ARCLG195 Aegean Prehistory: major themes and current debates

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1 UCL-INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY ARCLG195 Aegean Prehistory: major themes and current debates : Term II MA Option Module (15 credits) Turnitin Class ID: Turnitin Password: IoA1718 Co-ordinator: Todd Whitelaw Office 207, Tel Office hours: stop-in if door is open, or to arrange an appointment. Seminars: Tuesdays 9:00-11:00 (Room 410). Lectures (optional): Thursdays 16:00-18:00 (Room B13) 1. Overview Short description This course provides selective thematic coverage of the Bronze Age Aegean, c BC. Structured around student interests, this year will focus on the southern Aegean across the entire timespan, with consideration of its Mediterranean context, with some emphasis toward the later Bronze Age. Drawing on the region s exceptional wealth of archaeological data, and set within a theoretically informed, problem-oriented framework, the course explores alternative perspectives and aims to introduce students to current interpretations, debates and avenues for future research. It locates prehistoric Aegean societies relative to contemporary Mediterranean and Near Eastern societies, and so generates a link between traditionally separate fields. Themes of recurrent importance include social, political and economic structures, the significance of material culture, local and longer-range interaction, the archaeologies of ideology, power and death, and the integration of textual evidence with material data. Week-by-week summary Week Date Session Subject 1 09/01 Seminar 1. Introduction, frameworks, and the Aegean context. 11/01 Lecture 1. Social dynamics in the Early Bronze Age southern Aegean. 2 15/01 Seminar 2. Social dynamics in the Early Bronze Age southern Aegean. 18/01 Lecture 2. The emergence of the Minoan palace-states. 3 22/01 Seminar 3. The emergence of the Minoan palace-states. 25/01 Lecture 3. Palatial Crete: society, economy, polity and ideology. 4 29/01 Seminar 4. Palatial Crete: society, economy, polity and ideology. 01/02 Lecture 4. Minoanisation and the southern Aegean. 5 06/02 Seminar 5. Minoanisation and the southern Aegean. 08/02 Lecture 5. The end of the Neopalatial Cretan polities. 6 Reading Week 7 20/02 Seminar 6. The end of the Neopalatial Cretan polities. 22/02 Lecture 6. Mycenaean polities: society, economy, polity and ideology. 8 27/02 Seminar 7. Mycenaean polities: society, economy, polity and ideology. 01/03 Lecture 7. Mycenaeanisation of the Aegean. 9 06/03 Seminar 8. Mycenaeanisation of the Aegean. 08/03 Lecture 8. Mycenaean trade /03 Seminar 9. Mycenaean trade. 1

2 15/03 Lecture 9. The collapse of Aegean Bronze Age polities /03 Seminar 10. The collapse of Aegean Bronze Age polities. 22/03 Optional British Museum Aegean Prehistory gallery tour. Basic texts Warren, P.M The Aegean Civilisations (revised edition; short book-length introduction). Issue desk WAR; DAG 10 Qto WAR; YATES Qto A 22 WAR Dickinson, O.T.P.K The Aegean Bronze Age (long the standard textbook, organised by themes rather than periods). IoA Issue Desk DIC; DAE 100 DIC; online. Fitton, J.L Minoans. London: British Museum. DAG 14 FIT. Schofield, L The Mycenaeans. London: British Museum. DAE 100 SCH. Cline, E. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca BC). Oxford: OUP. ISSUE DESK IoA CLI 2; online. Shelmerdine, C. (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge: CUP. ISSUE DESK IoA SHE 16; DAG 100 SHE; online. Bintliff, J.L The Complete Archaeology of Greece. From hunter-gatherers to the 20 th century A.D. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. DAE 100 BIN. An overview of the broader chronological context. Broodbank, C The Making of the Middle Sea. London: Thames and Hudson. The wider Mediterranean chronological and geographical context. Teaching methods The course is taught as a series of 10 weekly seminars in Term II (Tuesdays 9-11am, Room 410), to discuss and debate the subject defined for that week. Seminars have weekly required readings, which students will be expected to have read to be able fully to follow and actively to contribute to the discussion. There will also be an object presentation in the British Museum in association with the first piece of assessed coursework, and an additional optional British Museum visit to view the Aegean material in the galleries. I will present an additional 2-hour (optional but recommended) lecture on Thursday 4-6 each week, providing a background for the readings and seminar of the following week. Workload There will be 20 hours of seminars for this course, plus the British Museum presentation (c. 2.5 hours). Students will be expected to undertake around 80 hours of reading for the course, plus 45 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of some 150 hours for the course. Prerequisites This course does not have a formal prerequisite. However, students should ideally have some familiarity with Aegean prehistory through previous study, to ensure that they have the background to get the most out of the Masters level seminars. The additional optional lectures are provided to help with such background. There is no good textbook which covers the material for this course, but anyone needing to brush-up could usefully consult the on-line resource produced by Jerry Rutter at Dartmouth College < 2. Aims, objectives and assessment Aims To provide advanced, well-rounded training in the archaeology of the Bronze Age Aegean. To instruct students in critical evaluation of current research (problems, methods and theory, the quality of evidence and substantive results). To familiarise students with major elements and examples of Aegean material culture relevant to the period, and analytical and interpretive approaches to them. To introduce students to important current research projects. To prepare students to undertake original research in Aegean prehistoric archaeology. 2

3 Objectives On successful completion of this course a student should: Have a solid overview of major developments and interpretive perspectives in Aegean prehistory, with greater in-depth knowledge of topics on which coursework has been written, and a general understanding of how the Aegean region fits into a wider Mediterranean and European context. Understand the main interpretive paradigms that have dominated the field, as well as their strengths and weaknesses, enabling assessment and criticism of the structure or rationale of arguments and interpretations in the literature. Recognise a broad range of the material culture from the period, and understand its cultural significance as well as its interpretive potential. Be able to explore data from the prehistoric Aegean using a wide range of theoretical approaches current in archaeology. Learning outcomes On completion of the course, students will have enhanced their skills in critical reading and reflection, be aware of how to evaluate alternative interpretations, developed their skills in applying ideas and methods to bodies of data, become proficient in combining information and ideas from different sources, improved their peer-debating skills, and honed their ability to express arguments clearly in written form. They will have gained the background required to define and pursue original research in Aegean prehistory. Methods of assessment This course is assessed by a total of 4,000 words of coursework. This is divided into (i) a 1,000-word written version of an oral presentation to the group (plus the Course Coordinator and Andrew Shapland, Curator of the Aegean Bronze Age collections at the Department of Greece and Rome) on an object selected by each student (subject to approval) from the British Museum collections (contributing 20% of the course mark), and (ii) a 3,000-word essay (contributing 80% of the course mark). Together these comprise 100% of the mark awarded for the course. Topics and specific titles for the essays are defined by each student to suit their individual interests, in consultation with (and with the approval of) the Course Co-ordinator, who will give guidance to ensure that the question is answerable, that it is neither too narrow nor too broad, and that it is being approached in an effective way. He can also advise on relevant readings from the seminar lists, plus additional reading that may be appropriate. If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should contact the Course Co-ordinator. Written version of oral presentation: Monday 12 March Essay: Friday 27 April Coursework content Like almost any satisfactory piece of academic writing, your essays should present an argument supported by evidence and analysis. Typically your analysis will include a critical evaluation (not simply summary or description) of the principal or most relevant previous ideas and arguments, and develop your own reasoned argument, supporting, critiquing, or combining elements of earlier scholarship, or developing a new perspective or synthesis. Some guidelines on academic essay writing will be circulated closer to the essay submission date, but two points relevant to all MA essay writing deserve mention now. First, express your arguments in your own words; your essay is meant to demonstrate your understanding of an issue. Some submitted essays are essentially just a string of quotations illustrating what others have said, but this does not demonstrate a critical assessment of those claims, or a clear understanding of the issues. The worst essays end up being little more than a paraphrase of Trigger, Johnson or another general source. These simply demonstrate that you have read those sources, not that you understand them. Use a range of sources to engage with different perspectives on a topic, and you will have something to critically assess and adjudicate between, or even pick and choose points from, and synthesise your own perspective. Second, do not rely on web sources. There is no vetting system on the web (unlike 3

4 academic publications), so anyone can publish whatever nonsense they wish; unfortunately Aegean Prehistory attracts a lot of this. You should be extremely cautious about relying on information from websites, and should not, normally, use them as sources for academic essays. The reliable information in them has almost invariably come from some other source, and if they are academically reputable sites, they should be properly referenced, so you can chase ideas back to the original source. The exceptions are official fieldwork project websites, which may contain information not otherwise published. If you feel information from a website is essential to your argument and you cannot track it back to an original published source, ask the Course Co-ordinator whether it is reputable, before relying on it. If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should contact the Course Coordinator. The Course Co-ordinator will be willing to discuss an outline of your approach to an assessment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date. Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to improve their marks. Coursework production and submission General policies and procedures concerning courses and coursework, including submission procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources, are available in your Degree Handbook and on the following website: < see also the Appendix. It is essential that you read and comply with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will be different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult the Course Co-ordinator. For this course, please do not use fancy fonts or, for the text, a font size less than 11 point, and use 1.5 line spacing to allow the marker space to make comments on the text. A smaller font size (8-10) and 1.0 line height may be used for the bibliography (to reduce printing costs), as long as it is still readable, and two-sided printing is welcome (to save paper and trees). Please leave at least 1 inch/2.5 cm margins to allow room for comments. There is no need to use a separate title page for essays (why pay for the extra page), and please do not use plastic folders, covers, etc. (I just have to take them off to read it). Illustrations are welcome, but only if they are directly relevant to your argument (i.e. not as generic filler). All coursework must normally be submitted both as hard copy and electronically. You should staple the appropriate colour-coded IoA coversheet (available in the IoA library and outside room 411a) to the front of each piece of work and submit it to the red box at the Reception Desk. All coursework should be uploaded to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the deadline. This will date-stamp your work. It is essential to upload all parts of your work as this is sometimes the version that will be marked. Note that Turnitin uses the term class for what we normally call a course. 1. Ensure that your essay or other item of coursework has been saved as a Word doc., docx. or PDF document, and that you have the Class ID for the course ( ) and enrolment password (this is IoA1718 for all courses this session - note that this is capital letter I, lower case letter o, upper case A, followed by the current academic year). 2. Click on 3. Click on Create account. 4. Select your category as Student. 5. Create an account using your UCL address. Note that you will be asked to specify a new password for your account - do not use your UCL password or the enrolment password, but invent one of your own (Turnitin will permanently associate this with your account, so you will not have to change it every 6 months, unlike your UCL password). In addition, you will be asked for a Class ID and a Class enrolment password (see point 1 above). 4

5 6. Once you have created an account you can just log in at and enrol for your other classes without going through the new user process again. Simply click on Enrol in a class. Make sure you have all the relevant class IDs at hand. 7. Click on the course to which you wish to submit your work. 8. Click on the correct assignment (e.g. Essay 1). 9. Double-check that you are in the correct course and assignment and then click Submit. 10. Attach document as a Single file upload 11. Enter your name (the examiner will not be able to see this). 12. Fill in the Submission title field with the right details: It is essential that the first word in the title is your examination candidate number (e.g. YGBR8_G195_Essay1). 13. Click Upload. When the upload is finished, you will be able to see a text-only version of your submission. 14 Click on Submit. If you have problems, please the IoA Turnitin Advisers on ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk, explaining the nature of the problem and the specific course and assignment involved. One of the Turnitin Advisers will normally respond within 24 hours, Monday-Friday during term. Please be sure to the Turnitin Advisers if technical problems prevent you from uploading work in time to meet a submission deadline - even if you do not obtain an immediate response from one of the Advisers they will be able to notify the relevant Course Coordinator that you had attempted to submit the work before the deadline. For this course, ensure your essay has been submitted to Turnitin by midnight on the specified due date. You can submit the hard copy on the following weekday. If you have a last-minute problem submitting your essay to Turnitin, contact the Turnitin adviser for help, but also a copy of your final version to the Course Co-ordinator, to ensure it is registered as submitted on time. If any procedures or details are not clear, please discuss these with the Course Co-ordinator. The Turnitin 'Class ID' for this course is and the 'Class Enrolment Password' is IoA1718. To accord with UCL regulations on anonymous marking, all coursework cover-sheets must be identified with student Candidate Numbers only, not names. This is a 5 digit alphanumeric code and can be found on Portico; it is different from the Student Number/ID. The filenames for all assessed work submitted through Turnitin, should include the student s Candidate Number, not name as a unique identifier (e.g. YBPR6 _G195_Assessment_1). Please do this, as otherwise it is difficult to match hard-copy of your essay with the Turnitin version on-line. 3. Schedule and syllabus The following session-by-session outline identifies the essential and a wider range of additional readings relevant to each topic. The essential readings are necessary to keep up with the topics covered in the seminars, and it is expected that students will have read these prior to the relevant session. These have been kept to five readings for each topic (with difficulty), and the recommended readings are given for students with a particular interest in the topic. These are intended to allow students to follow their interests, and as places to begin when researching for essays. The readings for this course are largely available in the Institute s own library, with essential readings in the Institute of Archaeology Teaching Collection, in books held at the Library Issue Desk, journals available on-line, and pdfs on the course Moodle. Works not held in the Institute s library are usually available in the UCL Main Library (specifically in Ancient History, Classics or Comparative Philology) and the DMS Watson Science Library. It may also be worth obtaining access to the library of the Institute of Classical Studies (ICS) in Senate House in Malet Street, a 5-minute walk away, for very specialist literature. The reading list indicates where in the UCL library system the essential reading is available. The location and Teaching Collection (TC) number, and status (e.g. if on loan) for all UCL holdings can be accessed on the UCL Explore on-line catalogue. Volumes in the Institute of Classical 5

6 Studies can be located using the University of London Schools of Advanced Studies on-line catalogue: < Teaching schedule Seminar 1: 9 January. Introduction, frameworks and the Aegean context. The session will briefly outline the aims of the course, its organisation, assessments and resources. The discussion will look at how the Aegean s significance in the wider world has been understood, as illustrated by a series of archaeologists writing over the last 45 years. They should ideally be read in the order listed, so as to appreciate the succession of paradigms, and significance of changes in perspectives. Essential Renfrew, A.C The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium BC. Chapters 1-4. TC 498; IoA Issue Desk REN 7; DAG 100 REN; YATES A22 REN; Science ANTHROPOLOGY C7 REN. In reaction to traditional diffusionary approaches, Renfrew stresses the cultural and developmental autonomy of Aegean civilisation, using a systems approach to explain the rise of palace societies as an endogenous process. Retrospectives (including by Renfrew) can be found in J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. Sherratt, A.G What would a Bronze Age world-system look like? Relations between temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in late prehistory. Journal of European Archaeology 1.2:1-58. TC 499; IoA Pers; e-journals. Sherratt emphasises the insufficiencies of Renfrew s independence/isolationist model, and returns to stressing connections with the East and the importance of the location of the Aegean relative to Europe. Hamilakis, Y What future for the Minoan past? Rethinking Minoan archaeology. In, Y. Hamilakis (ed.) Labyrinth Revisited. Rethinking Minoan archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow Books:2-28. TC 2743; IoA Issue Desk HAM; DAG 14 HAM. Draws on a range of post-processual approaches for the study of Aegean prehistory, its role in the present, and the agendas of modern archaeologists. Recommended Andreou, S The landscapes of modern Greek Aegean archaeology. In, J. Cherry, D. Margomenou and L. Talalay (eds) Prehistorians Round the Pond. Reflections on Aegean prehistory as a discipline. (Kelsey Museum Publication 2) Ann Arbor, Michigan: Barrett, J. and Halstead, P. (eds) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. Oxford. (Particularly Preface, chapters by Cherry, Halstead, Renfrew.) Bintliff, J.L Structuralism and the Minoan myth. Antiquity 58:33-8. Cherry, J.F., D. Margomenou and L. Talalay (eds.) Prehistorians Round the Pond: reflections on Aegean prehistory as a discipline. Ann Arbor: Kelsey Museum. Cullen, T Voices and visions of Aegean Prehistory. In, T. Cullen (ed.) Aegean Prehistory. A Review. (AJA, Supplement 1):1-18. Fotiadis, M Regions of the Imagination: Archaeologists, Local People, and the Archaeological Record in Fieldwork, Greece. Journal of European Archaeology 1 (2) Kardulias, P.N Paradigms of the Past in Greek Archaeology. In, P.N. Kardulias (ed.) Beyond the Site. Regional Studies in the Aegean Area. London: University Press of America:1-23. Kotsakis, K The powerful past: theoretical trends in Greek archaeology. In, I. Hodder (ed.) Archaeological Theory in Europe: The Last Three Decades. London: MacEnroe, J Sir Arthur Evans and Edwardian archaeology. Classical Bulletin 71:3-18. McNeal, R.A The Greeks in history and prehistory. Antiquity 46: McNeal, R.A The legacy of Arthur Evans. California Studies in Classical Antiquity 6: McNeal, R.A Helladic prehistory through the looking-glass. Historia 24:3: Morris, S.P Greece and the East. JMA 3: Papadopoulos, J Inventing the Minoans: archaeology, modernity and the quest for European identity. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 18: Renfrew, A.C The great tradition versus the great divide: archaeology as anthropology? AJA 84:

7 Snodgrass, A.M The new archaeology and the classical archaeologist. AJA 89:31-7. Tartaron, Thomas F Aegean Prehistory as World Archaeology: Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Bronze Age Greece. Journal of Archaeological Research p Seminar 2: 15 January Social dynamics in the Early Bronze Age southern Aegean. The Early Bronze Age, roughly the 3rd millennium BC, saw widespread changes in Aegean societies and economies. These are commonly seen as an essential back-drop to the rise of the first palatial societies in the 2nd millennium BC, though exactly how and through what mechanisms remains a matter of intense debate. The general picture of EBA proto-urban societies in the Aegean was constructed by Renfrew by drawing on different types of evidence from across the entire region. Despite a further 45 years of research, the different regions of the Aegean have steadfastly resisted falling into such a neat homogenized pattern. This seminar will try to identify some of these contrasts, while aiming to define the different nature of societies in different parts of the broader region. The readings provide an overview of most of the arguments currently being discussed for Crete, the Cyclades and the southern Mainland. This session provides a background for considering in the following seminar, in what ways Crete was different, and how/why it developed differently from the end of the third millennium. Essential Pullen, D The Early Bronze Age in Greece. In, C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, On-line. Broodbank, C The Early Bronze Age in the Cyclades. In, C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, On-line. Sahoglu, V The Anatolian trade network and the Izmir region during the Early Bronze Age. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 24: IoA Pers; e-journals. Legarra Herrero, B The Minoan fallacy: cultural diversity and mortuary behaviour on Crete at the beginning of the Bronze Age. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 28: IoA Pers; e-journals. Weiberg, E Contrasting Histories in Early Bronze Age Aegean: Uniformity, Regionalism and the Resilience of Societies in the Northeast Peloponnese and Central Crete. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 27: IoA Pers; e-journals. Recommended Greek mainland: Forsen, J 'Early Bronze Age: Mainland Greece.' In, E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca BC). Oxford: Maran, J. and M. Kostoula The spider's web: innovation and society in the Early Helladic 'Period of the Corridor Houses. In Y. Galanakis, T. Wilkinson and J. Bennet (eds) Αθύρματα: Critical Essays on the Archaeology of the Eastern Mediterranean in Honour of E. Susan Sherratt. Oxford: Archaeopress: Peperaki, O The Value of Sharing: Seal Use, Food Politics, and the Negotiation of Labor in Early Bronze II Mainland Greece. AJA 120:3-25. Pullen, D.J Ox and plow in the Early Bronze Age Aegean. AJA 96: Pullen, D.J Modeling Mortuary Behavior on a Regional Scale: A Case Study from Mainland Greece in the Early Bronze Age. In, P.N. Kardulias (ed.) Beyond the Site. Regional Studies in the Aegean Area. London: University Press of America: Pullen, D.J A lead seal from Tsoungiza, ancient Nemea, and Early Bronze Age sealing systems. American Journal of Archaeology 98: Pullen, D.J Site size, territory, and hierarchy: measuring levels of integration and social change in Neolithic and Bronze Age Aegean societies. In, K. Foster and R. Laffineur (eds.) METRON. Measuring the Aegean Bronze Age. (Aegaeum 24) Liège: Pullen, D 'Before the palaces: redistribution and chiefdoms in mainland Greece.' American Journal of Archaeology 115:

8 Rutter, J.B Review of Aegean Prehistory II: the prepalatial Bronze Age of the southern and central Greek mainland, American Journal of Archaeology 97: (focus on for the EBA). Shaw, J The Early Helladic corridor house: development and form, AJA 91: Weiberg, E Thinking the Bronze Age: Life and Death in Early Helladic Greece (Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilisations 29). Weingarten, J Lerna: Sealings in a Landscape. In, M. Perna (ed.) Administrative Documents in the Aegean and Their Near Eastern Counterparts. Torino: Centro internazionale di ricerche archeologiche antropologiche e storiche: Wiencke, M.H Change in Early Helladic II. AJA 93: Cyclades: Broodbank, C An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Esp. chapters 3, 6, 7. Davis, J.L The islands of the Aegean, American Journal of Archaeology 96: Doumas, C Early Bronze Age Burial Habits in the Cyclades. (SIMA 48). Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag. Gill, D. & C. Chippindale Material and intellectual consequences of esteem for Cycladic figures, AJA 97: Renfrew, C., O. Philaniotou, N. Brodie, G. Gavalas, and M. Boyd, eds The settlement at Dhaskalio. The sanctuary on Keros and the origins of Aegean ritual practice: the excavations of , Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Renfrew, C., Michael B., and C. Ramsey The oldest maritime sanctuary? Dating the sanctuary at Keros and the Cycladic Early Bronze Age. Antiquity p Renfrew, C., C. Doumas, L. Marangou and G. Gavalas, eds Keros, Dhaskalio Kavos: the investigations of McDonald Institute Monographs, Keros Volume 1, Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Renfrew, C., O. Philaniotou, N. Brodie, G. Gavalas, and M. Boyd, eds The settlement at Dhaskalio. The sanctuary on Keros and the origins of Aegean ritual practice: the excavations of , Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Renfrew, C., O. Philaniotou, N. Brodie, G. Gavalas, and M. Boyd, eds Kavos and the Special Deposits. The sanctuary on Keros and the origins of Aegean ritual practice: the excavations of , Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Whitelaw, T Settlement instability and landscape degradation in the southern Aegean in the third millennium BC. In, P. Halstead and C. Frederick (eds.) Landscape and Landuse in Postglacial Greece. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 3) Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press: Crete: Branigan, K Dancing with Death: Life and Death in Southern Crete ca BC. Amsterdam. DAG 14 BRA (An update and re-write of: K. Branigan The Tombs of Mesara. London.) Branigan, K Mochlos, an early Aegean gateway community? In, R. Laffineur and L. Basch (eds.) Thalassa: L Egée préhistorique et al mer (Aegaeum 7), Carter, T Mochlos and Melos: a special relationship? Creating identity and status in Minoan Crete. In, L. Day, M. Mook and J. Muhly (eds) Crete Beyond the Palaces: Proceedings of the Crete 2000 Conference. (Prehistory Monographs 10) INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia: Catapodi, D Beyond the general and the particular: rethinking death, memory and belonging in Early Bronze age Crete. In, A.B. Knapp and P. Van Dommelen (eds.) The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean. Cambridge: CUP: Day, P. and Wilson, D Ceramic change and the practice of eating and drinking in Early Bronze Age Crete. In, P. Halstead and J. Barrett (eds.) Food, Cuisine and Society in Prehistoric Greece. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology) Oxford: Oxbow Books: Day, P.M. and D.E. Wilson Landscapes of memory, craft and power in Prepalatial and Protopalatial Knossos. In, Y. Hamilakis (ed.) Labyrinth Revisited. Rethinking Minoan archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow Books:

9 Day, P.M., D.E. Wilson and E. Kiriatzi Pots, labels and people: burying ethnicity in the cemetery at Aghia Photia, Siteias. In, K. Branigan, (ed.) Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 1) Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press: Déderix, S Communication Networks, Interactions, and Social Negotiation in Prepalatial South- Central Crete. AJA 121:5-37. Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki, N. D. Wilson and P. Day The earlier Prepalatial settlement of Poros- Katsambas: craft production and exchange at the harbour town of Knossos. In, P. Day and R. Doonan (eds). Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean. Oxford: Oxbow: Haggis, D Integration and complexity in the late Prepalatial period: a view from the countryside in Eastern Crete. In, Y. Hamilakis (ed.) Labyrinth Revisited. Rethinking Minoan archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow Books: Hamilakis, Y Eating the Dead: Mortuary Feasting and the Politics of Memory in the Aegean Bronze Age Societies. In, K. Branigan (eds.) Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 1) Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press: Legarra Herrero, B The Secret Lives of the Early and Middle Minoan Tholos Cemeteries: Koumasa and Platanos. In Prehistoric Crete: Regional and Diachronic Studies on Mortuary Systems. J. Murphy (ed.) Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press: Legarra Herrero, B The Construction, Deconstruction and Non-construction of Hierarchies in the Funerary Record of Prepalatial Crete. In, I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen (eds), Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books: Legarra Herrero, B Mortuary Behavior and Social Trajectories in Pre- and Protopalatial Crete,. Prehistory Monographs 44, Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press. Muhly, J.D Chrysokamino and the beginnings of metal technology on Crete and in the Aegean. In, L.P. Day, M. Mook and J.D. Muhly (eds) Crete beyond the Palaces: Proceedings of the Crete 2000 conference. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press: Murphy, J Ideology, Rites and Rituals: A View of Prepalatial Minoan Tholoi. In, K. Branigan, (ed.) Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 1) Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press: Papadatos, Y Beyond cultures and ethnicity: a new look at material culture distribution and inter-regional interaction in the Early Bronze Age southern Aegean. In, S. Antoniadou and A. Pace (eds) Mediterranean Crossroads. Athens: Pierides Foundation: Sbonias, K Social development, management of production, and symbolic representation in Prepalatial Crete. In, A. Chaniotis (ed.) From Minoan farmers to Roman traders. Sidelights on the economy of ancient Crete, Schoep, I., P. Tomkins and J. Driessen. (eds.) Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Tomkins, P Behind the horizon: reconsidering the genesis and function of the first palace at Knossos (Final Neolithic IV-Middle Minoan IB). In, Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen (eds.). Oxford: Oxbow Books: Papadatos, Y. and P. Tomkins Trading, the Longboat, and Cultural Interaction in the Aegean During the Late Fourth Millennium B.C.E.: The View from Kephala Petras, East Crete. AJA 117: Watrous, L.V Review of Aegean prehistory III: Crete from earliest prehistory through the Protopalatial period. AJA 98: Reprinted with update, in T. Cullen (ed.) Aegean Prehistory: A Review (American Journal of Archaeology Supplement 1). Whitelaw, T.M The settlement at Fournou Korifi, Myrtos and aspects of Early Minoan social organization. In, O. Krzyszkowska & L. Nixon (eds.) Minoan Society, Whitelaw, T The urbanisation of prehistoric Crete: settlement perspectives on Minoan state formation. In, Schoep, I., Tomkins, P. and Driessen, J. (ed.) Back to the Beginning: reassessing social, economic and political complexity in the Early and Middle Bronze Age on Crete. Oxford: Oxbow Books:

10 Whitelaw, T The divergence of civilisation: Fournou Korifi and Pyrgos. In, C. Macdonald, E. Hatzaki and S. Andreou (eds.) The Great Islands: Studies of Crete and Cyprus presented to Gerald Cadogan. Athens: Kapon Editions: Whitelaw, T., P.M. Day, E. Kiriatzi, V. Kilikoglou and D.E. Wilson Ceramic Traditions at EM IIB Myrtos, Fournou Korifi. In, R. Laffineur and P.P. Betancourt (eds.) TEHNI: Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Aegaeum 16) Liège:II Wilson, D Early Prepalatial Crete. In, C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge: CUP: East Aegean: Bachhuber, C Citadel and Cemetery in Early Bronze Age Anatolia,. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology 13, Bristol: Equinox. Bachhuber, C Citadels in Spectacle-scapes in Bronze Age Anatolia. In, J. Osborne (ed.), Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology. The Institute for European and Mediterranean Archaeology Distinguished Monograph Series, IEMA Proceedings 3, Albany: State University of New York Press: Kouka, O Third Millennium BC Aegean Chronology: Old and New Data from the Perspective of the Third Millennium AD. Tree-Rings, Kings, and Old World Archaeology and Environment: Papers Presented in Honor of Peter Ian Kuniholm, Manning, Sturt W. and Mary Jaye Bruce, eds. Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow Books: Kouka, O 'Minding the Gap': Against the Gaps. The Early Bronze Age and the Transition to the Middle Bronze Age in the Northern and Eastern Aegean/Western Anatolia. AJA 117(4): Kouka, O Past Stories - Modern Narratives: Cultural Dialogues between East Aegean Islands and the West Anatolian Mainland in the 4th Millennium BC. Western Anatolia before Troy: Proto- Urbanisation in the 4th Millennium BC? In, B. Horejs and Mathias Mehofer (eds.) Oriental and European Archaeology 1, Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press: Muhly, J.D. and E. Pernicka Early Trojan Metallurgy and Metals Trade. In, J. Herrmann (ed.) Heinrich Schliemann. Grundlagen und Ergebnisse moderner Archäologie 100 Jahre nach Schliemanns Tod. Berlin: Akademie Verlag: Reinholt, C The Aegean and Western Anatolia: social forms and cultural relationships. In, J. Aruz (ed.) Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press: Rahmstorf, L Re-integrating Diffusion : the Spread of Innovations among the Neolithic and Bronze Age Societies of Europe and the Near East. In, T. Wilkinson, S. Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds), Interweaving Worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st Millennia BC, Oxford: Oxbow Books: Sagona, A. and P. Zimansky Ancient Turkey, chapter 5, especially Şahoğlu, V Crossing Borders: The Izmir Region as a Bridge between the East and the West during the Early Bronze Age. In, C. Gillis and B. Sjöberg (eds), Trade and Production in Premonetary Greece: Crossing Borders. Proceedings of the 7th, 8th and 9th International Workshops, Athens (SIMA-PB 173) Sävedalen: Paul Åströms Förlag: General: Renfrew, A.C The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium BC. London: Methuen. Chapman, R Changing social relations in the Mediterranean Copper and Bronze Ages. In, E. Blake and A.B. Knapp (eds.) The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory. Oxford: Blackwell, Broodbank, C Ch. 7: The devil and the deep blue sea. The Making of the Middle Sea. London: Thames and Hudson: Barrett, J. & P. Halstead (eds.) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology) Oxford: Oxbow Books. Seminar 3: 22 January The emergence of the Minoan palace-states. 10

11 This topic is central to understanding the Aegean Bronze Age. Building on the earlier review of paradigms and EBA societies, we now focus on the evidence for the emergence of the first Cretan palace-states. Key issues are the importance of indigenous versus exogenous factors, the time-scale of change (revolutionary, or evolutionary), and the social processes that led to palace-states and the elites inferred from them. Essential Cherry, J.F The emergence of the state in the prehistoric Aegean. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 30: TC 11; Main LINGUISTICS Periodicals; e-journal. Whitelaw, T Alternative pathways to complexity in the southern Aegean. In, J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology) Oxford: Oxbow Books: INST ARCH DAG 100 BAR. TC 2974; PDF on course Moodle. Manning, S Protopalatial Crete. Formation of the palaces. In, C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, IoA Issue Desk SHE16; INST ARCH DAG 100 SHE; On-line. Legarra Herrero, B Primary state formation processes on Bronze Age Crete: a social approach to change in early complex societies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 26: IoA PERS; e- journal. Watrous, L.V Egypt and Crete in the Early Middle Bronze Age: A Case of Trade and Cultural Diffusion. In, E. Cline and D. Harris-Cline (eds) The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. (Aegaeum 18) Liège: IoA Issue Desk IoA CLI. Recommended Bevan, A Emerging civilized values? The consumption and imitation of Egyptian stone vessels in EMII-MMI Crete and its wider Eastern Mediterranean context. In, J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds.) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology) Oxford: Oxbow Books: Cherry, J.F Evolution, revolution and the origins of complex society in Minoan Crete. In, O. Krzyszkowska and L. Nixon (eds.) Minoan Society: Cherry, J. F "Sorting Out Crete's Prepalatial Off-Island Interactions. In, Archaic State Interaction. The Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age, edited by W. A. Parkinson and M. L. Galaty, Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research Press. Colburn, C Exotica and the Early Minoan elite: eastern imports in Prepalatial Crete. AJA 112: Day, P.M. and D.E. Wilson Landscapes of memory, craft and power in Prepalatial and Protopalatial Knossos. In, Y. Hamilakis (ed.) Labyrinth Revisited. Rethinking Minoan archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow Books: Dederix, S Communication networks, interactions and social negotiation in Prepalatial Southcentral Crete. AJA 121:5-37. Haggis, D Staple finance, peak sanctuaries and economic complexity in late Prepalatial Crete. In, A. Chaniotis (ed.) From Minoan farmers to Roman traders. Sidelights on the economy of ancient Crete. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag: Haggis, D Integration and complexity in the late Prepalatial period: a view from the countryside in Eastern Crete. In, Y. Hamilakis (ed.) Labyrinth Revisited. Rethinking Minoan archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow Books: Halstead, P On redistribution and the origin of Minoan-Mycenaean palatial economies. In, E.B. French and K.A. Wardle (eds.) Problems in Greek Prehistory. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press: Halstead, Paul 'Redistribution in Aegean Palatial Societies: Terminology, Scale, and Significance.' American Journal of Archaeology 115: Hamilakis, Y Eating the Dead: Mortuary Feasting and the Politics of Memory in the Aegean Bronze Age Societies. In, K. Branigan (eds.) Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 1) Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press: Hamilakis, Y Sensuous memory, materiality and history: rethinking the rise of the palaces on Bronze Age Crete. In, A.B. Knapp and P. Van Dommelen (eds.) The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean. Cambridge: CUP:

12 Legarra Herrero, B The Construction, Deconstruction and Non-construction of Hierarchies in the Funerary Record of Prepalatial Crete. In, Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age, edited by I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen, Oxford: Oxbow Books Legarra Herrero, B New kid on the block: the nature of the first systemic contacts between Crete and the eastern Mediterranean around 2000 BC. In, Interweaving worlds: systemic interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st millennia BC. T. Wilkinson, S. Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds.), Oxford: Oxbow books. Manning, S.W Cultural Change in the Aegean c BC. In, H.N. Dalfes, G. Kukla, and H. Weiss (eds.) Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse. (NATO Scientific Affairs Division ASI Series Volume I.49) Berlin: Springer: Paliou, E. and A. Bevan Evolving settlement patterns, spatial interaction and the socio-political organisation of late prepalatial south-central Crete. J. Anthropological Archaeology 42: Parkinson, W. A., and M. L. Galaty "Secondary States in Perspective: An Integrated Approach to State Formation in the Prehistoric Aegean." American Anthropologist 109 (1): Phillips, J "A question of reception." In Archaeological perspectives on the transmission and transformation of culture in the eastern Mediterranean, edited by J. Clarke, Oxford: Oxbow Books. Relaki, M The Social Arenas of Tradition. Investigating Collective and Individual Social Strategies in the Prepalatial and Protopalatial Mesara. In, I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen (eds.) Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books: Sbonias, K Social development, management of production and symbolic representation in Prepalatial Crete. In, A. Chaniotis (ed.) From Minoan farmers to Roman traders. Sidelights on the economy of ancient Crete. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag: Sbonias, Kostas Regional Elite-Groups and the Production and Consumption of Seals in the Prepalatial period. A Case-Study of the Asterousia Region. Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age, Schoep, Ilse, Peter Tomkins, and Jan Driessen, eds. Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow Books: Schoep, I The origins of writing and administration on Crete. OJA 18: Schoep, I "Bridging the divide between the 'Prepalatial' and the 'Protopalatial' periods?" In, Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age, edited by I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen (eds.), Oxford: Oxbow Books. Schoep, I. and C. Knappett Dual emergence: evolving heterarchy, exploding hierarchy. In, J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds.) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology) Oxford: Oxbow Books: Schoep, I. and P. Tomkins Back to the the beginning for the Early and Middle Bronze Age on Crete. In, Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen (eds.). Oxford: Oxbow Books:1-31. Tomkins, P Behind the horizon: reconsidering the genesis and function of the first palace at Knossos (Final Neolithic IV-Middle Minoan IB). In, Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen (eds.). Oxford: Oxbow Books: Tomkins. P. and I. Schoep. Crete. In, E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca BC). Oxford: Watrous, L.V Cretan international relations during the Middle Minoan IA period and the chronology of Seager s finds from the Mochlos tombs. In, R. Laffineur and E. Greco (eds) Emporia. Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. (Aegaeum 25) Liège: Watrous, L.V., Hadzi-Vallianou, D. and Blitzer, H The Plain of Phaistos. Cycles of complexity in the Mesara region of Crete. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology: chs 8 & 9. Wengrow, D The voyages of Europa: ritual and trade in the eastern Mediterranean, circa BC. In, W. Parkinson and M. Galaty (eds.) Archaic State Interaction: the Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age. 12

13 Whitelaw, T The urbanisation of prehistoric Crete: settlement perspectives on Minoan state formation. In, Schoep, I., Tomkins, P. and Driessen, J. (ed.) Back to the Beginning: reassessing social, economic and political complexity in the Early and Middle Bronze Age on Crete. Oxford: Oxbow Books: Seminar 4: 29 January Palatial Crete: society, economy, polity and ideology. Traditionally divided into two major stable phases, Protopalatial and Neopalatial, recent discoveries and re-assessments are starting to sketch a fair more dynamic and unstable development of Cretan societies, with polities of various scales and degrees of integration across the island, with some areas possibly outside state control. Our picture has long been dominated by evidence from early extensive excavations at late Neopalatial sites, now increasingly challenged by research at earlier and smaller communities. The Protopalatial centres of Knossos, Phaistos and Mallia approximate to the peer polity model of equal, politically independent yet culturally inter-related entities. After the Neopalatial period, in the LM II-III ( Mycenaean phase) on the island, the Linear B tablets reveal that much of the island was controlled from one centre, Knossos. But what of the intervening Neopalatial period, archaeologically one of the most prominent phases on Crete? Here, opinions are strongly divided. We will consider alternative perspectives, involving analyses of settlement, architecture and material culture in its regional context, as well as the evidence for administrative practices. The Neopalatial period preserves the widest range of Minoan material culture, and witnessed a tremendous expansion of representational art in various media, which very much frames our interpretation of Minoan culture. Usually assessed aesthetically and interpreted within a framework of uncritical ethnocentric assumptions going back to Evans, we will consider how we can use evidence from images and the archaeological remains of elite and cult contexts to understand performance and ritual behaviour, and its role in the exercise and negotiation of social and political power in palatial Crete. Essential Cherry, J.F Polities and palaces: some problems in Minoan state formation. In, C. Renfrew and J.F. Cherry (eds.) Peer Polity Interaction and Socio-Political Change : INST ARCH Teaching Collection 483; IOA Issue Desk REN 10. Knappett, C Assessing a polity in Protopalatial Crete: the Malia-Lasithi state. American Journal of Archaeology 103: TC 2159; IoA Pers; e-journal. Adams, E Social strategies and spatial dynamics in Neopalatial Crete: an analysis of the northcentral area. AJA 110:1-36. IoA Pers; e-journal. Schoep, I Tablets and territories? Reconstructing Late Minoan IB political geography through undeciphered documents. American Journal of Archaeology 103: IoA Pers; e-journal. Whitelaw, T. in press. Recognising polities in prehistoric Crete. In, M. Relaki and Y. Papadatos (eds) From the Foundation to the Legacy of Minoan Society. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology.) Oxford: Oxbow. PDF on course Moodle site. Recommended Adams, E Power and ritual in Neopalatial Crete: a regional comparison. World Archaeology 36: Adams, E Power relations in Minoan palatial towns: an analysis of Neopalatial Knossos and Malia. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 17: Adams, E 'Time and Chance': Unraveling Temporality in North-Central Neopalatial Crete. American Journal of Archaeology 111: Adams, E Approaching monuments in the prehistoric built environment: new light on the Minoan palaces. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 26: Adams, E Cultural identity in Minoan Crete: social dynamics in the Neopalatial period. Cambridge: CUP. Anastasiadou, M Drawing the line. Seals, script and regionalism in Protopalatial Crete. AJA 120: