Need for a New 3D North American Datum. A Simple Truth. Modernizing the NSRS: The NGS 10 year plan
|
|
- Mary Sims
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Need for New 3D North Americn Dtum Dvid Zenk NGS Advisor MN Society of Professionl Surveyors 2011 Annul Conference St. Cloud, MN 1 A Simple Truth Some Users Will Not Worry About A Dtum Chnge Until It Is Officilly Published, then They Will Ask You Why You Didn t Inform Them Erlier About The Chnge Let s not go down tht rod! 2 Modernizing the NSRS: The NGS 10 yer pln Comments by Dru Smith, NGS Chief Geodesist NOAA s s Ntionl Geodetic Survey My 10-11, 11, 2010 Silver Spring, MD 3
2 NGS nd dtums Outline Accurcy vs. constncy The NGS 10 yer pln Trnsitioning 4 NGS s role nd uthority vis--vis dtums (1 of 6) Cost nd Geodetic Survey Act (Public Lw ) gives the Deprtment of Commerce the right to (mongst numerous other things): conduct geodetic control surveys 5 NGS s role nd uthority vis--vis dtums (2 of 6) OMB Circulr A-16 (revised): Nmes DOC nd NOAA s led gency for Geodetic Control, nd sys: All NSDI frmework dt nd users' pplictions dt require geodetic control to ccurtely register sptil dt. The Ntionl Sptil Reference System is the fundmentl geodetic control for the United Sttes. 6
3 NGS s role nd uthority vis--vis dtums (3 of 6) OMB Circulr A-16 (revised): Becuse NGS is the only gency inside DOC or NOAA tht sets geodetic control, the NSRS responsibility flls to NGS. The NGS mission reflects this OMB-grnted responsibility: NGS Mission: To define, mintin, nd provide ccess to the Ntionl Sptil Reference System to meet our ntion s economic, socil, nd environmentl needs 7 NGS s role nd uthority vis--vis dtums (4 of 6) FGCC Federl Register Notice (Vol. 54, No. 113, 1989) Affirms NAD 83 s the officil civilin horizontl dtum for U.S. surveying nd mpping ctivities performed or finnced by the Federl Government. Furthermore, to the extent prcticble, leglly llowble nd fesible, ll Federl gencies using or producing coordinte informtion should provide for n orderly trnsition from NAD 27 to NAD NGS s role nd uthority vis--vis dtums (5 of 6) FGCS Federl Register Notice (Vol. 58, No. 120, 1993) Affirms NAVD 88 s the officil civilin verticl dtum for surveying nd mpping ctivities in the United Sttes performed or finnced by the Federl Government. To the extent prcticble, leglly llowble, nd fesible, require tht ll Federl gencies using or producing verticl height informtion undertke n orderly trnsition to NAVD
4 NGS s role nd uthority vis--vis dtums (6 of 6) Summry: OMB A-16 estblishes DOC/NOAA (implying NGS) s led gency for NSDI geodetic control (the NSRS) NGS hs defined the horizontl/verticl dtum portions of the NSRS s NAD 83/NAVD 88 FGCC/S grees tht ll civilin federl surveying nd mpping be in NAD 83/NAVD 88 These regultions do not pply to DoD nor to stte nd locl surveying, but these groups often do dopt the NSRS. 10 NGS 10 yer pln Drfting nd vetting to the public took 18 months Officil NGS policy s of Jn 2008 By 2018, without relince on pssive geodetic mrks: Replce NAVD 88 with GNSS/geoid dtum Replce NAD 83 with geocentric GNSS bsed dtum 11 Accurcy vs. Constncy NGS is n gency bsed in science, nd lwys seeking ccurcy nd truth in positioning The Erth is dynmic / coordintes chnge NGS is n gency with lrge user bse tht relies on ner constncy of coordintes Some dynmics cn be modeled nd removed for nerconstncy (N.A. plte rottion : lt / lon) Some dynmics should be trcked nd regulrly ccounted for (subsidence in the Gulf cost : ht) 12
5 Accurcy vs. Constncy Sttic dtum: Coordintes do not chnge. Dynmic dtum: All coordintes chnge (ITRF) Semi-dynmic dtum: Chnges re trcked t NGS, but not necessrily prt of the dtum unless they exceed some criticl level 13 Trnsition Exmple: Digitl TV Rdio Frequency Spectrum is like rel estte. Only so much to go round. Somebody thought: If we use multiplexing, nd brodcst digitl signls, we cn get 5 times s mny brodcsts in the sme rdio frequency spectrum! 14 Trnsition Exmple: Digitl TV 1996 Congress: Trnsition coming in 2006! 2005: Anlog TVs still being mss produced Congress: Um, how does Februry 2009 sound? 2006: Anlog TVs still being mss produced Congress: Hey, we re serious 2009 is coming 2008: FCC finlly cretes DTV website Feb 2009: Too few people hve converters Congress: How does June 2009 sound? 15
6 Trnsition Exmple: Digitl TV At its core, this trnsition went poorly for mny resons, but one in prticulr: There wsn't perceived need to convert to digitl. TV isn't necessity. (Though Emergency Rediness?) Nonetheless, vilble spectrum ws running out with ll the new technologies nd mking efficient use of existing spectrum mde lot of sense to those who understood nd cred A clssic exmple of solution to problem tht people didn t know existed. 16 A problem tht does exist The White Pper (Improving the NSRS.pdf) should explin the problems nd rise wreness of them The burning question is no longer why but how Moving forwrd must be done with contempltion, cution nd commitment 17 Modernizing the Geometric Reference System: Replcing NAD 83 Comments by Richrd Sny, NOAA (retired) NOAA s s Ntionl Geodetic Survey My 10-11, 11, 2010 Silver Spring, MD 18
7 Defining ECEF Reference System * ECEF = Erth centered, Erth fixed * Z-xis = Erth s pole of rottion * X-xis = Intersection of equtor nd prime meridin * Y-xis = Forms right-hnded system with X- nd Z-xes * Scle = meter or distnce tht light trvels in vcuum during 1/299,792,458 seconds * Ellipsoid = needed to define ltitude nd ellipsoidl height * Complictions rise from Erth s dynmics (Polr motion, plte tectonics, erthqukes, subsidence, etc.) 19 Zero Meridin X Axis 3-D ECEF Coordintes Z Axis λ φ h P(X,Y,Z) = P (φ,λ,h) Erth s Surfce Men Equtoril Plne Reference Ellipsoid Y Axis 20 North Americn Dtum of 1983 (NAD 83) * Legl reference system in the United Sttes * Ntionl Geodetic Survey is responsible gency in U.S. * First relized in 1986, revised for HARN, revised gin for CORS * Originlly, NAD 83 ws mostly horizontl reference system * Evolved to 3-dimensionl reference system, thnks to GPS 21
8 NAD 83 (continued) * Origin is locted bout 2 meters from Erth s center Redefined to be mthemticlly equivlent to ITRF96 in the lte 1990 s. Tht is, the U.S. nd Cnd jointly dopted 14-prmeter trnsformtion from ITRF96 to NAD 83 such tht if person knows the ITRF96 coordintes of point, then he/she cn compute the corresponding NAD 83 coordintes nd vice vers. Points locted in stble North Americ should experience no significnt horizontl motion reltive to NAD IMPROVING POSITIONAL ACCURACY REFERENCE TIME ABSOLUTE RELATIVE FRAME SPAN ACCURACY ACCURACY NAD Meters First-Order (1 prt in 0.1 million) NAD Meter First-Order (1 prt in 0.1 million) HARN Meter B-Order (1 prt in 1 million) A-Order (1 prt in 10 million) CORS Meter - Horizontl 0.04 Meter - Ellipsoid Height 23 HIGH ACCURACY REFERENCE NETWORKS (HARN) 24
9 Continuously Operting Reference Sttions (CORS) 25 NAD 83 NAMING CONVENTIONS NAD 83 (UVWXYZ) the prt within prentheses is clled the Dtum Tg Originl reliztion clled NAD 83 (1986), becuse the djustment ws completed in This reliztion of NAD 83 ws bsed minly on tringultion, triltertion nd doppler dt. 26 NAD 83 NAMING CONVENTIONS The HARN reliztions re nmed NAD 83 (1987), NAD 83 (1988),, NAD 83 (2004) where the number in prentheses usully identifies the yer when the GPS observtions were performed. The CORS reliztion is clled NAD 83 (CORS96) where 96 identifies tht this reliztion ws defined in terms of trnsformtion from ITRF96. NAD 83 (NSRS2007) ws creted for pssive reference sttions. It is designed to be consistent with NAD 83 (CORS96). 27
10 NAD 83 READJUSTMENT of 2007 RESULTING REFERENCE FRAME CALLED NAD 83 (NSRS 2007) 28 Brief HARN History FIRST SURVEYS OF HARN COMPLETED BETWEEN 1987 AND GPS HEIGHT MODERNIZATION SURVEYS OF HARN COMPLETED BETWEEN 1997 AND D ADJUSTMENT OF ALL HARN SURVEYS AND OTHER SELECTED GPS SURVEYS COMPLETED IN ADJUSTMENT USED CORS COORDINATES REFERRED TO NAD 83 (CORS96) FOR CONTROL TO REMOVE SMALL REGIONAL DISTORTIONS (3-6 CM) Definitions A Geometric Reference System is set of rules for ssigning positionl coordintes (nd velocities) to points on or ner the Erth. A Geometric Reference Frme is reliztion of Geometric Reference System tht is obtined by ssigning specific positionl coordintes (nd velocities) to set of identifible points. NAD 83 is geometric reference system. NAD 83 (xxxx) is geometric reference frme. 30
11 World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS 84) * GPS brodcst orbits give stellite positions in WGS 84 * Deprtment of Defense is the responsible gency * System originlly greed with NAD 83 * Revised to gree with Interntionl Terrestril Reference Frme (ITRF) in erly 1990 s 31 GPS Trcking Network Defining WGS 84 Alsk Schriever AFB Vndenberg AFB Cpe Cnverl USNO Wsh, DC Englnd Bhrin South Kore Hwii Ecudor Ascension Diego Grci Kwjlein Thiti Argentin South Afric Austrli New Zelnd Mster Control Sttion (MCS) Alternte MCS Ground Antenns Air Force Monitoring Sttions NGA Monitoring Sttions Future NGA Monitoring Sttions 32 WGS 84 Nming Conventions WGS 84 (trnsit) this is the originl reliztion of WGS 84 which is bsed on trnsit doppler stellite dt WGS 84(G730), WGS 84(G873), WGS 84(G1150) these reliztions re bsed on GPS dt, the number in prentheses identifies the GPS week tht the militry dopted the version. WGS 84 is reference system. WGS 84 (xxxx) is reference frme. 33
12 Interntionl Terrestril Reference System (ITRS) * Supports ccurte 3-dimensionl positioning * Interntionl Erth Rottion nd Reference Frme Service is responsible orgniztion * Defines interntionl stndrd for origin, orienttion, nd scle * Provides positions nd velocities for severl hundred sites worldwide 34 Interntionl Terrestril Reference System (ITRS) * Positions nd velocities revised every few yers, producing the following Interntionl Terrestril Reference Frmes: ITRF88, ITRF89,, ITRF2000, ITRF2005, ITRF2008 * Integrtes results from vrious observing techniques: - Globl Positioning System (GPS) - Very Long Bseline Interferometry (VLBI) - Stellite Lse Rnging (SLR) - Doppler Orbitogrphy & Rdiopositioning Integrted by Stellite = (DORIS) * Combintion of severl solutions, ech performed independently by n nlysis center 35 36
13 37 7-Prmeter Helmert Similrity Trnsformtion (preserves shpe) The following equtions represent n pproximtion bsed on the ssumption tht the rottion ngles re smll. x NAD = T x + (1+S) x ITRF + R z y ITRF -R y z ITRF y NAD = T y -R z x ITRF + (1 + S) y ITRF + R x z ITRF z NAD = T z + R y x ITRF -R x y ITRF + (1 + S) z ITRF 3 trnsltions (T X, T Y, T Z ) 3 rottions (R X, R Y, R Z ) One differentil scle (S) 38 Effect of trnsltion on ellipsoid height 2.2 meters ITRF 97 Origin h 83 h 97 Erth s Surfce (Identiclly shped ellipsoids NAD 83 = 6,378, meters Origin 1/f = ) 39
14 Effect of rottion bout the Y-xis 40 Trnsformtion Prmeters ITRF96 --> NAD_83(CORS96) Trnsltions: T x = meters T y = meters T z = meters Rottions: R x = [ (t )] k rdins R y = [ (t )] k rdins R z = [ (t )] k rdins Scle chnge: S = 0.0 (unitless) Where: t = dte in yers (eg., = 23 APR 1999) nd k = (10**-9) 41 Trnsitive Property (A D) = (A B) + (B C) + (C D) So: (ITRF2000 NAD83) = (ITRF2000 ITRF96) + (ITRF96 NAD83) Reflective Property (B A) = - (A B) Agin, these properties re bsed on smll ngle ssumption. 42
15 Horizontl Time-Dependent Positioning (HTDP) HTDP llows users to trnsform positionl coordintes cross time nd between different ECEF reference frmes. HTDP incorportes dopted 14- prmeter trnsformtions. 43 Replcing NAD 83 Wnt the new reference system to be more geocentric Option 1: Adopt ITRF20xx Option 2: Adopt reference frme tht grees with ITRF20xx t some instnt of time, but does not move reltive to stble North Americ. 44 Option 1: Adopting ITRF20xx Advntge: Idelly there would be just one reference frme for everyone in the world. (Note: The current WGS84 reliztion is essentilly equivlent to ITRF2000 nd its next reliztion will be essentilly equivlent to ITRF2008.) Disdvntge: All points in North Americ would hve significnt horizontl velocities In centrl & estern CONUS, between 1 nd 2 cm/yr In Cliforni, western Oregon, western Wshington, Alsk nd Cnd, more thn 2 cm/yr 45
16 Option 2: Frme fixed to North Americn plte Advntge: Points in stble North Americ would experience no significnt horizontl motion. Disdvntge: Ech tectonic plte would need its own reference frme. Hwii is locted on the Pcific plte, Puerto Rico on the Cribben plte, nd Gum on the Mrin plte. Also, points locted ner plte boundries would still be moving significntly (eg., Cliforni, Oregon, Wshington, southern Alsk) Horizontl velocities in the western U.S. reltive to the North Americn Dtum of 1983 s derived from geodetic observtions. 48
17 Anlogy with time systems The world hs dopted essentilly two time systems: Universl Coordinted Time (UTC) for globl pplictions Locl time for pplictions within single time zone The conversion between the two time systems is simply mtter of dding or subtrcting n integrl number of hours. 49 Cn the geosptil community del with two geometric reference systems? ITRF20xx for inter-plte pplictions Plte-specific reference frmes for intr-plte pplictions A conversion between two given frmes would simply involve pplying set of 3 rottion rtes. 50 EPOCH DATE dte for which published positionl coordintes re vlid. Antenn Reference Point(ARP): GRAND MARAIS CORS ARP PID = DE6003 ITRF00 POSITION (EPOCH ) Computed in Jul., 2002 using 19 dys of dt X = m ltitude = N Y = m longitude = W Z = m ellipsoid height = m ITRF00 VELOCITY Predicted with HTDP_2.6 June VX = m/yr northwrd = m/yr VY = m/yr estwrd = m/yr VZ = m/yr upwrd = m/yr NAD_83 POSITION (EPOCH ) Trnsformed from ITRF00 (epoch ) position in Jul., X = m ltitude = N Y = m longitude = W Z = m ellipsoid height = m NAD_83 VELOCITY Trnsformed from ITRF00 velocity in Jul., VX = m/yr northwrd = m/yr VY = m/yr estwrd = m/yr VZ = m/yr upwrd = m/yr 51
18 IGS Renlysis Severl IGS Anlysis Centers (including NGS) hve ech reprocessed ll IGS dt observed since NGS hs lso reprocessed ll CORS dt observed since This nlysis included new clibrtion results for both GPS stellite trnsmission ntenns nd GPS receiver ntenns. NGS will use results from this renlysis to produce ITRF2008-comptible positions nd velocities for sttions in the CORS network. 52 NAD 83 (CORS96) NGS will use new ITRF2008 coordintes nd velocities for CORS to produce new reliztion of NAD 83 to be clled NAD 83 (CORS96) NAD 83 (CORS96) will be defined so tht the 14- prmeter trnsformtion between it nd NAD 83 (CORS96) will be the identity function. Hence, NAD 83 (CORS96) coordintes should be consistent with NAD 83 (NSRS2007) coordintes nd with the use of GEOID09 to convert NAD 83 (CORS96) ellipsoid heights to NAVD 88 orthometric heights. 53 NAD 83 (CORS96) - continued NAD 83 (CORS96) coordintes will, nevertheless, differ from NAD 83 (CORS96) coordintes becuse they re being derived using More GPS dt More rigorous computtionl procedures More ccurte models for systemtic errors NAD 83 (CORS96) should become vilble in the fll of CORS coordintes were lst revised, in wholesle mnner, in Hence, current CORS coordintes re less ccurte thn desired. 54
19 Wht bout verticl velocities? 55 Modernizing the Geopotentil Dtum: Replcing NAVD 88 Comments by Dniel R. Romn, Ph.D. NOAA s s Ntionl Geodetic Survey My 10-11, 11, 2010 Silver Spring, MD 56 Outline Wht is verticl dtum? Why isn t NAVD 88 good enough nymore? Possible wys to fix NAVD 88 How will I ccess the new verticl dtum? Additionl Informtion 57
20 Wht is verticl dtum? Mny vritions of the definition exist Strictly speking, verticl dtum is: A surfce representing zero elevtion Trditionlly, verticl dtum hs been thought of in more brod sense: A system for the determintion of heights bove zero elevtion surfce 58 Wht is verticl dtum? A verticl dtum lwys hs two components: Its definition Prmeters nd other descriptors Its reliztion Its physicl method of ccessibility 59 Wht is verticl dtum? Exmple: North Americn Verticl Dtum of 1988 (NAVD 88) Definition: The surfce of equl grvity potentil to which orthometric heights shll refer in North Americ*, nd which is meters (long the plumb line) below the geodetic mrk t Fther Point/Rimouski (NGSIDB PID TY5255). Reliztion: Over 500,000 geodetic mrks cross North Americ with published Helmert orthometric heights, most of which were originlly computed from minimlly constrined djustment of leveling nd grvity dt, holding the geopotentil vlue t Fther Point/Rimouski fixed. 60
21 Verticl Control Network NAVD ,000 BM s over 1,001,500 km 61 Why isn t NAVD 88 good enough nymore? NAVD 88 suffers from use of bench mrks tht: Are lmost never re-checked for movement Dispper by the thousnds every yer Are not funded for replcement Are not necessrily in convenient plces Don t exist in most of Alsk Weren t dopted in Cnd Were determined by leveling from single point, llowing cross-country error build up 62 Why isn t NAVD 88 good enough nymore? NAVD 88 suffers from: A zero height surfce tht: Hs been proven to be ~50 cm bised from the ltest, best geoid models (GRACE stellite) Hs been proven to be ~ 1 meter tilted cross CONUS (gin, bsed on the independently computed geoid from the GRACE stellite) 63
22 Why isn t NAVD 88 good enough nymore? Erth s Surfce H (NAVD 88) H NAVD 88 reference level The Geoid Errors in NAVD 88 : ~50 cm verge, 100 cm CONUS tilt, 1-2 meters verge in Alsk NO trcking 64 Why isn t NAVD 88 good enough nymore? Approximte level of geoid mismtch known to exist in the NAVD 88 zero surfce: 65 Possible wys to fix NAVD 88 Short term fixes: Provide fst methods of expnding NAVD 88 in res where it is needed Long term fixes: Re-level some / ll of NAVD 88 Replce NAVD 88 bench mrks 66
23 Possible wys to fix NAVD 88 Short term fix: Height Moderniztion GPS surveys Hve provided fst wy to disseminte NAVD 88 bench mrk heights to new mrks through the use GPS nd constrined lest squres djustment NOAA TM NOS NGS 58 nd 59 guidelines Keeps NAVD 88 useful nd ccessible, but does not ddress the mjority of problems of NAVD 88 itself 67 GPSBM2009 (GEOID09 Control Dt) totl, less 1003 rejected, leves 18,867 (CONUS) plus 576 (Cnd) 68 Possible wys to fix NAVD 88 Long term fix: Re-level some/ll of NAVD 88 Re-leveling NAVD 88 would cost between $200 Million nd $2 Billion This wouldn t fix ll of the problems ssocited with the use of bench mrks though 69
24 Possible wys to fix NAVD 88 Long term fix: Replce NAVD 88 Find method of defining verticl dtum tht seeks to fix ll of the known issues with NAVD 88 Best option: Define the dtum s given geoid model nd relize it through GNSS technology GRAV-D 70 Possible wys to fix NAVD 88 Long term fix: Replce NAVD 88 (continued) GRAV-D Trde-offs: Dtum is only relizble to 2 cm t best t ny given point (GNSS error + geoid error) However, this is n improvement over NAVD 88 reliztion error The dtum could then be disseminted loclly through very precise geodetic leveling 71 Reltionship between Grvity nd Heights g 1 = grvity on geoid t sttion 1 g 1 = verge grvity from g 1 to g* 1 g* 1 = surfce grvity t sttion 1 g 2 = verge grvity from g 2 to g* 2 g 2 = grvity on geoid t sttion 2 g* 2 = surfce grvity t sttion 2 H 1 = orthometric height to sttion 1 H 2 = orthometric height to sttion 2 Sttion 2 g* 2 Sttion 1 H 2 g* 1 C 5 H 1 C 4 C 3 C 2 C 1 C 0 geoid g g 1 1 > g 2 H1 = C5/g 1 g g* 2 1 > g* 2 H2 = C5/g 2 g 1 > g 2 H 1 < H 2 Note tht surfce loction of sttion 1 is closer to the geoid thn sttion 2. A steep grdient of geops indictes higher grvity less steep indictes lower grvity. The geops being frther prt beneth sttion 2 to reflect lower locl mss nd grvity. Hence, H1 should be less thn H2 even though both hve the sme geopotentil. 72
25 Geoid Power nd Dt Sources Work with mny groups to obtin other dt sets s well s wht we observe Vrince (m 2 ) 1.E+04 1.E+02 1.E+00 1.E-02 1.E-04 1.E-06 1.E stellite models (GRACE/GOCE) irborne nd surfce grvity terrin nd density models Degree (n) km Spectrlly merge the dt sources to obtin semless grvity field Work with neighbors to incorporte regionl dt (North Americn Geoid/IAG CP 2.2) Use rigorous geodetic theory nd/or forwrd modeling to mke geoid height model 73 Possible wys to fix NAVD 88 Long term fix: Replce NAVD 88 (continued) GRAV-D Interntionl Issues Cnd hs greed to move to geoid bsed verticl dtum Negotitions with USA underwy Mexico hs discussed this with USA, but hve not chosen to move to geoid bsed dtum yet Centrl Americn, Cribben: No policy to switch, but the dtum will be freely vilble to them 74 How will I ccess the new verticl dtum? Primry ccess (NGS mission) Users with geodetic qulity GNSS receivers will continue to use OPUS suite of tools Ellipsoid heights computed, nd then grvimetric geoid removed to provide orthometric heights in the new dtum No pssive mrks needed But, could be used to position pssive mrk 75
26 Reltionship between ellipsoid, geoid nd orthometric heights. Men Se Level Ellipsoid DoV h N + H GEOID HEIGHT OR UNDULATION P Erth s Surfce Plumb Line h Q N Geoid P O Ocen h (Ellipsoid Height) = Distnce long ellipsoid norml (Q to P) N (Geoid Height) = Distnce long ellipsoid norml (Q to P O ) H (Orthometric Height) = Distnce long plumb line (P O to P) 76 How will I ccess the new verticl dtum? Secondry ccess (Use t your own risk) Pssive mrks tht hve been tied to the new verticl dtum NGS will provide dt shring service for these points, but their ccurcy (due to either the qulity of the survey or the ge of the dt) will not be responsibility of NGS 77 How will I ccess the new verticl dtum? NAVD 88 conversion to new dtum A conversion will be provided between NAVD 88 nd the new dtum Only where recent GNSS ellipsoid heights exist to provide modern heights in the new dtum 78
27 Note tht the ITRF00-NAD83 trnsformtion is not included here This ws neglected to highlight the significnt systemtic fetures 79 How will I ccess the new verticl dtum? Exmple 1: Flood insurnce survey House 1954: Leveling Performed to bench mrk : Subsidence BM 1991: Originl 1954 leveling dt is used to compute the NAVD 88 height which is then published for this BM NAVD 88 zero height surfce H 88 (true) H 88 (published) Obviously the true height reltive to the NAVD 88 zero surfce is not the published NAVD 88 height 80 How will I ccess the new verticl dtum? Exmple 1: Flood insurnce survey House BM Using Existing Techniques: Find bench mrk (if you cn) Get published NAVD 88 height Level off of bench mrk No ccount for subsidence! House BM NAVD 88 zero height surfce H 88 (true) H 88 (published) 81
28 How will I ccess the new verticl dtum? Exmple 1: Flood insurnce survey House House BM BM Using Future Techniques: Find bench mrk if you wish, or set new one of your choosing Use GNSS/OPUS to get n orthometric height in the new dtum Level off of bench mrk s needed Subsidence is ccounted for by CORS nd geoid tht re monitored constntly! NAVD 2018(?) zero height surfce = geoid H(2018?) from GNSS/geoid 82 How will I ccess the new verticl dtum? Exmple 2: Bringing in the dtum Point where I need n orthometric height Nerest level lines re bout 25 km nd 50 km wy respectively. Bench mrks my or my not exist, 83 How will I ccess the new verticl dtum? Exmple 2: Bringing in the dtum Choice 1: Leveling Will we live with spur or mybe check in with nother level line? Leveling for 25 km Leveling for 50 km Lucky dy, we find 6 undisturbed Bench mrks! Luckily we find 1 undisturbed bench mrk! Now it s time to bluebook the dt, submit to NGS, wit for the bcklog to cler. And ll this ssumes the published 84 heights re correct to begin with
29 How will I ccess the new verticl dtum? Exmple 2: Bringing in the dtum Choice 2: Height Mod survey Crete pssive mrks round re of interest Using progressive GNSS surveys (NGS 59 Guidelines), trnsfer orthometric heights to Primry, Secondry nd Locl mrks Now it s time to bluebook the dt, submit to NGS, wit for it to be loded into the IDB. And ll this ssumes the published 85 heights re correct to begin with How will I ccess the new verticl dtum? Exmple 2: Bringing in the dtum Choice 3: Once GRAV-D is complete Set up GNSS receiver over mrk Submit dt to OPUS nd receive orthometric height Feeling generous? Shre your results with others using the NGS online dtbse (no bluebooking involved). If not, tke your height nd wlk wy. 86 Additionl Informtion The NGS 10 yer pln ( ) The GRAV-D Project Socio-Economic Benefits of CORS nd GRAV-D 87
30 Questions? 88
IMMIGRATION BENEFITS
GAO United Sttes Generl Accounting Office Report to Congressionl Requesters My 2001 IMMIGRATION BENEFITS Severl Fctors Impede Timeliness of Appliction Processing GAO-01-488 Contents Letter 1 Appendix I:
More informationMathematics of Flight. Glide Slope II
Mthemtics of Flight Glide Slope II A glider is specil kind of ircrft tht hs no engine. The Wright brothers perfected the design of the first irplne nd gined piloting experience through series of glider
More informationGuide to Applying for a Home with Homehunt East Lothian
Guide to Applying for Home with Homehunt Est Lothin Welcome to Homehunt Simply better wy to provide homes. This Guide contins importnt informtion which you must red crefully so tht you understnd how Homehunt
More informationport vila, vanuatu ALRA Australasian Law Reform Agencies Conference September 2008 Port Vila, Vanuatu
port vil, vnutu LR 2 8 00 ustrlsin Lw Reform gencies Conference 10-12 September 2008 Port Vil, Vnutu S r C Th i L D U Welcome It is with gret plesure tht the University of the South Pcific (USP) invites
More informationGreat Britain Tourism Survey. August 2015
Gret Britin Tourism Survey August 2015 Summry of Results GB And Englnd Trips Nights Spend Hedlines August 2015 +3% 0% +1% There were 14.8 million domestic overnight trips in GB in August 2015, up +3% on
More informationGreat Britain Tourism Survey. June 2015
Gret Britin Tourism Survey June 2015 Summry of Results GB And Englnd Trips Nights Spend Hedlines JUNE 2015 +6% +6% +2% +6% +6% 0% There were 10.3 million domestic overnight trips in GB in June 2015, up
More informationWho am I? National Geodetic Survey s Great Lakes Region Geodetic Advisor. John Ellingson Cell:
Who am I? National Geodetic Survey s Great Lakes Region Geodetic Advisor John Ellingson john.ellingson@noaa.gov Cell: 202-306-6904 Today s Discussion 1st Topic ----- New Datums Coming in 2022 2nd Topic
More informationFlight Operations Standards Directorate Commercial Air Transport Section - Special Approvals - PBN Approvals / RNP 2 RNP 2 Approval Process Form
Opertor Nme AOC Applicnt/Holder Focl Point Nme Telephone No. E-Mil No. Aircrft Mnufcturer, Model nd Series List Relevnt Mke nd Model of Relted Nvigtion Equipment 1 PHASE ONE - PRE APPLICATION PHASE Remrks
More informationLook inside to learn why an X-GLOO Inflatable Event Tent is the perfect solution for your event!
EN THINK OUT OF THE BO The X-GLOO Infltble Event Tent offers highly-customizble solution for housing your disply, presenttion or event in ny loction indoors or out. With wide rnge of sizes nd the bility
More informationThe trigonometric ratios sine, cosine, and tangent are defined only for right triangles. In an oblique triangle, these ratios no longer apply.
5.3 Investigting nd pplying the Sine Lw in ute Tringles GOL Verify the sine lw nd use it to solve rel-life prolems. INVESTIGTE the Mth The trigonometri rtios sine, osine, nd tngent re defined only for
More informationLesson 12.2 Problem Solving with Right Triangles
Lesson 12.1 rigonometric tios In Eercises 1 6, give ech nswer s frction in terms of p, q, nd r. 1. sin 2. cos 3. tn 4. sin Q 5. cos Q 6. tn Q p In Eercises 7 12, give ech nswer s deciml ccurte to three
More informationCorporate Champions Package
Corporte Chmpions Pckge 2017 The Alice Ferguson Foundtion is in its second yer of our Corporte Chmpions Cmpign, designed to grner sustined support for the thousnds of re students served ech yer through
More informationAssembly Manual. Description Model # 10' x 10' x 8' Shed-in-a-Box - Gray 30333
Shed-in--ox Assembly Mnul Description Model # 10' x 10' x 8' Shed-in--ox - Gry 30333 Recommended Tools OR 7/16" Plese red instructions COMPLETELY before ssembly. This shelter MUST be securely nchored.
More informationProject Summary. Principal Investigators: John Scanga, Ph.D., John Sofos, Ph.D., Keith Belk, Ph.D. and Gary Smith, Ph.D., Colorado State University
Project Summry Decontmintion of Beef Cuts Intended for Blde/Needle or Moisture-Enhncement Tenderiztion by Surfce Trimming versus Rinsing with Solutions of Hot (82 C) Wter, Wrm (55 C) Lctic Acid or Activted
More information4M MANCHESTER AIRPORT MANCHESTER S BEST CONNECTED OFFICE SPACE REFURBISHED GRADE A OFFICE SPACE TO LET FROM 1,000 45,000 SQ FT
4M MANCHESTER AIRPORT MANCHESTER S BEST CONNECTED OFFICE SPACE REFURBISHED GRADE A OFFICE SPACE TO LET FROM 1,000 45,000 SQ FT WE KNOW OFFICES AT 4M Locted t the hert of Mnchester Airport nd on the doorstep
More informationJournal of Air Transport Management
Journl of Air Trnsport Mngement 15 (9) 3 9 Contents lists vilble t ScienceDirect Journl of Air Trnsport Mngement journl homepge: www.elsevier.com/locte/jirtrmn Network competition in the open vition re
More informationYOUR HOLIDAY - YOUR WAY
E X C L U S I V E L Y D E S I G N E D C R U I S E & S T A Y H O L I D A Y S YOUR HOLIDAY - YOUR WAY Prices FrOM 499pp CALL US FREE TODAY ON 0800 655 6118 www.liverpoolcruiseclub.co.uk see Us ON sky chnnel
More informationBUSINESS PRESS. Recapturing reservation revenue Local software firm helps hotels save on fees Page 6 LAS VEGAS INSIDE
LAS VEGAS BUSINESS PRESS November 24-30, 2014 Volume 31, Issue 47 www.lvbusinesspress.com $1.00 Recpturing reservtion revenue Locl softwre firm helps hotels sve on fees Pge 6 INSIDE INTEL Henderson Economic
More informationeffortless sun protection
AWNINGS SHADES CANOPIES effortless sun protection www.betterlivingawnings.com AWNINGS SHADES CANOPIES INNOVATIONS IN SHADE Betterliving offers innovtive solutions, sleek designs nd comfortble shde. With
More informationIMM Trykt af IMM, DTU Crew Scheduling Airline Tracking During Jesper Holm 2002 LYNGBY THESIS MASTER NR.??/02
IMM Trykt f IMM, DTU Crew Scheduling Airline Trcking During Jesper Holm 2002 LYNGBY THESIS MASTER NR.??/02 Prefce M.Sc. sis is finl requirement for obtining degree: Mster This Science in Engineering. work
More informationToday s topics: Elevations by GPS Datum Transformation Tool Free Learning Opportunities
Today s topics: Elevations by GPS Datum Transformation Tool Free Learning Opportunities IMAGIN Annual Conference Traverse City, MI June 19, 2018 John Ellingson - john.ellingson@noaa.gov Great Lakes Region
More informationTHE MTA100 THE NEXT 100 YEARS STARTS HERE
100 NEXT 100 YEARS STARTS HERE is hosting 100 country s biggest ever vehicle show ntionlly significnt event celebrte its centenry. Kiwis hve been in love with crs since first two Benz were imported New
More informationINWOOD PROPERTIES SOIL REMOVAL. MISS D G System, Inc WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP, MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN LEGAL DESCRIPTION
LEGL (PER TITLE COMMITMENT NUMBER 50-5349, PREPRED BY THE PHILIP F GRECO TITLE COMPNY ND ITS UNDERWRITER CHICGO TITLE INSURNCE COMPNY, DTED PRIL 8, 005) LEGL SITUTED IN THE TOWNSHIP OF WSHINGTON, MCOMB
More informationSparta and Athens. If YOU were there... Spartans Build a Military Society. Which city do you choose? Why?
N2 SECTION Sprt nd Athens Wht You Will Lern Min Ides 1. The Sprtns built militry society to provide security nd protection. 2. The Athenins dmired the mind nd the rts in ddition to physicl bilities. 3.
More informationVaporizers 97 CHAPTER 13. Vaporizers
Vporizers 97 CHAPTER 13 Vporizers By definition, vporizer is type of so clled oil burner whose primry duty is to cuse chnge of stte of liquid fuel to gs for combustion. There re two generl types clssed
More information550 Lee s Summit Express Adds Service to Unity Village March 8, 2018
Lee s Summit Adds Service to Unity Villge Mrch 8, 2018 Effective Mondy, April 2, the RideKC Lee s Summit, with service from 350 Highwy nd Chipmn Rod Prk nd Ride, will offer two trips with connecting service
More informationFederal Office of Civil Aviation FOCA Directorate Affairs and Services Innovation Management
Federl Office of Civil Avition FOCA Directorte Affirs nd Services Innovtion Mngement SORA Risk Assessment for unmnned irborne Mobility, Mnger Innovtion nd Advnced Technologies Workshop Intelligent nd Autonomous
More informationEvaluation of Short- and Long-term Effects of Reading Recovery in Montgomery County Public Schools
Evlution of Short- nd Long-term Effects of Reding Recovery in Montgomery County ublic Schools June 2008 Nymbur Susn Min, h.d. OFFICE OF SHARED ACCOUNTABILITY Dr. Stcy L. Scott, Associte Superintendent
More informationThe Rodman s Guide to Madison Vertical Datums
The Rodman s Guide to Madison Vertical Datums by Dan Rodman, Wisconsin Professional Land Surveyor No. 2793 City of Madison, WI Parks Division E-mail: drodman@cityofmadison.com Tel: (608)266-6674 Version:
More informationCombining Control by CTA and Dynamic Enroute Speed Adjustment to Improve Ground Delay Program Performance
Eleventh USA/Europe Air Trffic Mngement Reserch nd Development Seminr (ATM2015) Combining Control by CTA nd Dynmic Enroute Speed Adjustment to Improve Ground Dely Progrm Performnce Jmes C. Jones, Dvid
More informationTHE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MASTER PLAN
THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MASTER PLAN 2015 2025 THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MASTER PLAN 2015 2025 MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM
More information2019 MUNICIPAL PRIMARY
2019 MUNICIPAL PRIMARY Officil Notice of Election for Militry nd Overses Voters Instructions You my request n bsentee bllot from this office t ny time prior to primry or election. However, if time does
More informationMy Plan. e) Fax Machine f) Shelf for Real Estate Info g) File Folders h) File Stand
I. My TO DO Li 1. Set plce in my fice wh b) Phone c) Computer d) Printer Decide tke clls. Pick 3-4 mrketing methods, nd rt mrketing. II. My Schedule 1. Choose 1 hour per dy on ekdys nd 2-8 hours on ekend
More informationUpdate on the Kosovo Roma, Ashkaelia, Egyptian, Serb, Bosniak, Gorani and Albanian communities in a minority situation
Updte on the Kosovo Rom, Ashkeli, Egyptin, Serb, Bosnik, Gorni nd Albnin communities in minority sitution UNHCR Kosovo, June 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. 3 PART 1: TRENDS IN SECURITY, CONFIDENCE
More informationBangor University - Guest Information
University - Guest Informtion Thnk you for your booking with University. The following is some useful informtion for your visit: Level of Service Te & Coffee mking Fcilities Free Internet Access Bed Linen
More informationOPERATIONS/DISPATCH OFFICE Monday Friday, (Except County Observed Holidays) 5:00AM until 6:00 PM, Phone # (704)
Trnsporttion 115 W. Min Street Lincolnton North Crolin 28092 Phone: 704-736-2030 TTY/TDD 1-800-735-2962 PUTTING PEOPLE FIRST www.lincolncounty.or/tlc Trnsporttion (TLC) is fully coordinted, pulic trnsporttion
More information(1) Use given triangle to fill in the blank. A = b c c. (1) A = b c. tan cos sin
0/3/206 Print Questions. Use given tringle to fill in the lnk. = () = () tn os sin 2. Write the rtios for sin M, os M, nd tn M. Give the ext vlue nd four deiml pproximtion. M K 23 2 02 L Type the deiml
More informationCalculate the length, correct to 1 decimal place, of the unmarked side of the triangle at right.
5 Trigonometry I WORkED ExAMPlE 2 Clculte the length, correct to 1 deciml plce, of the unmrked side of the tringle t right. 8 cm 14 cm On Clcultor pge, to solve equtions press: MENU 3: Alger 3 1: Solve
More informationTerms & Conditions for Flights with Mezbaan Tours (UK) Ltd
Terms & Conditions for Flights with Mezbn Tours (UK) Ltd Libility for trvel implementtion Mezbn Tours (UK) Ltd is n gent for irline tickets. We ccept no libility for chnges to timetbles, cncelled flights,
More informationROOTWAD LOG (15' LONG) TRENCH WALL BACKFILL ROOTWAD LOG (15' LONG) GRAVEL FILL BEHIND RIPRAP 4'Î 4'Î NOTES:
TRENCH WLL INITIL FILL TO HOLD LOG EXISTING CREEK BOTTOM WTER SURFCE (VRIBLE) ROOTWD LOG (5' LONG) GRVEL FILL BEHIND RIPRP 'Î 2'Î EXISTING CREEK BOTTOM 4'Î TOE RIPRP (2 INCH) W/ 6 INCH CLSS FILTER MTERIL.
More informationData Origination, Management and WGS 84. ICAO PBN Seminar Data Origination & Management and WGS 84
Data Origination, Management and WGS 84 1 Learning Objectives Overview Understand the implication of publishing incorrect navigational data in the State s AIP Identify why it is essential to use a common
More informationtime andmemory in Ancient Egyptian Cemeteries The Dynamic History of Ancient Sites By Janet Richards 16 VOLUME 44, NUMBER 3 EXPEDITION
oxbyg7h8d9sowgtnpws f,be-zhyvf5kkslgn When trvelers visit ncient sites in modern Egypt, they experience sttic nd often re-creted snpshot of moment in time from which other episodes of the site s life history
More information2018 ANNUAL CONVENTION February 2, 2018
2018 ANNUAL CONVENTION Februry 2, 2018 Messge from the President We re the AGC. Our theme for this yers convention is ment to not only instill pride in wht we hve ccomplished throughout the yers, but lso
More informationDatum Issues in the Red River of the North Basin ----
Datum Issues in the Red River of the North Basin ---- Scoping Document May 1999 Russell E. Harkness, Hydrologist United States Geological Survey Water Resources Division 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Two datum issues
More informationLet s Make Wheat Great Again! Jessica Pratchler, PAg. NARF Research Manager
Let s Mke Whet Gret Agin! Jessic Prtchler, PAg. NARF Reserch Mnger According to the Guinness Book of World Records, wht is the Gretest Whet Yield? A) less thn 150 u/c B) greter thn 200 u/c C) less thn
More informationCalifornia Real-Time Network (CRTN) September 28 th, 2012 Ontario, CA. October 5 th, 2012 Sacramento, CA. Presenter: Art Andrew CSRC Chairperson
California Real-Time Network (CRTN) September 28 th, 2012 Ontario, CA October 5 th, 2012 Sacramento, CA Presenter: Art Andrew CSRC Chairperson CRTN Workshop Agenda 8:30-9:15 History of CSRC and CRTN Art
More informationW GATE CITY BLVD SCID MTL SCID SCID LEGEND SHOPPING CENTER IDENTIFICATION SIGN ENTRANCE MONUMENTS GRANDOVER MONUMENTS OUTPARCEL MONUMENT SIGN
' EIP E E E E E E E ' MENU ' f 0 E E E E 0 " " CMP CMP MTL " CMP " CMP "DI EXIST. R/W W GATE CITY BLVD DUKE POW ER EASENT "DI 2 PARKW AY 32 PNG EASENT PIEDMONT NATURAL PNG EASENT GAS CPANY, INC. EXIST.
More informationVIABILITY AND FECUNDITY OF ALATE ALIENICOLAE OF APHIS FABAE SCOP. AFTER FLIGHTS TO EXHAUSTION BY A. J. COCKBAIN
I '. Exp. Biol. (1961), 3, 11-17 'ith 2 text-figures Printed in Gret Britin ll VIABILITY AND FECUNDITY OF ALATE ALIENICOLAE OF APHIS FABAE SCOP. AFTER FLIGHTS TO EXHAUSTION BY A. J. COCKBAIN Rothmsted
More informationBooking Ref Voyage No No. of Days Ship Cruise Dep. Date Suite Type & No. Surname Title First Name Middle Initial
BOOKING FORM Plese complete nd return this nd the Guest Informtion Form overlef to: Silverse Cruises, Suite 1 / Level 6, 8 Spring Street, Sydney NSW 2000, Austrli PO Box R386, Royl Exchnge, Sydney NSW
More informationDoylestown Community. Pedestrian-Transit Linkage Plan
Doylestown Community Pedestrin-Trnsit Linkge Pln Prepred for: Borough of Doylestown June 2007 Prepred By: Gilmore & Assocites, Inc. 350 E. Butler Avenue New Britin, PA 18901 DOYLESTOWN BOROUGH CULTURAL
More informationWORLD HERITAGE NOMINATION - IUCN SUMMARY 421 TONGARIRO NATIONAL PARK (NEW ZEALAND)
WORLD HERTAGE NOMNATON - UCN SUMMARY 421 TONGARRO NATONAL PARK (NEW ZEALAND) 1 1 Summry prepred by UCN (August 1990) bsed on the originl nomintion submitted by New Zelnd nd other sources. This originl
More informationMessukeskus Helsinki, for curious people like us.
Messukeskus Helsinki, for curious people like us. Why Helsinki, Finlnd? NTURE MEETS URBN VIBE The most exotic nd ffordle Nordic cpitl One of the most competitive economies with uzzing strtup life Fresh
More information(27 Oct 05) AD 2-EGJA-1-1
UK AIP (27 Oct 05) AD 2-EGJA-1-1 EGJA AD 2.1 EGJA ALDERNEY EGJA AD 2.2 AERODROME GEOGRAPHICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE DATA 1 ARP Co-ordintes nd site t AD: Lt: 494222N Long: 0021253W Centre of Airport. 2 Direction
More informationNotes on the History of the National Geodetic Vertical Datum 1929 and the North American Vertical Datum 1988 in Alaska, U.S.A. 1
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Notes on the History of the National Geodetic Vertical Datum 1929 and the North American Vertical Datum 1988 in Alaska, U.S.A.
More informationOccurrence and Distribution of Bacterial Indicators and
PPLED ND ENVRONMENTL MCROBOLOGY, ug. 1977, p. 139-149 Copyright C 1977 mericn Society for Microbiology Vol. 34, No. 2 Printed in U.S.. Occurrence nd Distribution of Bcteril ndictors nd Pthogens in Cnl
More informationbalance development sustainability responsibility Non-financial Statement for 2017
blnce 17 development sustinbility responsibility Non-finncil Sttement for 2017 Non-finncil Sttement for 2017 1 Contents Sdržj 1. A WORD FROM THE PRESIDENT & CEO 5 2. ABOUT THE NON-FINANCIAL STATEMENT 7
More informationJAPAN SNOW HAKUBA / SHIGA KOGEN / NOZAWA ONSEN NISEKO / FURANO MYOKO KOGEN APPI / ZAO. w w w. j a p anp ackag e.co m.au
JAPAN SNOW 013 PACK AGE NISEKO / FURANO HAKUA / SHIGA KOGEN / NOZAWA ONSEN MYOKO KOGEN APPI / ZAO w w w. j p np ckg e.co m.u Jpn offers some incredible skiing, with mountins of powder snow nd over 00 ski
More informationU.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service Datums Page Page 1 of 5
Datums Page Page 1 PRIMARY BENCH MARK STAMPING: 2245 A 1982 866 2245 A TIDAL MONUMENTATION: Tidal Station disk VM#: 16408 AGENCY: National Ocean Survey (NOS) PID#: DD1345 The primary bench mark is a disk
More informationSUBMITTAL DATA SHEET. SPLIT-SYSTEM AIR CONDITIONING CONDENSING UNITS TONS MODELS: YC090 thru 300, 2-PIPE YD120 thru 240, 4-PIPE FEATURES
SUBMITTL DT SHEET SPLIT-SYSTEM IR CONDITIONING CONDENSING UNITS 7.5-25 TONS MODELS: YC090 thru 300, 2-PIPE YD120 thru 240, 4-PIPE JOB NME: PURCHSER: LOCTION: ORDER NO: ENGINEER: SUBMITTED TO: FOR: REF:
More informationPolicy and Procedures Documents for the State Plane Coordinate System of 2022
This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 04/18/2018 and available online at https://federalregister.gov/d/2018-08141, and on FDsys.gov BILLING CODE: 3510-JE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
More information{ EXCLUSIVE COLLECTION { CALL US FREE TODAY ON.
{ EXCLUSIVE COLLECTION { EXCLUSIVE HOLIDAY COLLECTION JOIN US ON SKY TV ChNNel 647 from 5-6pm & 7.30pm dily & WTCh NYTIme T www.tvcruiseclub.co.uk CALL US FREE TODAY ON 0800 655 6118 www.liverpoolcruiseclub.co.uk
More informationFrom Prime to ArcGIS online: 30 years Berchtesgaden National Park GIS
From Prime to ArcGIS online: 30 yers Berchtesgden Ntionl Prk GIS or: GIS s n integrtive tool for sectorl specilist fields Sn Diego, 2014-07-16 30 yers in 15 minutes: I. Methodicl tests (1984 1991) II.
More information220 Lbs 100 Kgs CUSTOMER SERVICE 40 EXERCISE TRAMPOLINE WITH HANDRAIL MODEL# 9040MTH PRODUCT MANUAL - VERSION FOR AGES: WEIGHT LIMIT:
40 EXERCISE TRMPOLINE WITH HNDRIL PRODUCT MNUL - VERSION 05.18.09 FOR GES: WEIGHT LIMIT: 220 Lbs 100 Kgs TO UILD: 13+ 1 X TOOLS NEEDED: CUSTOMER SERVICE GQrands.com CustomerService@GQrands.com 1-866-498-5269
More information3.3 Verotoxigenic E. coli
3.3 Verotoxigenic E. coli Verotoxigenic Summry E. coli Numer of VTEC cses, 214: 77 Crude incidence rte, 214: 15.4/1, Numer of VTEC-ssocited HUS, 214: 27 Numer of VTEC cses, 213: 71 Introduction The reported
More informationCOMPACT. VERSATILE. SPECIFICATIONS. Contact us for more detailed information IMPROVE SAFETY. a a a a a a a a. a a. a a a a a a a a a a a a
NNOLOK SLTION GUI NNOLOK LIFLIN HOOK OPTIONS 9502116 ZIN PLT 9505253 Stinless Steel Snp Hook Steel Snp Hook F 9502195 ZIN PLT 9502058 LUMINIUM STL SWIVLING Scffold Hook SNP HOOK G 2109193 ZIN PLT Steel
More informationOverview ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices for Aerodrome Mapping Data reported to AIM
Overview ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices for Aerodrome Mapping Data reported to AIM References ICAO SARPS Annex 14 Vol. I, 7 th Edition, July 2016 ICAO SARPS Annex 15, 15 th Edition, July 2016
More informationDATE: 7/19/2017 TRANSMITTAL ID: NAME COMPANY PHONE NAME COMPANY PHONE
Transmittal 227 West Trade Street Suite 700, Charlotte, NC 28202 PROJECT: Lincoln Harris - Riverboat Parking Garage 90-5052 DTE: 7/9/207 SUBJECT: 720 Church St - ddendum 00 - Pier lternate TRNSMITTL ID:
More informationREACHING NEW HEIGHTS. Tanzania
RACHING NW HIGHTS lwhen word of snow-cpped mountin on st Afric s equtoril plins reched urope in the mid-19th century, the public, nd London s Royl Geogrphic Society, scoffed t such n unbelievble notion.
More informationNORTH GATE BLVD. STRUTHERS RD Denver Region A B ELEVEN 60X49 45'--0" PAGE ' 24'-0" PAGE 5 PAGE
SITE PLN NOT TO SCLE Region 0 E. rd venue, Suite 00, CO 809 0-7-99.' 8 '--0" '-0" 0 List Drive, CO 8099 79-8-00 07 9 0 9 STRUTHERS RD..98' 7 #807 9 GLENEGLE GTE VIEW EL PSO COUNTY, CO JOHN CURRN LNGFORD
More informationQui vult venire post me
Cstnz Prt (c.1528-1601) Qui vult venire pst me à7 Trnscried nd edited y Leis Jnes Surce: Scheeus, nd Vincenti, (eds.) (1613) Prmpturii musici, prs terti. Strssurg: Kieffer nd Ledertz. N. 8 Criticl cmmentry:
More informationMAY 2017 AROUND THE BEND. Survey Economics Customers & services. Mobile Scanning Bringing the goods. Black Elk Peak Definitive elevation
MAY 2017 AROUND THE BEND Survey Economics Customers & services Black Elk Peak Definitive elevation Mobile Scanning Bringing the goods TRUE ELEVATION BLACK ELK PEAK» JERRY PENRY, PS Black Elk Peak, located
More information1 five a b c. 2 pencil a b c. 3 ball a b c. a b c. a b c
Plement test Nme: Clss: Prt 1 Cirle the orret nswer,, or. 1 five 2 penil 3 ll 4 ig dog 5 eyes Cmridge University Press 2013 Plement test 1 Plement test 6 I ve got long til. 7 soks 8 I n t ride ike. 9 edroom
More information11 FROM: I MIKE TURNER II
Agend tem # P e # 1" CHAR AND MEMBERS To: BOARD OF CONTROL MEETNG ON APRL 28,2010! 11 FROM: MKE TURNER DEPUTY CTY TREASURER 11 SUBJECT: 2009 ANNUAL UPDATE ON JOHN LABATT CENTRE RECOMMENDATON Tht on the
More informationGREEN GROWTH PLAY AND DISCOVERY SMALL BUSINESS BOOST
GREEN GROWTH PLAY AND DISCOVERY S P R I N G SMALL BUSINESS BOOST - S U M M E R 2 0 1 6 GROWING GREEN Mrking the first use of the city s new $7 million drop nd pull ril yrd, shipment of steel bems bound
More informationASSESSING ECOTOURISM ECONOMICS FOR LIVELIHOOD INTERVENTION- A CASE IN NAMERI NATIONAL PARK OF ASSAM (INDIA)
ASEAN Journl on Hospitlity nd Tourism, Vol 13, pp. 19-32 Printed in Indonesi. All right reserved ASSESSING ECOTOURISM ECONOMICS FOR LIVELIHOOD INTERVENTION- A CASE IN NAMERI NATIONAL PARK OF ASSAM (INDIA)
More informationAppendix B Public Input Documentation
Appendix B Public Input Documenttion Community lnput - By County Recretion Pln lnput Received - Meeting #I Thursdy, Mrch 13,2008 3:30 p.m. - 6:30 p.m. Pinconning District Librry Approximtely 8 ttendees
More informationEDM Height Traversing Levelling Survey Report
Record 2014/25 GeoCat 76789 EDM Height Traversing Levelling Survey Report Apia, Western Samoa, May 2013 S. J. K. Yates, A. Lal APPLYING GEOSCIENCE TO AUSTRALIA S MOST IMPORTANT CHALLENGES www.ga.gov.au
More informationSECTION 1 PRE-FLIGHT OPERATIONS AND DEPARTURE Use of checklist, airmanship, anti-icing/de-icing, procedures, etc. Apply in all sections
Instrument Rting - IR(A) Skill test (PBN) SECTION 1 PRE-FLIGHT OPERATIONS AND DEPARTURE Use of checklist, irmnship, nti-icing/de-icing, procedures, etc. Apply in ll sections Applicnts license numer or
More informationPHILIPPINE REAL ESTATE MARKET
2Q 2013 MARKET OVERVIEW RESEARCH & FORECAST REPORT PHILIPPINE REAL ESTATE MARKET Executive Summry ECONOMY The Philippines is benefitting from period of politicl stbility with economic growth ccelerting.
More informationNational Spatial Reference System
National Spatial Reference System NORTH AMERICAN VERTICAL DATUM OF 1988 (NAVD 88) SEMINAR January 15, 2003 Catskill, New York Edward J. McKay OUTLINE Vertical Datums Height Systems NAVD 88 Project NAVD
More informationMaryland State Forest Conservation Program. Annual Report. July 1, June 30, 2012
Mrylnd Stte Forest Conservtion Progrm Annul Report July 1,2011 - June 30, 2012 (MSAR #6958) Submitted by: John R. Griffin Secretry, Mrylnd Deprtment of Nturl Resources Submitted to: Sente Eduction, Helth
More informationPULLERS. Three-jaw pullers 214. Two-jaw pullers 216. Expansion pullers 217. Bar pullers and separators 218. Ball bearing pullers 219
212 Three-jw pullers 214 Two-jw pullers 216 Expnsion pullers 217 Br pullers nd seprtors 218 Bll bering pullers 219 Stud extrctors 221 nd removers Hydrulic jck 221 213 451 N Outside pullers with three jws
More information4Syllabus topic M6 Non-right-angled trigonometry
on-right-ngled trigonometry 4Syllus topi M6 on-right-ngled trigonometry This topi is foused on solving prolems involving right- nd non-right-ngled tringles in vriety of ontets. Outomes Solve prolems using
More informationBougies as an aid for endotracheal intubation with the Airway Scope: bench and manikin comparison studies
Tkenk et l. BMC Anesthesiology (2017) 17:133 DOI 10.1186/s12871-017-0424-1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Bougies s n id for endotrchel intubtion with the Airwy Scope: bench nd mnikin comprison studies Ichiro
More informationExamining hand grip strength in different sports
Interntionl Journl of Sport Studies. Vol., 5 (10), 1132-1136, 2015 Aville online t http: www.ijssjournl.com ISSN 2251-7502 2015; Science Reserch Exmining hnd grip strength in different sports Onder Krkoc
More informationCover Page. The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation.
Cover Pge The hndle http://hdl.hndle.net/1887/37530 holds vrious files of this Leiden University disserttion. Author: Nielen, Thijs Mrtinus Johnnes Title: Alitercy : cuses nd solutions Issue Dte: 2016-01-26
More informationEssential Sliding Door 80 & 140
Essential Sliding Door 80 & 140 For more information call Bradnam s on 1300 WINDOWS 1300 946369 or visit bradnams.com.au BRICK VENEER CONSTRUCTION - HED & JMB DETIL 02-01 02-01 HED FLSHING STEEL LINTEL
More informationCLASS A ±46,704 SF OFFICE AND WAREHOUSE HEADQUARTERS OPPORTUNITY
CLSS ±46,704 SF OFFICE ND WREHOUSE HEDQURTERS OPPORTUNITY M T C R HE E T R PO R CO U DQ E RT RS T D RO L HIL B O 1 N 0 64 M R C, 33 FL 32 1 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION This Class, stand alone industrial/flex
More informationDry Rehydratable Film Method for Rapid Enumeration of Coliforms in Foods (3M Petrifilm Rapid Coliform Count Plate): Collaborative Study
56 KINNEBERG &LINDBERG:JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL VOL. 85, NO. 1, 2002 70-2009-6428-9 FOOD BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS Dry Rehydrtle Film Method for Rpid Enumertion of Coliforms in Foods (3M Petrifilm Rpid
More informationAntibiotic Resistance Among Coliform and Fecal Coliform
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, June 1976, p. 879-884 Copyright C 1976 Americn Society for Microbiology Vol. 9, No. 6 Printed in U.SA. Antibiotic Resistnce Among Coliform nd Fecl Coliform Bcteri
More informationADVISORY CIRCULAR AC-AD-005
GHANA CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY ADVISORY CIRCULAR AC-AD-005 AERODROME QUALITY DATA SYSTEM GENERAL Ghana Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) Advisory Circulars from Aerodrome Safety and Standards (ASAS) contain
More informationThe Red Dragon project
The Red Drgon projet LONDON: The Sttionery Offie 26.60 Ordered y the House of Commons to e printed on 23 Mrh 2009 Report presented y the Auditor Generl for Wles to the Ntionl Assemly for Wles on 27 Mrh
More informationUK AIP GUERNSEY (4 Aug 05) AD 2-EGJB-1-1
UK AIP GUERNSEY (4 Aug 05) AD 2-EGJB-1-1 EGJB AD 2.1 GUERNSEY EGJB AD 2.2 AERODROME GEOGRAPHICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE DATA 1 ARP Co-ordintes nd site t AD: Lt: 492606N Long: 0023607W On the centre-line nd
More informationNEW SOUTH WALES. Both METRIC and Feet and Inches TIMES: am/pm Sunrise/Sunset Moon Phases Moon Rise/Set DIARY NOTES.
2016 2014 November 28, 2013 November 26, 2015 TO to January 4, 7, 2017 2015 Both METRIC and Feet and Inches TIMES: am/pm Sunrise/Sunset Moon Phases Moon Rise/Set DIARY NOTES NEW SOUTH WALES Public Works
More information(iv) Hahitatofthreatemdspecie8 The park is virtually the
- - 3 - Summryprepredby WCMZ / UCN (April19911 bsedonthe originl nomintionsubhnittedbythegovernmentofndonesik This originl nd slldocuxnents presentedinsupportofthis nomintionwill be vilble for consulttion
More informationThis article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and
This rticle ppered in journl pulished y Elsevier. The ttched copy is furnished to the uthor for internl non-commercil reserch nd eduction use, including for instruction t the uthors institution nd shring
More informationSchedule Compression by Fair Allocation Methods
Schedule Compression by Fair Allocation Methods by Michael Ball Andrew Churchill David Lovell University of Maryland and NEXTOR, the National Center of Excellence for Aviation Operations Research November
More informationICOM FUEL FILL HOSE AND FILTER INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS P15X AA
ICOM FUEL FILL HOSE ND FILTER INSTLLTION INSTRUCTIONS P5X4-9245- Revision: - Dated /8/5 Replaces: None TBLE OF CONTENTS PROCESS # PROCESS NME P5X4-9245-000 INSTLL FUEL FILL HOSE & FILTER (EXTERNL MOUNTED
More informationInternational Tourism Principles 1 Sample Questions
4867-002 Interntionl Tourism Priniples 1 Smple Questions 1. Whih one of the following is the min reson for the rise in the mount of people employe in the trvel inustry over the lst twenty yers? Inrese
More informationChennai Airport Tamil Nadu
Chenni Airport Tmil Ndu Airports Authority of Indi ABOUT THE CITY AND AIRPORT CONNECTIVITY NAME OF THE AIRPORT (STATE) : CHENNAI AIRPORT (TAMIL NADU) ABOUT THE CITY: (I) INTRODUCTION: Chenni is the cpitl
More information