SLOVAK SPA IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGE CURRENT CONDITIONS, ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Matlovičová K. Kolesárová J. Židová A. 1

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1 Matlovičová K., Kolesarová J. Židová A. (213): Slovak spas in the context of change current conditions, issues and challenges, in Dej M., Huculak M., Jarczewski W. (Eds) (213): Recreational use of geothermal water in Visegrad Group countries, Copyright by Institute of Urban Development, Kraków 213, ISBN , pp SLOVAK SPA IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGE CURRENT CONDITIONS, ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Matlovičová K. Kolesárová J. Židová A. 1 Introduction Current literary resources offer many approaches to the definition of spa tourism. Basically, they can be divided into two groups. The first one is composed of views deriving the essence of this form of tourism from the water and its beneficial effects on the human health (thermal or mineral springs). This definition builds on the historical principle and stems from the origin of the name spa, which is an abbreviation derived from the Latin sanitas per aqua (i.e. health through water) (Smith, Jenner 2). Even today, some of the dictionaries define spa as a place where the water has special minerals in it (e.g. Oxford Dictionary). By the gradual development and expansion of the range of therapeutic treatments, particularly of those nature-based, as a primary, in terms of differentiation of the term spa tourism, became the emphasizing of the medical, recovery and recuperative aspects associated with the stay in facilities specific by their location or equipment. In addition, these facilities have to meet a number of well-defined criteria and standards. In a broad sense (sensu largo) spa tourism is seen as a form of tourism, the main aim of which is the treatment, recovery and relieve of specific chronic symptoms, and overall improvement of the physical or mental well-being. Although the current perception of the spa centres, in terms of achieving a certain degree of biological recovery, is much wider than in the past, after all, water of various types (healing, thermal as well as mineral or tapped water as a part of the swimming pools, whirlpools etc.) is considered to be their essential part. Spa tourism in Slovakia - a brief outline of the historical context Slovakia is considered a traditional spa destination within a European context, since the establishing of the first settlements located close to the thermal or mineral springs, has a long history. The first direct written documents providing evidence of the spa towns existence, include the documents from the era of Belo IV. from the year 1247 or there are also later ledgers of the early 16 th century (Sedlák 197). At that time, in 1549, J. Wernher also wrote the document De admirandis Hungariae aquis hypomnemation (About the Miraculous Waters of the Hungarian Monarchy). Moreover, there is still preserved a report about mineral and thermal springs located in Austro- Hungarian monarchy which was written two centuries later, in (Eliašová, 29, Rebro 1996). The oldest spa centres in Slovakia include Bardejovské kúpele, Bojnice, Piešťany, Sklené Teplice, Trenčianske Teplice and Turčianske Teplice. 18 th century was an important milestone in the development of the spas in Slovakia. At that time, as a result of increased scientific research on the beneficial effects of mineral and thermal springs on the human health, the first spa centres were built (Husovská, 21). Later on, these centres also served as potential places for rest and recreation. Slovak spa centres were thriving during the inter-war period. This was happening largely thanks to the clients coming from the Czech regions. Eliášová (29) refers to this period as marked by efforts to remove Austro-byzantine and Hungary-jewish aspects of the Slovak spa in the general. On the other hand, the post-war period is considered as the most depriving one, because of the massive nationalization of the private property, including the spa centres. The shift towards the better prospects appeared in 196s, when the investments into the infrastructure were made and also many changes concerning management and promotion abroad were adopted in the Slovak spa centres (Eliašová, 29). The other major turning point in the development of the Slovak spa was the year Due to the societal changes, there were also many significant changes in the field of spa centres ownership. The last but not the least of the important historical milestones is the year 24, 1 University of Presov in Presov, Slovakia, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, Department of Geography and Regional Development, Ul. 17. novembra 1, Prešov, Slovakia, s: kveta.matlovicova@gmail.com, jkolesarova@yahoo.com, zidovaanna@gmail.com 161

2 when the Slovak Republic became a member of European Union. This joining has undoubtedly opened a space for the further development, but also has brought new challenges in terms of increased competition, particularly from the neighbouring countries. Therefore, the current situation in the Slovak spa is largely marked by efforts to improve the quality of services that still do not reach a required level in many ways. These efforts should be seen in the context of attempts to strengthen the overall position of tourism in the national economy. Spa tourism in Slovakia current conditions In the European context, the region of Slovak Republic is relatively rich in springs of thermal and mineral waters, which belong to the valuable natural resources. In general, thanks to their health, economic and social significance, they are considered as an important part of the national natural heritage. Geographic location of the Slovak Republic, in the western Carpathian arch, creates the great conditions for development of the spa tourism based on the healing, mineral and thermal waters. These resources appear in a great number thanks to the favourable local geological structure. Their common occurrence is related to the areas of tectonic disruption and to the transitional areas of mountains and valleys. At these places, ground water is becoming surface water. The varied geological structure contributes to the formation of the full range of mineral water types. Here can be found almost all known types of mineral waters (excluding radioactive). Their chemical composition and physical properties are the important distinctive features which differentiate them from the ordinary water. They can be divided into: natural mineral waters, natural healing waters and natural mineral table waters (ASK 213). As already indicated, nowadays, also the other natural preconditions are of great importance for the development of spas. Suitable climate conditions (especially mountain and alpine climate), which can have beneficial effect on human health and regeneration, are the other important natural resource in case of Slovak Republic. In 211 there were 21 spa towns with 31 spa treatments providers (map 1, table 1, 2) and 89 accommodation facilities in total (47, 2% of which was hotels and pensions). In comparison with the year 25, there was increase in their number in 24,7%. The total bed capacity was beds in 63 rooms. During the last six years, there was not observed any significant change concerning this indicator (bed capacity in 25 was beds). Only the proportion of the beds in hotels was changed. This proportion decreased in 27,3 % compared to 25 (graph 1, 2). (Statistical Office of the SR, 212) Map 1: Spa centres in Slovakia 162

3 Table 1: The list of companies with permission, for the operation of the natural health spa resorts, received from the Spa State Commission of the Ministry of Health of the Slovak Republic Spa town Nature Health Spa Spa treatments providers Trenčianské Teplice Bardejov - Bardejovské kúpele 1 Spa Trenčianské Teplice Inc. 2 Bardejovské Spa Ltd. Bojnice 3 Spa Bojnice, Inc. 1 2 Health Spa Resort of Ministry of Interior of the SR, ARCO, Trenčianské Teplice Health Spa Resort of Ministry of Interior of the SR, DRUŽBA, Bardejovské kúpele Dudince 4 Spa Dudince Inc., Dudince Dudince 3 Liptovský Ján 4 Lučivná 5 Spa Lučivná Inc. SLOVTHERMAE, Slovak Health Spa Resort, soe., Diamant, Dudince Spa and Rehabilitation Institute of Ministry of Interior of the Bystrá, Liptovský Ján 6 Spa Nový Smokovec, Inc. 7 Spa Horný Smokovec Ltd. Vysoké Tatry 5 Military medical centre, Inc., Tatranské Zruby 6 Sanatorium Dr. Guhra n. o., Tatranská Polianka 7 Sanatorium Tatranská Kotlina n.o. 8 TATRASAN, Ltd., Nový Smokovec Piešťany Piešťany 8 Slovak Health Spa Piešťany, Inc. Smrdáky 9 Slovak Health Spa Piešťany Inc. 9 Military medical centre Inc. Spa resort Piešťany Kováčová Kováčová 1 Wellness Kováčová, Ltd.. 1 Specialized Sanatorium Marína, soe., Kováčová Sliač 11 Spa Sliač Inc.. Sklené Teplice 12 Health Thermal Spa Inc., Sklené Teplice Štós 13 Spa Štós, Inc. Rajecké Teplice 14 Slovak Health Spa Rajecké Teplice, Inc. Nimnica 15 Spa Nimnica, Inc. Brusno 16 Spa Brusno, Inc. Lúčky 17 Liptov Health Spa, Inc.., Lúčky Číž 18 Natural iodine bath Číž, Inc. Turčianske Teplice 19 Slovak Health Spa Turčianske Teplice, Inc. Vyšné Ružbachy 2 Spa Vyšné Ružbachy, Inc. Červený Kláštor 21 Pieniny resort, Ltd. Source: Ministry of Foreign affairs of the SR (213) 163

4 Table 2: Slovak spa according to the indications and natural resources Spa Indications Mineral or thermal spring Bardejovské Kúpele Bojnice Brusno Číž Dudince Horný Smokovec - Vysoké Tatry Circulation system disorders Digestive organs Non-tuberculosis of the Kidney and Urinary system disorders Kidney and Urinary system disorders Circulation system disorders Digestive organs p?menu=4 Non-tuberculosis of the a.html Circulation system disorders -liecba Non-tuberculosis illnesses of the - Natural healing water, low/medium mineralisation, and the springs are classified as hydrocarbonic containing chloride, sodium, and iron. It is cold and hypotonic water, which has a relatively high level of boric acid - the total mineralisation ranges from 16 mg/l to 94 mg/l - CO 2 - from 22 to 38 mg/l, - Temperature: 7-1 C. - natural healing water, classified as hydrogen-carbonsulphate, calcium magnesium, hypotonic, acratotherma - 9 springs with the flow 4 l/s - Depth m. - temperature: C - natural healing water, classified as cold mineral, calcium-sodium-magnesium, carbon, hydrocarbonatesulphate and hypotonic water - 6 mineral springs - springs with the flow,7-5,8 l/s - Temperature: 16-2 C - natural healing water, high level of mineralisation, iodine-bromide, sodium-chloride, hypotonic water - ph 7,3 7,48-3 springs - the total mineralisation ranges from 4826 to 31 mg /l - temperature: 14-31,8 C - natural healing water, high level of mineralisation, containing hydrogen-carbonate-chloride, carbonic, sulphide, sodium-calcium, high level of fluoride, lithium, boron, calcium, and hydrogen-carbonate, weak acid, low-thermal, hypotonic - the total mineralisation is 5923 mg/l mg/l of carbon dioxide and up to 6mg/L of hydrogen sulphide - temperature: 27,2 C - Climatic spa - climate therapy, healing exercise, inhalant treatments, physical therapy (diathermy, bioptron, solux, paraffine, biostimulation) pool, sauna (dry, steam) 164

5 Kováčová Lučivná Lúčky Nimnica Liptovský Ján Nový Smokovec - Vysoké Tatry Piešťany Digestive organs Kidney and Urinary system disorders Non-tuberculosis of the Circulation system disorders Digestive organs Non-tuberculosis of the Non-tuberculosis of the Non-tuberculosis of the Mental disorders Climatic spa according to the Swiss classification of climate therapy the Spa town Kováčová can be rated at stimulation level, thus, it has sedative climate - Hydrocarbonate-sulphate, calcium-magnesium, hypotonic thermal water with high level of calcium, magnesium, sulphate, hydrocarbons 85mg/L. - temperature: 12,3-48 o C - Climatic spa - located at the southern foothill of the High - are protected against the northern winds - long-time sunshine, clean, oxygen-rich air with high intensity of caloric solar radiation - natural healing water, low level of mineralisation, hydrocarbonate-sulphate, calcium magnesium, carbonic water, hypotonic, warm with a free (CO2). - by chemical composition springs are classified as petrogen, carbonate-sulphate, with a slight calciumsulphate type of chemistry - Thermal mineral spring Valentin: 32 C - Temperature: 31,5 o C - natural healing water, high level of mineralisation, carbon dioxide, hydrogen-sodium, iodine, with increased level of bicarbonates, slightly acid, cold hypotonic - sum of cations: 1485,918 mg.1ˉ¹, sum of anions: 3661,67 mg.1ˉ¹ - temperature: 12,7 C - 13 mineral and thermal springs - cold, low-thermal, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, slightly mineralized water - temperature: 14,8-29,4 C Climatic spa - the main healing factor is mountain and alpine climate, which has complex beneficial effect on human body - according to the Swiss classification of climate therapy the spa town is rated at stimulation level 2, with ionising influence - thermal mineral water -there are ten springs with average level of minerals 1.5 mg/l - water spring from tectonic disruptions in the depth of 2 metres, water is gathered in the depth of 6 metres, which ensures constant chemical composition 165

6 Rajecké Teplice Sklené Teplice Sliač Smrdáky Śtós Trenčianske Teplice Turčianské Teplice Circulation system disorders Dermatological aky Non-tuberculosis of the Mental disorders Digestive organs Dermatological Digestive organs Kidney and Urinary system disorders and temperature. -natural mineral waters, natural thermal healing waters, low mineralisation, average content of minerals is 134 mg/l, they are classified as sulphatehydrogen-carbonate, calcium sodium, hydrogen sulphide, hypotonic with a free gases, mainly hydrogen sulphide - approximately 5mg/L, low level of CO2 and partially also of radium emanation - sulphuric mud is an unique peloid - Temperature: C. - hydrocarbonic, calcium magnesium, hypotonic mineral waters - 5 springs - temperature: C - natural healing water with low mineralisation, sulphate, calcium magnesium, hot, hypotonic water - the total mineralisation is 2456 mg/l - 14 springs - temperature: 37-52,3 C - healing water, low level of mineralisation, sulphatebicarbonate, calcium-magnesium, ferric, carbon dioxide, cold hypotonic (several springs) - temperature:12,3-33,3 C - Mineral water, high level of therapeutic hydrogen sulphide (68 mg/l), sulphuric mud - it also contains minerals and salts in particular on the basis of Na, Mg a Ca (34 mg/l) - natural healing water with low mineralisation, hydro carbonate, chlorine-carbonate, sodium, sulphur water with increased level of boric acid, alkaline, containing hydrogen sulphide - approximately 6 mg / L, hypotonic - temperature: 13 C - Climatic spa, according to the Swiss classification of the climate therapy the spa town is rated at stimulation level 1, with characteristic features of mountain environment - Speleotherapy in Jasovska cave, which is located close to the spa Śtós -thanks to physical properties and chemical composition, thermal springs ranks to the group of natural, sulphate, calcium magnesium, sulphured, warm, hypotonic mineral waters with higher level of fluorine - temperature: 37,7 4 o C - mineral springs, high amount of minerals (1524 mg/l) - the newest spring has 4 C and is used for drinking cure - chemical composition of all local mineral springs is 166

7 Vyšné Ružbachy Circulation system disorders Digestive organs Kidney and Urinary system disorders Mental disorders very similar - contain sodium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine and other minerals, but also CO2 - temperature: 4,7 C - 46,5 C - 14 springs - healing water belongs to the hydrogen-carbonsulphate, calcium magnesium, carbonate, hypotonic mineral waters - temperature: 4 C -22,3 C Pieniny Dermatological - Two dioxide springs Source: Official web pages of the spas (see the link in the table) a Ministry of foreign affairs of the SR (213) Graph 1: Evolution of the number of accommodation facilities in the Slovak spa since Graph 2: Evolution of the number of rooms and bed capacity in the Slovak spa since other accommodation facilities hotels number of rooms number of beds The number of visitors in the Slovak spa had rising tendency until 28, and it rose by almost 1% per year. Probably by the reason of the economic recession, this growth was slowed in 28 by over 3% and in the following year decreased by more than 18%. In 29, the growth was again re-started to the level from three years ago, thank to an increase in the number of domestic visitors. (Statistical Office of the SR 212) (Graph 3,4) 167

8 Graph 3: The number of visitors in the Slovak spa since foreign domestic 5 Graph 4: Evolution of the number of visitors in hotels and guesthouses in the Slovak spa since Tourists coming to the Slovak spa form in average 7% of their total number. Since 28, this proportion has slightly increased, but this movement can be considered as not very significant (graph 5). Some decrease of foreign customers, which has been especially noticeable since 28, operators of the Slovak spa compensated with domestic tourists, whose share in the total number of tourists on the contrary has slightly increased (since 25, this increase represents 2%) (Statistical Office of the 212) (graph 6). Graph 5: Proportion of spa tourism in the total number of accommodated guests (%) 8, 7,5 7, 6,5 6, foreign domestic Graph 6: Proportion of domestic and foreign tourists in the total number of accommodated guests in the Slovak spa (%) 1, 8, , 4, 2, domestic foreign,

9 The above mentioned tendencies were indicated in the total amount of sales for the accommodation, which were obtained by spa guests in Slovakia (graph 7). Their total amount had gradually increased until 29, when it decreased by more than 7%, which could be caused by uncertainty and slight increase of prices in the context of the Euro adoption as the new currency. In the following year, the Slovak spa recorded the growth of sales by almost 15%, which was mainly caused by an increase of foreign clients (graph 8). In the following year, a decrease was again recorded, which was mitigated by an increase of sales of domestic visitors (Graph 8). (Statistical Office of the SR 212) Graph 7: Development of sales for accommodation in the Slovak spa (in ) hotels and guesthouses in total in Graph 8: Development of sales for accommodation in the Slovak spa (in ) for domestic and foreign spa guests foreign domestic In the structure of foreign visitors, clientele from the Czech Republic is clearly dominant and creates nearly 5% of all foreign spa guests (in 211, it created 46.3% of the total number of foreign guests). From other groups, following nations can be mentioned: Germans (15.7%), Polish (8.3%) and Israelis (6.13%) (data from 211; graph 9). The number of nights which Slovak spa visitors stayed in the Slovak spa was 9.2 days in 211. The longest stays, in average two weeks (14.8 days in 211) spent in the Slovak spa guests from Germany and Israel (13.9 in 211) (Graph 1). (Statistical Office

10 Graph 9: Structure of foreign visitors in the Slovak spa (comparison 21 and 211) Graph 1: Average length of stay of foreign spa guests (comparison 21 and 211) ,8 13, , , ,4 4,1 7,7 9,4 2,9 5,8 8,6 4,8 3,9 6, 8,1 9,9 9,6 2 Problems and challenges of the Slovak spa As we indicated in the introduction, the Slovak spa has overcome some turning point in its development. As analyzed statistical data indicate, development in recent years has led to several new challenges. The biggest problem here is the quality of service, which is still in some way a reflection of the lack of investment required not only for renewal of often obsolete respectively unsatisfactory infrastructure, but also for purchase of a new modern equipment or training and 17

11 retaining quality staff. (CR IMP 21) Although Slovakia in the process of modernization has made considerable progresses in comparison with the period before 1989, it is shown that this is not enough and that the tempo of changes is still slow. In the marketing strategy for tourism development in Slovakia for , four main objectives for the period are specified: Maximizing the economic benefits from tourism to the national economy. Continuous growth of participation in domestic tourism. Reinforcement of brand position of Slovakia and bright identification of Slovakia as a holiday destination offering competitive product. Use of international events organized in Slovakia (World Championship in ice hockey in 211 and the project: European Capital of Culture - Košice 213) or abroad (London Olympic Games 212) to raise awareness of Slovakia abroad "(Stratégia 213) Although the planning period has not finished, based on the above analysis, we can now conclude that the contribution of spa tourism to its fulfilment has certain reserves. As mostly insufficient is seen: transport connectivity, especially the lack of air connections and the absence of national air carrier, the continuity of air transport on local connections and still unfinished motorway linking Bratislava with northeast of the country. In terms of targeted focus on the increase of demand for spa stays, growing regional disparities and economic problems (low purchasing power and insufficient volume of domestic capital resources) seem to be problems (more by Matlovič, Matlovičová 25, Matlovič, Matlovičová 211, Matlovič, Klamár, Matlovičová 28). In this respect, therefore, orientation of the strategy to cheaper stays at home seems to be very logical and brings first results (see analysis above). The accuracy of the mentioned direction is supported by other surveys showing that nearly half of Slovak respondents (43.6% in 21) are planning holiday in Slovakia (Analýza, 21, p. 9). The most in demand activities are relax and escape from everyday life, what spa tourism can offer. Another of the mentioned problems affecting spa tourism is a global economic recession. As can be seen from the Report (Správa 29), the crisis has affected the Slovak spa, although compared with other tourism sectors only slightly. In 29, although there was a temporary decrease of more than 7%, but in the following year this decrease was successfully rectified by over 14% (Statistical Office of the SR 212). In other tourism sectors, a decrease represented more than 1% for more than 6% of them (Správa 21). A major issue in promoting domestic tourism by the state is the amount and way. In the spa stays, it is regulated by the Law no. 577/24 (collection of laws 24) about: The extent of health care covered by public health insurance, and payments for services related to health care provision, which specifies who and under what conditions is entitled to a spa treatment paid for to some extent by state. Usually, the application for stay must be preceded by outpatient medical care or hospitalization. Currently in Slovakia, there are two types of indications: Type "A" - spa treatment is paid entirely by public health insurance and type "B" - treatment is paid partly (ASK 213). The problem in this regard is that the amount of funding is continuously decreasing, what often has a major impact on the functioning and operating of spas, especially those, where a significant proportion of clients are domestic Slovak patients using this kind of state support. Spa operators see the problem in relatively frequent changes in the extent by state paid health care and thus reduction the list of diagnoses for which the repaid stays are bounded. Frequent changes do not allow the implementation of the long-term development strategies and increase uncertainty in this field. The importance of the spa and health tourism is determined by the fact that according the marketing strategy of its development, is considered the third most important form of tourism, after the summer tourism, the water stays and winter tourism together with winter sports. Its priority status is also determined by the fact that the medical spa is considered to be the main product line of the Slovak tourism. The response to the mentioned problems was marketing activities strengthening at the level of the individual spa resorts and at the national level. Orientation is focused on the key markets represented by neighbouring countries with relatively good transport, respectively with historical and social linkage with the past (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Ukraine), as well as on 171

12 countries that have significant long-term presence within the number of tourists (Germany, Russia, Italy, the United Kingdom) (Stratégia 213). As it is shown in the survey (IMP CR 21, PL IMP 21), for respondents, Slovakia is associated with spa tourism, relax, beautiful nature, mild climate, friendly and nice people, delicious cuisine and good relationship price - quality. The brand position of the Slovak spa fulfil our hope that we are on good way to built a strong and in the future stable tourism industry, which in the terms of its potential and existing real possibilities of its use deserves more attention not only by public and private businesses, but also by academics across a wide range of possible perspectives on the study. Bibliography: ANALÝZA (21). Analýza dovolenkového správania sa obyvateľstva Slovenska, Slovenská agentúra pre cestovný ruch [online] available at: quoted 1 st February 213 ASK (213). Asociácia slovenských kúpeľov, oficiálne stránky asociácie [online] available at: quoted 1 st February 213 CR IMP (21). Analýza zdrojových trhov (AZCR) Česká Republika, Slovenská agentúra pre cestovný ruch [online] available at: quoted 1 st February 213 ELIAŠOVÁ, D. (29b). Slovenské kúpeľníctvo v historickom kontexte. In Kontexty kultúry a turizmu. ISSN , no.2, pp HUSOVSKÁ, Ľ. (21). Kúpele: Prechádzky za zdravím a krásou. Bratislava: Príroda, p. ISBN MATLOVIČ R., MATLOVIČOVÁ K. (211): Regionálne disparity a ich riešenie na Slovensku v rozličných kontextoch, in Acta Facultatis Studiorum Humanitatis et Naturae Universitatis Prešoviensis, Prírodné vedy, ISSN: , Folia Geographica, ISSN , roč. LIII, č.18, PU Prešov, pp. 8-87, [online] available at: MATLOVIČ R., KLAMÁR R., MATLOVIČOVÁ K. (28): Vývoj regionálnych disparít začiatkom 21. storočia na Slovensku vo svetle vybraných indikátorov/development of regional disparities in slovakia at the beginning of 21st century based on the selected indicators Regionální studia / Czech Regional Studies, recenzovaný vědecký časopis, 2/28, ISSN , pp. 2-12, [online] available at: MATLOVIČ R., MATLOVIČOVÁ K. (28): Regionálne disparity a regionálny rozvoj na Slovensku s osobitným zreteľom na Prešovský kraj/differences in the development and regional development in Slovakia, with the special regard on Prešov region in Rydz E., Kowalak A. (eds.): Świadomość ekologiczna a rozwój regionalny, Wydavnictwo Naukowe Akademii Pomorskiej w Słupsku, ISBN , pp , [online] available at: MATLOVIČ R., MATLOVIČOVÁ K. (25): Vývoj regionálnych disparít na Slovensku a problémy regionálneho rozvoja Prešovského kraja Acta Facultatis Studiorum Humanitatis et Naturae Universitatis Prešoviensis, Prírodné vedy, Folia Geographica 8, ISSN , ISSN , PU Prešov, pp , [online] available at: MATLOVIČ R. ; MATLOVIČOVÁ K. (1997): Valorizácia vybraných realizačných predpokladov cestovného ruchu na území Prešova Urbánne a krajinné štúdie, Nr. 2, ITHM FF PU Prešov, pp , [online] available at: MATLOVIČOVÁ K., MALINOVSKÝ B., SOVIČOVÁ I., KLAMÁR R. (212): Stan obecny i perspektywy rozwoju turystyki na przykladzie parkow tematycznych - Aktuálny stav a perspektívy rozvoja turizmu na báze tematických parkov, Aktuálny stav a perspektívy rozvoja turizmu na báze tematických parkov in Obodynski K., Krol P., Bajorka W.: Spoleczno-kulturowe studia z kultury fizycznej, Uniwersytet, Rzeszowski, Rzeszow, pp.: , [online] available at: MATLOVIČOVÁ K., KOLESÁROVÁ, J. (211): Vývoj cestovného ruchu v Thajsku, s dôrazom na stratégie prekonávania krízových situácií Acta Facultatis Studiorum Humanitatis et Naturae Universitatis Prešoviensis, Prírodné vedy, Folia Geographica, 17, Ročník LII, ISSN , ISSN , PU Prešov, pp , [online] available at: MATLOVIČOVÁ K., SOVIČOVÁ I., MALINOVSKÝ B. (212): Turizmus Holandska - analýza vybraných ukazovateľov Acta Facultatis Studiorum Humanitatis et Naturae Universitatis Prešoviensis, Prírodné vedy, Folia Geographica 19, Ročník LIV., ISSN , ISSN , PU Prešov, pp , [online] available at: MATLOVIČOVÁ K. (211A): Analýza interného imidžu mesta Prešov Acta Facultatis Studiorum Humanitatis et Naturae Universitatis Prešoviensis, Prírodné vedy, Folia Geographica, 17, Ročník LII, ISSN , ISSN

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