DPG-W Field Trip - The Zanzibar Water Sector Jan

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1 Produced by the DPG Water Secretariat DPG-W Field Trip - The Zanzibar Water Sector Jan Context of the field trip After the DPG-Water field trips in 2005 (Lake Victoria) and 2006 (Dar es Salaam), and upon an invitation extended by the Zanzibar Ministry of Water, Energy, Construction and and Lands (MWECL), DPG-Water decided to arrange for its annual field trip to Zanzibar. This was to learn about progress of sector reforms, compare the situation with the mainland, and assessing the requirements for development partner support. After the success of the Joint Water Sector Review and joint appraisal of the Water Sector Development Programme on the mainland, it seemed an appropriate time to learn about the water sector on the Isles. From 29th to 31st January 2007, 16 people representing bilateral and multilateral agencies travelled to Pemba and Unguja. The visit allowed for interaction with Government and water service utilities officials, the beneficiaries of water services, and visits to existing donor and government-funded water and sanitation interventions in both rural and urban settings, providing a clearer picture of the situation on the ground. DPG-Water field trip to Zanzibar Day One Water Supply on Pemba Island Pemba: General Information Known as Al Jazeera Al Khadra (The Green Island) in Arabic, Pemba lays just 50 km east of Mainland Tanzania. This smaller, hillier and more fertile of the two islands of Zanzibar has a population of some 360,000 inhabitants, largely consisting of mixed Arab and Swahili people. The main activities are small scale farming of rice, beans and coffee, the commercial production of cloves. Famous for its rich fishing grounds, Pemba is slowly opening up to diving tourism. The main towns are Chake-Chake (main harbor at center), Mkoani (south-west) and Wete (north). Swahili hospitality at Kukuchuni Village, Pemba

2 Page 2 Water supply on the island of Pemba depends entirely on groundwater sources tapped through deep wells and fitted with hand or electric pumps. The state of existing storage and distribution facilities is unsatisfactory: dilapidated pipes and reservoirs contributing to high water losses and poor water quality, non-functional pumps, and depleted water sources. Past support to the water sector included FINNIDA and the ADB. While this was interrupted by the freeze of donor aid in the mid-90s, the overall level of infrastructure investments (also through NGOs, Islamic organizations etc.) appear to be above-average compared to the mainland. However, despite a recent shift in policy towards payment for water, water schemes in Zanzibar are still characterized by poor management: little revenues and little maintenance. This may be compared to the situation on the mainland of ten years ago, when major sector reforms were beginning. The newly created Zanzibar Water Authority (ZAWA) that runs water services on both islands has turned to communities for assistance in the upkeep of facilities, however, this is done erratically. Nevertheless, this intervention shows a willingness for water users to pay for services, driven by the need for improved services. Old, dilapidated infrastructure Storage facilities of Chake Chake Town, Pemba old age and disrepair contribute to wastage of already scarce water sources. Exemplary of rural water supply on the isles, the Tengeja Rural Water Supply Scheme consists of a deep bore-hole and elevated metallic reservoir connected to a gravity distribution network in the village of Tengeja. The scheme is operated and maintained by ZAWA, with the adjacent village government occasionally chipping in to cover repair costs and cleaning the reservoir. The Government covers electricity bills for operating the pump. The Urban Water Supply Scheme to the main town of Chake Chake follows a similar set-up to that in the rural areas, however, it is character- ized by more demand and facilities that are in a worse state of disrepair. Currently, poor water supply services, in particular irregular and insufficient supply, creates a market for private water vendors. At the same time, it makes it difficult for ZAWA to fulfill the new water policy of introducing tariffs. This vicious cycles of poor services and insufficient revenue creates a dependency on donor funds, which is believed will solve the problems on Unguja and Pemba. The water supply for Chake Chake is among the projects recently proposed to MCC for a major support package to the isles. One of 38 hand-pump wells supported by UNICEF Kukuchuni Village Kukuchuni Project (UNICEF) For the last ten years, UNICEF with funding from Switzerland has supported schools and surrounding communities with potable water. Since 2003, it is implementing the Rural Water Supply and Health Education Project. In the first phase, locally contracted artisans construct deep wells fitted with hand-pumps in 38 villages, expecting to improve water accessibility for about 20,000 people. The second phase of the project, to cover 720 villages, in envisaged to focus on community hygiene and sanitation awareness, and capacity development by using the PHAST methodology. Local artisans will be trained in constructing and marketing sanitary facilities. Additional water wells will be built in response to enthusiasm raised in the first phase. The Project encourages community participation in dialogue, planning, project implementation, operation and maintenance of the facilities. During 2006, planning and advocacy was conducted in 740 villages in preparation of implementing the second phase of the Project.

3 Page 3 Day Two Zanzibar Water Authority (ZAWA) Visits to Dunga-Kwembeni Reservoir and the small settlements of Chwaka and Malumbi depicted the wide range of technologies used by different interventions in rural water supply on Unguja island. These include shallow wells (facilitated by the community, Zanzibar Government or Islamic Foundations), piped schemes (AfDB), a deep borehole harnessed to wind mills (a pilot project supported by NORAD) and electric pumps (ZAWA). A presentation by ZAWA and JICA officials showed that the authority for both rural and urban water supply on both islands is currrently starting a three-year assistance project that foresees the rehabilitation and expansion of water supply facilities to Zanzibar Town. By refurbishing the transmission mains and increasing water production by 14,000 cubic meters per day, the Government of Japan commits itself to assisting Zanzibar in achieving its Basic Policies of the Water Sector as laid down in the Zanzibar Vision The Zanzibar Government has been advised to reform its water policy, improve the management, operation and maintenance of water supply system, and introduce environmental management measures both at source and output. It was learnt that despite the political decision to introduce water tariffs, ZAWA is currently hesitant to implement the policy as it is felt that private households should not or will not pay for unreliable services. Expectations are that the improvement of water supply anticipated after the project will increase customers willingness to pay for water consumed. Unguja: General Information The word "Zanzibar" probably derives from the Persian Zangi-bar ("coast of the blacks"), or from the Arabic Zayn Z'al Barr ("fair is this land"). "Zanzibar" often refers especially to Unguja Island. This greater (1,651 km²) island of the Zanzibar Archipelago has a population of 622,500 (2002 census). Unguja s main industries are spices (cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and pepper), raffia and tourism. The main capital, Stone Town, is a World Heritage Site and is often referred to as Zanzibar Town. The main water supply facilities in Zanzibar deep wells, mostly fitted with buckets and ropes. This one was dug and deepened by the community. Zanzibar water Authority Planned and implemented distribution network of clean and safe water on Unguja Island. UNICEF estimates overall accessibility of water at 63% for Unguja and 14.8% for Pemba. However, there are no data available that would be comparable to data from the mainland.

4 Page 4 Day Two Zanzibar Town Drainage and Sanitation Program Zanzibar Town has about 200,000 inhabitants, 10% of whom live in Stone Town, the old administrative and current tourist center. The infrastructure of the town can hardly keep up with the rapid expansion, particularly with the increased solid waste and wastewater produced, and stagnant waters often develop after heavy rainfalls, which contaminate drinking water and threaten the health of its inhabitants. Between 1994 and 1998, the Zanzibar Municipal Council (ZMC) with the assistance of KfW, implemented a first phase of the Zanzibar Sanitation and Drainage Program which aimed at improving public health and conserving the historic town, improve the quality of maritime environment and maintain employment in tourist facilities. Since 2003, the second phase of this program has been in implementation. This mainly focuses on extending the sewerage and drainage system and improving solid waste collection in the new town, as well as improving the institutional capacity of ZMC. This is another project for which funding is being sought from MCC. Controlled solid waste collection at Market, Stone Town. Day Three Conclusion To conclude the visit, a meeting was held between the DPG-W and officials from the Zanzibar Government, including MWECL and ZAWA. The objective of this meeting was for both sides to express their views on the future development of the water sector in Zanzibar. The Director General of ZAWA presented an overview of the physical, organizational and financial situation of the water sector in Zanzibar. The current production of water lays at 20 mil. m³/year (Unguja) and 8 mil. m³/year (Pemba), meeting 75% and 49% of the population respec- tively. The DPG-W informed of the new framework that have been put in place on mainland Tanzania, in particular the comprehensive WSDP and its procedures for accessing funds and dialogue mechanisms. There was mutual interest in creating a more systematic and continued dialogue as exists between Government and DPs on the mainland. Zanzibari officials were requested to compile the necessary documentation and to liaise with their mainland colleagues to get this process going. ZAWA customer categories: Domestic (36,224 households) Industrial (98) Commercial/hotels (154) Camps/institutions (180) Current Revenues: $ 100,000 from paying commercial customers All other operation & maintenance costs as well as investments are subsidized by the Government At average mainland tariffs of 300 Tsh/m3 and an assumed unaccounted for water of 50%, the current production could generate annual revenues of $ 3.5 million ASSISTANCE FOR WATER SUPPLY FROM DEVELOP- MENT PARTNERS (FROM 1990) ADB US$ 10.2 mil Rural Water FINNIDA FIM 50 mil Urban Water Abu Dhabi Fund US$ 5 mil. Rural Water Japan/JICA US$ mil Grass root/ga UNDP US$ 660,000 Grass root DFID 40,000 Grass root UNICEF US$ 600,000 Grass root US DOD US$ 480,000 Grass root IRAN US$ 60,000 Grass root Ruler of Sharja US$ 500,000 Groundwater study WB/TASAF US$ 550,000 Community water Water Supply Master Plan (2015) Sector Unguja mil. m³/yr Pemba mil. m³/yr Urban Water supply Rural Water supply Irrigation Tourism Industry Total Current production 20 8 Acceptable yield

5 Page 5 Participants 1. Hanno Spitzer, Head of Division for Development Cooperation, German Embassy 2. Ato Brown, Senior Sanitation Engineer, World Bank & Co-Chair of DPG-W 3. Joerg Hartmann, Director KfW Dar es Salaam & Co-Chair of DPG-W 4. Mussa Uwesu, Program Officer Water & Environmental Sanitation, UNICEF 5. Hababu Chwaya, Project Officer, Basic Services, UNICEF Sub- Office 6. Daigo Koga, Deputy Country Director, JICA 7. Kaposo Mwambuli, Country Hand-washing Coordinator & DPG-Water Secretariat, WSP 8. Asukile Kajuni, Project Management Specialist, USAID 9. Rommert Schramm, Associate Professional Officer Agriculture & Integrated Resources Management, UN-FAO 10. Rosemary Mpendazoe, Program Officer Water & Sanitation, Embassy of Belgium 11. Nangula Heita-Mwampamba, Program Officer Water, KfW 12. Hamisi Babu, Program Officer Governance, DFID 13. Ezekiel Khiago, Program Oofficer Water, JICA 14. England Maasamba, World Bank 15. Chaim Poran, Director Infrastructure Operations, MCC 16. Matthew Kavanagh, Program Officer Operations, MCC Zanzibar DPG-W in water Monsoon Authority Restaurant, Planned Stone and implemented Town distribution network of clean and safe water on Unguja Island. Thanks The DPG-W would like to thank its Zanzibar Hosts for organizing this trip and for the kind hospitality during the course of their stay in Pemba and Unguja, in particular: Mr. Mwalim A. Mwalim, Principal Secretary, Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy and Land Mr. Tahir Abdullah, Director of Planning, Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy and Land Mr. Hemed Salim Hemed, Director General, Zanzibar Water Authority Mr. Mzee K. Juma, Head of Sanitation and Solid Waste Division, Zanzibar Municipal Council and all other officials and employees who guided us around the Zanzibar Water Sector. Shukran!