkaway and Emu Downs wind farms) and other worksites are growing in popularity and will continue to attract more visitors New Zealand Manawatu The Tararua and Te Apiti wind farms are both sited on private farmland in areas that originally had no public access. The sites are still not open to the general public, although people do visit as far as public roads allow and, in the case of the Tararua wind farm, on commercial tours. The wind farm developments have reportedly boosted the Manawatu District s economy by over $4 million per year through additional tourism revenues 26. Views of the wind farm have become part of the region s core image set and branding, and it is believed the wind farm has had a positive effect on the region s positioning as a tourism destination. The region s tourism information website leads with the statement: 27 The Tararua region stretches from the ridges of the Ruahine and Tararua ranges, to the shores of the Pacific. Discover a relaxed lifestyle conveniently close to main centres. Great fishing, eco-tourism and adventure opportunities. Visit the world famous National Wildlife Centre at Mount Bruce, view the majestic turbines of Tararua Wind Power and Te Apiti, experience the tranquillity of a walk through stunning native forests. Te Apiti Increased tourism has also been reported in the Tararua District, especially in the small settlement of Balance. However, interviewees suggest the benefits are not thought to be anywhere near as high as in the Manawatu. Tararua At this stage, only the Tararua wind farm is toured commercially (by three operators). Taxi drivers are also reported to take visitors to the farm, but infrequently. Based on discussions with the operators and the Palmerston North Visitor Information Office, it is unlikely that the number of visitors joining a commercial tour visiting the wind farm is more than 2,500 per year. 24 See: 25 See: 26 Destination Manawatu data 27 Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 62

57 Almost half of these are on tours that have the wind farm as a secondary focus (the primary focus being an alternative activity, such as horse trekking or quad biking). Of note is group tourism to the Tararua wind farm. It is apparent that groups make up the largest share of the commercial tours market to the wind farm mainly domestic, and those organised by education providers, student and Rotary bodies and special interest groups. From a tourism business viewpoint, the size of the commercial tourism opportunity created directly by the wind farms is small. Indirectly, however, many people visit the wind farms on a self-drive basis and these self-drivers do generate significant tourism revenue to the region in the way of indirect expenditure. Soon after opening, the Te Apiti wind farm was visited by 170 cars on Sunday 15 August Estimates are that about 400 cars were visiting the site in the first few weeks of commissioning. Approximately 1200 vehicles visited the site in one weekend over the 2004 Christmas period. Meridian Energy was surprised by the interest in the wind farm from the community, and as a result, developed a large site for viewing and parking, with signage, reducing the hazard created by people stopping and looking from the public road. Local communities, such as Ashhurst and Woodville have adopted imagery of the wind farm into cafes and school projects, and it appears on the cover of the 2006 Telecom white pages directory. Brooklyn wind turbine Meridian s Brooklyn wind turbine, located on a high point of Wellington, is comparatively small with an output of 225 kilowatts. The turbine includes an interpretation facility, a large car park and excellent views of the city, harbour and sea. It receives many visitors (estimates vary but conservatively, over 50,000 visitors per year some say over 200,000) and is included in some sightseeing tours of the city. Members of the Wellington tourism industry interviewed for the West Wind wind farm consent application noted that the wind turbine is, in itself, not the key attraction of the site, but only an identifier or a point of interest (TRC 2007). The real attraction is believed to be the views offered from the site, which is very convenient and has excellent car parking. After commissioning, the site was heavily patronised by locals. However, recent indications that the turbine should be removed were generally opposed, as reported in The Dominion Post ( ): Brooklyn turbine to stay The people have spoken and the result is in Brooklyn's original wind turbine will stay. The future of the country's first turbine was uncertain when machinery gave out about five months ago, but public response as to what should happen was clear almost. Last month, Meridian Energy asked Wellingtonians whether the turbine should be scrapped, repaired or replaced. Of 2600 votes in a Dominion Post poll, 44.4 per cent wanted the turbine repaired, 40.4 per cent wanted it replaced and 15.2 per cent wanted it scrapped. Spokeswoman Claire Shaw said the decision on the 17-year-old turbine, the country's oldest, had been warmly received at the Meridian office, where 90 per cent of staff Project Hurunui Wind Recreation and Tourism AEE 63