The Mycenaean Cemetery at Achaia Clauss near Patras

Transcription

1 The Mycenaean Cemetery at Achaia Clauss near Patras People, material remains and culture in context Constantinos Paschalidis with contributions by Photini J. P. McGeorge and Wiesław Więckowski Archaeopress Archaeology

2 Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG ISBN ISBN (e-pdf) Constantinos Paschalidis and Archaeopress 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website

3 Contents List of Figures...v Prologue... xx Preface Acknowledgements... xxi Introduction methodology of research...xxiii Chapter 1. Mycenaean period in Achaea A. Brief survey of sites and history of research...1 Introduction Eastern Achaea Central mountainous and semi-mountainous Achaea Western Achaea The region of Clauss and neighbouring sites The rest of western Achaea...12 B. Distribution of sites and the character of Mycenaean Achaea...14 Chapter 2. Description of tombs Tomb A...16 Description...16 Conclusions The history of use of tomb A...20 Tomb A. Chronological chart of burials...22 Tomb B...23 Description...23 Conclusions The history of use of tomb B...29 Tomb B. Chronological chart of burials...34 Tomb Γ...34 Description...34 Conclusions The history of use of tomb Γ...35 Tomb Γ. Chronological chart of burials...37 Tomb Δ...37 Description...37 Conclusions The history of use of tomb Δ...41 Tomb Δ. Chronological chart of burials...44 Tomb E. The tomb of women...45 Description...45 Conclusions The history of use of tomb E...50 Tomb E. Chronological chart of burials...53 Tomb T...53 Description...53 Conclusions The history of use of tomb T...59 Tomb T. Chronological chart of burials...62 Tomb Z (chambers Za, Zb)...62 Description...62 Conclusions The history of use of tomb Z...64 Tomb Z. Chronological chart of burials...67 Tomb H...67 Description...67 Conclusions The history of use of tomb H...70 Tomb H. Chronological chart of burials...73 Tomb Ɵ and alcove I...73 Description...73 Conclusions The history of use of tomb Ɵ...82 Tomb Ɵ and alcove I. Chronological chart of burials...86 i

4 Tomb K...86 Description...86 Conclusions The history of use of tomb K...92 Tomb K. Chronological chart of burials...95 Tomb Ʌ...95 Description...95 Conclusions The history of use of tomb Ʌ Tomb Ʌ. Chronological chart of burials Tomb M (chambers Ma and Mb) Description Conclusions The history of use of tomb M Tomb M. Chronological chart of burials Tomb N Description Conclusions The history of use of tomb N Tomb N. Chronological chart of burials Chapter 3. The setting and architecture of the tombs A. The setting and layout of the cemetery tombs B. The architecture of tombs Chapter 4. Catalogue of the finds from the cemetery Tomb A Tomb B Tomb Γ Tomb Δ Tomb E Tomb T Tomb Z Chamber Za Chamber Zb Tomb H Tomb Ɵ Alcove I Tomb K Tomb Ʌ Tomb M Chamber Ma Chamber Mb Tomb N Tomb Ib of Kyparissis excavations Looted tomb of Kyparissis excavations Chapter 5. The finds from the cemetery. Analysis I. Pottery Introduction A. Closed shapes Stirrup jars Alabastra Amphorae Jugs Lekythoi Handleless globular jars Piriform jars or krateriskoi Flasks Collar-necked jar or stamnos Feeding bottle Ring-shaped vases Bird askoi ii

5 B. Open shapes Cups Spouted mugs Multiple vases Kylikes Dipper Deep bowl or skyphos Kalathoi Tripod bowl II. Bronze objects Introduction Weapons Sword Dagger Spearheads Tools Knives Sickle and sickle-like knives Razors Pairs of tweezers Needles and fragments of needles or pins Ornaments Rings Vases Vase handle III. Bone objects Introduction Pins Comb IV. Stone objects Whetstone Pigment (cretis) V. Other small finds Spindle-whorls Seals Beads Clay figurine Chapter 6. Funerary customs in the cemetery Introduction Primary burials Inhumations on the floor Inhumations in pits Cremation Cleansing practices of the Mycenaean and post-mycenaean period at Clauss Pyres Covering the dead with lime Funerary offerings in primary burials The positioning of funerary offerings Funerary offerings and gender Child burials and their offerings Childbearing and the family Secondary burials or relocations The legal looting of the dead Reconstruction of the funerary ritual. Summary of evidence The ceremony of burial After the funeral iii

6 Chapter 7. The people and society of Clauss. Overview and history of the cemetery Phase 1: transition from the LH IIIB2 to the early LH IIIC period Phase 2: LH IIIC early period Phase 3: LH IIIC middle period Phase 4: Transition from the middle to the late LH IIIC period Phase 5: LH IIIC late period Phase 6: final phase of the LH III C period Epilogue. The years after the end of an era Chapter 8. Bioarchaeological approach to the human remains from Clauss A. The cremation in tomb N (by Dr Photini J. P. McGeorge) B. Human remains from Achaia Clauss bioarchaeological observations (by Dr Wiesław Więckowski) Introduction Material and Methods Results of the Analysis Minimal Number of Individuals Demographic information Health Burial customs Appendix. Tables of data Bibliography iv