Predicting Impacts of Stressors at the Land-Water Interface
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1 Predicting Impacts of Stressors at the Land-Water Interface Chesapeake Bay and Delmarva Coastal Bays NOAA Support $4.8M for 5 Years Starting September 2009
2 17 Principal Investigators, 8 Institutions, led by the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) From SERC: Thomas Jordan (lead) Denise Breitburg Charles Gallegos Eric Johnson Xuyong Li Melissa McCormick Patrick Neale Gerhardt Riedel Donald Weller Dennis Whigham From other institutions: Karen Kettenring, Utah State Michael Erwin, USGS Lee Karrh, MD DNR Evamaria Koch, UMCES Rochelle Seitz, VIMS Timothy Targett, UDE Denice Wardrop, PSU
3 Collaborators: NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office: -Howard Townsend -Steven Giordano MD Department of Natural Resources: -James Uphoff, Jr. -Kevin Smith
4 Focus on: Shallow (<2m deep) Estuarine Waters Biologically active land-sea interface Critical habitats for fisheries and migratory species
5 Components of the Land-Water Interface Watershed Tidal Wetlands Shoreline Water Quality Macro Fauna Adjacent Estuary SAV
6 Stressors degrade habitats Land use change Inputs of nutrients, suspended sediments, and toxic substances Oxygen depletion, decrease in water clarity, and contamination of food web
7 Compounded with stressors to the intertidal zone Shoreline alterations: Tree removal Bulkhead installation Riprap installation Spread of invasive reed Phragmites
8 The approach: Coordinated multi-scale comparisons Among subestuaries Modeling 100+ Field sampling SAV 40 Fauna 12 Phragmites 9 Finer scale within subestuaries Modeling Field sampling and manipulations System-wide responses to whole system characteristics (watershed land cover, % hardened shoreline) Habitat & faunal responses to adjacent shoreline type
9 Main Working Groups Leaders Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Don Weller Macro-Fauna Denise Breitburg and Rochelle Seitz Wetlands Dennis Whigham
10 SAV group Don Weller, Chuck Gallegos, Chris Patrick, Yong Li, & Micah Ryder SERC Lee Karrh, Becky Golden, Brooke Landry, & Mark Lewandowski MD-DNR Evamaria Koch & Dale Booth UMCES-HPL
11 SAV: NOAA-funded study components GIS-based statistical analyses Relate variations in SAV coverage among and within subestuaries to watershed & subestuary characteristics, especially shoreline hardening Identify correlates of SAV success and failure Predict SAV responses to changes in land use and shoreline hardening Bio-optical modeling Relate light absorption & scattering to water column properties Create high resolution maps of light penetration and causes of low light availability (chl, TSS, CDOM) Transect studies Measure SAV density, wave energy, & TSS deposition on leaves near natural and hardened shorelines Quantify responses to shoreline hardening Improve knowledge of optical effects of TSS deposition on SAV Improve knowledge of wave energy and its effect on SAV
12 GIS-based spatial analysis
13 Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Delineated 128 watershedsubestuary systems (101 used for analysis) Developed 27 metrics, such as subestuary area, mean depth, mouth width, fractal dimension, watershed land use, etc. Calculated SAV abundance ( ) from existing aerial photographs.
14 Influence of watershed land use on SAV Repeated measures ANOVA, , 101 Subestuaries Forested, Mixed > Agricultural > Developed a SAV abundance (%) n=101 b a b a a 0.5 c 0.0 Dev. Agr. Mixed-Agr. Mixed-Dev Mixed-Undisturbed For.
15 Average Subestuary SAV Coverage < 5.4% Riprap > 5.4% Riprap df=1,2521, P < a. b Year
16 Vegetation studies
17 Sampling design study systems Chesapeake Bay in polyhaline salinity zone mesohaline 12 oligohaline and tidal fresh 5 Coastal Bays systems Sampling sites nested within systems Hardened vs. natural shoreline With and without SAV
18 Subestuary sampling 2010 (n =10) 2011 (n =14) 2012 (n =18) 2013 (n =16) Tidal Fresh/Oligohaline (n=10) Port Tobacco (Poc02) Elk (Elk01) Gunpowder (Gun01) Aquia (Pot10) Northeast (Nor01) Stillpond (CB202) Middle (Mid01) Bohemia (Elk02) Potomac Creek (Pot11) Sassafras (Sas01) Mesohaline (n =10) St. Mary s (Pot02) Severn (Sev01) Choptank (Cho02) Honga (Hng01) Swan (CB301) Cox (Eas01) Crab Alley (Eas02) Polyhaline (n =12) Magothy (Mag01) Wicomico (Pot05) Little Choptank (Lch01) Occohannock (CB705) Poquoson VA (CB602) East (Mob01) Greater Wicomico (CB503) Onancock (CB701) Back VA (CB603) North (Mob02) Dividing (CB504) Ware (Mob03) Fleets Bay (CB505) Milford Haven (CB601) Corrotoman (Rpp01) Coastal Bays (n =5) Assawoman (*CB04) Sinepuxent (*CB08) Robbins (*CB09) Isle of Wight (*CB06) Swans Gut (*CB11)
19 Vegetation studies Years 1-4 SAV density, composition, & biomass during peak biomass (May-Sept.) Sediment grain size and organic content
20 Vegetation and wave energy Measure responses of SAV, waves, and TSS deposition to subestuary conditions and shoreline hardening Transects perpendicular to shoreline at riprapped site and adjacent natural site
21 SAV present Yes No Vegetation and sediment sampling Shoreline condition Natural Riprapped Sediment cores Biomass core Vegetation transects
22 Offshore Vegetation results-broad Creek (Cho02) Natural RipRap SAV Density 100 m 100 m 100 m 100 m no SAV SAV Density >10% cover 2011 SAV = Ruppia 2010 SAV Density no SAV >10% cover 10% - 40% cover SAV Density no SAV >10% cover none >10% cover 10% - 40% cover 10% - 40% cover <10% 40% - 70% cover SAV Density no SAV 40% - 70% cover 10%-40% 70% - 100% cover SAV Density no SAV >10% cover 10% - 40% cover 40% - 70% cover 70% - 100% cover 40%-70% %
23 Rip Rap Natural All vegetation transects 2011 TF / Oligohaline Mesohaline Polyhaline
24 Wave studies
25 St. Mary s Site
26 Rip Rap Hs (m) Riprap attenuates waves > 0.2 m Honga Ocean City Natural Shoreline Hs (m)
27 Rip site H s (m) results less consistent rip rap = marsh Onancock (October 2011) rip rap > marsh Ocean City (June 2011) y = 0.94x R² = Elk River (August 2011) St Mary s (August 2011) y = 1.02x R² = Marsh H s (m)
28 Preliminary sediment results
29 Organic Content Organic Content (%) Organic Content (%) Organic Content (%) Organic Content (%) Vegetated site > unvegetated site Choptank 6 5 Gunpowder Natural Unvegetated Natural Vegetated Rip Rap Unvegetated Rip Rap Vegetated Natural Unvegetated Natural Vegetated Rip Rap Unvegetated Rip Rap Vegetated 6 5 Port Tobacco Elk Natural Unvegetated Natural Vegetated Rip Rap Unvegetated Rip Rap Vegetated 0 Natural Unvegetated Natural Vegetated Rip Rap Unvegetated Rip Rap Vegetated
30 Ogranic Content Organic Content (%) Organic Content (%) Organic Content (%) Vegetated site < unvegetated site Severn Natural Unvegetated Natural Vegetated Rip Rap Unvegetated Rip Rap Vegetated St. Mary's Honga Natural Unvegetated Natural Vegetated Rip Rap Unvegetated Rip Rap Vegetated 0 Natural Unvegetated Natural Vegetated Rip Rap Unvegetated Rip Rap Vegetated
31 Ogranic Content Organic Content (%) Organic Content (%) No pattern Onancock Natural Unvegetated Natural Vegetated Rip Rap Unvegetated Rip Rap Vegetated Occohanock, VA Natural Unvegetated Natural Vegetated Rip Rap Unvegetated Rip Rap Vegetated
32 TSS deposition studies
33 TSS deposition measurements UMCES Years 3-4 Study 6 systems/yr Deploy artificial leaves along transects Collect leaves over 1 to 3 wks Quantify epiphytic loading (organic & inorganic) Measure waves, TSS, and light
34 Bio-optical modeling
35 Bio-optical modeling SERC Relate light absorption & scattering to water column properties Map light penetration and causes of low light availability (chlorophyll, TSS, CDOM)
36 Optical sampling System Assawoman Bay Occohannock Creek Onancock Creek Severn River Honga River Rhode River Honga Gunpowder South Bay, VA Goodwin Islands, VA Big Annemessex Manokin Chincoteague Bay 2010 Salinity Coastal Bays Coastal Bays Coastal Bays Chesapeake mesohaline Chesapeake mesohaline Chesapeake mesohaline 2011 Chesapeake mesohaline Chesapeake oligohaline Coastal Bays Chesapeake polyhaline 2012 Chesapeake mesohaline Chesapeake mesohaline Coastal Bays
37 Conclusions Multiple factors interact to control the distribution of SAV Light availability/depth Shoreline development Shoreline hardening Land use in the watershed Land use at the shoreline
38 SAV Abundance SAV Abundance SAV Abundance SAV Abundance SAV Abundance SAV Abundance SAV Abundance SAV Abundance SAV Abundance SAV Abundance SAV Abundance SAV Abundance Univariate correlations with VIMS shoreline % Forest % Forested Shoreline % Bank height 10-30m % Marina Density of Boathouses % Bank Height 10-30m % Shoreline w ith Marinas Density of Boathouses % Bank Height 0-5 m % Bank height 0 5m % Shoreline w ith Marsh % Marsh % Shoreline w ith RipRap % Riprap Density of Docks Density of Docks % Bank Height 5-10m % Bank height 5-10m % Shoreline w ith Residental Development % Shorelin w ith Bulkheads Density of Boat Ramps % Family Dwellings % Bulkhead Density of Boat Ramps
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