CONTENTS. General characteristics. Economic growth and level of development. Demography. Health. Equilibrium. Employment, unemployment.

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2 CONTENTS Demography Health General characteristics Economic growth and level of development Equilibrium Employment, unemployment 7 22 Agriculture Living standards 9 23 Industry Education Construction, dwellings Culture Telecommunication, internet Legal and public security Transport Environment Tourism Hungarian Central Statistical Office, 26 Chief Editor: Eszter Németh Contributors: Gergely Baksay, András Balogh, Zsuzsa Lehel Demény, Mónika Fried, Gyula Holka, Anikó Nagy Jávorszky, Angéla Marosi Kátai, Nóra Kelemen, László Kenyeres, Mária Pintér, Zsuzsanna Szabó Set and Design: Judit Rába

3 General characteristics Official denomination Republic of Hungary President of Republic László Sólyom (from 25) Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány (from 24) Surface area, km 2 93,28 Population in thousand 1,77 Population density, inhabitants per km 2 18 Distribution of surface by height above sea level, % : less than 2 m 2 4 m above 4 m The largest latitudinal distance, km 528 The largest longitudinal distance, km 268 Length of state borders, km 2,246 Distribution of nationalities, % Official language Currency per 1 Euro (yearly average exchange rate) per 1 USD (yearly average exchange rate) Hungarian (89.9), Gipsy (4), German (2.6), Serbian (2) Slovakian (.8), Romanian (.7) Hungarian forint (HUF) HUF HUF Population Density 1 January 26 Number of Members of Parliament, Total 386 Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) 19 Alliance of Free Democrates (SzDSz) 2 Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Union Christian Democratic People's Party (FIDESZ KDNP) 164 Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) 11 Independent 1 26 Western Transdanubia Central Transdanubia Southern Transdanubia Central Hungary Northern Hungary Northern Great Plain Southern Great Plain Number of inhabitants per km 2 69 to to 1 11 to 413 1

4 Demography Million Population by age-group (at the beginning of the year) *1995. Composition of population Males, thousand 5,188 4,985 4,851 4,785 Females, thousand 5,521 5,39 5,349 5,292 Total, thousand 1,79 1,375 1,2 1,77 Number of females per thousand males 1,64 1,81 1,13 1,16 Number of foreign citizens residing in Hungary, thousand Of which by nationality, %: Romanian Ukrainian Serbian and Montenegrin at the beginning of the year.. 138* In the eighties beside the natural decrease international emigration also caused a reduction in the number of population. From the nineties the number of immigrants was higher than of those leaving the country. This difference slowed down the decrease of the population. During the past 25 years the number of deaths exceeded by 7 thousand that of births, the positive balance of international migration resulted in an increase of approximately 67 thousand, so the actual decrease in the number of population was about 633 thousand, 25 thousand on annual average. 2

5 Demography Vital statistics Per thousand inhabitants marriages divorces live births deaths Infant mortality (per thousand live-born) Average life expectancy at birth, year males females Natural decrease Per thousand inhabitants Natural decrease Live births Deaths The number of live births increased again in 25, the surplus was due to the childbirths of females over thirty. The rate of births outside marriage increased from 13% in 199 to 35% in 25. 3

6 Demography Increase or decrease of population by regions in 25 Western Transdanubia Central Transdanubia Southern Transdanubia Central Hungary Northern Hungary Southern Great Plain Northern Great Plain 9,622 to 5,1 5 to 1 14,698 decrease decrease increase Distribution of settlements and population by number of inhabitants, 1 January 25 Number of inhabitants Number of settlements Number of population, thousand Distribution of population, % , 1,999 2, 4,999 5, 9,999 1, 49,999 5, 99,999 1, 24,3 Budapest 1, , , , , The inhabitants live in 3,145 settlements of which 289 are towns; their number increased by 123 in the last one and a half decades, and tripled over the past 25 years. Two thirds of the inhabitants live in towns. 4

7 Health Distribution of deaths by cause (%) Cause of death 2 25 Heart diseases Malignant neoplasms Cerebro-vascular diseases Arteriosclerosis Liver diseases Accidents Those who pay a visit to the general practitioner the most often suffer from diseases of the circulatory system and mainly hypertension (1.8 million cases). The number of locomotor disorders registered by GPs is more than a million. There are also many cases of nutritional and metabolic diseases and diseases of the digestive system. Road traffic accidents Thousand accidents Persons killed 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1, Number of accidents Persons killed 5

8 Health Time spent for one medical treatment in outpatient service Rheumathology Oto-rhino-laryngology Gynaecology Orthopaedics Ophthalmology Surgery Urology Internal medicine Neurology Oncology Paediatrics Dentistry Minutes Outpatient service and hospitals 2 25 Consulting hours in outpatient service, thousand 15,793 16,713* Cases of medical treatment, thousand Of which: laboratory examination, thousand 156,437 88,597 23,639* 129,6* Active hospital beds, pieces 83,43 79,65 Hospital beds per 1, inhabitants Patients discharged, thousand 2,61 2,8 Average length of treatment, days *24. Consumption of medicine in Hungary has been increasing for years. In 1995 the per capita consumption was 3 boxes, and it was by 2.6 more in 23. About 6 % of the medicine sold had been produced in Hungary. The highest number of pharmaceutical products is taken for diseases of the circulatory system. The daily dose for this disease has risen by a half since

9 Employment, unemployment Number of employed persons by industries, 25 Persons, thousand Of which: females, % Agriculture Industry Construction Trade and repair, hotels and restaurants Transport, storage and communication Financial intermediation; business activities Non-profit services 1, Total 3, The ratio of economically active persons in the population aged was 54.5%. Their number increased by 52 thousand over 24. The number of persons defined as economically inactive was 3,517 thousand. Within this group the share of pensioners was 55%, the share of students in full-time education reached 21%, that of persons on child-care leave was 7% and that of other dependants was 17%. % Males Distribution of employed persons by highest qualification, 25 Females University College Secondary school with G.C.E. Apprentice school and vocational school Maximum 8 grades of primary school 7

10 Employment, unemployment Unemployment 2 25 Number of unemployed persons Of which: males females Unemployment rate, % males females Unemployed persons by duration, % 6 months 7 11 months 12 months and more Mean duration of unemployment, months In 25 similarly to previous years the highest unemployment rate in Hungary was observed among the persons aged During one year the unemployment rate of this age group rose to 19.4% from 15.5%. Young people's chances to find work worsened since every other young person was unskilled and many of them do not have suitable experience in work. Unemployment rate, 25 Western Transdanubia Central Transdanubia Southern Transdanubia Central Hungary Northern Hungary Southern Great Plain Northern Great Plain Rate in proportion of the labour force, % 5 to to to 1.6 8

11 Living standards Earnings Thousand HUF 199= Average net monthly earnings, thousand HUF Real earnings, 199= 1 Since the beginning of 24 the amount of minimum wage has increased to HUF 57 thousand from 53 thousand. In the last year 8% of full-time employees were paid the minimum wage. The proportion of employees with the minimum wage depending on the labour market policy of each country has been decreasing in Hungary and is medium-level in international comparison. Average gross monthly earnings of full-time employees, 25 HUF Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) Business sector 148, Manual workers 12, Non-manual workers 238,213 1,571.6 Budgetary sector 182,172 1,21.9 Manual workers 13, Non-manual workers 27,981 1,372.2 Total 158,315 1,44.5 Manual workers, total 12, Non-manual workers, total 222,768 1,

12 Living standards 199=1 12 Real pensions, 199= Pensions, child raising and family support, 25 Pensions Child-care allowance Child-care fee Family allowance* Amounts paid, billion HUF 2, Amounts paid as % of GDP Average number of recipients, thousand 3, ,264.5 Average monthly amount of provision, HUF 62,978 26,51 58,484 12,596 * The number of allowance recipients refers to families, the average amount of the allowance is calculated for family. 64% of primary school pupils receives catering, 41% attend day-time homes. 1 11% of secondary school students and 22% of tertiary school students live in hostels. Local governments provide those raising children, the elderly and the ill in need with diverse kinds of support in order to mitigate social problems. More than half a million people have a public medical treatment card ensuring pharmaceutical products free of charge up to a certain amount. 1

13 Living standards Distribution of household consumption expenditures (%) Food Alcoholic beverages and tobacco Clothing and footwear Housing, water, furnishing, household equipment Health Transport, communication Recreation, culture, education, hotels and restaurants Other Total Parallel with the diminishing share of household expenditure on food, a higher amount can be spent on modernising dwellings. The stock of passenger cars is near 2.9 million pieces, and nearly half of the households own a car. Cleaning machines, dishwashers, camcorders, personal computers with internet connection, air-conditioners also appeared in households, although their relative numbers per 1 households are low at present (11, 5, 8, 13 and 2 respectively). Kg 15 Annual per capita consumption of main food items Milk, litre Meat and fish Oils and fats Flour and rice Poultry meat and fish Other meat Flour Vegetables Vegetables Oil and margarine Tropical fruits 2 24 Fruits Fats Inland fruits 2 24 Milk, litre Rice Milk

14 Living standards % Consumer prices of selected goods, (1995=1) Consumer price total Gasoline Bread Beef Price rises in the observed groups of society did not differ significantly despite the remarkable differences in the structure of consumption, either in 25 or in the recent 5 years. The highest difference was to be observed between active and pensioners' households: consumer price index of the former was 13.4, that of the latter was 13.9% in 25. The difference of price rise calculated for households with low, medium and high levels of income was negligible in 25. Change of consumer prices by main groups of commodities Annual average rate of change, Rate of change in 25, compared to 24 Food Alcoholic beverages, tobacco Clothing and footwear Consumer durables Electricity, gas and other fuels Other goods, includes motor fuels and lubricants Services Total

15 Education Between 199 and 25 the ratio of those having completed at least the 8 th grade of primary school rose from 78.1% to 91.6%, the ratio of persons holding a G.C.E. certificate rose from 29.2% to 42.6% and the ratio of tertiary degree holders increased from 1.1% to 14.7% within the respective age groups. The ratio of those having completed at least the 8 th grade of primary school and also that of tertiary degree holders is higher among men, while the ratio of those with a secondary school G.C.E. certificate is higher among women. Thousand 1,2 1, Students in secondary and tertiary education Tertiary education in part-time forms Full-time tertiary education Secondary education for adults Full-time secondary education Number of students in tertiary education by fields of training Teacher training and education science Students total, thousand Of which female, % Arts Humanities Social sciences Business and administration Law Science Computing Engineering, manufacturing and construction Agriculture Health and welfare Services Total

16 Culture Main cultural indicators Number of libraries* 3,648 3,185 3,192** Registered users, thousand* 1,382 1,357 1,452** Library units lent per inhabitant* ** Theatre attendances per hundred inhabitants Museum attendances per hundred inhabitants Concert attendences per thousand inhabitants Number of daily newspapers ** Copies of daily newspapers, million ** *Public libraries. **24. Number and copies of published books Published books, thousand Copies, million Number of published books and booklets Copies The number of cinema visits per 1 inhabitants has dropped since 22 from 15 to 118. More than half of the films shown at cinemas have been produced in the US; there is also a significant number of French and Hungarian films being shown. The share of cinema-goers watching Hungarian films is a mere 1%. 14

17 Legal and public security 48% of the inhabitants in 13 Central and Eastern European countries were satisfied with the crime prevention activity of the police in 25. The opinion of the Hungarian population concerning this issue is much more favourable, more than two thirds of the respondents think that the police do a proper job. The relatives of 11% of those asked in Hungary were victims of robbery, a share lower than in other countries in the survey, where this ratio was 18%. Crimes, perpetrators, persons with definitive sentense as % of 2 Number of discovered crimes 45, , against the person of which: homicide violating traffic rules against law and order economic frauds against property Number of discovered perpetrators Number of persons with definitive sentence 16, ,566 76,312 1, ,611 17, ,826 83,983 17,16 27, ,86 133, ,213 98, Number of discovered perpetrators per 1, inhabitants, 25 (by residence) Western Transdanubia Central Transdanubia Southern Transdanubia Central Hungary Northern Hungary Southern Great Plain Northern Great Plain 1,94 to 1,2 1,21 to 1,4 1,41 to 1,499 15

18 Environment Geothermal water production and quantity of heat extracted, 24 Extracted heat mass, PJ Western Transdanubia Central TransdanubiaCentral Hungary Southern 1.18 Transdanubia 3.18 Northern Hungary Southern Great Plain Northern Great Plain Extracted thermal water, Mm to to to Protected natural areas and values Area, thousand hectares Number National parks Protected landscapes Natural conservation reserves Protected natural areas of local significance 39 1,287 Protected areas, total Of which: Biosphere reserves Ramsari areas (watery habitats) , Partly protected areas 1,17.. Natural areas under any kind of protection, total 2,38.. Caves Plants Animals , ,8 million hectares., that is, one fifth of the area of Hungary is covered by forest, a rather low rate due to the geographical characteristics of Hungary. However, the area of the country is outstandingly rich in natural habitats, biocoenoeses. Big game population, except for the moufflon, has nearly doubled in the last 15 years. Among them, the stock of roe-deer amounts to more than 32 thousand. Our trophies of red deer, boar, fallow-deer and roe-deer are among the best of the world. 16

19 Economic growth and level of development Gross domestic product in Hungary has been growing by 4% on annual average since the millennium (by 4.1% in 25), by percentage points faster than the average of European Union. In the growth mainly derived from buoyant export and investment activity. GDP per capita in purchasing power standard, 25 (EU-25= 1) Slovenia Czech Republic Hungary Estonia Slovakia Lithuania Poland Croatia Latvia Romania Bulgaria % Distribution of gross value added by industries (at current prices, %) Agriculture Industry Construction Services Of which: Trade and repair; hotels and restaurants Transport, storage and communication Other market services Other non-market services Total, billion HUF 4,933 11,483 17,368 17

20 Economic growth and level of development % Final use of gross domestic product (199=1) GDP Gross fixed capital formation Actual final consumption of households Actual final consumption of government In Hungary the sum of consumption and capital formation exceeds the gross domestic product, similarly to other transition countries in Central and Eastern Europe, which follow a parallel growth path. In the previous years the excess of domestic use over the GDP fluctuated between % of GDP, in 25 accounted for 2.2%. This results from external trade deficit of goods (1.9% of GDP) and the.3% deficit of services. Distribution of investments by industries (%) Agriculture Industry Construction Services Of which: Trade and repair; hotels and restaurants Transport, storage and communication Other market services Other non-market services Total, billion HUF 1, , ,

21 Economic growth and level of development Distribution of gross value added by sub-sectors of ownership, 24 Public Foreign National private Total (%) Of which: Agriculture Mining and quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, gas and water supply Construction Trade and repair Hotels and restaurants Transport, storage and communication Financial intermediation Business activities Education Health and social work Per capita gross domestic product (GDP) as a percentage of national average, 24 Western Transdanubia Central Transdanubia Southern Transdanubia Central Hungary Northern Hungary Southern Great Plain Northern Great Plain 65 to to 1 11 to 159 Gross national income (GNI) equals GDP less primary income payable to non-resident units plus primary income receivable from non-resident units. In Hungary GNI amounts to 94 95% of GDP, because of the income outflow generated by the repatriated profit of foreign controlled enterprises. 19

22 Equilibrium Relational structure of external merchandise trade, 25 (%) Country group Imports Exports EU-25 Of which: EU-15 New member states Extra-EU countries Of which: European countries Asian countries Total Balance of external merchandise trade (at current prices) Billion HUF % , 1,2 Billion HUF As % of exports Machinery and transport equipment has been the largest commodity group for several years in external trade turnover. This group provided 61% of exports and 51% of imports in 25. Manufacturing goods comprising a wide range of (chemical, wood, paper, textile and metal) products accounted for another significant share, 28% of exports and 33% of imports. The share of fuels, electric energy was remarkable in imports, reaching 1%. Food, beverages, tobacco provided 6% of exports and 4% of imports. 2

23 Equilibrium Current account balance Million euro % 1, 2 1, 2, 2 3, 4 4, 5, 6, 6 8 7, 8, Balance, million euro As % of GDP Consolidated balance of general government (on cash-flow basis) (Billion HUF) Revenues 2,623. 5, ,28.1 Expenditures 2, ,48.3 9,525.1 Balance (excluding revenues from privatisation) ,317. Balance as % of GDP General government gross debt amounted to HUF 12.7 trillion, 58.4% of the GDP at the end of 25. Share of government securities, rising year by year, exceeded 94% at the end of December. Within the debt stock, liabilities in HUF accounted for 72%, foreign currencies gave the rest. 21

24 Agriculture % 16 Gross production of agriculture (average of = 1) Crops and horticulture Animal husbandary Total Livestock population in December (thousand) Cattle Pig 5,32 4,834 3,853 Sheep 977 1,129 1,45 Poultry 35,659 37,16 41,76 Horse The decline of the demand for agricultural products burdened the animal husbandry more seriously than the crop production. Output of the former branch with annual fluctuations hardly altered between the mid-nineties and 23. Since 23 the output of animals for slaughter has declined more significantly (by 17%), while the production of eggs and cow's milk decreased by 13 and 7% respectively. Wool and honey output, representing a smaller share within the production indicates an upward trend. 22

25 Agriculture Agricultural activities are carried out on some two thirds of the country's territory, by over 3 thousand hectares less than 1 years ago. Uncultivated land area considerably expanded, reaching 17% of the land area. Among the land-use categories the share of arable land is the highest, it represents almost half of the total land area, and the grassland's share is relatively significant (11%). In 25 45% of the Hungarian total land area was used by private farms, while 41% was cultivated by enterprises. Output of basic crops (thousand tons) Average of Crop Wheat 4,394 4,79 4,627 5,79 Maize 5,127 6,219 7,172 9,17 Sunflower ,12 Sugar beet 3,79 3,328 2,84 3,53 Vegetables 1,416 1,683 1,83 1,333 Fruits 1, Grapes Ton/hectare Average yield of main crops Maize Grapes Wheat Sunflower

26 Industry Industrial production, number of employees and productivity (1995=1) % Industrial production Number of employees Productivity Share of the industrial branches in the output Branch Mining and quarrying Food industry Manufacture of textiles and leather products Manufacture of wood and wood products Chemical industry Building material industry Metallurgy Manufacture of machinery Of which: manufacture of electric machinery and optical instrument Electricity supply Other (%) The energy consumption of Hungary was 1,13 petajoule in 25, by 3.9% higher than in the previous year and by 4.2% higher than ten years earlier. The GDP was half again as much compared to 1995, while energy consumption per unit of output decreased by 3%. Domestic production covered one third of the energy consumption, while imports provided two thirds. 24

27 Industry Distribution of industrial sales, % 26% 3% % 7% 52% 25 48% Domestic sales Export sales Distribution of industrial output and sales by enterprise size, 25 Category (number of employees) Output Domestic sales Export (%) over On the basis of their share in industrial output three regions can be highlighted: Central Hungary (including the capital), Western Transdanubia and Central Transdanubia, the latter having become the biggest industrial output producer area by 25. It was also in Central Transdanubia that industrial output per capita was the highest (HUF 3.9 million), followed by Western Transdanubia (HUF 2.8 million), while in the other regions the value remained below the national average (HUF 1.6 million). 25

28 Construction, dwellings % 18 Construction output by main building groups (2=1) Buildings Other structures Construction industry, total Output expansion of construction, observed since 1996, primarily derived from construction of building at the beginning, then, in the years after the millennium more and more from construction of other structures like roads, other infrastructural projects. Development of motorways has become the engine of construction since 22. Total output of construction was by 6% higher than in 2. Dwelling construction Dwelling construction, pieces 24,718 21,583 41,84 Dwelling construction per 1, inhabitants Number of construction permits issued 39,53 44,79 51,49 Dwellings ceased, pieces 6,423 6,53 4,4 Average basic floor area of dwellings constructed, m

29 Construction, dwellings % 1 Public utilities in inhabited dwellings (on the basis of census and microcensus) With public water-conduit With piped gas With public sewerage With toilet Dwelling stock, inhabitants per 1 rooms (on the basis of census and microcensus) Number of inhabited dwellings, thousand 3,724 3,937 Inhabitants per 1 rooms Share of dwellings with 1 room, % Share of dwellings with 2 rooms, % Share of dwellings with 3 rooms, % Share of dwellings with 4 or more rooms, % Average floor area, m Since the privatisation of dwellings, taking place at the beginning of the nineties, ownership relations have hardly changed. 96% of inhabited dwellings is the property of natural persons, and 9% of dwellings are inhabited by the owner. A mere 3.3% of inhabited dwellings are lent by private individuals. 27

30 Telecommunication, internet Basic indicators on telecommunication (per thousand inhabitants) Mobile phone subscriptions Main telephone lines Personal computers * Internet users * *24. Thousand 1, 9 Internet subscriptions by type of connection Dial-up modem ISDN xdsl Cable TV Wireless Other In spite of its rapid spread, internet penetration is relatively low in Hungary in international comparison. 22% of households and 77% of enterprises had an internet connection in 25 (in the European Union the corresponding figures are 48 and 91%). Among the internet subscribers the share of broadband connection is similar to the EU average, thus exceeds the level of Central and Eastern Europe. 28

31 Transport Railway and public road network (km) Length of railway operated, total 7,714 7,668 7,685* Of which: electrified double-tracked 2,353 1,195 2,718 1,293 2,791* 1,292* National public road network, total 3,73 3,37 3,874 Of which: motorways motor-roads trunk roads secondary main roads ,55 4, ,173 4, ,177 4,379 *24. Million freight-ton kilometres 3 Goods transport performance of transport sector Road Rail Pipeline Water In 25 the volume of transported goods increased by 4.4% over the previous year. The performance (measured in freight ton-kilometres) expanded by 13%: within the overall performance there was a growth of 22%, 9% and 4% in road, water and pipeline transport respectively, while a decline of 3% was observed in rail transport. 29

32 Transport The composition of passenger car stock by type slowly altered into the direction of modern car types. In 25 the average age of passenger cars was 1.5 years, by slightly one year less than 1 years ago. Among the cars registered first time in Hungary, Opel, Suzuki and Ford were the most common types, their share amounted to 14, 11 and 7% respectively at the end of 25. Composition of the interurban passenger transport by means of transport (%) Train Coach Ship Airplane Air passenger transport % 1999= Share of discount airlines in total air passenger transport, % Change in passenger transport of Budapest-Ferihegy Airport, 1999=

33 Tourism Number of visitors 2 25 (thousand) Hungarians travelling abroad 11,65 18,622 Visitors in Hungary 31,141 38,555 Of which by country of origin: Romania Slovakia Austria Serbia and Montenegro Germany Ukraine Croatia Czech Republic Slovenia United Kingdom United States 4,661 3,921 5,139 2,98 2,949 2,483 3, ,445 7,322 5,6 3,229 3,199 2,387 1, Tourism in Hungary is regionally concentrated. More than one tenth of the bed-capacity in public accommodation establishments is in Budapest, while nearly 3 tenths are available in the Lake Balaton holiday region. The same two regions are mostly frequented by tourists, although in an inverse order: one third of tourism nights was registered in Budapest, more than one fifth was recorded in Lake Balaton holiday region. Euro Tourism receipts and expenditure (at current prices) Balance, billion euro Revenue per visitor, euro Expenditure per Hungarian travelling abroad, euro Travel balance, billion euro 31

34 Tourism Main indicators of public accommodation establishments, 25 Type of accommodation Number of units Bed-capacity Number of tourists, thousand Number of tourism nights, thousand Hotels Five-star Four-star Three-star Two-star One-star ,895 7,822 3,184 53,477 17,749 6,663 5, ,853 2, ,599 1,379 4,961 5,822 1,26 41 Boarding houses 1,225 46, ,15 Tourist hostels , Youth hostels 14 2, Bungalows 41 23, Camping sites , ,591 Total 3, ,29 7,64 19,737 Million Tourism nights at public accommodation establishments Foreign tourism night Domestic tourism night The receipts of public accommodation establishments amounted to HUF billion in 25, 8% more at constant prices than a year before. Accommodation fees provided half of the total, catering accounted for one fourth, while 22% of the total resulted from other services (including breakfast). 32

35 Hungarian Central Statistical Office Published by the Dissemination Department of HCSO, 26 H-124 Budapest, Keleti Károly u Phone: (36-1) Internet: