A floristic study in Trusmadi-Sinua, Keningau, Sabah

Transcription

1 Sepilok Bulletin 19 & 2: (214) A floristic study in Trusmadi-Sinua, Keningau, Sabah J.B. Sugau* & A.M. Andi Maryani Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, P.O. Box 147, 9715 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia *Author for correspondence. john.sugau@sabah.gov.my Abstract. A floristic study was conducted as part of an expedition to Trusmadi-Sinua, Keningau, Sabah from 25th to 3th October 211. Seven transect plots of.25 ha (5 m x 5 m) were established at different altitudes and forest conditions. All vascular plants and trees >1 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) were recorded from these plots. A total of 664 taxa of vascular plants was recorded from the expedition, 286 were new additional taxa for Trus Madi Forest Reserve (Class II) and Trusmadi Forest Reserve (Class I). Some of the most speciose families were Rubiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Fagaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, Ericaceae, Meliaceae, Malvaceae, Melastomataceae, Annonaceae, Fabaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Primulaceae, Pentaphylacaceae, Poaceae and Arecaceae. Among the largest genera were Syygium, Lithocarpus, Litsea, Ficus, Rhododendron, Aglaia, Garcinia, Shorea, Macaranga, Magnolia. Importance value index (II) was calculated to determine tree species importance for each transect plot. Of the 664 taxa recorded, 134 taxa are endemic to Borneo, including 28 to the state of Sabah. During the study, two taxa, namely Fagraea tuyukii (Gentianaceae) and Nepenthes macrophylla (Nepenthaceae) were found to be endemic to Trusmadi Forest Reserve (FR). There were eight plant species listed as vulnerable (), five as endangered (EN) and another five as critically endangered (CR) according to the ICN Red List. Keywords: endemic flora, ICN Red List, Mt Trus Madi, Trusmadi Forest Reserve INTRODCTION This paper reports on botanical inventories in the eastern portions of the Forest Management nit 1 (FM 1) or Trusmadi FR. FM 1 covers an area of 75,84 ha of Trusmadi FR and Sungai Kiluyu FR, which is part of the larger Trus Madi Forest Reserve that extends over a total area of 175,897 ha. Recent reports on the flora of Trusmadi FR could be found in Kulip (26), as well as Andi Maryani et al. (211), Julenah et al. (211), Kulip & Lapongan (211), Kulip (211) and Sugau (211), all in Rahim et al. (211). Sugau (211) recorded a total of 159 families, 45 genera, and 1,126 of vascular plant species. The checklist recognies 1 species of lycophytes 61

2 (fern allies), 85 species of ferns, 15 species of gymnosperms and 1,16 species of angiosperms. There are also records of collection near Kg. Sinua in 1971 and 1987 by Madani and Dr Willem Meijer respectively. A study was conducted to get more information on plant diversity and their conservation status, especially from the eastern part of the reserve. Tree species composition in different altitudes was also studied to determine the forest health. The additional information gathered could then be used for forest management purposes of the FM 1. Study site MATERIALS & METHODS The study site, Trusmadi-Sinua (TMS) was along the trail about 12 km long from the expedition base camp ( ' N, ' E) at 2,2 f a.s.l. near Kg. Sinua to the summit (Figure 1). The first 6-7 km from the base camp was quite flat with slightly undulating and rolling terrain with signs of logged-over forests, reflecting past history of timber harvesting as recent as 1-15 years ago. Most of the forests in lower parts to about 4, f of TMS were disturbed except for the forests on ridges and steep slopes. However, it was slowly regenerating as there were some remnants of mother trees of the climax species. The slopes became steeper near the peaks. The highest peak was Mt Trus Madi at 2,642 m (8,668 f) above sea level. The climate was cool at the base camp to very cold between 16 and 8 C near the cloud one and summit. The soils of Trusmadi FR were mainly of tertiary formation of mudstone, shale and argillite with subordinate beds of quartite, sandstone, siltstone and limestone breccias (Acres 1972). Three forest types could be recognied along the trail: disturbed upland mixed dipterocarp forest near the base camp, lower montane forest, and upper montane forest. Sampling and plant identification Prior to field survey, a satellite image of the area was obtained for planning purposes. This map was acquired from the Natural Forest Programme (GIS unit) of the Forest Research Centre (FRC), Sabah Forestry Department. With this map strategic areas of interest were determined. Field work was conducted from 25th to 3th October 211. All vascular plants and trees >1 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) were recorded from seven.25 ha (5 m x 5 m) transect plots (Table 1), which were established at different altitudes and forest conditions. Plant specimens with reproductive parts were collected (including voucher specimens) and deposited at the Sandakan Herbarium (SAN). Collecting and preserving plant specimens followed Bridson & Forman (1992). The common plant species were identified directly to species level in the field by means of their distinctive field characteristics. For those that could not be readily identified, voucher specimens were collected for subsequent determination 62

3 at SAN. The voucher specimen collections were oven-dried at 45-5 C for several days before determining their identities. All specimens were sorted according to morphospecies and attempted for identification to species level by cross-referencing with the existing specimens in the herbarium and related flora references (e.g. Soepadmo & Wong 1995, Soepadmo & Saw 2, Soepadmo et al. 1996, 22, 24, 27, 211). Plant classification of the angiosperm group was based on Stevens (21 onwards). These flora data were compiled with existing data derived from plant databases, e.g. Botanical Research and Herbarium Management System (BRAHMS) collected within the reserve. Relevant literature was also consulted to determine the conservation status of the plants. 1.1A ROTA KINABAL KEN GA RANA MSIC SABAH SANDAKAN LAHAD DAN.4- TRSMADI FR (FM 1) TRE MAW FR CA TAWA CROCKER RANGE NATIONAL PARK v.,arrf nsnistrs LOCATION MAP OF TRSMADI FR (FM 1) Legend Main Town -- Man Road Main Rivas Rotas Rissiava Boundary Fe/oil Class..111 Class I - Paw-boa ions, Reams. Class II Comnancial Faint Reserve MIN Class I insanity Fonst Raman, EMI Class I nowt lunoii Reserve,4-krt E,E,Ekrt m'ast Figure 1. Location map of Trusmadi FR (FM 1). The expedition site, Trusmadi-Sinua (TMS) is marked with a white star. Data analysis Importance value index (II) was calculated to determine species importance (Brower & Zar 1977). Importance value (I) of each species for each transect plot was calculated as the average of relative density and relative dominance based on basal area. 63

4 Relative density = ni/n (ni: number of stems of the i th species; N: the total number of stems of all species) Relative basal area = (Ebi)/B (B: total basal area of all species; bi: total basal area of species i) Table 1. Plot numbers and their corresponding geographical position points for the botanical sampling in Trusmadi-Sinua. Plot GPS reading (WGS 75) Altitude (f) Forest condition '; ' 2,5 Disturbed upland mdf '; ' 3, ndisturbed lower montane forest '; ' 7,25 ndisturbed montane forest '; ' 6,13 ndisturbed montane forest '; ' 5, ndisturbed lower montane '; ' 4, Lower montane, broken canopy '; ' 2,285 Old secondary Plant diversity RESLTS & DISCSSION A total of 664 taxa was recorded from the expedition as in Table 2. There were 286 new additional taxa/species records for Trus Madi and Trusmadi FR [compared with the latest species list (Sugau 211)]. Table 2. Number of plant groups from Trusmadi-Sinua, Sabah, Malaysia. Plant group No. of families No. of taxa Lycophytes 2 5 Ferns Gymnosperms 3 7 Angiosperms: Monocotyledons Dicotyledons Total

5 Some of the most speciose families, with more than 1 taxa were Rubiaceae (42), Lauraceae (31), Myrtaceae (27), Fagaceae (22), Phyllanthaceae (21), Euphorbiaceae (19), Moraceae (18), Ericaceae (17), Meliaceae (17), Malvaceae (15), Melastomataceae (15), Annonaceae (14), Fabaceae (14), Dipterocarpaceae (13), Primulaceae (13), Pentaphylacaceae (12), Poaceae (12) and Arecaceae (11). Among the largest genera were Syygium, Lithocarpus, Litsea, Ficus, Rhododendron, Aglaia, Garcinia, Shorea, Macaranga, Magnolia (Appendix 1). Tree species abundance/ Dominance The three most dominant trees (with the highest II) in each plot are shown in Table 3. Plots were chosen based on the best forest conditions for the respective altitudes. Table 3. The three most dominant trees with the highest II in Plot 1 to Plot 7. Plot a.s.l. Tree 1 2,5 f Ilex cissoidea (Aquifoliaceae) ernonia arborea (Asteraceae) Dialium cf. indum (Fabaceae) 2 3, f Parashorea malaanonan (Dipterocarpaceae) Pterospermum javanicum (Malvaceae) Pternandra sp. (Melastomataceae) 3 7,25 f Quercus argentata (Fagaceae) Engelhardtia serrata (Juglandaceae) Castanopsis foxworthyi (Fagaceae) 4 6,13 f Tristaniopsis bilocularis (Myrtaceae) Garcinia bancana (Clusiaceae) Tristaniopsis kinabaluensis (Myrtaceae) 5 5, f Syygium sp.6 (Myrtaceae) Garcinia forbesii (Clusiaceae) Tristaniopsis bilocularis (Myrtaceae) 6 4, f Adinandra myrioneura (Pentaphylacaceae) Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Sapindaceae) Syygium barringtonioides (Myrtaceae) 7 2,285 f Macaranga pearsonii (Euphorbiaceae) Ilex cissoidea (Aquifoliaceae) Zanthoxylum myriacanthum (Rutaceae) Endemism Endemism is the ecological state of being unique to a defined geographic location, such as an island, nation or other defined one, or habitat type; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. The extreme opposite of endemism is 65

6 cosmopolitan distribution. Endemics can easily become endangered or extinct if their restricted habitat changes, particularly but not only due to human actions, including the introduction of new organisms. Of the 664 taxa recorded, 134 taxa are endemic to Borneo (indicated in bold in Appendix 1), including 28 to the state of Sabah (indicated in underlined bold in Appendix 1). During the study, two, namely Fagraea tuyukii (Gentianaceae) and Nepenthes macrophylla (Nepenthaceae) were found to be endemic to Trusmadi FR. The ICN Red List The ICN Red List Categories and Criteria were designed for global taxon assessments. In this study, eight plant species are listed as vulnerable (), namely Agathis lenticula, Aglaia laxiflora, Aquilaria malaccensis, Durio acutifolius, Gonystylus keithii, Melicope subunifoliolata, Pleiospermium longisepalum and Nepenthes lowii; five endangered (EN), namely Podocarpus laubenfelsii, Shorea argentifolia, Shoreafaguetiana, Shorea leprosula and Shorea platyclados and five critically endangered (CR), namely Nepenthes macrophylla, Hopea nervosa, Hopea sangal, Parashorea malaanonan and Shorea johorensis (Appendix 1). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the FM 1 Management Planning Core Team, and Biodiversity nit of the Forest Research Centre (FRC) for logistic preparation, also the supporting staff of Systematic Botany Section, FRC, for their hard work in the field, and porters from Kg. Sinua for help in transporting our subsistence and field equipment to the satellite camp. REFERENCES Acres, B.D. (1972). The ascent of Trusmadi. Sabah Society Journal 5: Andi Maryani, A.M., Idris, M.S. & Gumbilil, M. (211). Preliminary survey on ferns and lycophytes in north western part of Trus Madi Forest Reserve. (In) Rahim, S., Anuar, M. & Chey,.K. (eds.), Conservation of biodiversity in Trus Madi Forest Reserve. Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan. Pp Bridson, D. & Forman, L. (eds.). (1992). The herbarium handbook (revised edition). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, K. 33 pp. 66

7 Brower, J.E. & Zar, J.H. (1977). Field and laboratory methods of general ecology. Wm. C. Brown Co. Publishers, Dubuque, Iowa. 194 pp. Julenah, A.N., Indim, D., Mohamad Hafi, A.T., Noor Arin, A.R., Siti Sarayati, A.R., Lyena, W.Z.A., Kulip, J., Sugau, J.B., Ahmad Rohi, G., Aishah, A. & Ahmad Saali, H. (211). Simaroubaceae of Sabah: the next Tongkat Ali? (In) Rahim, S., Anuar, M. & Chey,.K. (eds.), Conservation of biodiversity in Trus Madi Forest Reserve. Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan. Pp Kulip, J. (26). Plant diversity in Trus Madi. Sepilok Bulletin 4: Kulip, J. (211). A preliminary survey on the present status of Nepenthes x trusmadiensis population and distribution in Mount Trus Madi (FM 1). (In) Rahim, S., Anuar, M. & Chey,.K. (eds.), Conservation of biodiversity in Trus Madi Forest Reserve. Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan. Pp Kulip, J. & Lapongan, J. (211). A survey on the medicinal plants in FM 1: Tambunan and Keningau districts. (In) Rahim, S., Anuar, M. & Chey,.K. (eds.), Conservation of biodiversity in Trus Madi Forest Reserve. Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan. Pp Rahim, S, Anuar, M. & Chey,.K. (eds.). (211). Conservation of biodiversity in Trus Madi Forest Reserve. Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan. 235 pp. Soepadmo, E. & Saw, L.G. (eds.). (2). Tree flora of Sabah and Sarawak. ol. 3. Sabah Forestry Department, Forest Research Institute Malaysia & Sarawak Forestry Department. 511 pp. Soepadmo, E. & Wong, K.M. (eds.). (1995). Tree flora of Sabah and Sarawak ol. 1. Sabah Forestry Department, Forest Research Institute Malaysia & Sarawak Forestry Department. 513 pp. Soepadmo, E., Wong, K.M. & Saw, L.G. (eds.). (1996). Tree flora of Sabah and Sarawak ol. 2. Sabah Forestry Department, Forest Research Institute Malaysia & Sarawak Forestry Department. 443 pp. Soepadmo, E., Saw, L.G. & Chung, R.C.K. (eds.). (22). Tree flora of Sabah and Sarawak. ol. 4. Sabah Forestry Department, Forest Research Institute Malaysia & Sarawak Forestry Department. 388 pp. Soepadmo, E., Saw, L.G. & Chung, R.C.K. (eds.). (24). Tree flora of Sabah and Sarawak. ol. 5. Sabah Forestry Department, Forest Research Institute Malaysia & Sarawak Forestry Department. 528 pp. 67

8 Soepadmo, E., Saw, L.G., Chung, R.C.K. & Kiew, R. (eds.). (27). Tree flora of Sabah and Sarawak. ol. 6. Sabah Forestry Department, Forest Research Institute Malaysia & Sarawak Forestry Department. 335 pp. Soepadmo, E., Saw, L.G., Chung, R.C.K. & Kiew, R. (eds.). (211). Tree flora of Sabah and Sarawak. ol. 7. Sabah Forestry Department, Forest Research Institute Malaysia & Sarawak Forestry Department. 45 pp. Stevens, P.F. (21 onwards). Angiosperm phylogeny website. Missouri Botanical Garden. Sugau, J.B. (211). Preliminary checklist of vascular plants of Trus Madi Forest Reserve. (In) Rahim, S., Anuar, M. & Chey,.K. (eds.), Conservation of biodiversity in Trus Madi Forest Reserve. Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan. Pp

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