The Carian Language. Ignacio J. Adiego. Koray Konuk BRILL LEIDEN BOSTON with an appendix by

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1 The Carian Language by Ignacio J. Adiego with an appendix by Koray Konuk ^ BRILL LEIDEN BOSTON 2007

2 Foreword Acknowledgments for the Use of Illustrations xi xiii Chapter One Introduction 1 Chapter Two The Indirect Sources 7 A. The Glosses 7 1. Glosses und Pseudo-glosses 7 2. Interpretation 10 B. The Proper Names The Unity and Continuity of Anatolian Onomastics Present Compilations of Carian and Anatolian Names Carian Names from Indirect Sources vs. Those from Direct Sources 15 Chapter Three The Inscriptions 17 A. Introduction The Revised System of Transcription of Carian Letters Vocalism Consonantism 19 B. 'Para-Carian' or 'Caroide' Inscriptions 'Para-Carian' Inscriptions from Caria 'Para-Carian' Inscriptions from Other Places The Ostrakon of Hou and the Naukratis Fragment Carian Grafitti from Sardis Carian Inscription from Old Smyrna 29 C. The Carian Inscriptions from Egypt Sais (E.Sa) Memphis (EMe) Abydos (EAb) Thebes, Tomb of Montuemhat (E.Th) Luxor Temple (E.Lu) Murwdw (EMu) Silsilis (E.Si) Abu Simbel (EAS) 115

3 Vlll 9. Buhen (E.Bu) Gebel Sheik Suleiman (E.SS) Unknown Origin, Likely from Egypt (E.xx) 124 D. The Carian Inscriptions from Caria Tralleis (C.Tr) Alabanda and Surroundings (CAl) Euromos (C.Eu) Kindye (C.Kn) Hyllanma (C.Hy) Mylasa (C.My) Sanctuary of Sinuri near Mylasa (C.Si) Kildara (C.Ki) Stratonikeia (C.St) Halikamassos (C.Ha) Didyma (Ionia, near Milet) (C.Di) Iasos (C.Ia) Keramos (C.Ke) Kaunos (C.Ka) Krya (C.Kr) Inscriptions of Unknown Origin, PresumablyfromCaria (C.xx) 159 E. The Carian Inscriptions from Greece 164 Chapter Four The History of the Decipherment 166 A. The 'Semisyllabic Era' ( ) 166 B. The 'Greek Alphabetic' Era 176 C. The 'Egyptian Approach' The First Attempts The Seminal Work of Ray The Definitive Decipherment ('Ray-Schurr-Adiego System') 197 Chapter Five The Carian Alphabet 205 A. Alphabetic Varieties 205 {.Alphabetic Varieties of Caria Proper Inscriptions from Continental Greece Egyptian Alphabets The Classification of the Alphabets of Caria Proper The Relationship between the Alphabet from Egypt and the Local Alphabets from Caria Proper The Common Origin of the Carian Alphabetic Varieties 228 B. The Origin of the Carian Alphabet 230

4 IX Chapter Six Phonological Features 234 A. The Phonological System Vowels and Semivowels Consonants Letters of Uncertain Value Letters of Unknown Value Phonotactics 254 B. Overview of the Historical Phonology of Carian Vocalism Consonants Some Secondary Changes 262 Chapter Seven Analyzing Carian Inscriptions 264 A. Basic Onomastic Formulae Inscriptions Consisting of Only an Individual Name Inscriptions Consisting of Only a Twofold Onomastic Formula 265 B. The Structure of the Stelae from Memphis Threefold Formulae Stelae for Women Inscriptions with Ted and En Other More Complex Funerary Inscriptions The Rest of the Inscriptions from the Memphis Corpus A First Summary 279 C. Analyzing Brief Inscriptions Inscriptions on Objects Funerary Inscriptions of Caria and Athens K; Longest Graffito from Abu Simbel (EAS 7) 293 D. The Longer Inscriptions The Kaunos Bilingual Inscription The Kaunos Inscription C.Ka Sinuri's Longer Inscription (C.Si 2) The Hyllarima Inscription (C.Hy 1) Other Inscriptions from Caria 308 E. Summary and Some Controversial Questions 310 Chapter Eight Morphological Features 312 A. Nominal Inflection Nominative Singular Accusative Singular 313

5 X 3. Genitive Singular The -s Ending and the Problem of Carian Datives Other Possible Datives Nominative Plural Accusative Plural Other Possible Case Endings 319 B. Pronominal Inflection 319 C. Verbal Inflection 321 Chapter Nine The General Vocabulary and the Proper Names 326 A. General vocabulary 326 B. Proper Names Theophores Some Nominal Stems Verbal Stems Adverbs Lallnamen Suffixes 341 Chapter Ten Carian as an Indo-European Anatolian Language 345 Chapter Eleven Carian Glossary 348 Appendices A. Carian Inscriptions in Transcription 443 B. Carian Glosses 455 C. Carian Names in Greek Sources 456 D. Concordances 464 E. Coin Legends in Carian (by K. Konuk) 471 Abbreviations and Bibliography 493 Table I: The Carian Alphabet 508 Table II: Carian signs in coin legends 509 Index 511 Plates 519 Maps 521 Coins 523

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