Micro Network of Early Historic Sites Near Wai, Satara District, Maharashtra and Its Importance in the Early Historic Period of Deccan

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1 Micro Network of Early Historic Sites Near Wai, Satara District, Maharashtra and Its Importance in the Early Historic Period of Deccan Shantanu Vaidya 1 and Jayendra Joglekar 1 1. Department of A.I.H.C. and Archaeology, Deccan College Post Graduate Research Institute, Pune , Maharashtra, India ( maharaj_shiv@yahoo.co.in, jayendra2008@yahoo.co.in) Received: 28 July 2016; Accepted: 07 September 2016; Revised: 03 October 2016 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 4 (2016): Abstract: On the background of recent discovery of fortified Early Historic site at Pandhrewadi (Bavdhan) by the authors, an intensive attempt was made, to look into the Early Historic sites in the area near Wai town of Satara District of Maharashtra. Wai, being an important town in the present days, was a place known long back according to the textual references. It is the first place where Krishna River descends on the plains from the hilly tract of Mahabaleshwar. Remains of Early Historic pottery have also been noticed earlier at Wai, but the exact whereabouts are not specified. Lohari and Bavdhan rock-cut caves of early historic period were reported since 19 th century near Wai, but habitation sites were not traced. Wai, being on the eastern side of Sahyadris, has a strategic location as it could very well have been on a trade route connecting the coast (Konkan) with the western Maharashtra (Desh). Hence, to verify our hypothesis that there must be some more Early Historic sites in the vicinity of Pandhrewadi (Bavdhan), explorations were carried out. Google Earth images and Toposheets were used before the survey was conducted actually in the field. The results of our recent field observations are presented in this paper. The results are preliminary in nature and there is a good scope for further studies in this region. Keywords: Early Historic, Habitation Sites, Kadegaon, Wai, Pandhrewadi, Rock-cut Caves, Deccan Introduction The studies in the early history of the Deccan (including present day Maharashtra, northern Karnataka and Telangana) began as early as the end of 18 th century by the work of Col. Mckenzie (1822) at Amravathi Stupa (Paddayya 2005). Later work by epigraphists such as Buhler (1874) and Bhagwanlal Indraji (1883) led to a deep enquiry in the Early Historical period, especially the Satavahana dynasty. The need to locate the Satavahana settlements identified from inscriptions and also the need to identify the possible network of the many rock-cut caves of the period was the outcome of this initial research. Another ruling dynasty well known as the Kshatrapas were also

2 ISSN Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 4: 2016 creating an impact and a struggle was ensued among these two dynasties; this was another aspect which was being extensively studied as an outcome of this research. The inscriptions at Karle and Nasik tell of many Yavanas donating for cave excavation and following Buddhism as well as Brahmanism. This led to the confirmation of the interaction with foreigners as a result of trade with Romans. It was also well evident from the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea (Schoff 1912), records of Pliny the elder (Majumdar 1960) that the Roman world had a prosperous trade with the Indian subcontinent. The various inscriptions were in fact a testimony to these written records. The early workers had in fact toiled hard to identify places with their ancient names and also some initial digging at a few places, Sopara for instance by Indraji (1883) was such a noteworthy attempt. Sopara in fact stretched the antiquity of the region to the Mauryan period due to the presence of an Asokan edict at the place (Indraji 1883). The archaeology of the Early Historic period in Deccan took a new turn after the excavations at Brahmagiri by Wheeler (1948) in 1940 s and Kolhapur-Brahmapuri by Sankalia and Dikshit (1952).The stress was more on the identification of places mentioned in the literature and epigraphs as well as copperplates (Kapre 1961). At around the same time Khare and other historians from Pune (then Poona) excavated Karad (1949). It was another site having remains of the Satavahana period. Subsequently the studies related to Satavahana-Kshatrapa period were being excavated in the Maharashtra-Karnataka-Andhra Pradesh (now Telangana and Andhra) region mainly comprising of Nasik (Sankalia and Deo 1955), Ter (Chapekar 1969), Nevasa (Sankalia et al. 1960), Satanikota (Ghosh 1986), Sannathi (Howell 1995), Adam (IAR 1988: 50-62), Maski (Thapar 1957), Nagarjunikonda (IAR : 22-23), Paunar (Deo and Dhavalikar 1968), Pauni (Nath 1998), Junnar (Shinde et al. 2008) and so on. Many of the sites like Satanikota, Adam, and Pauni have given evidences of fortification of mud whereas sites like Junnar, Chaul (Gogte 2003, ), Karad are in the vicinity of early historic rock-cut caves. Thus during the Early Historic a picture can be seen in Maharashtra where, there are sites important from the aspect of trade and commerce (Ter, Kolhapur, Nevasa), sites which are situated on strategic locations on ancient trade routes and assuming political importance (Junnar, Paithan, Sannathi, Maski, Karad) and some recently investigated port sites (Chaul, Palshet, Mandad) (Gogte 2004, Gogte et al. 2006, Gogte ). All these along with the earlier mentioned fortified sites, probably political centres develop a larger geographical network of a complex urban state. However, not much attention was given in the past to the recording of smaller settlements and their role in the entire early historic milieu for a long time. But recently certain attention has been given to this aspect. Few habitation sites south of Karad were reported by Kulkarni (2003), one site of Shirwal near Shirwal caves (north of Karad) was reported by Joglekar and others (Joglekar et al. 2004), and site of Pune was reported by Shinde et al and Joglekar et al Even the work done by Deotare and his colleagues in Purna basin of western Vidarbha (Deotare et al. 2007, 402

3 Vaidya and Joglekar 2016: ), Thomas, Joglekar and others in Marathwada region, Gogte and colleagues, Joglekar and Hampe (2002) in Solapur region, Amol Kulkarni in lower Marathwada (Kulkarni 2009) as well as by the first author in Nagpur district (Vaidya 2014) are some attempts which need to be mentioned. Early Historic period in Maharashtra during Satavahana period was marked by around thirty fortified settlements as mentioned by Pliny the elder in his text (Majumdar 1960). Even though such surveys and study of site-interactions has been carried out, the favourite aspect of early historic archaeology is the association of rockcut caves with habitation sites and the possible trade routes going from mainland Maharashtra towards the then ports of Konkan. Hence there is a general trend to associate sites with the cluster of caves (Dhavalikar 1999; Ray 1986). While such association can be done, there is a need to find more sites in the vicinity and neighbouring areas of the caves and also the micro-level association of the sites. The authors recently noticed an early historic fortified site near Wai, at Pandhrewadi (Joglekar and Vaidya 2016). After this discovery of Pandhrewadi (Bavdhan), it was decided to carry out further explorations in the surrounding areas to investigate further potentiality of the region. Earlier some pottery was reported from Wai (IAR : 20). Between these sites there were vast spaces that are yet to be explored. Rock-cut caves of Karad, Wai (Lohari), Bavdhan, Shirwal were well known (Fergusson and Burgess 1880). Wai, being an important place since it is the place where Krishna River first enters a plain region and fertile tracts of land are formed, it was thought necessary to investigate in the region around. As mentioned above the remains at Wai were sporadically noticed earlier but the site was not mentioned as per its location and extent. The find at Pandhrewadi was hence a stepping stone towards probing the region and understanding the dynamics involved in the presence of rock-cut caves and sites in the region. Google Earth images and toposheets were reviewed before going for field visits. Accordingly few such spots were selected where river Krishna is taking a meander or some small stream (nala) is joining the river. Recent Field Observations For the present field survey the authors selected 4 villages, namely Pachwad, Asle, Kadegaon, and Wai. Wai has been reported Early Historic site in Indian Archaeology-A review, but in the report it is just mentioned that few Early Historic potsherds have been found (IAR :20). Unfortunately, information regarding exact location of the mound, extent of the mound, and other details has not been given. During the survey at Pachwad and Asle only pottery and few structures of Medieval period were noticed. Both villages were surveyed thoroughly but no evidence (neither pottery nor any antiquities) of Early Historic period were noticed. Pandhrewadi (Bavdhan) The site ( N, E, Elev.747 m AMSL) (Fig.1) was reported by the authors (Joglekar J. and Vaidya 2016) near Bavdhan caves. It is a small fortified 403

4 ISSN Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 4: 2016 settlement of about 2 ha situated on the left bank of a small odha (small stream). Fortification on the northern side is pretty much intact (3-4 m in height) (Fig. 2). During recent fieldwork it was observed that on the north western side of the fortification bedrock basalt is high, almost up to 3.5 m, so the Early Historic people have used that naturally available high ground and not much of mud rubble fortification was used at this spot. In general, there is a very gentle slope towards southern side i.e. towards odha. The odha which is locally known as Pavanganga must have played an important role in the development of the site at this exact location. The odha seems to be quite older as it has cut through the bedrock. Also one knick point has been observed in the odha near the site. It has deposited about m of pebbly gravel on the banks. The Bavdhan caves which were reported by Fergusson and Burgess (1880) as difficult to access in 1880 are very easily accessible now with the modern renovation of the caves. Figure 1: Plan of Pandhrewadi (Bavdhan) site The site is heavily disturbed due to sugar cultivation. Only a part of the mound which is under the medieval temple called Agastyeshwar preserves the entire cultural deposit of the site. The rest of the site is cut either for cultivation by farmers or for the burial ground by the teli (oil-crushers) community. But this has led to lay bare open the deposit of the Early Historic period as well as the natural soil in places. This proves that the earliest deposit came up at the site in the 1 st cent CE, i.e. the Early Historic period. Some rubble structures and bricks of the Satavahana period are also visible on the surface due to this activity of the locales (Fig.3). Potsherds include Coarse Red ware, bright Red slipped ware with crinkled surface, Black-and-Red ware, Black ware, and Grey ware. Firing of the potsherds is well to medium. Shapes include bowls, vase, big storage jars, and spouted pot, etc. Also some potsherds have designs on the exterior which include honeycomb, chain, etc (Fig.4). Perforated roof-tiles with two holes which are typical of Early Historic period have also been recovered (Fig.5). The 404

5 Vaidya and Joglekar 2016: perforations were probably used to join the tiles by using iron nails. One piece of saddle and one half of quern made of basalt were also recovered from the site. Very small quantity of iron slag was also collected from the site. Antiquities include few shell bangle pieces, one shell bead (short cylindrical), one bead made of red jasper (big spherical bead), and one small iron sickle (Fig.6). Faunal remains include few bones of cattle, sheep and goat, antelope, etc. Figure 2: Remains of fortification at Pandhrewadi (Bavdhan) Figure 3: Remains of rubble structure at Pandhrewadi (Bavdhan) 405

6 ISSN Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 4: 2016 Figure 4: Early historic ceramics from Pandhrewadi (Bavdhan) Figure 5 Roof-tile fragments with holes from Pandhrewadi (Bavdhan) 406

7 Vaidya and Joglekar 2016: Figure 6: Beads, shell bangles and iron sickle from Pandhrewadi (Bavdhan) Kadegaon This find at Pandhrewadi (Bavdhan) was very inspiring and hence the area around was surveyed. The village of Kadegaon was probed for remains of Early Historic period ( N, E, Elev.695 m AMSL) (Fig.7). This village is situated on an elevated mound on the right bank of river Krishna, near which a small stream named Chandrabhagu joins Krishna, on the left bank i.e. the opposite bank of Kadegaon. Some of the present village houses are still made of stone rubble, mud mortar, and plaster. Interestingly the authors could collect a few Early Historic period potsherds, shell bangle pieces and fragments of animal bone from the plaster of these houses. This mud was procured from the habitation remains on which the present village was situated. We noticed that the current village is almost completely settled on the actual Early Historic habitation site. It was seen that only few localities are partially not occupied. But they are utilized for procuring soil and getting disturbed. One such area is near the 18 th century Someshwar temple on the right bank of Krishna, from where the authors could actually collect good amount of Early Historic ceramics, shell bangle pieces, shell bead, shell raw-material, iron nail (Fig.8 and 9), and a few animal bones. The exact extent cannot be ascertained but looking at entire village resting on the ancient mound it seems to be around 2 to 3 ha in area. 407

8 ISSN Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 4: 2016 Figure 7: Plan of Kadegaon site Figure 8: Shell bangles, shell bead and debitage from Kadegaon 408

9 Vaidya and Joglekar 2016: Figure 9: Iron nail from Kadegaon Wai In Wai, we had suspected few spots like Gadhi, Kot, and Rangoli Ali based on toposheet reading and Google Earth images, which could be the Early Historic habitation sites. Accordingly, we visited these spots in Wai ( N, E, Elev.712 m AMSL) (Fig.10). Even here we observed that few houses of stone rubble, mud mortar and plaster are still present at spots of Kot (708 m ASL) and Rangoli Ali (711 m ASL) from where we could collect few Early Historic potsherds, thus making it clear that there was some Early Historic habitation close by. But the problem at Wai is that it is an emerging and expanding town, so there are not many open spaces to test the potentiality of a site. Fortunately we could collect few Early Historic potsherds from one construction site, some other lanes between the houses and near a Mosque. So according to our observation the Early Historic habitation site is partially covering the area of present day spots of Kot and Rangoli Ali. Kot is situated on the left bank of river Krishna, where it takes a meander while Rangoli Ali is towards northeast of Kot area. Rangoli Ali is located on the right bank of Kivre nala (small stream). The probable extent of the site might have been around 4-5 ha in area. The rock-cut caves at Lohari are towards the north of the Rangoli Ali area and were possibly excavated by the inhabitants of Wai in Early Historic period as it is the nearest habitation site. 409

10 ISSN Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 4: 2016 Figure 10: Plan of the site at Wai Rock-Cut Caves in the Wai Region Burgess and Fergusson had visited the Lohari caves and described them towards the end of the 19 th century. It goes like this:.the caves near Wai, also in the district of Satara, are all of about the same early age as those of Kuda, Mahad and Karad. They are in the village of Lohari and near Sultanpur, about four miles north from Wai, and form a group of eight excavations, cut in soft trap rock, running from south-east to north-west and facing south-west. They were first described about 30 years ago by Mr. (now Sir) H. Bartle E. Frere, then Commissioner of Satara. The first from the south-east is a plain Vihara, about 27 feet by 21 feet, with three cells, and near it a tank. The second and principal cave has a hall 31 feet by 29 1/2, and 8 1/2 feet high, with a bench along the left side and parts of the front and back; four cells on the right side with bench- beds and small windows; while in the back are two more similar cells, with a dagoba shrine between them, 16 feet square, originally with a door and two large windows to admit light into it. The capital of the dagoba has been destroyed to convert it into a gigantic linga, or emblem of Siva 6 feet 4 inches high and 8 feet in diameter-styled Palkeshwar or Palkoba. To the left of the cave is another excavation, much ruined. Two hundred yards north-west from this is another vihara, of which the hall is about the same size as the last, with a bench round the sides and back and four cells in the back and one on the left side, also an entrance made in the right wall running up to what may have been intended for a chamber over the roof of the cave, but never finished. The roof has been supported by six octagonal 410

11 Vaidya and Joglekar 2016: pillars in two rows from front to back with a stone joist running through the heads of each row,- but only fragments of them are left. On the right hand wall near the back are the remains of some human figures, apparently two standing females and two males seated, all now headless and otherwise mutilated. The other caves are of smaller size, and not of much interest. Other two small excavations exist in the same neighbourhood between Panchgani and Bavdhan, 4 miles south-east of Wai, very difficult of access (Fergusson and Burgess 1880: ). This shows that Bavdhan caves which were difficult to access then were just noticed. Now it is possible to visit them due to renovations for the temple in the cave of a later period. The association of Lohari with Kuda and Mahad caves by Burgess and Fergusson directly suggests the early historic antiquity of the caves. The caves can be safely dated to around end of 1 st century or the beginning of 2 nd century CE. Thus it can be seen that there are some important excavations like chaitya and viharas and considerable sites in their vicinity in the Wai region. Discussion There was a trend as already stated above that rock-cut caves need to have some habitation sites nearby and that they are associated with some important trade-routes and trading centres. This assumption is appropriate to some extent since such evidences as discussed above were known. The recent finds around Wai also add to this assumption. Since the area around Karad (Kulkarni 2003) has also given the evidence of settlements as well as Shirwal (Joglekar et al. 2004) it can be said that the presence of caves in the region was a result of the flourishing towns in the region. The discovery of these sites in the source region of Krishna River (Krishna originates around km upstream of these sites at Mahabaleshwar) are of a tremendous importance as they provide a new evidence (Fig.11). Until now it was a strong belief that the source region of major rivers were not occupied by early historic settlers as they were densely forested, and having hilly terrain, which is not suitable for agriculture. Site of Pandhrewadi is fortified and hence there is a need to understand the need of this and also its impact. Though the area at Wai is difficult to inspect, it might have been a big site looking at the mound formation in Rangoli Ali and Kot. Sea-borne conch shells were found from Kadegaon and Pandhrewadi (Bavdhan) which shows the trade between coastal sites and these inland sites. It can be said that the trade contacts helped sites to flourish in this region. The sites of Shirwal and Karad are both north and south of Wai respectively. But Shirwal is on the north of the small inland Khambatki ghat off the Sahyadri range and hence it would have been difficult for traders coming from Konkan to cross the Sahyadri and again cross this ghat to come down to Karad. Thus, the descent of Wai coming from Mahabaleshwar might have 411

12 ISSN Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 4: 2016 been a very important centre for traders coming from Chaul, Kuda and Mahad (Mandad), and Palshet region in the Konkan and go further south towards Karad or east wards towards Ter (Fig.12). However, due to lack of actual evidence the site and its environs were not given due importance. The presence of fortified sites and a cluster of sites around Wai now found, in fact stresses both the importance of this route and the need for further explorations. It need not be mentioned that the Krishna valley has a good network of sites starting from Karad-Kolhapur via Sannathi to Amravathi in Andhra Pradesh. The site of Wai and the environs might be the starting point of this huge early historic network. Figure 11: Spread of the sites around Wai The clustering of sites around a central place in vertical network can be a site hierarchy as expressed by Garner (1967). The inhabiting of fertile tracts and also strategic locations shows the role played by a complex society (Trigger 1972) and also the presence of a state based network. Such models will be helpful after some more sites are located in the region. 412

13 Vaidya and Joglekar 2016: Figure 12: Map showing the routes around Wai and other important sites One common point among all the early historic habitation sites in this region is that these sites were reoccupied during the medieval period either partially or totally and are still inhabited. In general, there is also a tendency to reoccupy the earlier occupied space. Now with the discovery of these few sites close to each other there is very good possibility that there might have been such cluster of sites near rock cut caves which need to be verified at various spots. There is a good scope for such kind of survey especially in western Maharashtra where the rock cut caves are greater in number. Google Earth images and toposheet reading are very helpful tools which can be made use of to locate the sites, find their extent, distances between sites, and nearest water bodies, etc. Fieldworks with the aid of new technology always produce better results. Previously there have been such examples especially in Odisha where Thakuria and others have used Google earth images for identifying sites (Thakuria et al. 2013). This is a beginning for such kind of study in this part of the country for locating sites which needs to be continued in future. Acknowledgements We are grateful to Deccan College authorities who were very kind in providing us support. We are thankful to Dr. Sheila Mishra, Dr. Sushama Deo, and Dr. S.N. Rajaguru who collected a few potsherds back in 2007 and handed them to us. We also 413

14 ISSN Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 4: 2016 thank Dr. Abhijit Dandekar for helping us with ceramics and encouraging us to carry out further exploration in the region. We are thankful to Dr. Pankaj Goyal for helping us in identification of faunal remains and corrections in the draft; Mr. Suken Shah for helping in tracing various references. Ms. Rajkumari Barbina, Dr. Arunima Pati, and Mr. Shardul Kakde helped us during our field visits we are thankful to them. We are grateful to Profs. R. K. Mohanty and P.P. Joglekar for the informal discussions which helped us in our work. References Anonymous Explorations at Karad ( ), Pune, Bhartiya Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal. Buhler, J.G Archaeological Survey of Western India, Vol. V, pp. 60. Chapekar, B.N Report on Excavation at Ter (1958). Pune, Shri Saraswati Mudranalay. Colonel Colin Mackenzie, 1822, in Calcutta Journal vol. iv, no. 179, 27 July Deo, S.B. and M. K. Dhavalikar Report of Paunar Excavations (1967) in Nagpur University Journal (Humanities), Vol. XVIII. Nagpur: Nagpur University. Deotare, B.C Preliminary Report on the Excavations at Bhon and Paturda, Buldhana District, Maharashtra, BDCRI 64-65: Deotare, B.C., Gurudas Shete, Reshma Sawant and Satish Naik Preliminary Report on Excavations at Kholapur, District Amravati, Maharashtra, Man and Environment Vol XXXVII (2): Dhavalikar, M.K Historical Archaeology of India. New Delhi: Books and Books Pvt. Ltd. Fergusson, James and James Burgess The Cave Temples of India. London: W.H. Allen & Co., Waterloo Place; Trubner & Co., Ludgate Hill; E. Stanford, Charing Cross; And W. Griggs, Hanover Street, Peckham. Garner B.J Models of urban geography and settlement location, Socio- Economic Models in Geography, pp , London: Methuen. Gazetteer of District Satara (Revised Marathi Edition), Mumbai, Government of Maharashtra. Ghosh, N.C Excavations at Satanikota , New Delhi: ASI, MASI No.82. Gogte, V.D Discovery of the Ancient Port of Chaul, Man and Environment, Vol. 33(1): 1-8. Gogte, V.D Discovery of Ancient Port: Palaepatmai of the Periplus on the West Coast of India, Jounal of Indian Ocean Archaeology, 1: Gogte, V.D Ancient Port at Chaul: Semulla of the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute (BDCRI), Vol : Gogte, V., S. Pradhan, A. Dandekar, S. Joshi, R. Nanji, S. Kadgaonkar and V. Marathe, The Ancient Port at Chaul, Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology, 3: Howell, J.R Excavations at Sannathi ( ), New Delhi: ASI, MASI No

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