The importation of stamped Italian sigillata to Cyprus *
|
|
- Kerry Boone
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1
2 The importation of stamped Italian sigillata to Cyprus * Daniele Malfitana In an article published more than thirty years ago 1, John W. Hayes, passing rapidly from an overview of the main classes of ceramics found in Greece, and more generally in the Aegean basin, to a more detailed look at the presence of Italian ceramics, underlined that the earliest importation of these products to that area began during the Augustan age and that, whereas there were many finds on the mainland, there was a notable scarcity in the Aegean basin 2. The contribution of the Oxford scholar permitted a first analysis, albeit not yet founded on well-defined quantitative data, of the distribution of Hellenistic-Roman sigillata in the Aegean basin and offered, at the same time, a stimulus to reflection on the economic and commercial implications of these products. Unfortunately, the Eastern Mediterranean basin was isolated or rather excluded from the picture outlined by the scholar and, furthermore, it was not possible to ascertain, from the generic data presented, how much, for example, of what was surely eastern production (eastern sigillata A, B, Cypriot sigillata etc.), remained in that area and how significant the imported products were, in particular those deriving from Italy 3. From this observation came the impetus to analyse the distribution of Italian sigillata in the Eastern Mediterranean basin, in particular on the island of Cyprus where the advanced state of archaeological research permits a clear understanding of the consumer market, perhaps better than in any other location in this area of the Mediterranean (thanks also to numerous research teams from several countries). Before embarking on a detailed analysis of the data presented further on, a brief status quaestionis of the research on the subject to date will be provided to give a preliminary bibliographic basis which may be useful for later work. As may be seen, work in which the presence of Italian sigillata appears noteworthy both in terms of number and context have primarily been considered, since these, better than others, help to furnish a more complete reading of the data. Cases mentioning only single examples have either been ignored or considered only as an alternative (in each case, see Appendix). As far as I know no complete vases of these wares have survived in Cyprus. There must, however, have been a certain quantity of imports of genuine Samian and Arretine vases. During the time I stayed in Cyprus I remember having picked up small though quite identifiable shards of both Samian and Arretine Ware. At least the Arretine Ware must have been of a certain importance as it apparently influenced the shape of bowls in the Roman period, and, as will be pointed out, there was a general change of shapes in this period, certainly owing to the influence of imports. This passage is by A. Westholm 4, more than forty years ago, in the section dedicated to ceramic production in the volume of the series Swedish Cyprus Expedition with regard to Arretine production on the island. Further on 5, he reiterates: The Arretine imports may have come to the East at the beginning of the first century after Christ and the typical local imitations are therefore contemporary or later in date. It was a very general and limited picture that the Swedish scholar attempted to outline; however, it is possible to deduce two clear points that were and are still today confirmed by the data we have: a generally sparse presence of Italian sigillata and their appearance on the island only at the beginning of the first century AD. Scholars of Cypriot archaeology will know that the contribution of the Swedish équipe, who were certainly the first to attempt a reasoned classification of all the artistic production on Cyprus, from ceramics to sculpture, glass and minor arts etc., may still be considered current for certain details, albeit with an element of caution. In fact, since then archaeological research has moved on notably. New ceramic classes have been defined, newer and more certain chronologies have been proposed and above all many excavations with partial or complete publications of material have appeared, offering the possibility of measuring, better than was possible in the past, the real presence of Italian sigillata on the island. It was only in the first years of the 60s that, together with the Department of Antiquity of Cyprus, broad archaeological investigations were begun and assigned to foreign scientific institutions. Thus, for example, research conducted by the Polish archaeological mission 6 began in 1965 at Nea Paphos and is still active today, exploring the remains of the great inhabited and 109
3 residential areas in the region of the city of Maloutena. In fact, very little is known even today of the ceramics from the Roman era in that area. The Polish équipe has only recently undertaken comprehensive projects of editing the material found in the excavations, but unfortunately we must be satisfied with brief summaries and communications 7 regarding those of the Roman era, as opposed to the detailed knowledge of ceramics from the Hellenistic era 8. However, a clear and well-defined picture of the presence of Italian sigillata at Nea Paphos may be drawn from the long-awaited publication of the findings at the House of Dionysus 9. John W. Hayes, in publishing material arising from the excavations by K. Nicolaou in , underlines with regard to Arretine ware and other Italian Terra Sigillata, that the presence of these in the city of Paphos, with forms and stamps mainly from the late Augustan and Tiberian era, reflect a situation that is nearly identical to that of other cities in the Eastern Mediterranean, such as Antioch on the Syrian coast. In contrast to what occurred in other eastern locations, here, after a brief interlude, there was a notable resumption in imports around the end of the first century AD with many forms and stamps from the so-called Late-Italian series 10. A similar picture, with identical considerations 11, also gradually emerges from the publication of material in the appendix to the preliminary excavation reports from the Garrison s Camp (Apollo sanctuary at Toumballos), again at Paphos, where the Italian Archaeological Mission of the University of Catania 12 has been working since With laudable punctuality, rare enough in international archaeology, a considerable selection of material is published annually. These are mainly of fine tableware from the Hellenistic to Medieval ages; in fact, there are few although significant examples of Italian sigillata (Arretine, with more than one example of stamped Late-Italian), which for the most part comprise plain forms and only some disparate relief examples (see further on). Data on Nea Paphos 13 are enhanced by recent surveys by the Canadian mission in the Palaipaphos 14 area whose results have already been published. In the section dedicated to ceramics from the Hellenistic and Roman periods, the role of Italian sigillata is far from marginal, with about 51 finds, exclusively from the plain series, dating from the last third of the first century BC to the first half of the first century AD and coming to an end after the mid-second century AD 15. A good series of data is also available from Amathous 16, thanks to the preliminary publication on Hellenistic and Roman pottery from Aphrodite s sanctuary by F. Burkhalter 17 ( survey). Despite including very few examples of Italian sigillata, exclusively from the plain series and with some stamped examples, she underlines how this class, notwithstanding the meagreness of the fragments 18, seems to be well represented in contrast to other certain eastern production (ESB, for instance). A similar situation, of which unfortunately we still know very little, at least in regard to ceramic production from the Roman era, may also be observed at Kourion. L. Neuru and D. Soren 19 have provided a short overview of Roman pottery in the area of the sanctuary of Apollo Hylates. Beside what is surely eastern production (Cypriot sigillata, eastern sigillata A and B), Italian sigillata (in particular from the Arretine workshops) plays a certain role with a sparse number of finds. Recently, some brief attention has been paid to this area of study, although necessarily not in-depth regarding the publishing of materials, by J. Lund in a preliminary report 20 on the Hellenistic and Roman pottery from the Danish excavations in the area of Kition (Panaya Ematousa). This has once again underlined the almost exclusive presence on the coast of western Italian production, which must have had an almost entirely secondary, or rather infiltrated role, in a market ideally furnished by fine eastern tableware. The contribution presented here will therefore attempt to throw new light, thanks to the collected data, on the importance and role of the importation of Italian sigillata into the island from the evidence of stamps as well as, wherever possible, by the analysis of forms. As has already been pointed out elsewhere 21, the analysis of stamps and their respective workshops alone may provide very useful information in reconstructing the chronology and presence of this class of ceramics. THE EVIDENCE OF STAMPS A total of 47 stamps attributed to Italian workshops have been registered; a number of them in fact, few are the fruit of old excavations and have already been included in the Oxé-Comfort lists (OC) while the remainder have largely derived from the scrutiny of publications to date. The greatest concentrations, nearly always in coastal locations, are in the western part of the island where archaeological research has largely been focused, especially in the last twenty years. In the eastern part, 110
4 however, following the Turkish occupation, the only available data is from Salamis. Analysis of stamped material (Fig. 1) points clearly to the considerable predominance of Pisan potters (particularly Late Italian), which make up 63.82% of the total. They are followed, after a big gap and notably reduced numbers, by signatures attributed to Arretine workshops (only 7 as opposed to 30 Pisan stamps: 17.02%). Only one signature, at least to date, is traceable to central Italian workshops (2.13%): from Arezzo-Pisa-Lyon (Ateius) (2.13%), from Pisa (?) (2.13%) and from Etruria (?) (2.13%). Lastly, 3 signatures are attributed to potters whose workshops have not yet been definitely ascertained (6.38%). Etruria? (2,13 %) Central Italy (2,13 %) Pisa? ( 2,13 %) Pisa (63,82 %) Uncertain (6,38 %) Arezzo (17,02 %) Arezzo? (4,25 %) Arezzo - Pisa - Lyon (2,13 %) Fig. 1. Stamped Italian Sigillata from Cyprus: source of supply on a total of 47 stamps. Paphos and its immediate hinterland (Palaepaphos), and Amathous and Kourion, are the main localities of the island in which imported Italian sigillata (stamped and not) are found in any quantity. Most of the stamped material on the island is however concentrated at Paphos, where most archaeological research has been focused in the last years. Data deriving from the House of Dionysos and more recent acquisitions from the Garrison s Camp area offer a nearly complete picture. The main workshops are from Pisa with potters signatures belonging almost exclusively to the so-called Late-Italian series; it is possible to attribute only one example to the Ateius group and another unconfirmed example to Ateius of Arezzo/Pisa/Lyon. Of the remainder, with the exception of one stamp from a central Italian workshop, only three stamps are of definite Arretine origin. Only one Arretine stamp is known from Palaipaphos, Kourion, Kition and Amathous. In the north-western part of the island, only one stamp from Pisan workshops has been recorded to date at Arsinoe (Polis). THE WORKSHOPS AND THE POTTERS The most numerous signatures found on the island are from Pisan workshops: in particular, those of L. Rasinius Pisanus (AD ), C. P() Pi(sanus) (AD ), Sex. M(urrius) P() (AD ), Sex. M(urrius) Cladus (AD 80+), Sex. M(urrius) Cal () (AD ), L. Nonius Flor(entinus) (AD 50+) exclusively present at Paphos; the only exception is a stamp of Sex. M(urrius) Fes(tus) (AD ) that has been found both at Paphos as well as at Polis. The few stamps from Arretine workshops found to date are traceable to potters known to have exported on a more or less large scale to the East (e.g., L. Titius - OC 2203). Thus, we know the names of L. Tettius Samia (20 BC AD 5) present at Kourion; L. Titius (15 BC AD 30+) at Amathous; P. Cornelius (5 BC AD 40) only at Paphos; C. Vibienus (AD 1-40+) at Kition; and again, Camurius (AD 30-70) at Paphos and Palaipaphos; P. Clod(ius) Proc(ulus) (AD ) at Paphos; lastly, of indefinite Arretine origin, are the stamps of Umbricius (10 BC AD 50+) and Leost(h)e(nes) of L. Umbricius Scaurus (20 BC+) both present at Paphos. The only stamps known from central Italian workshops and from the Etruscan area are firstly, C. Avillius Nym () (AD 30-70) at Paphos; secondly, L. Ras () Ger () (AD 30-70) at Salamis; finally, a stamp by Villius (OC 2372ee AD 1-40), Arretine, kept at the Museum of Nicosia (Nicosia, C.M. 2115) whose exact origin is unknown. There are few examples of relief-decorated production to date: among these, the beautiful chalice fragment with a representation of the bard Apollo from the P. Cornelius 22 workshop (in tabula ansata stamp) from Paphos (Garrison s Camp) is particularly worthy of note. This is precisely similar to another single example, identical and complete, found at Mogador in Morocco 23. POTTERS STAMPS It is possible to derive an even clearer picture, especially regarding the chronological trend, from the analysis of the form of the stamps. The graph (Fig. 2) indicates a strong predominance of in planta pedis stamps, followed by rectangular and in lunula ones. 111
5 In other words, it appears that one may deduce that the arrival of the first Italian sigillata in Cyprus and almost certainly in the Eastern Mediterranean basin must be dated, as suggested by the few known rectangular stamps, to around the last twenty years of the first century BC; a large increase in imports began from AD (in planta pedis stamps) and imports continued, at fairly high levels, from the end of the first and for the best part of the second century AD. The known in planta pedis stamps are all traceable to potters from the Late-Italian workshops (L. Rasinius Pisanus, C. P() Pi(sanus), Sex. M(urrius) P(), Sex. M(urrius) Cladus, Sex. M(urrius) Cal (), L. Nonius Flor(entinus) to cite just a few) whose activity extends from 30/40 until 150 AD. Confirmation of such emerges from the presence, albeit minimal, of the typical in lunula stamps of these workshops. Rectangle 12,76 % In lunula? 6,38 % In planta pedis 61,70 % Uncertain 17,02 % Stamped Itali In tabula ansata 2,13 % Tota A further confirmation of this chronological trend appears also to emerge from analysis of forms found. From the late Augustan-Tiberian age, in general and albeit in rather small numbers, plates and cups with vertical moulded rims (Consp. 18, 22 and similar forms) prevail on the island. These are well attested at Amathous, Kourion, Aradippou, Palaipaphos and Paphos (here more than one example). However, a good number and a greater variety of forms are found in the following period, from the second half of the first century AD: outstanding are vases with applied decoration, in particular with Consp. 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6 forms; and again, plates with smooth or finely moulded vertical rims with Consp. 20 (20.4, , , ) forms; conical cups with smooth vertical rims of Consp. 23 form (only a few examples at Paphos); hemispherical cups of Consp. 34 (34.1.1) and 36 forms. Lastly, the forms from the second half of the first century AD onward are represented mainly by dishes with Consp. 3 (3.2, ) forms, rather well attested at Paphos especially on Late-Italian products. The data presented so far have thus offered, for the first time, a general picture of the presence of Italian sigillata on the island of Cyprus and at the same time an opportunity to measure and understand their penetration into the Roman provinces in the East, which were already well supplied from the end of the second century BC by local production of fine tableware. John W. Hayes has justly expressed the presence of the sparse number of Italian sigillata as rather unexpected in Eastern Mediterranean terms 24. Confirmation of this situation is slowly emerging in an imminent paper 25, in which the writer, through a detailed quantitative analysis of the distribution, or rather the sojourn of a number of eastern Hellenistic-Roman sigillata (ESA, ESB, Cypriot sigillata and Çandarlı Fig. 2. Stamped Italian Sigillata from Cyprus: stamp types on a total of 47 stamps Paphos, more than any other site on the island, also provides a general picture of the presence of stamps. In fact, with the exception of a few stamps, namely a rectangular one by Leost(h)e(nes) of L. Umbricius Scaurus (20 BC+), another by Ateius (15 BC and after) and lastly, another by Cluvius (?) (10 BC+) attributable to potters whose activity began in the last quarter of the first century AD, the remaining finds are traceable to potters working from until about AD Eastern Sigillata A Eastern Sigillata B Cypriot Sigillata Candarli Sigillata Italian Sigillata Fig. 3. Sigillata imported in Cyprus: over-all distribution on a total of 1746 vessels
6 sigillata) in the Eastern Mediterranean basin, has been able to observe how Cyprus (Fig. 3), besides Eastern Sigillata A and Cypriot Sigillata, which were the chief wares from the second century BC to the second century AD, takes third place, far behind but with considerable data nevertheless, with respect to the import of Italian sigillata (about 187 examples have been found to date 26 ). Certainly, although this seems surprising (for example, eastern sigillata B of definite eastern production and with a chronological development partly parallel to Italian sigillata reached the island in fairly modest quantities 27 ), it allows us once again to underline just how strongly this ceramic production penetrated the farthest eastern regions. Appendix In the following tables all the readable stamps, published and unpublished, deriving from the examined sites have been grouped. These have constituted the starting basis for the elaboration of the different graphs and distribution maps. Key and abbreviations: p.p. = in planta pedis Re. = rectangular Lun. = in lunula t.a = in tabula ansata / = indicates the division between the lines of a stamp R = relief 113
7 NOTES * I m very grateful to my friend Prof. Jeroen Poblome and to the President of the ROCT scientific committee, Prof. Marc Waelkens for having proposed my name for this contribution. I would also like to express my respect and recognition to my friend Dr. John Lund. Finally, thanks to Dr. Philip Kenrick (Oxford) for having made available, with considerable liberality, the data on stamped production on the island, extracting it from the OCK, before it was published. 1 Hayes Cf. ibid., 31-32: Importation begins early under Augustus and the ware rapidly appears in large quantities. Common on the mainland, it is relatively rare in the Aegean, where the 114
8 potteries of Asia Minor held most of the market; on the Asia Minor coast very few pieces are found. 3 A specific and in-depth study of this problem, with a general overview of the distribution of eastern sigillata in the Mediterranean basin (especially in the Eastern part) is the subject of a paper (Eastern terra sigillata wares in the eastern Mediterranean. Notes on a initial quantitative analysis) presented by the author at the conference on Céramiques hellénistiques et romaines. Productions et diffusions en Méditerranée orientale (Chypre, Egypte et côte syro-palestinienne) held at Lyon (2-4 March 2000) organised by the École française d Athènes, Maisons de l Orient Méditerranéen, Institut Fernand Courby. I thank my friend John Lund for having communicated and the organisers of the meeting for having invited me to participate. Some data, especially in reference to the presence of Italian sigillata, albeit partial, were preliminarily presented here. 4 Cf. Westholm 1956, Cf. ibid., Excavations conducted by the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology (Warsaw University) were first directed by K. Michalowski and since 1966 by W.A. Dazsewski. 7 Cf. Papuci-W adyka 1995a, ; Papuci-W adyka 1995b, passim. 8 Cf. in particular a number of communications by H. Meyza at the Warsaw Conference in 1995 (Meyza 1995, passim). 9 Cf. Nicolaou 1967; Hayes 1977 (preliminary results); but above all Hayes Cf. Hayes 1991, 51: Rather unexpected, in Eastern Mediterranean terms, is a resurgence of imports of Italian T. S. wares towards the end of the 1 st century A. D. 11 Cf. Giudice 1995 (Graphs by D. Malfitana). 12 The mission is directed by Prof. Filippo Giudice of the University of Catania. For data on Italian sigillata, cf. Malfitana 1992, , Cat. nos. B 29-32; Malfitana 1993, , Cat. nos. B 37-41; Giudice 1996, 216, Cat. nos. B Cf. also Daszweski 1970; Hadjisavvas 1980, ; Daszewski and Sztetyllo 1988; Michaelides and M ynarczyk Cf. Sørensen 1983; Sørensen et al. 1987; Lund 1993, spec for Italian sigillata. 15 Cf. Lund 1992, Cf. also Nicolaou 1985, ; Abadie- Reynal 1987, 45-65; see also, Balty 1988, ; Vandenabeele 1988, Cf. Burkhalter 1987; Vandenabeele Cf. Lund 1992, Cf. Leonard 1987; Neuru and Soren Cf. Lund 1996, ; Lund 1998, Cf. regarding what I have underlined in the contribution on Italian sigillata in Sicily in this same volume. 22 Cf. Malfitana 1992, 235, Cat. no. B 29, fig. 9, pl. LXXXIII: Rabat, Arch. Mus. Inv. no. M Cf. Hayes 1991, See above, note The count includes all the examples, both plain and decorated as well as uncertain forms but belonging surely to the same class examples have been registered to date. 115
Małgorzata Kajzer. Krakow
Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization 17 Kraków 2013 Małgorzata Kajzer Krakow The Ephesian terracotta oil lamps from the Agora of Nea Paphos Abstract: Ephesian terracotta oil lamps are a group of Hellenistic
More informationTHE HELLENISTIC TRANSPORT AMPHORAS FROM THE EXCAVATION AT THE HARBOUR OF PHALASARNA:
THE HELLENISTIC TRANSPORT AMPHORAS FROM THE EXCAVATION AT THE HARBOUR OF PHALASARNA: new data for the study of the economy of Crete before the Roman conquest. Final Report Dr. Pasquale Valle A brief history
More informationDr. Dimitris P. Drakoulis THE REGIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE EARLY BYZANTINE PERIOD (4TH-6TH CENTURY A.D.
Dr. Dimitris P. Drakoulis THE REGIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE EARLY BYZANTINE PERIOD (4TH-6TH CENTURY A.D.) ENGLISH SUMMARY The purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to contribute
More informationTHE SANCTUARY OF THE HORNED GOD RECONSIDERED
MARIUSZ BURDAJEWICZ National Ethnographical Museum, Warsaw THE SANCTUARY OF THE HORNED GOD RECONSIDERED The French Archaeological Mission and Cyprus Government Joint Expedition to Enkomi, directed by P.
More informationCypriot Marks on Mycenaean Pottery
Trinity University Digital Commons @ Trinity Classical Studies Faculty Research Classical Studies Department 1992 Cypriot Marks on Mycenaean Pottery Nicolle E. Hirschfeld Trinity University, nhirschf@trinity.edu
More informationThe$Cisterns$of$No.on$ $ Angela$Commito$
The$Cisterns$of$No.on$ $ Angela$Commito$ Aerial$view$of$No.on,$looking$northeast$ View$looking$up$cistern$sha
More informationPottery from the Norwegian Arcadia Survey: A Preliminary Report
Pottery from the Norwegian Arcadia Survey: A Preliminary Report Vincenzo Craco/ici This paper presents initial impressions of the pottery finds from the Norwegian Arcadia Survey. Material from the survey
More informationA New Fragment of Proto-Aeolic Capital from Jerusalem
TEL AVIV Vol. 42, 2015, 67 71 A New Fragment of Proto-Aeolic Capital from Jerusalem Doron Ben-Ami and Yana Tchekhanovets Israel Antiquities Authority The article deals with a fragment of a proto-aeolic
More informationRosetta 22:
Middleton, G. (2018) Jörg Weilhartner and Florian Ruppenstein (eds.), Tradition and Innovation in the Mycenaean Palatial Polities. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2015. Pp. 287. 99. (Paperback) ISBN13:
More information218 R. S. BORAAS AND S. H. HORN
were able to show a sequence of ceramic corpora much more fully representative than those available from the occupation surfaces and structures higher on the mound. This ceramic series obtained from D.
More informationSHIP MANAGEMENT SURVEY* July December 2015
SHIP MANAGEMENT SURVEY* July December 2015 1. SHIP MANAGEMENT REVENUES FROM NON- RESIDENTS Ship management revenues dropped marginally to 462 million, following a decline in global shipping markets. Germany
More informationProf. William R. Caraher, Prof. R. Scott Moore, and Prof. David K. Pettegrew
The Pyla-Koutsopetria Archaeological Project A Third Preliminary Report Prof. William R. Caraher, Prof. R. Scott Moore, and Prof. David K. Pettegrew Delivered at the 24th Annual CAARI Workshop 24 June
More informationoi.uchicago.edu TALL-E BAKUN
TALL-E BAKUN ABBAS ALIZADEH After I returned in September 1991 to Chicago from Cambridge, Massachusetts, I began preparing for publication the results of 1937 season of excavations at Tall-e Bakun, one
More informationPalmer, J. and Young, M. (2012) Eric Cline (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010.
Palmer, J. and Young, M. (2012) Eric Cline (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010. Rosetta 11: 91-94. http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_11/palmer_and_young.pdf
More informationContents. List of Plates. Abbreviations. 1 Cosa: The Site and Its Glass 1. 2 Dated Deposits of Glassware 7
Contents List of Plates Preface R. T. Scott and Jennifer Price Abbreviations xi xiii xv 1 Cosa: The Site and Its Glass 1 2 Dated Deposits of Glassware 7 3 Classification, Arrangement, and Description of
More informationSHIP MANAGEMENT SURVEY. July December 2017
SHIP MANAGEMENT SURVEY July December 2017 INTRODUCTION The Ship Management Survey is conducted by the Statistics Department of the Central Bank of Cyprus and concentrates primarily on transactions between
More informationGorse Stacks, Bus Interchange Excavations Interim Note-01
Gorse Stacks, Bus Interchange Excavations 2015 Prepared for: Cheshire West & Chester Council Interim Note-01 1 Introduction & Summary Background Since c. 2000 investigations associated with redevelopment
More informationCetamura Results Prior to 2000
Cetamura Results Prior to 2000 Excavations at the hilltop of Cetamura del Chianti (695m above sea level) near Siena by Florida State University have unearthed a habitation with a long and diverse history,
More informationBy : K. Blouin, Th. Faucher, N. Hudson, M. Kenawi, A. Kirby, R. Mairs, G. Marchiori, M. Van Peene
THMUIS, A NEW LAND IN THE EASTERN NILE DELTA FIRST CANADIAN MISSION AT THMUIS By : K. Blouin, Th. Faucher, N. Hudson, M. Kenawi, A. Kirby, R. Mairs, G. Marchiori, M. Van Peene The first Canadian Mission
More informationFollowing the initial soil strip archaeology is sprayed up prior to planning and excavation
Barton Quarry & Archaeology Over the past half century quarries have been increasingly highlighted as important sources of information for geologists, palaeontologists and archaeologists, both through
More informationThe Cypriot Bronze Age Pottery From Sir Leonard Woolley's Excavations At Alalakh (Tell Atchana) (Contributions To The Chronology Of The Eastern...
The Cypriot Bronze Age Pottery From Sir Leonard Woolley's Excavations At Alalakh (Tell Atchana) (Contributions To The Chronology Of The Eastern... Denkschriften Der Gesamtakademie, Band Xxxi) By Celia
More informationCyprus and Greece. We spent time enjoying the views over the sea and slowly strolled back to the hotel to complete our introductory day.
Cyprus and Greece We are traveling again, this time spending two weeks in the Eastern Mediterranean, first in Cyprus and then in Greece. We have visited both countries before but it has been about 20 years
More informationThe Greek-Swedish-Danish Excavations at Kastelli, Khania 2010 a short report
The Greek-Swedish-Danish Excavations at Kastelli, Khania 2010 a short report During six weeks from 19 July to 27 August the Greek-Swedish-Danish Excavations continued work in the Ag. Aikaterini Square
More informationANNUAL REPORT: ANCIENT METHONE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT 2014 FIELD SCHOOL
ANNUAL REPORT: ANCIENT METHONE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT 2014 FIELD SCHOOL Director(s): Co- Director(s): Professor Sarah Morris, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA John K. Papadopoulos, Cotsen Institute
More informationNEW CARD DESIGNS. Card designs and their descriptions EARLY AND MIDDLE BRONZE AGES. Master Card Classic Credit
NEW CARD DESIGNS Card designs and their descriptions EARLY AND MIDDLE BRONZE AGES Master Card Classic Credit Juglet, Red Polished III Ware Juglet, Red Polished Ware (Early Bronze Age 2500-2000 BC and Middle
More informationThalassa: Underwater Archaeology in the Ancient East Mediterranean
November 25, 2017 EATON THEATRE 9:00 AM 5:00 PM Thalassa: Underwater Archaeology in the Ancient East Mediterranean SYMPOSIUM Find out what innovations in underwater archaeology and new approaches to maritime
More informationThe Minoans, DNA and all.
Mathilda s Anthropology Blog. Just another WordPress.com weblog The Minoans, DNA and all. Posted on April 14, 2008 26 Comments Starting with the breaking DNA news, and this rather sinks the Black Athena
More informationTOEFL ibt Quick Prep. Volume 1. Go anywhere from here.
TOEFL ibt Quick Prep Volume 1 Go anywhere from here. INTRODUCTION Introduction ABOUT THE TOEFL ibt TEST The TOEFL ibt test measures your ability to use and understand the English language as it is read,
More informationHEATHROW COMMUNITY NOISE FORUM
HEATHROW COMMUNITY NOISE FORUM 3Villages flight path analysis report January 216 1 Contents 1. Executive summary 2. Introduction 3. Evolution of traffic from 25 to 215 4. Easterly departures 5. Westerly
More informationTrench 91 revealed that the cobbled court extends further to the north.
Report on the 2013 Gournia Excavations The 2013 excavations at Gournia were conducted June 17 July 26 under the aegis of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens and the supervision of the KD
More informationCourse Catalog - Spring 2015
Course Catalog - Spring 2015 Classical Civilization Classics Department Head: Ariana Trail Department Office: 4080 Foreign Languages Building, 707 South Mathews, Urbana Phone: 333-1008 www.classics.illinois.edu
More informationEgnatia Odos: An axis for development and co-operation
Egnatia Odos: An axis for development and co-operation Egnatia Odos is one of the two Trans-European transport axes (the other being PATHE) which cross through our country and, together with the Eleftherios
More informationMARITIME PASSENGER FLOWS BETWEEN THE TWO SHORES OF THE GTMO 5+5 COUNTRIES
MARITIME PASSENGER FLOWS BETWEEN THE TWO SHORES OF THE GTMO 5+5 COUNTRIES 2010 CETMO October 2013 MARITIME PASSENGER FLOWS BETWEEN THE TWO SHORES OF THE GTMO 5+5 COUNTRIES 2010 CETMO October 2013 CETMO
More informationWHERE DID THE BRITS GO?
WHERE DID THE BRITS GO? AN EXAMINATION OF PREVAILING THEORIES BEHIND THE REDUCTION IN BRITISH VISITORS TO BARBADOS 14 APRIL 2015 One of the indirect effects of the global financial crisis on Barbados has
More informationTELL ES-SWEYHAT EXPEDITION TO SYRIA
TELL ES-SWEYHAT EXPEDITION TO SYRIA THOMAS A. HOLLAND The fifth season of archaeological excavations was conducted during October and November 1991 at the Early Bronze Age site of Tell Es-Sweyhat, which
More informationJane C. Waldbaum Archaeological Field School Scholarship - Report.
Jane C. Waldbaum Archaeological Field School Scholarship - Report. Eastern Boeotia Archaeological Project, 2017 Novella Nicchitta Figure 1 EBAP's team for 2017 This year I had the pleasure of participating
More informationMEASURING ACCESSIBILITY TO PASSENGER FLIGHTS IN EUROPE: TOWARDS HARMONISED INDICATORS AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL. Regional Focus.
Regional Focus A series of short papers on regional research and indicators produced by the Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy 01/2013 SEPTEMBER 2013 MEASURING ACCESSIBILITY TO PASSENGER
More informationCARLUNGIE EARTH HOUSE
Property in Care (PIC) ID: PIC015 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90059) Taken into State care: 1953 (Guardianship) Last reviewed: 2004 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE CARLUNGIE
More informationHow much did the airline industry recover since September 11, 2001?
Catalogue no. 51F0009XIE Research Paper How much did the airline industry recover since September 11, 2001? by Robert Masse Transportation Division Main Building, Room 1506, Ottawa, K1A 0T6 Telephone:
More information4. Bronze Age Ballybrowney, County Cork Eamonn Cotter
4. Bronze Age Ballybrowney, County Cork Eamonn Cotter Illus. 1 Location map of the excavated features at Ballybrowney Lower (Archaeological Consultancy Services Ltd, based on the Ordnance Survey Ireland
More informationUnpacking the Book #11 Life of Paul
Written by Sherry Worel Unpacking the Book #11 Life of Paul I. An historical perspective on the growth of the Early Church using an outline of Acts (from Talk through the Bible) A. The power of the church
More informationPutting Museums on the Tourist Itinerary: Museums and Tour Operators in Partnership making the most out of Tourism
1 of 5 ICME papers 2002 Putting Museums on the Tourist Itinerary: Museums and Tour Operators in Partnership making the most out of Tourism By Clare Mateke Livingstone Museum, P O Box 60498, Livingstone,
More informationIII. THE EARLY HELLADIC POTTERY FROM THE MASTOS IN THE BERBATI VALLEY, ARGOLID
III. THE EARLY HELLADIC POTTERY FROM THE MASTOS IN THE BERBATI VALLEY, ARGOLID by JEANNETTE FORSÉN The Swedish investigations of the hillock Mastos in the western part of the Berbati valley, ca. 3 km south
More informationTHE INTERNATIONAL GROWTH OF SPANISH HOLIDAY HOTEL CHAINS FROM A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: A CASE STUDY
Cuadernos de Turismo, nº 25, (2010); pp. 263-267 ISSN: 1139-7861 Universidad de Murcia THE INTERNATIONAL GROWTH OF SPANISH HOLIDAY HOTEL CHAINS FROM A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: A CASE STUDY Begoña Fuster García,
More informationIMTO Italian Mission to Oman University of Pisa 2011B PRELIMINARY REPORT (OCTOBER-DECEMBER 2011)
IMTO Italian Mission to Oman University of Pisa 2011B PRELIMINARY REPORT (OCTOBER-DECEMBER 2011) The 2011B research campaign took place in the area around Salut from October, 19 th, to December, 16 th.
More informationPerth & Kinross Council. Community Planning Partnership Report June 2016
Perth & Kinross Council Community Planning Partnership Report June 2016 Contents Foreword... 3 Section 1: Spring 2016 destination follow up of 2014/15 school leavers... 4 Background... 4 Section A: Initial
More informationNotes from the Field: An Island off an Island - Understanding Bronze Age Society in Mochlos, Crete
57 Notes from the Field: An Island off an Island - Understanding Bronze Age Society in Mochlos, Crete Luke Kaiser School of Anthropology, University of Arizona I pushed a wheelbarrow up over the berm of
More informationWHI SOL 5. Ancient Greeks
WHI SOL 5 Ancient Greeks The physical geography of the Aegean Basin shaped the economic, social, and political development of Greek civilization. The expansion of Greek civilization through trade and colonization
More informationGLOBAL PERSPECTIVE - Life of Buddha frieze from Gandhara
GREEK Geometric Krater Vase (Geometric)1000-700 BC Parthenon (Classical) 480 300 BC Nike of Samothrace (Hellenistic) 300 100 BC ROMAN Augustus Prima Porta Arch of Titus Pantheon GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE - Life
More informationDocumentation of Mosaic Tangible Heritage in Jordan Jarash Governorate
Documentation of Mosaic Tangible Heritage in Jordan Jarash Governorate Catreena Hamarneh, Abdel Majeed Mjalli, Mohamed al-balawneh Introduction In the year 2005 a project was launched to build up a data
More informationThe Rise of Rome. After about 800 BC other people also began settling in Italy The two most notable were the and the
The Rise of Rome The Land and People of Italy Italy is a peninsula extending about miles from north to south and only about 120 miles wide. The mountains form a ridge from north to south down the middle
More informationThe Syrian Middle Euphrates Archaeological Project (PAMES).
The Syrian Middle Euphrates Archaeological Project (PAMES). Seven years of research (2005-2011) of the Spanish and Syrian Archaeological Mission in Deir ez-zor. With the support of Aïdi Foundation In September
More informationHouse Decoration in Egyptian Nubia Prior to 1964
Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies Volume 5 Nubian Women Article 4 2018 House Decoration in Egyptian Nubia Prior to 1964 Armgard Goo-Grauer goograuer@icloud.com Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/djns
More informationAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Life Expectancy and Mortality Trend Reporting
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Life Expectancy and Mortality Trend Reporting Technical Report December 2015 Amended May 2016 Authors: Clare Coleman, Nicola Fortune, Vanessa Lee, Kalinda Griffiths,
More informationVisual and Sensory Aspect
Updated All Wales LANDMAP Statistics 2017 Visual and Sensory Aspect Final Report for Natural Resources Wales February 2018 Tel: 029 2043 7841 Email: sw@whiteconsultants.co.uk Web: www.whiteconsultants.co.uk
More informationEXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Geographical coordinates. Textual description of the boundaries of the nominated property :
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY State Party State, Province or Region Name of Property Geographical coordinates to the nearest second : Turkey : Province of Aydın, District of Karacasu : APHRODISIAS : 37 42 30 N - 28
More informationROMAN KNOSSOS: THE POTTERY IN CONTEXT
ROMAN KNOSSOS: THE POTTERY IN CONTEXT A presentation of ceramic evidence provided by the Knossos 2000 Project (1993-95) By GARY FORSTER A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham For the Degree
More informationBaku, Azerbaijan November th, 2011
Baku, Azerbaijan November 22-25 th, 2011 Overview of the presentation: Structure of the IRTS 2008 Main concepts IRTS 2008: brief presentation of contents of chapters 1-9 Summarizing 2 1 Chapter 1 and Chapter
More informationNew Studies in the City of David The Excavations
The 2013-2014 Excavations Israel Antiquities Authority The intensive archaeological work on the city of David hill during the period covered in this article has continued in previously excavated areas
More informationIATA ECONOMIC BRIEFING FEBRUARY 2007
IATA ECONOMIC BRIEFING FEBRUARY 27 NEW AIRCRAFT ORDERS KEY POINTS New aircraft orders remained very high in 26. The total of 1,834 new orders for Boeing and Airbus commercial planes was down slightly from
More informationMediterranean Europe
Chapter 17, Section World Geography Chapter 17 Mediterranean Europe Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. Chapter 17, Section
More informationChronology of ancient Cyprus
Chronology of ancient Cyprus PROTO-NEOLITHIC First hunter-gatherers NEOLITHIC Arrival of first settlers from the Near East CHALCOLITHIC Earliest metal objects in Cyprus TRANSITIONAL (Philia Culture) Arrival
More informationRemote Sensing into the Study of Ancient Beiting City in North-Western China
Dingwall, L., S. Exon, V. Gaffney, S. Laflin and M. van Leusen (eds.) 1999. Archaeology in the Age of the Internet. CAA97. Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology. Proceedings of
More informationSHIP MANAGEMENT SURVEY. January June 2018
CENTRAL BANK OF CYPRUS EUROSYSTEM SHIP MANAGEMENT SURVEY January June 2018 INTRODUCTION The Ship Management Survey (SMS) is conducted by the Statistics Department of the Central Bank of Cyprus and concentrates
More informationROUKEN GLEN: BANDSTAND 2015 DATA STRUCTURE REPORT
ROUKEN GLEN: BANDSTAND 2015 DATA STRUCTURE REPORT Author (s) Ian Hill Editors Report Date June 2015 Working Partners Funders Phil Richardson East Renfrewshire Council East Renfrewshire Council, Heritage
More informationoi.uchicago.edu Over a span of more than two decades, Oriental Institute expeditions have worked within the ruins of the ancient city of Nippur.
oi.uchicago.edu Bedouin on Nippur mound Reconnaissance and Soundings in the Nippur Area ROBERT M C C. ADAMS, Field Director Over a span of more than two decades, Oriental Institute expeditions have worked
More informationIKLAINA ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT 2016 FIELD REPORT Michael B. Cosmopoulos
IKLAINA ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT 2016 FIELD REPORT Michael B. Cosmopoulos Introduction The overarching objective of the Iklaina project is to test existing hierarchical models of state formation in Greece
More informationEconomic Impact of Tourism. Norfolk
Economic Impact of Tourism Norfolk - 2009 Produced by: East of England Tourism Dettingen House Dettingen Way, Bury St Edmunds Suffolk IP33 3TU Tel. 01284 727480 Contextual analysis Regional Economic Trends
More informationIKLAINA ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT 2012 FIELD REPORT
IKLAINA ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT 2012 FIELD REPORT Michael B. Cosmopoulos The sixth season of the Iklaina Archaeological Project was conducted for six weeks in June and July 2012. Τhe project is conducted
More informationCourse Outline. August 29: Intro to the course, performative expectations, helpful hints.
ARH 208/CLST 248: The Art and Archaeology of Ancient Athens Professor S. Dillon sheila.dillon@duke.edu NB: this syllabus is from fall of 2011; subject to change Course Synopsis: Athens was one of the great
More informationCULTURAL LANDSCAPE Francesca Loguercio Cilento & Vallo di Diano National Park
CULTURAL LANDSCAPE Francesca Loguercio Cilento & Vallo di Diano National Park Date inscribed 1998 World heritage property Buffer zone 842-001 Paestum, Velia, The Certosa of Padula, mount Cervati and The
More informationDiscover archaeology and the ancient art in The Louvre Museum (Paris, France) & Dig in the Roman City of Sanisera (Menorca, Spain)
Course 030 Discover archaeology and the ancient art in The Louvre Museum (Paris, France) & Dig in the Roman City of Sanisera (Menorca, Spain) 1. General Information This program, which has been scheduled
More informationThe promotion of tourism in Wales
The promotion of tourism in Wales AN OUTLINE OF THE POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ADVANCING CLOCKS BY AN ADDITIONAL HOUR IN SUMMER AND WINTER Dr. Mayer Hillman Senior Fellow Emeritus, Policy
More informationA GEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF OPTIMAL SIGNAGE LOCATION SELECTION IN SCENIC AREA
A GEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF OPTIMAL SIGNAGE LOCATION SELECTION IN SCENIC AREA Ling Ruan a,b,c, Ying Long a,b,c, Ling Zhang a,b,c, Xiao Ling Wu a,b,c a School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University,
More informationEnglish Australia. National ELICOS Market Report 2017: Executive Summary
English Australia National ELICOS Market Report 2017: Executive Summary June 2018 A report prepared for English Australia by StudentMarketing, Ltd. June 2018 English Australia contact: Brett Blacker StudentMarkerketing
More informationANNA MORPURGO-DAVIES GERALD CADOGAN A SECOND LINEAR A TABLET FROM PYRGOS
ANNA MORPURGO-DAVIES GERALD CADOGAN A SECOND LINEAR A TABLET FROM PYRGOS In May 1975 a second broken Linear A tablet was found during study of the pottery from the Minoan country house at Pyrgos near the
More informationCover Page. The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation
Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/58774 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Roussos, K. Title: Reconstructing the settled landscape of the Cyclades : the islands
More informationTelecommunications Retail Price Benchmarking for Arab Countries 2017
Telecommunications Retail Price Benchmarking for Arab Countries 2017 Report from the AREGNET Price Benchmarking Study July 2018 Copyright Strategy Analytics, Inc. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Teligen wishes to thank:
More informationDiscover the archaeology of the best Egyptian and Classic Museums in Berlin & Dig in the Roman City of Sanisera (Menorca, Spain)
Course 044 Discover the archaeology of the best Egyptian and Classic Museums in Berlin & Dig in the Roman City of Sanisera (Menorca, Spain) 1. General Information This program, which has been scheduled
More informationNEW TOMBS WITH EARLY CHRISTIAN MURALS FROM THE NECROPOLIS OF TAURIC CHERSONESUS (PRELIMINARY NOTE) V.M. Zubar and R. Pillinger
TALANTA XXXII-XXXIII (2000-2001) NEW TOMBS WITH EARLY CHRISTIAN MURALS FROM THE NECROPOLIS OF TAURIC CHERSONESUS (PRELIMINARY NOTE) V.M. Zubar and R. Pillinger In May 1998 a joint team of the Institute
More informationUrbanization and Landscape Change along Croatia s Adriatic Sea:
Urbanization and Landscape Change along Croatia s Adriatic Sea: ANT477 Field Research in Archaeology Croatia (Summer 2016); 3 cr May June 12 Gen.Ed.: Cultural Diversity and International Perspectives;
More informationSummary Report. Economic Impact Assessment for Beef Australia 2015
Summary Report Economic Impact Assessment for Beef Australia 2015 September 2015 The Department of State Development The Department of State Development exists to drive the economic development of Queensland.
More informationThe Italian Archaeological Mission in Sudan Ca Foscari University of Venice
The Italian Archaeological Mission in Sudan Ca Foscari University of Venice Karima (Sudan) November-December 2012 The 2012 season of the Italian Archaeological Mission at Jebel Barkal was carried out between
More informationThe Archaeology of Cheltenham
The Archaeology of Cheltenham The archaeology collection of The Wilson contains a rich quantity of material relating to the prehistoric and Roman occupation of the North Cotswolds and parts of the Severn
More informationSEMESTER AT SEA COURSE SYLLABUS
Voyage: Summer 2013 Discipline: Art History Course Title: Mediterranean Art and Myth Course Number: ARTH 3591 Division: Upper Faculty Name: Tyler Jo Smith Pre-requisites: none SEMESTER AT SEA COURSE SYLLABUS
More informationUnitised Goods Transport via Danish Ports 2004
A project within the Interreg IIIB North Sea Programme Unitised Goods Transport via Danish Ports 2004 Annex 1.2.7 to the Final Report May 2007 Department of Development and Planning PREFACE This paper
More informationEgypt: The Nubia Museum, Aswan, Egypt. The Nubia Museum. Location: Aswan, Egypt. How to get there: 1 / 5
The Nubia Museum Location: Aswan, Egypt How to get there: 1 / 5 International flights direct to Aswan, or via many European and Eastern European cities. Also package tours and charter flights. Contact
More informationThe importance of Jerusalem for the study of Near Eastern history and. archaeology and for the study of the Biblical text (both old and new) cannot
Setting the Clock in the City of David: Establishing a Radiocarbon Chronology for Jerusalem's Archaeology in Proto-historical and Historical Times Yuval Gadot, Johana Regev, Helena Roth and Elissabeta
More informationAIR TRANSPORT MARKET ANALYSIS MAY 2011
AIR TRANSPORT MARKET ANALYSIS MAY 2011 KEY POINTS May saw a renewed expansion in both air travel and freight, after a soft patch during the previous three months. Air travel volumes were 6.8% higher than
More informationMeasure 67: Intermodality for people First page:
Measure 67: Intermodality for people First page: Policy package: 5: Intermodal package Measure 69: Intermodality for people: the principle of subsidiarity notwithstanding, priority should be given in the
More informationThe Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods
The Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods Arto Penttinen 119 ArTO Penttinen The Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods Introduction The investigations on the Mastos Hill in the 1930s and 1950s
More informationHealing Initiative Leadership Linkage (HILL) Student Magazine: Youth Excellence & Leader: What is catching the attention of your youth?
Healing Initiative Leadership Linkage (HILL) Student Magazine: Country Name Monthly update: Current News Host Editor Country Editor: Insert picture Type the matter. According to illegal Bayrak television,
More informationKey words: hotel chain, entry mode, type of affiliation, franchise, management contract, Bulgaria
Hotel chains entry mode in Bulgaria Maya Ivanova Varna, Bulgaria, e-mail: maya.g.ivanova@gmail.com Stanislav Ivanov, PhD. Associate Professor and Vice Rector, International University College, Bulgaria;
More informationGreek Art in 500 B.C. Julia Busch, Brooke!axton,Skylar Adams, Jaskaran Tiwana
Greek Art in 500 B.C. Julia Busch, Brooke!axton,Skylar Adams, Jaskaran Tiwana What were the methods of art in 500 B.C? Stone carvings, pottery decorations(vase paintings), sculpting, polychromy, painting
More informationReport on Passenger Rights Complaints for year ended 31 st December th December 2011
Report on Passenger Rights Complaints for year ended 31 st December 2010 14 th December 2011 Commission for Aviation Regulation 3 rd Floor, Alexandra House Earlsfort Terrace Dublin 2 Ireland Tel: +353
More informationDevonport-Takapuna Local Board Profile
Devonport-Takapuna Local Board Profile - Initial results from the Census February 2014 Social and Economic Research Team Research, Investigations and Monitoring Unit Auckland Council Map of Devonport-Takapuna
More informationReport of the Survey in the Wadi Abu Dom,
Report of the Survey in the Wadi Abu Dom, 24.2.-16.3.2009 (funded by the Gerda Henkel-Foundation, Germany) Angelika Lohwasser Free University Berlin, Germany 1. Staff Gabriel, Prof. Dr. Baldur, Geographer,
More informationFieldwork Report for the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies
Fieldwork Report for the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies A geophysical survey of the Roman villa at Santa Maria della Strada Matrice (Campobasso, Italy) Paul Roberts ¹, Dominic Rathbone ², Stephen
More informationAviation Trends. Quarter Contents
Aviation Trends Quarter 1 2012 Contents Introduction 2 1. Historical overview 3 2. Terminal passengers at UK airports 4 3. Passenger flights to and from UK airports 5 4. Terminal passengers at UK airports
More informationFOUNDATIONS OF ARCHAEOLOGY A WALK IN VERNDITCH CHASE
FOUNDATIONS OF ARCHAEOLOGY A WALK IN VERNDITCH CHASE 1. A Tale of two Long Barrows Long barrows were constructed as earthen or drystone mounds with flanking ditches and acted as funerary monuments during
More information