PART I. TEMPLE CONVERSION AS AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL PHENOMENON

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1 Richard Bayliss: Proincial Cilicia and the Archaeology of Temple Conersion. (= BAR International Series, 1281), Oxford: Archaeopress 2004, XIV S., 183 fig., ISBN , GBP Abstract List of Illustrations Charts in Text Illustrations Presentation Rationale Acknowledgments i xii xiii PART I. TEMPLE CONVERSION AS AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL PHENOMENON CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 3 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TEMPLE CONVERSION 3 HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY IN TEMPLE CONVERSION 4 THE TEMPLE CONVERSION DEBATE 4 TERMINOLOGY 7 CHAPTER 2 THE FATE OF THE TEMPLES 8 INTRODUCTION 8 THE LAST DAYS OF THE TEMPLES 8 Constantino's Appropriation of Holy Places 8 Toleration and denunciation between Constantine and Theodosius I 8 The House of Theodosius and the end of public paganism 10 TEMPLE DECONSECRATION 12 RESISTANCE AND TEMPLE PRESERVATION 14 TEMPLE DESTRUCTION 16 Historical Oeriew 16 The Main Protagonists 19 Monks, Holy Men and Rural Sanctuaries 20 Methods of Destruction 22 The Archaeology of Temple Destruction 23 Natural Disasters 25 THE APPROPRIATION OF TEMPLE ESTATES 26 REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN THE FATE OF TEMPLES 26 CONCLUSION 29

2 CHAPTER 3 THE MECHANICS OF CONVERSION 32 INTRODUCTION 32 BUILDING CONVERSION IN LATE ANTIQUITY: AN OVERVIEW 32 Ciic Centre Erosion and Architectural Reuse 32 Secular conersions 33 TEMPLE CONVERSIONS 35 Logistics and Templates 35 Direct transformation (temple-churches) 36 The Cella-Church 36 The Internalised Cella 38 The Inerted Transformation 40 Issues of Orientation 41 Indirect transformation 43 Temple-Spolia-Churches 43 The Temenos 44 THE ARCHITECTURAL VOCABULARY OF TEMPLE CONVERSION 46 Impact of pre-existing structure on the resultant church 46 CONCLUSIONS 47 CHAPTER 4 THE CHRONOLOGY OF CONVERSION 50 INTRODUCTION 50 THE DIRECT TEMPLE CONVERSION THRESHOLD 50 THE LITERARY TRADITION OF TEMPLE CONVERSION IN THE 4TH AND 5TH CENTURIES 51 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHRONOLOGIES 53 READING A CHRONOLOGY FOR TEMPLE ABANDONMENT, DESTRUCTION, REPLACEMENT AND CONVERSION 55 CONCLUSION: CONSTRUCTING A CHRONOLOGY OF CONVERSION 56 CHAPTER 5 BETWEEN TEMPLE AND CHURCH 58 INTRODUCTION: THE HIATUS BETWEEN TEMPLE AND CHURCH 58 CHRISTIAN DEMONOLOGY AND ABANDONED TEMPLES 59 SECULARISED TEMPLES 61 THE TRANSITORY CHURCH 62 CONCLUSION 64

3 PART II. CASE STUDY OF CILICIAN CHURCHES AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 6 TEMPLE CONVERSIONS IN CILICIA 67 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 67 Cilicia in Late Antiquity 68 CILICIAN TEMPLE CONVERSIONS 70 DIOCAESAREA (UZUNCABURÇ) 71 The Temple of Zeus Olbios 71 The Temple 71 The Temple Conersion 71 SELEUCIA AD CALYCADNUM (SILIFKE) 73 The Life and Miracles of St Thecla 73 Temple of Zeus 74 The Temple 74 The Temple Conersion 74 ELAIUSSA-SEBASTE (AYAS) 76 The Temple-Church 76 The Remains of the Temple 76 The Temple Conersion 77 An Intermediary Church? 78 Dating 79 Function and Meaning 79 THE CORYCIAN CAVE 79 The Clifftop Temple 80 The Temenos Wall 81 Deducing The Temple 81 The Temple Conersion 82 Chapel of St Mary 84 Concluding Remarks 85 KANYTELIS (KANLIDIVANE) 86 The Clifftop Temple? 86 The Pit Sanctuary 87 ÇATI ÖREN 87 THE SHRINE OF ST THECLA (MERYEMLIK) 89 Temple Remains? 89 The Precinct Wall 89

4 CANBAZLI 90 The Church in the Precinct 90 The Precinct Wall 90 Architectural Reuse 90 Influence of an earlier structure 92 Concluding Remarks 92 DAĞ-PAZARI 93 The Basilica 93 Domed Church 93 OLBA(URA) 93 The Town Church 94 EPIPHANIA (ERZIN) 94 The Temple-Church 95 CASTABALA (HIERAPOLIS CASTABALA / BODRUM) 96 North Church 96 South Church 97 Concluding Remarks 97 ANAZARBUS 98 Church of the Apostles 98 A Decastyle Temple? 98 FLAVIAS (KADIRLI) 99 The Alacami 99 Introduction 99 The Hypogeum 100 Architectural Reuse in the Church 100 Temple or Tomb? 101 CONCLUSION 101 The Chronology Conersion in Cilicia 102 The Mechanics of Direct Temple Conersions in Cilicia 104 Spolia and the Cilician Architectural Tradition 104 CHAPTER 7 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 107 OVERVIEW 107 The Vocabulary of Temple Conersion 108 TEMPLE CONVERSION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE 109 REGIONALITY IN CONVERSION SCENARIOS: CILICIA, SICILY AND BEYOND 109 Cilicia and Sicily 111 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF TEMPLE CONVERSIONS 112

5 Appendix 1 The Theodosian Law Codes and the Demise of the Temples 116 Composition 116 Interpretation 117 Efficacy 117 Temples and the Citizen Group 119 Conclusion 119 Appendix 2 The Database of Temple Conersion 121 Database Structure 122 Extent and Limitations of Content 122 Database Reports 122 Report 1: Dates of Temple Deconsecration and Destruction 124 Report 2: Temple Conersion Dates 126 Primary Source Abbreations 127 Bibliography 128

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