ARCLG195 THE LATE BRONZE AGE AEGEAN

Transcription

1 UCL-INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY ARCLG195 THE LATE BRONZE AGE AEGEAN : Term II MA Option Module (15 credits) Co-ordinator: Todd Whitelaw Office 207, Institute of Archaeology. Tel Office hours: stop-in if door is open, or to arrange an appointment. Seminars: Tuesdays 9:00-11:00 (Room 410). 1. Overview Introductory information This handbook contains information about the content and administration of this course. If you have queries about the organisation, objectives, structure, content or assessment of the course, please consult the Course Co-ordinator. Further important information, relating to all courses at the Institute of Archaeology, can be found on the IoA website, in the general MA/MSc handbook, and in your degree handbook. It is your responsibility to read and act on this information. This includes information about originality, submission and grading of coursework, disabilities, communication, attendance and feedback, not duplicated here. Short description This course provides selective thematic coverage of the Bronze Age Aegean, c BC. Structured around student interests, this year the focus will principally be on Crete, within its Aegean and East Mediterranean context. Drawing on the re exceptional wealth of archaeological data, and set within a theoretically informed, problem-oriented framework, the course explores alternative perspectives and aims to introduce students to current interpretations, debates and avenues for future research. It locates prehistoric Crete and the Aegean relative to contemporary Mediterranean and Near Eastern societies, and so generates a link between traditionally separate fields. Themes of recurrent importance include social, political and economic structures, the significance of material culture, local and longer-range interaction, the archaeologies of ideology, cult and death, and the integration of undeciphered textual evidence with material data. Week-by-week summary Week Date Session Subject 1 12/01 No seminar. 2 19/01 1. Introduction, frameworks, and the Aegean context. 3 26/01 2. Social dynamics in the Early Bronze Age southern Aegean. 4 02/02 3. The emergence of the Minoan palace-states. 5 09/02 4. Protopalatial Crete: society, economy and ideology. 6 Reading Week (please note re-scheduled session, and British Museum session). 18/02 Object seminar in British Museum. 19/02 5. Neopalatial Crete: cultural and political dynamics. 7 23/02 6. Material culture, art, ritual and power in palatial Crete. 8 01/03 7. Minoanisation and the southern Aegean. 9 08/03 8. Minoan Crete in its East Mediterranean context /03 9. The end of Neopalatial Crete / Crete within the Mycenaean Aegean. 1

2 Basic texts Warren, P.M The Aegean Civilisations (revised edition;; short book-length introduction). Issue desk WAR;; DAG 10 Qto WAR;; YATES Qto A 22 WAR Dickinson, O.T.P.K The Aegean Bronze Age (long the standard textbook, organised by themes rather than periods). IoA Issue Desk DIC;; DAE 100 DIC;; online. Fitton, J.L Minoans. London: British Museum. DAG 14 FIT. Schofield, L The Mycenaeans. London: British Museum. DAE 100 SCH. Cline, E. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca BC). Oxford: OUP. ISSUE DESK IoA CLI 2;; online. Shelmerdine, C. (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge: CUP. ISSUE DESK IoA SHE 16;; DAG 100 SHE;; online. Bintliff, J.L The Complete Archaeology of Greece. From hunter-gatherers to the 20 th century A.D. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. DAE 100 BIN. An overview of the broader chrconological context. Broodbank, C The Making of the Middle Sea. London: Thames and Hudson. The wider Mediterranean chronological and geographical context. Methods of assessment This course is assessed by 4,000 words of coursework, divided into (i) a 1,000 word written version of an oral presentation to the group on an object selected by you (subject to approval) from the British Museum collections (contributing 25% of the course mark), and (ii) a 3,000 word essay (contributing 75% of the course mark). If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should contact the Course Co-ordinator. Written version of oral presentation: Monday 7 March Essay: Friday 29 April Teaching methods The course is taught as a series of 10 weekly seminars in Term II (Tuesdays 9-11am, Room 410), to discuss and debate the subject defined for that week. Seminars have weekly required readings, which students will be expected to have read to be able fully to follow and actively to contribute to the discussion. There will also be an object presentation in the British Museum in association with the first piece of assessed coursework, and an additional optional British Museum visit to view the Aegean material in the galleries. Workload There will be 20 hours of seminars for this course, plus the British Museum presentation (c. 3-4 hours depending on the size of the group). Students will be expected to undertake around 80 hours of reading for the course, plus 45 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of some 150 hours for the course. Prerequisites This course does not have a formal prerequisite. However, students should ideally have some familiarity with Aegean prehistory through previous study, to ensure that they have the background to get the most out of the Masters level seminars. There is no good textbook which covers the material for this course, but anyone needing to brush-up could usefully consult the on-line resource produced by Jerry Rutter at Dartmouth College < 2 Aims, objectives and assessment Aims -rounded, inter-disciplinary training in the archaeology of the later prehistoric Aegean. evaluation of current research (problems, methods and theory, the quality of evidence and substantive results). relevant to the period, and analytical and interpretive approaches to them. are students to undertake original research in Aegean prehistoric archaeology. 2

3 Objectives On successful completion of this course a student should: ajor developments and interpretive perspectives in Aegean prehistory, with greater in-depth knowledge of topics on which coursework has been written, and a general understanding of how the Aegean region fits into a wider Mediterranean and European context. tive paradigms that have dominated the field, as well as their strengths and weaknesses, enabling assessment and criticism of the structure or rationale of arguments and interpretations in the literature. cultural significance as well as its interpretive potential. approaches current in archaeology. Learning outcomes On completion of the course, students will have enhanced their skills in critical reading and reflection, be aware of how to evaluate alternative interpretations, developed their skills in applying ideas and methods to bodies of data, become proficient in combining information and ideas from different sources, improved their peer-debating skills, and honed their ability to express arguments clearly in written form. They will have gained the background required to define and pursue original research in Aegean prehistory. Assessment tasks This course is assessed by a total of 4,000 words of coursework. This is divided into (i) a 1,000-word written version of an oral presentation to the group (plus the Course Coordinator and Andrew Shapland, Curator of the Aegean Bronze Age collections at the Department of Greece and Rome) on an object selected by each student (subject to approval) from the British Museum collections (25%), and (ii) a 3,000-word essay (75%). Together these comprise 100% of the mark awarded for the course. Topics and specific titles for the essays are defined by each student to suit their individual interests, in consultation with (and with the approval of) the Course Co-ordinator, who will give guidance to ensure that the question is answerable, that it is neither too narrow nor too broad, and that it is being approached in an effective way. He can also advise on relevant readings from the seminar lists, plus additional reading that may be appropriate. If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should contact the Course Co-ordinator. Coursework content Like almost any satisfactory piece of academic writing, your essays should present an argument supported by evidence and analysis. Typically your analysis will include a critical evaluation (not simply summary or description) of the principal or most relevant previous ideas and arguments, and develop your own reasoned argument, supporting, critiquing, or combining elements of earlier scholarship, or developing a new perspective or synthesis. Some specific guidelines on academic essay writing will be circulated closer to the essay submission date, but two points relevant to all MA essay writing deserve emphasis. First, express your arguments in your own words;; your essay is meant to demonstrate your understanding of an issue. Some essays are essentially just a string of quotations illustrating what others have said, but demonstrate no critical assessment of their claims, or clear understanding of the issues. These simply demonstrate that you have read those sources, not that you understand them. Use a range of sources to engage with different perspectives on a topic, and you will have something to critically assess and adjudicate between, or even pick and choose points from, and synthesise your own perspective. Second, do not rely on web sources. There is no vetting system on the web (unlike academic publications), so anyone can publish whatever nonsense they wish;; unfortunately Aegean Prehistory attracts a lot of this. You should be extremely cautious about relying on information from websites, and should not, normally, use them as sources for academic essays. The reliable information in them has almost invariably come from some other source, and if they are academically reputable sites, they should be properly referenced, so you can chase ideas back to the original source. The 3

4 exceptions are official fieldwork project websites, which may contain information not otherwise published. If you feel information from a website is essential and you cannot track it back to an original published source, ask the Course Co-ordinator whether it is reputable, before relying on it. If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should contact the Course Co-ordinator. The Course Co-ordinator will be willing to discuss an outline of your approach to an assessment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date. Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to improve their marks. Coursework production and submission General policies and procedures concerning courses and coursework, including submission procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources, are available in your Degree Handbook and on the following website: < see also the Appendix. It is essential that you read and comply with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will be different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult the Course Co-ordinator. For this course, please do not use fancy fonts or, for the text, a font size less than 11 point, and use 1.5 line spacing to allow the marker space to make comments on the text. A smaller font size (8-10) and 1.0 line height may be used for the bibliography (to reduce printing costs), as long as it is still readable, and two-sided printing is welcome (to save paper and trees). Please leave at least 1 inch/2.5 cm margins to allow room for comments. There is no need to use a separate title page for essays (why pay for the extra page), and please do not use plastic folders, covers, etc. (I just have to take them off to read it). Illustrations are welcome, but only if they are directly relevant to your argument (i.e. not as generic filler). For this course, ensure your essay has been submitted to Turnitin by midnight on the specified due date. You can submit the hard copy on the following weekday. If you have a last-minute problem submitting your essay to Turnitin, contact the Turnitin adviser for help, but also a copy of your final version to the Course Co-ordinator, to ensure it is registered as submitted on time. If any procedures or details are not clear, please discuss these with the Course Coordinator. To accord with UCL regulations on anonymous marking, all coursework cover-sheets must be identified with student Candidate Numbers only, not names. This is a 5 digit alphanumeric code and can be found on Portico;; it is different from the Student Number/ID. YBPR6 _G195_Assessment_1). Please do this, as otherwise it is difficult to match hard-copy of your essay with the Turnitin version on-line. The Turnitin 'Class ID' for this course is and the 'Class Enrolment Password' is IoA Schedule and syllabus Teaching schedule The following session-by-session outline identifies the essential and a wider range of additional readings relevant to each topic. The essential readings are necessary to keep up with the topics covered in the seminars, and it is expected that students will have read these prior to the relevant session. These have been kept to five readings for each topic (with difficulty), and the recommended readings are given for students with a particular interest in the topic. These are intended to allow students to follow their interests, and as places to begin when researching for essays. The readings for this course are largely available 4

5 Institute of Archaeology Teaching Collection, in books held at the Library Issue Desk, journals available on-line, and pdfs on the course Moodle. Works not held in the ecifically in Ancient History, Classics or Comparative Philology) and the DMS Watson Science Library. It may also be worth obtaining access to the library of the Institute of Classical Studies (ICS) in Senate House in Malet Street, a 5-minute walk away, for very specialist literature. The reading list indicates where in the UCL library system the essential reading is available. The location and Teaching Collection (TC) number, and status (e.g. if on loan) for all UCL holdings can be accessed on the UCL Explore on-line catalogue. Readings in the Institute of Classical Studies can be located using the University of London Schools of Advanced Studies on-line catalogue: < Background: Aegean space, time, context and approaches. The societies of the Aegean have deep roots in earlier developments, in the local Neolithic. They also developed within a wider network of societies around the eastern Mediterranean, interacting with societies in coastal western Turkey in the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, and more distant East Mediterranean societies form the end of the Early Bronze Age, from ca BC. The following readings can provide some background to these processes, define the geographical and temporal scope of the course, and clarify terminological and chronological issues. Sources and frameworks: Shelmerdine, C Background, sources and methods. In, C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, Dickinson, O The Aegean Bronze Age -22. Bennet, J The Aegean Bronze Age. In, W. Scheidel, I. Morris and R. Saller (eds) The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World, Galanakis, Y The Aegean World: A Guide to the Cycladic, Minoan and Mycenaean Antiquities in the Ashmolean Museum. Oxford and Athens: Ashmolean Museum and Kapon Editions. Chronology For anyone unfamiliar with dating techniques, Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice has a good summary of key principles. Maning, S Chronology and terminology. In, E. Cline (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Aegean Bronze Age (ca BC). Oxford: Oxford University Press: Renfrew, C Before Civilization: The Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric Europe. London. Warren, P. and V. Hankey Aegean Bronze Age Chronology. Bristol. Warren, P The date of the Thera eruption in relation to Aegean-Egyptian interconnections and the Egyptian historical chronology. In, E. Czerny et al. (eds) Timelines. Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak, Vol. 2. Leuven: Wiener, M Times change: the current state of the debate in Old World chronology. In, M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds) The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II. Vienna: Kitchen, K Egyptian and related chronologies - look, no science, no pots! In, M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds) The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II. Vienna: Manning, S Clarifying the 'high', v. 'low' Aegean/Cypriot chronology for the mid second millennium BC: assessing the evidence, interpretive frameworks, and current state of the debate. In, M. Bietak and E. Czerny (eds) The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II. Vienna: Environment and ecology Barker, G Agriculture, pastoralism, and Mediterranean landscapes in prehistory. In, E. Blake and A.B. Knapp (eds) The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory. Malden: Bintliff, J Chapter 1: The dynamic land. In, J. Bintliff, The Complete Archaeology of Greece. From hunter-gatherers to the 20 th century. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell: Braudel, F The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, Part I. ecology remains of seminal importance.) Dickinson, O The Aegean Bronze Age Forbes, H The ethnoarchaeological approach to Greek agriculture. In, B. Wells (ed.) Agriculture in Ancient Greece:

6 Forbes, H Meaning and Identity in a Greek Landscape: an archaeological ethnography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Grove, A.T. and O. Rackham The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History. (Chapters 1-6, 9-11.) Halstead, P Traditional and ancient rural economy in Mediterranean Europe: plus ça change? Journal of Hellenic Studies 107: Halstead, P The north-south divide: regional paths to complexity in prehistoric Greece. In, C. Mathers and S. Stoddart (eds) Development and Decline in the Mediterranean Bronze Age. Sheffield: Halstead, P Life after Mediterranean polyculture: the subsistence subsystem and the emergence of civilization revisited. In, J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology) Oxford: Halstead, P Two Oxen Ahead: pre-mechanised farming in the Mediterranean. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. Halstead, P. and C. Frederick Landscape and Land Use in Postglacial Greece. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology) Sheffield. Higgins, M. and R. Higgins A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean. Horden, P. and N. Purcell The Corrupting Sea: A Study in Mediterranean History. (Especially chapters VI, and III-V.) Osborne, R.G Classical Landscape with Figures: The Ancient Greek City and its Countryside. (Chapters 2-3: later date, but many factors still apply.) Rackham, O. and J. Moody The Making of the Cretan Landscape. Sallares, R Ecology. In, W. Scheidel, I. Morris and R. Saller (eds) The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World, Walsh, K The Archaeology of Mediterranean landscapes. Human-environment interaction from the Neolithic to the Roman perod. Cambridge;; CUP. Some wider perspectives and contemporary developments: Broodbank, C The Mediterranean and its hinterland. In, B. Cunliffe, C. Gosden and R. Joyce (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology, Broodbank, C The Making of the Middle Sea. London: Thames and Hudson. Fokkens, H. and A. Harding. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Harding, A European Societies in the Bronze Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Liverani, M The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Abingdon: Routledge. Van de Mieroop, M A History of the Ancient Near East ca BC. Oxford: Blackwell. Van de Mieroop, M The Eastern Mediterranean in the Age of Ramesses II. Oxfrod: Blackwell. Byrce, T The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Byrce, T Life and Society in the Hittite World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bryce, T The Trojans and Their Neighbours. London: Routledge. Bryce, T Ancient Syria: a three thousand year history. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sherratt, A What would a Bronze Age world-system look like? Relations between temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in late prehistory. Journal of European Archaeology 1.2:1-58. Sherratt, A Reviving the grand narrative: archaeology and long-term change. Journal of European Archaeology 3: Contextualising the study of Aegean prehistory: Barrett, J. and Halstead, P. (eds) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. Oxford. Cherry, J.F., D. Margomenou and L. Talalay (eds) Prehistorians Round the Pond: Reflections on Aegean Prehistory as a Discipline. Gere, C Knossos and the prophets of modernism. Chicago. Hamilakis, Y Wh Rethinking Minoan archaeology. In, Y. Hamilakis (ed.) Oxford: Oxbow Books:2-28. Hamilakis, Y The nation and its ruins: antiquity, archaeology, and national imagination in Greece. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hamilakis, Y. and N. Momigliano (eds) Archaeology and European Modernity. Producing and consuming the Minoans. (Creta Antica 7.) Padua. Kardulias, P.N Paradigms of the past in Greek Archaeology. In, P.N. Kardulias (ed.) Beyond the Site: Regional Studies in the Aegean Area:1-23. Kotsakis, K The powerful past: theoretical trends in Greek archaeology. In, I. Hodder (ed.) Archaeological Theory in Europe: The Last Three Decades: MacEnroe, J Sir Arthur Evans and Edwardian archaeology. Classical Bulletin 71:3-18. McNeal, R.A The Greeks in history and prehistory. Antiquity 46: McNeal, R.A The legacy of Arthur Evans. California Studies in Classical Antiquity 6:

7 Morris, I Archaeology as Cultural History: Chapter 2, Morris, S.P Greece and the East. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 3: Papadopoulos, J Inventing the Minoans: archaeology, modernity and the quest for European identity. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 18: Renfrew, A.C The great tradition versus the great divide: archaeology as anthropology? American Journal of Archaeology 84: Tartaron, T Aegean prehistory as world archaeology: recent trends in the archaeology of Bronze Age Greece. Journal of Archaeological Research 16: Seminar 1: 19 January. Introduction, frameworks and the Aegean context. The session will briefly outline the aims of the course, its organisation, assessments and been understood, as illustrated by a series of archaeologists writing over the last fifty years. They should ideally be read in the order listed, so as to appreciate the succession of paradigms, and significance of changes in perspectives. Essential Childe, V.G The Dawn of European Civilisation (6th edition). Chapters 2-5. TC 545;; DA 100 CHI. The diffusionist approach;; although Childe is still insightful, in most respects the details and dates have changed (in many cases radically) since he wrote, so read these chapters for the way in which he is seeing the Aegean within its wider context, rather than for archaeological details. Renfrew, A.C The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium BC. Chapters 1-4. TC 498;; IoA Issue Desk REN 7;; DAG 100 REN;; YATES A22 REN;; Science ANTHROPOLOGY C7 REN. In reaction to traditional diffusionary approaches, Renfrew stresses the cultural and developmental autonomy of Aegean civilisation, using a systems approach to explain the rise of palace societies as an endogenous process. Sherratt, A.G What would a Bronze Age world-system look like? Relations between temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in late prehistory. Journal of European Archaeology 1.2:1-58. TC 499;; IoA Pers;; e-journals. Sherratt emphasises independence/isolationist model, and returns to stressing connections with the East and the location of the Aegean relative to Europe. In, Y. Hamilakis (ed.) ology. Oxford: Oxbow Books:2-28. TC 2743;; IoA Issue Desk HAM;; DAG 14 HAM. Draws on a range of post-processual approaches for the study of Aegean prehistory, its role in the present, and the agendas of modern archaeologists. Recommended Andreou, S The landscapes of modern Greek Aegean archaeology. In, J. Cherry, D. Margomenou and L. Talalay (eds) Prehistorians Round the Pond. Reflections on Aegean prehistory as a discipline. (Kelsey Museum Publication 2) Ann Arbor, Michigan: Barrett, J. and Halstead, P. (eds) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. Oxford. (Particularly Preface, chapters by Cherry, Halstead, Renfrew.) Bintliff, J.L Structuralism and the Minoan myth. Antiquity 58:33-8. Cherry, J.F., D. Margomenou and L. Talalay (eds.) Prehistorians Round the Pond: reflections on Aegean prehistory as a discipline. Ann Arbor: Kelsey Museum. Cullen, T Voices and visions of Aegean Prehistory. In, T. Cullen (ed.) Aegean Prehistory. A Review. (AJA, Supplement 1):1-18. Fotiadis, M Regions of the Imagination: Archaeologists, Local People, and the Archaeological Record in Fieldwork, Greece. Journal of European Archaeology 1 (2) Kardulias, P.N Paradigms of the Past in Greek Archaeology. In, P.N. Kardulias (ed.) Beyond the Site. Regional Studies in the Aegean Area. London: University Press of America:1-23. Kotsakis, K The powerful past: theoretical trends in Greek archaeology. In, I. Hodder (ed.) Archaeological Theory in Europe: The Last Three Decades. London: MacEnroe, J Sir Arthur Evans and Edwardian archaeology. Classical Bulletin 71:3-18. McNeal, R.A The Greeks in history and prehistory. Antiquity 46: McNeal, R.A The legacy of Arthur Evans. California Studies in Classical Antiquity 6: McNeal, R.A Helladic prehistory through the looking-glass. Historia 24:3: Morris, S.P Greece and the East. JMA 3: INST ARCH Periodicals. 7

8 Papadopoulos, J Inventing the Minoans: archaeology, modernity and the quest for European identity. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 18: Renfrew, A.C The great tradition versus the great divide: archaeology as anthropology? AJA 84: Snodgrass, A.M The new archaeology and the classical archaeologist. AJA 89:31-7. Tartaron, Thomas F Aegean Prehistory as World Archaeology: Recent Trends in the Archaeology of Bronze Age Greece. Journal of Archaeological Research p Seminar 2: 26 January Social dynamics in the Early Bronze Age Aegean. The Early Bronze Age, roughly the 3rd millennium BC, saw widespread changes in Aegean societies and economies. These are commonly seen as an essential back-drop to the rise of the first palatial societies in the 2nd millennium BC, though exactly how and through what mechanisms remains a matter of intense debate. - Renfrew by drawing on different types of evidence from across the entire region. Despite a further 40 years of research, the different regions of the Aegean have steadfastly resisted falling into such a neat homogenized pattern. This seminar will try to identify some of these contrasts, while aiming to define the different nature of societies in different parts of the broader region. The readings provide an overview of most of the arguments currently being discussed for Crete, the Cyclades and the southern Mainland. This session provides a background for considering in the following seminar, in what ways Crete was different, and how/why it developed differently from the end of the third millennium. Essential Pullen, D The Early Bronze Age in Greece. In, C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, On-line. Broodbank, C The Early Bronze Age in the Cyclades. In, C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, On-line. Sahoglu, V The Anatolian trade network and the Izmir region during the Early Bronze Age. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 24: IoA Pers;; e-journals. Legarra Herrero, B The Minoan fallacy: cultural diversity and mortunary behaviour on Crete at the beginning of the Bronze Age. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 28: IoA Pers;; e-journals. Papadatos, Y Beyond cultures and ethnicity: a new look at material culture distribution and inter-regional interaction in the Early Bronze Age southern Aegean. In, S. Antoniadou and A. Pace (eds) Mediterranean Crossroads. Athens: Pierides Foundation: TC Recommended Greek mainland: Forsen, J 'Early Bronze Age: Mainland Greece.' In, E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca BC). Oxford: and P. Halstead (eds.) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology) Oxford: Oxbow Books: Pullen, D.J Ox and plow in the Early Bronze Age Aegean. AJA 96: Pullen, D.J Modeling Mortuary Behavior on a Regional Scale: A Case Study from Mainland Greece in the Early Bronze Age. In, P.N. Kardulias (ed.) Beyond the Site. Regional Studies in the Aegean Area. London: University Press of America: Pullen, D.J A lead seal from Tsoungiza, ancient Nemea, and Early Bronze Age sealing systems. American Journal of Archaeology 98: Pullen, D.J Site size, territory, and hierarchy: measuring levels of integration and social change in Neolithic and Bronze Age Aegean societies. In, K. Foster and R. Laffineur (eds.) METRON. Measuring the Aegean Bronze Age. (Aegaeum 24) Liège: Pullen, D 'Before the palaces: redistribution and chiefdoms in mainland Greece.' American Journal of Archaeology 115: central Greek American Journal of Archaeology 97: (focus on for the EBA). AJA 91:

9 Weiberg, E Thinking the Bronze Age: Life and Death in Early Helladic Greece (Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilisations 29). Weingarten, J Lerna: Sealings in a Landscape. In, M. Perna (ed.) Administrative Documents in the Aegean and Their Near Eastern Counterparts. Torino: Centro internazionale di ricerche archeologiche antropologiche e storiche: Wiencke, M.H Change in Early Helladic II. AJA 93: Cyclades: Broodbank, C An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Esp. chapters 3, 6, 7. American Journal of Archaeology 96: Doumas, C Early Bronze Age Burial Habits in the Cyclades. (SIMA 48). Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag. Gill, D. & C. Chippindale AJA 97: Whitelaw, T Settlement instability and landscape degradation in the southern Aegean in the third millennium BC. In, P. Halstead and C. Frederick (eds.) Landscape and Landuse in Postglacial Greece. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 3) Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press: Crete: Alexiou, S. and P. Warren The Early Minoan Tombs of Lebena, Southern Crete. SIMA 30. Branigan, K Dancing with Death: Life and Death in Southern Crete ca BC. Amsterdam. DAG 14 BRA (An update and re-write of: K. Branigan The Tombs of Mesara. London.) Branigan, K Mochlos, an ear In, R. Laffineur and L. Basch (eds.) (Aegaeum 7), Carter, T Mochlos and Melos: a special relationship? Creating identity and status in Minoan Crete. In, L. Day, M. Mook and J. Muhly (eds) Crete Beyond the Palaces: Proceedings of the Crete 2000 Conference. (Prehistory Monographs 10) INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia: Catapodi, D Beyond the general and the particular: rethinking death, memory and belonging in Early Bronze age Crete. In, A.B. Knapp and P. Van Dommelen (eds.) The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean. Cambridge: CUP: Day, P. and Wilson, D Ceramic change and the practice of eating and drinking in Early Bronze Age Crete. In, P. Halstead and J. Barrett (eds.) Food, Cuisine and Society in Prehistoric Greece. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology) Oxford: Oxbow Books: Day, P.M. and D.E. Wilson Landscapes of memory, craft and power in Prepalatial and Protopalatial Knossos. In, Y. Hamilakis (ed.) archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow Books: Day, P.M., D.E. Wilson and E. Kiriatzi Pots, labels and people: burying ethnicity in the cemetery at Aghia Photia, Siteias. In, K. Branigan, (ed.) Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 1) Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press: Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki, N. D. Wilson and P. Day The earlier Prepalatial settlement of Poros-Katsambas: craft production and exchange at the harbour town of Knossos. In, P. Day and R. Doonan (eds). Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean. Oxford: Oxbow: Haggis, D Integration and complexity in the late Prepalatial period: a view from the countryside in Eastern Crete. In, Y. Hamilakis (ed archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow Books: Hamilakis, Y Eating the Dead: Mortuary Feasting and the Politics of Memory in the Aegean Bronze Age Societies. In, K. Branigan (eds.) Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 1) Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press: Legarra Herrero, B The Construction, Deconstruction and Non-construction of Hierarchies in the Funerary Record of Prepalatial Crete. In, Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age, edited by I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen, Oxford: Oxbow Books Muhly, J.D Chrysokamino and the beginnings of metal technology on Crete and in the Aegean. In, L.P. Day, M. Mook and J.D. Muhly (eds) Crete beyond the Palaces: Proceedings of the Crete 2000 conference. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press: Murphy, J Ideology, Rites and Rituals: A View of Prepalatial Minoan Tholoi. In, K. Branigan, (ed.) Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 1) Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press: In, A. Chaniotis (ed.) From Minoan farmers to Roman traders. Sidelights on the economy of ancient Crete, Schoep, I., P. Tomkins and J. Driessen. (eds.) Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books. 9

10 Watrous, L.V Review of Aegean prehistory III: Crete from earliest prehistory through the Protopalatial period. AJA 98: Reprinted with update, in T. Cullen (ed.) Aegean Prehistory: A Review (American Journal of Archaeology Supplement 1). Whitelaw, T.M The settlement at Fournou Korifi, Myrtos and aspects of Early Minoan social organization. In, O. Krzyszkowska & L. Nixon (eds.) Minoan Society, Whitelaw, T The urbanisation of prehistoric Crete: settlement perspectives on Minoan state formation. In, Schoep, I., Tomkins, P. and Driessen, J. (ed.) Back to the Beginning: reassessing social, economic and political complexity in the Early and Middle Bronze Age on Crete. Oxford: Oxbow Books: Whitelaw, Todd The divergence of civilisation: Fournou Korifi and Pyrgos. In, C. Macdonald, E. Hatzaki and S. Andreou (eds.) The Great Islands: Studies of Crete and Cyprus presented to Gerald Cadogan. Athens: Kapon Editions: Whitelaw, T., P.M. Day, E. Kiriatzi, V. Kilikoglou and D.E. Wilson Ceramic Traditions at EM IIB Myrtos, Fournou Korifi. In, R. Laffineur and P.P. Betancourt (eds.) TEHNI: Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Aegaeum 16) Liège:II Wilson, D Early Prepalatial Crete. In, C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge: CUP: East Aegean: Kouka, O Third Millennium BC Aegean Chronology: Old and New Data from the Perspective of the Third Millennium AD. Tree-Rings, Kings, and Old World Archaeology and Environment: Papers Presented in Honor of Peter Ian Kuniholm, Manning, Sturt W. and Mary Jaye Bruce, eds. Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow Books: Kouka, O 'Minding the Gap': Against the Gaps. The Early Bronze Age and the Transition to the Middle Bronze Age in the Northern and Eastern Aegean/Western Anatolia. AJA 117(4): Kouka, O Past Stories - Modern Narratives: Cultural Dialogues between East Aegean Islands and the West Anatolian Mainland in the 4th Millennium BC. Western Anatolia before Troy: Proto- Urbanisation in the 4th Millennium BC? In, B. Horejs and Mathias Mehofer (eds.) Oriental and European Archaeology 1, Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press: Muhly, J.D. and E. Pernicka Early Trojan Metallurgy and Metals Trade. In, J. Herrmann (ed.) Heinrich Schliemann. Grundlagen und Ergebnisse moderner Archäologie 100 Jahre nach Schliemanns Tod. Berlin: Akademie Verlag: In, J. Aruz (ed.) Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus, Aruz. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press: Oxford Journal of Archaeology 24: Sagona, A. and P. Zimansky Ancient Turkey, chapter 5, especally General: Renfrew, A.C The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium BC. London: Methuen. Cha. In, E. Blake and A.B. Knapp (eds.) The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory. Oxford: Blackwell, Broodbank, C Ch. 7: The devil and the deep blue sea. The Making of the Middle Sea. London: Thames and Hudson: Barrett, J. & P. Halstead (eds.) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology) Oxford: Oxbow Books. Seminar 3: 2 February The emergence of the Minoan palace-states. This topic is central to understanding the Aegean Bronze Age. Building on the earlier analysis of paradigms and EBA societies, we now focus on the evidence for the emergence of the first Cretan palace-states. Key issues are the importance of indigenous versus exogenous factors, the time-scale of change (revolutionary, or evolutionary), and the social processes that led to palace-states and the elites inferred from them. Essential Cherry, J.F The emergence of the state in the prehistoric Aegean. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 30: TC 11;; Main LINGUISTICS Periodicals;; e- journal. Whitelaw, T Alternative pathways to complexity in the southern Aegean. In, J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. (Sheffield 10

11 Studies in Aegean Archaeology) Oxford: Oxbow Books: INST ARCH DAG 100 BAR. TC 2974;; PDF on course Moodle. Manning, S Protopalatial Crete. Formation of the palaces. In, C. Shelmerdine (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, IoA Issue Desk SHE16;; INST ARCH DAG 100 SHE;; On-line. Schoep, I. and P. Tomkins Back to the the beginning for the Early and Middle Bronze Age on Crete. In, Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen (eds.). Oxford: Oxbow Books:1-31. Inst Arch DAG 14 SCH. Watrous, L.V Egypt and Crete in the Early Middle Bronze Age: A Case of Trade and Cultural Diffusion. In, E. Cline and D. Harris-Cline (eds) The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. (Aegaeum 18) Liège: IoA Issue Desk IoA CLI Legarra Herrero, B Primary state formation processes on Bronze Age Crete: a social approach to change in early complex societies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal. In press. PDF on course Moodle. Recommended Bevan, A Emerging civilized values? The consumption and imitation of Egyptian stone vessels in EMII-MMI Crete and its wider Eastern Mediterranean context. In, J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds.) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology) Oxford: Oxbow Books: Cherry, J.F Evolution, revolution and the origins of complex society in Minoan Crete. In, O. Krzyszkowska and L. Nixon (eds.) Minoan Society: Cherry, J. F "Sorting Out Crete's Prepalatial Off-Island Interactions. In, Archaic State Interaction. The Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age, edited by W. A. Parkinson and M. L. Galaty, Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research Press. Colburn, C Exotica and the Early Minoan elite: eastern imports in Prepalatial Crete. AJA 112: Day, P.M. and D.E. Wilson Landscapes of memory, craft and power in Prepalatial and Protopalatial Knossos. In, Y. Hamilakis (ed.) archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow Books: Haggis, D Staple finance, peak sanctuaries and economic complexity in late Prepalatial Crete. In, A. Chaniotis (ed.) From Minoan farmers to Roman traders. Sidelights on the economy of ancient Crete. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag: Haggis, D Integration and complexity in the late Prepalatial period: a view from the countryside in Eastern Crete. In, Y. Hamilakis (ed archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow Books: Halstead, P On redistribution and the origin of Minoan-Mycenaean palatial economies. In, E.B. French and K.A. Wardle (eds.) Problems in Greek Prehistory. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press: Halstead, Paul 'Redistribution in Aegean Palatial Societies: Terminology, Scale, and Significance.' American Journal of Archaeology 115: Hamilakis, Y Eating the Dead: Mortuary Feasting and the Politics of Memory in the Aegean Bronze Age Societies. In, K. Branigan (eds.) Cemetery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 1) Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press: on Bronze Age Crete. In, A.B. Knapp and P. Van Dommelen (eds.) The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean. Cambridge: CUP: Legarra Herrero, B The Construction, Deconstruction and Non-construction of Hierarchies in the Funerary Record of Prepalatial Crete. In, Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age, edited by I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen, Oxford: Oxbow Books Legarra Herrero, B New kid on the block: the nature of the first systemic contacts between Crete and the eastern Mediterranean around 2000 BC. In, Interweaving worlds: systemic interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st millennia BC. T. Wilkinson, S. Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds.), Oxford: Oxbow books. Manning, S.W Cultural Change in the Aegean c BC. In, H.N. Dalfes, G. Kukla, and H. Weiss (eds.) Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse. (NATO Scientific Affairs Division ASI Series Volume I.49) Berlin: Springer: distance. In, M. Rowlands, M. Larsen and K. Kristiansen (eds.) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, Parkinson, W. A., and M. L. Galaty "Secondary States in Prespective: An Integrated Approach to State Formation in the Prehistoric Aegean." American Anthropologist no. 109 (1):

12 Phillips, J "A question of reception." In Archaeological perspectives on the transmission and transformation of culture in the eastern Mediterranean, edited by J. Clarke, Oxford: Oxbow Books. Sbonias, K Social development, management of production and symbolic representation in Prepalatial Crete. In, A. Chaniotis (ed.) From Minoan farmers to Roman traders. Sidelights on the economy of ancient Crete. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag: Schoep, I The origins of writing and administration on Crete. OJA 18: Schoep, I "Bridging the divide between the 'Prepalatial' and the 'Protopalatial' periods?" In, Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age, edited by I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen (eds.), Oxford: Oxbow Books. Schoep, I. and C. Knappett Dual emergence: evolving heterarchy, exploding hierarchy. In, J. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds.) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology) Oxford: Oxbow Books: Knossos (Final Neolithic IV-Middle Minoan IB). In, Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen (eds.). Oxford: Oxbow Books: Tomkins. P. and I. Schoep. Crete. In, E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca BC). Oxford: Warren, P.M The genesis of the Minoan palace. In, R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds.) The Function of the Minoan Palaces: Watrous, L.V Cretan international relations during the Middle Minoan IA period and the Emporia. Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. (Aegaeum 25) Liège: Watrous, L.V., Hadzi-Vallianou, D. and Blitzer, H The Plain of Phaistos. Cycles of complexity in the Mesara region of Crete. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology: chs 8 & 9. Wengrow, D The voyages of Europa: ritual and trade in the eastern Mediterranean, circa BC. In, W. Parkinson and M. Galaty (eds.) Archaic State Interaction: the Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age. Whitelaw, T The urbanisation of prehistoric Crete: settlement perspectives on Minoan state formation. In, Schoep, I., Tomkins, P. and Driessen, J. (ed.) Back to the Beginning: reassessing social, economic and political complexity in the Early and Middle Bronze Age on Crete. Oxford: Oxbow Books: Seminar 4: 9 February Protopalatial Crete: society, economy and ideology. Recent advances have improved our understanding of Protopalatial societies on Crete, not least excavations at Mallia Quartier Mu, Monastiraki and Atsipadhes. The character of Middle Minoan society is also increasingly being theorised. Much of this discussion has developed around the site of Mallia, which ha sthe most extensive exposures of this date of any site, giving us some idea of the spatial componets of a palatial centre. This seminar explores what kind of early states the Minoan palaces controlled and how they related to communities in their hinterlands, and the development of the ritual landscape in the early palatial period, as evidenced in particular by the phenomenon of peak sanctuaries. Essential Cherry, J.F Polities and palaces: some problems in Minoan state formation. In, C. Renfrew and J.F. Cherry (eds.) Peer Polity Interaction and Socio-Political Change : INST ARCH Teaching Collection 483;; IOA Issue Desk REN 10. Knappett, C Assessing a polity in Protopalatial Crete: the Malia-Lasithi state. American Journal of Archaeology 103: TC 2159;; IoA Pers;; e-journal. Schoep, I Social and political organization in Crete in the Proto-Palatial period: the case of Middle Minoan II Malia. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 15: IoA Pers;; e-journal. Schoep, I Looking beyond the first palaces: elites and the agency of power in EMIII-MMII Crete. American Journal of Archaeology 110: IoA Pres;; e-journal. Peatfield, A.A.D Minoan peak sanctuaries: history and society: Opuscula Atheniensa 17: TC 533;; ICS Periodicals. Recommended Betancourt, P.P Middle Minoan Objects in the Near East. In, EH. Cline and D. Harris-Cline (eds.) The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. (Aegaeum 18) Liège:

13 Bevan, A Reconstructing the role of Egyptian culture in the value regimes of the Bronze Age Aegean: stone vessels and their social contexts. In, R. Matthews and C. Roemer (eds) Ancient Perspectives on Egypt. London: UCL Press: Branigan, K The economic role of the first palaces. In, R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds.) The Function of the Minoan Palaces. (Quarto Series 35) Stockholm: Swedish Institute in Athens: Cadogan, G An Old Palace period Knossos state?. In, D. Evely, H. Hughes-Brock and N. Momigliano (eds.) Knossos: A Labyrinth of History. Papers Presented in Honour of Sinclair Hood: Carinci, F Western Mesara and Egypt during the Protopalatial period: a minimalist view. In, A. Karetsou (ed.) Kriti - Aigyptos. Politismikoi thesmoi triov chietion. Athens: Archaeological Museum of Heraklion:31-7. Day, P., M. Relaki and E. Faber Pottery making and social reproduction in the Bronze Age Mesara. In, M. Wiener et al. (eds) Pottery and Society. Boston: Archaeological Institute of America: Driessen, J "A Matrilocal House Society in Pre- and Protopalatial Crete?" In, Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age, edited by I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen, Oxford: Oxbow Books. Kanta, A Monasteraki and Phaistos, elements of Protopalatial history. In, P. Betancourt, V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur and W.-D. Niemeier (eds) Meletemata: Studies in Aegean Archaeology presented to Malcolm H. Wiener as he enters his 65th year. Liege:II: Knappett, C Mind the gap: between pots and politics in Minoan studies. In, Y. Hamilakis (ed.) Oxford: Oxbow Books: Knappett, C Technological innovation and social diversity at Middle Minoan Knossos. In, G. Cadogan, E. Hatzaki and A. Vasilakis (eds.) Knossos: Palace, City, State. London: British School at Athens: Olivier, J.-P Cretan writing in the second millennium BC. World Archaeology 17: Peatfield, A.A.D Palace and peak: the political and religious relationship between palaces and peak sanctuaries. In, R. Hägg and N. Marinatos (eds.) The Function of the Minoan Palaces. (Quarto Series 35) Stockholm: Swedish Institute in Athens: Peatfield, A.A.D Minoan peak sanctuaries: history and society: Opuscula Atheniensa 17: Poursat, J.-C Cult Activity at Malia in the Protopalatial Period. Archaeologies of Cult: Essays on Ritual and Cult in Crete in Honor of Geraldine C. Gesell. In, A.L. D'Agata and A. Van de Moortel (eds.) (Hesperia Supplement 42) Princeton: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens: Poursat, J.-C Malia: palace, state, city. In, O. Krzyszkowska (ed.) Cretan Offerings. Studies in Honour of Peter Warren. (BSA Studies 18). London: The British School at Athens: Poursat, J.-C "The Emergence of Elite Groups at Protopalatial Malia. A Biography of Quartier Mu." In, Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age, edited by I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen, Oxford: Oxbow Books. Relaki, M The Social Arenas of Tradition. Investigating Collective and Individual Social Strategies in the Prepalatial and Protopalatial Mesara. In, I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen (eds.) Back to the Beginning: Reassessing Social and Political Complexity on Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books: Schoep, I Assessing the role of architecture in conspicuous consumption in the Middle Minoan I-II periods. OJA 23: Schoep, I Social and Political Aspects of Urbanism in Middle Minoan I-II Crete: Towards a Regional Approach. In, S. Owen and L. Preston (eds.) Inside the City in the Greek World: Studies of Urbanism from the Bronze Age to the Hellenistic Period. (University of Cambridge Museum of Classical Archaeology Monographs 1) Oxford: Oxbow Books: Schoep, I "Making Elites: Political Economy and Elite Culture(s) in Middle Minoan Crete." In, Political Economies of the Aegean Bronze Age. D. J. Pullen (ed.) Oxford: Oxbow Books. Schoep, I Middle Bronze Age: Crete. In, E. Cline (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca BC). Oxford: Oxford University Press: Watrous, L.V Review of Aegean prehistory III: Crete from earliest prehistory through the Protopalatial period. AJA 98: Reprinted with update, in T. Cullen (ed.) Aegean Prehistory: A Review (American Journal of Archaeology Supplement 1). Watrous, L.V Egypt and Crete in the Early Middle Bronze Age: A Case of trade and cultural diffusion. In, EH. Cline and D. Harris-Cline (eds.) The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium. (Aegaeum 18) Liège: To familiarise yourselves with the main sites you might also look at: Myers, J.W., E.E. Myers and G. Cadogan The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete. 13