INTRODUCTION 3 SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT 3 LOCATION 3 CURRENT TEAM 4 CONTACT 4 HISTORY 4

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1 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT 3 LOCATION 3 CURRENT TEAM 4 CONTACT 4 HISTORY 4 HATICE TURHAN SULTAN AND HER PATRONAGE 5 SEDDÜLBAHIR FORTRESS AND ITS SITE 6 KUMKALE FORTRESS AND ITS SITE 7 REGION 7 OTTOMAN FORTIFICATIONS 7 PROJECT 8 HISTORY AND AIMS 8 PROJECT SCHEDULE SEASON SEASON SEASON SEASON SEASON 15 SURVEY 17 AREA OF THE SURVEY AND AIMS 17 SURVEYING METHODS 17 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) 19 WHAT IS GIS? 19 GIS APPLICATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THIS PROJECT 21 KUMKALE CEMETERY 21 ORAL HISTORY 21 AREA OF THE WORK AND AIMS 21 METHODS 22 CEMETERY 22 AREA OF THE WORK AND AIMS 22 METHODS 22

2 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY 23 PROJECT PUBLICATIONS, ARTICLES AND CHAPTERS 23 ARCHIVES RESEARCHED IN THE PROJECT PROCESS 24 GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 24 LINKS 26 SPONSORS 26

3 3 INTRODUCTION SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT The subject of this project is the comprehensive documentation of Seddülbahir and Kumkale Ottoman Fortresses. Seddülbahir and Kumkale Fortresses were built in the mid 17 th century at the entrance to the Dardanelles, on either side of the straits, by Hatice Turhan Sultan, the mother of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmet IV. Initially the fortresses were constructed as part of the Ottoman defense against Venetian naval incursions into the Dardanelles during the long war over Crete; since that time they have served the Ottoman and later Turkish defense against a variety of enemies who have coveted either the strategic outlet to the Aegean or a convenient sea access to the Bosphorus and the capital of Istanbul. Both fortresses were instrumental in the Gallipoli campaign of World War I and severely damaged by artillery fire. After World War I and the withdrawal of French and British troops from the Gallipoli region, Seddülbahir and Kumkale were returned to the Ottoman government. Until the spring of 1997, Seddülbahir Fortress was maintained as a Turkish naval outpost, it is now open to public access. Kumkale Fortress is still operating as a naval base and is under the jurisdiction of the Turkish Ministry of Defense. The aim of the project is twofold: first to document the existing remains of the fortress by generating the geodesic maps and architectural drawings of the structures on the site; second to bring together a vast array of data such as repair records (tamirat defterleri) from the Ottoman archives, European and Ottoman historical chronicles, drawings, engravings and archival photographs from various libraries collections in order to assess the development of the structure and propose a plan for the preservation and restoration of the fortresses and adjoining structures. An additional part of the project that developed in the seasons at Seddülbahir and Kumkale was an oral history of the villages. In addition to completing our preliminary precise geodetic and architectural survey of the fortresses and their immediate environs, the GPS generated map of the Kumkale cemetery as well as an entire epigraphic documentation of all remaining 287 tombstones. We have initiated discussions with local government officials at both sites to determine local opinions concerning preservation and reusage possibilities of the fortifications. The whole documentation will be visualized in the GIS application of the project. The research for the survey and documentation project was initiated by Lucienne Thys- Şenocak from the Department of History in Koç University. At the preliminary stage of research the survey was planned to be one to two years, and the aim was limited. An official protocol to facilitate the cooperation between the History Department of Koç University and Geodesy Division of Geodesy and Photogrammetry Department of Istanbul Technical University was signed in As the project continued it became clear that there was a need for a thorough geodetic and architectural survey at both sites. With the completion of the geodetic maps, the architectural drawings and illustrations of the fortresses, the documentation efforts and on site surveying work at Seddülbahir has shifted to preparing a restoration proposal for Seddülbahir Fortress and its site. As a result of this, the project that began as a research project in 1997 has continued and developed in several new directions. LOCATION The sites are on the edge of the opposite shores of the Dardanelles, the geodetic location is E ITRF and N ITRF. Seddülbahir Fortress is in the Seddülbahir village, on the site of the Gallipoli battlefields of Cape Hellas and Ertugrul Bay at the southern edge

4 4 of Gallipoli peninsula. It stands at the entrance to the Dardanelles, 110 kilometers from Gelibolu and 30 kilometers from Kilitbahir village. Kumkale Fortress is 3 kilometers from the Kumkale village and 45 kilometers from Çanakkale, located at the mouth of ancient Scamander River, 5 kilometers from the archaeological site of Troy. CURRENT TEAM PROJECT DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING & GIS DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING & GIS TEAM PHOTOGRAMMETRY WORK DRAWING TEAM ORAL HISTORY TEAM CEMETERY TEAM ASST. PROF. LUCIENNE THYS-ŞENOCAK (ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN, KU) ASSOC. PROF. RAHMI N. ÇELIK ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. CANER GÜNEY ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. TEVFIK ÖZLÜDEMIR ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. BIHTER ÖZÖNER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. SERDAR EROL ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. ORHAN AKYILMAZ (GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER,ITU) ASSOC. PROF. DURSUN Z. ŞEKER (GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY GÜNDER VARINLIOGLU ( ARCHITECT, UPENN.) BENSEN B. M. ÜNLÜOGLU ( ARCHAEOLOGIST, IU) ARZU ÖZSAVAŞCI ( ARCHITECT, ITU) RES. ASST. I. CEREN CENKER ( HISTORIAN, KU) HASAN KARATAŞ ( HİSTORIAN,U.C. of BERKELEY) CONTACT PROJECT DIRECTOR SURVEY DIRECTOR PROJECT WEB ADDRESS PROJECT ASST. PROF. LUCIENNE THYS-ŞENOCAK (ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN, KU) Address: Dept. of History, Koç University, Rumeli Fener Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul Phone: LSENOCAK@ku.edu.tr ASSOC. PROF. RAHMI N. ÇELIK ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY Address: Dept. of Geodesy and Photogrammetry Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul Phone: celikn@itu.edu.tr LSENOCAK@ku.edu.tr

5 5 HISTORY HATICE TURHAN SULTAN AND HER PATRONAGE Hatice Turhan Sultan, the haseki (favourite wife) of Sultan Ibrahim (b.1616/ ) and the mother of Mehmet IV (b.1642/ ), was born in 1627 in Russia. She was captured at the age of 12 during a Tartar attack and presented to Kösem Sultan, the mother of the reigning Ottoman Sultan, by Süleyman Paşa as a concubine. She was brought up by Kösem Sultan to be the haseki (favourite wife) of Sultan Ibrahim and named Hatice Turhan. In 1642 when Mehmet IV was born Hatice Turhan Sultan became the mother of the probable heir of Sultan Ibrahim. After the death of Sultan Ibrahim in 1648 Mehmet IV was enthroned at the age of 7, and Hatice Turhan Sultan, at age 21, became the valide sultan (the regent queen) of Mehmet IV. The ambitiousness of Kösem Sultan and the authorization of Hatice Turhan Sultan caused administrative and personal contention. In 1651, Hatice Turhan Sultan gained the loyalty of male authorities of the harem, içagaları, and led a palace coup against Kösem Sultan. The latter was assassinated and Hatice Turhan Sultan became the most powerful authority in the harem; due to her status as valide sultan, she became a major political figure in the Ottoman administration. In 1654 she appointed Köprülü Mehmet Paşa as vezir-i azam (grand vizier) and left him the administration.as a valide sultan she had begun an ambitious campaign of architectural patronage, with the repair of the existing and construction of the new Dardanelles fortifications. She had repaired Kilitbahir and Çimenlik Fortresses and decided to build up Seddülbahir and Kumkale Fortresses, in 1656 the construction of the fortresses was initiated. She commissioned a vakfiyye (foundation) with her own money for the construction. Later in 1661 she began constructing the large mosque complex in Istanbul, the Yeni Valide mosque complex of Eminönü. The foundations of the Yeni Cami complex in Eminönü were constructed by the order of Safiye Sultan, mother of Mehmet III, but discontinued after his death. With the order of Hatice Turhan Sultan the construction of the complex was completed in Hatice Turhan Sultan died in 1683 and was buried in the türbe she had built for herself in the Eminönü Yeni Cami complex. Hatice Turhan Sultan appears to be unique among Ottoman royal women in the extent to which she allocated the resources she had to the architecture of defense and specifically to the repair and construction of the fortifications on the Dardanelles. When considering the issue of gender and its impact upon the Ottoman architectural enterprise there are many questions. What, for example, were the various factors which enabled and motivated Hatice Turhan Sultan to build these fortresses? How did this imperial Ottoman woman s attempts to legitimate her power and piety through the financing of military architecture compare to other imperial women in the early modern era, beyond the Ottoman frontiers. By placing Hatice Turhan Sultan s early acts of architectural patronage in a comparative framework, the unique aspects of her tenure and role as valide sultan can be better understood. While other imperial Ottoman women did delve occasionally into their privy purses to pay troops or finance occasional treasury deficits, By commissioning this type of structure Hatice Turhan Sultan differs from many of her European and Islamic counterparts in the way she chose to promote and advertise her power and piety. By undertaking this particular architectural project, Hatice Turhan Sultan engaged in a highly visible and permanent act of state support and legitimized herself very early in her tenure as valide in a role usually reserved for the sultan: the defender and the protector of the empire. (For detailed information please see related publications in the Bibliography / Project Publications; Thys-Şenocak,2002 (forthcoming) and Thys-Şenocak,2000a ; in the

6 6 Bibliography / General Bibliography; Pierce,1993, Thys-Şenocak,2002,1999,1998,1994, Uluçay,1992a,b) SEDDÜLBAHİR FORTRESS AND ITS SITE The fortress of Seddülbahir, the Dam of the Sea, was built in the mid 17 th century at the entrance to the Dardanelles, on the European side, across from the Kumkale Fortress, by Hatice Turhan Sultan, the mother of the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmet IV. The fortress was endowed with a mosque, a double and single hammam, housing for soldiers serving in the fortress and additional shops and markets. Initially the fortress was constructed as part of the Ottoman defense against Venetian naval incursions into the Dardanelles during the long war over Crete. Since that time it has served the Ottoman and later Turkish defense against a variety of enemies who have coveted either the strategic outlet to the Aegean or a convenient sea access to the Bosphorus and the capital of Istanbul. Seddülbahir Fortress was instrumental in the Gallipoli campaign of World War I and severely damaged by artillery fire. After World War I and the withdrawal of British troops from the Gallipoli region, fortress was returned to the Ottoman government. Until the spring of 1997 Seddülbahir Fortress was maintained as a Turkish naval outpost. The fortress of Seddülbahir, on the European side of the straits is located near the mythical site of the tomb of Protosileus, the first of Agamemnon s soldiers to have fallen in the early days of the Trojan War. Indicated as Cape Hellas and Ertugrul Bay in the military maps of World War I, Seddülbahir is the fortress where both the French and the British staged major invasions during the Gallipoli Campaign and where today, the main memorial to the British, Australian and New Zealand forces commemorates soldiers lost during the campaign. There are war memorials in the site or close to it. The Ilk Şehitler Anıtı and Ilk Şehitler Şehitligi, memorials built for Turkish soldies who died during the first attacks in World War I, are next to the main northern wall of the fortress. Yahya Çavuş Anıtı and Yahya Çavuş Şehitliği are built on the ridges of the hills facing Cape Hellas, The Helles Memorial built for the British soldiers, is on the Gözcübaba hill again facing Cape Hellas. A small British cemetery is also still existing near the beach of Ertugrul Bay (Tekke Koyu). The fortress of Seddülbahir is situated in the small village of Seddülbahir overlooking both the Aegean Sea and the entrance to the Dardanelles. Because it was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense until 1997, the surrounding regions have been protected as part of a national park. Relatively little development has occurred in the village but summer home developers may pose a threat to the architectural integrity of the fortress and its immediate environs if strict building codes are not enforced. Further, there is no year-round protection of the site and buildings of the fortress often become sites for waste disposal during the winter months. Original building materials such as stone, wood and iron are also being taken from the walls of the fortress, further weakening the structure. Finally, the damage caused by natural factors, such as earthquakes, severe winds and winter storms in that region pose a continual threat to the condition of the fortress and its structural stability. From the engravings of the fortress, particularly those done by Tournefort in the eighteenth century and a Venetian drawing dating to the late 17 th century from the Correr Museum in Venice, there appears to be a small tower which is located just behind the area where the fortress wall would have stood. In the repair records from the eighteenth century this section of fortress is referred to as the Bab-ı Kebir, or the main gate; we can assume from this appellation that this gate was larger or perhaps more complex in plan than other gates of the fortress. Indeed later photographs of this section of the fortress, taken after the World War I campaign, show a much larger entrance complex. While it is impossible to determine with certainty the plan of this section of the fortress without excavation, it is important to consider that the entrance complex to Seddülbahir could have had affinities with the entrances at the nearby fortifications of Kilitbahir and Çimenlik

7 7 Kalesi. Both buildings have a larger tower at the fortress entrance along with a small mosque. If we consider that Hatice Turhan Sultan had repairs made to the Kilitbahir and Çimenlik fortresses while Seddülbahir was being built, an argument for a similarity in design of entry towers is even more plausible. In the 17 th century Evliya Çelebi, along with a description of Seddülbahir reported that the Grand Vizier Mehmed Köprülü had, after the initial construction of the fortress, suggested an additional exterior wall be built to extend the boundaries of the lower fortifications further into the sea. Along with the fortress of Kumkale, which Hatice Turhan Sultan had erected directly across from Seddülbahir, this extended wall would have allowed for a better defense of the straits, or alternatively it could have served as a sea break. While Evliya Çelebi s reporting is often problematic, we decided to look just off the shore of the fortress for traces of an additional wall. We did find evidence for an additional outer wall near the sea; it is possible that this is the additional wall that Mehmed Köprülü requested for Seddülbahir. (For detailed information please see related publications in the Bibliography / Project Publications; Cenker,2000, Thys-Şenocak,2001,2000a,b,c,1999) KUMKALE FORTRESS AND ITS SITE Kumkale Fortress was built in the mid 17 th century at the entrance to the Dardanelles, on the Anatolian side, across from the Seddülbahir Fortress, by Hatice Turhan Sultan, the mother of the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmet IV. The fortress was endowed with a mosque, a double and singe hammam, housing for soldiers serving in the fortress and additional shops and markets. Initially the fortress was constructed as part of the Ottoman defense against Venetian naval invations into the Dardanelles during the long war over Crete. Since that time it has served the Ottoman and later Turkish defense against a variety of enemies who have coveted either the strategic outlet to the Aegean or a convenient sea access to the Bosphorus and the capital of Istanbul. Kumkale Fortress was instrumental in the Gallipoli campaign of World War I and severely damaged by artillery fire. After World War I and the withdrawal of French troops from the Gallipoli region, the fortress was returned to the Ottoman government. Kumkale Fortress is still operating as a naval base in Deniz Kuvvetleri Methal ve Liman Grup Komutanlıgı and is under the jurisdiction of the Turkish Ministry of Defense. Located five kilometers from the ancient site of Troy, Kumkale Fortress appears to have been constructed with spolia from excavations of Heinrich Schliemann during his first archaeological campaigns on the Troyan plan and from nearby sites such as Yeniköy where cut stone was readily available. In the 18 th century Kumkale was reinforced by French military engineers who had been invited by the Ottoman Sultan to assist the empire in its efforts to contain Russian expansion into the warm waters of the Mediterranean. In the early 20 th century Kumkale became a target of the French naval forces during the Gallipoli campaign of World War I. There are war memorials near the site. Kumkale Şehitliği was constructed for the Turkish soldiers who died in the naval and land warfare in World War I. Also there is a battery named Kumkale Çakaltepe Bataryası on the shore of Çakaltepe near Kumkale. Detailed description of the building (For detailed information please see related publications in the Bibliography / Project Publications; Thys-Şenocak,2001,2000a,b,c,1999) REGION (For detailed information please see related publications in the Bibliography / General Bibliography; Bastiaan,2000, Boz,1998, Peace Park-Guidemap,2001, Moorehead,1956)

8 8 PROJECT HISTORY AND AIMS The research for the survey and documentation project was initiated in 1997 by Lucienne Thys-Şenocak from Department of History in Koç University, regarding her doctorate thesis on Hatice Turhan Sultan. At the preliminary stage the survey was planned to last one to two years, and the aim was limited. An official protocol to facilitate the cooperation between the History Department of Koç University and Geodesy Division in Geodesy and Photogrammetry Department of Istanbul Technical University was signed in As the project continued it became clear that there was a need for a thorough geodetic and architectural survey at the sites. With the completion of the geodetic maps, architectural drawings and illustrations of the fortresses in 2001, the documentation efforts and on site surveying work at Seddulbahir has moved into preparing a restoration proposal. The survey at Kumkale will be completed in 2002 season. The project that had begun in 1997 as a research project has continued and developed in several new directions. The project process began at Seddülbahir in Since 1997 in Seddülbahir, the survey and documentation on site, archival researches in various libraries and topographical and architectural drawing and modelling process in the office have continued. The completed architectural drawings, geodesic maps and researchs have been presented in many conferences and publications since Stone, mortar, metal and wood samples were taken from various parts of the fortress for laboratory analysis, the results will help us to determine the repair chronology of the fortresses. Since 1999 the focus of the project at Seddülbahir has moved from documentation of the extant remains to the preparation of a preservation and restoration proposal for the fortress and adjoining buildings. Seddülbahir was the center piece of an architectural project that won an international competition in 1999, sponsored by the Turkish government, for the reorganization of the Gallipoli peninsula as a national park. Located at the tip of Cape Hellas, the fortress, and the beach where it is situated, is also one of the most important sites of the Gallipoli campaign. We hope that its historical significance, both for the Ottoman past and the Turkish Republic, will become increasingly recognized by both Turkish and international community in the future. In addition to the work we were doing at Seddülbahir for the restoration proposal and the oral history project, we also received permission from both the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Defense to begin a similar type of survey at Kumkale, the other fortress built by Hatice Turhan Sultan just across the Dardanelles from Seddülbahir and currently an operating naval base. As it was constructed in the same years as Seddülbahir ( ), Kumkale provides important comparative data concerning architectural styles of Ottoman fortresses, building materials used and repair chronologies, hence it is fortunate that we have been able to work at both fortresses during the same seasons. In October 1999 our team was granted permission to gain access to Kumkale; we signed a three year protocol with the Ministry of Defense through 2003, we have been conducting the survey and documentation process on site since We are particularly interested in obtaining additional marble and stone samples from Kumkale as well as we would like to determine whether the Ottomans were using spolia from earlier sites in the environs of Troy to build Kumkale or whether they continued to use nearby quarries, such as Kestanbol, that had been sources of building material in much earlier Classical and Roman periods. At this point we would suggest that they were doing both but it will be very helpful to procure and test the stone, mortar, metal and wood samples of Kumkale that we have collected past two seasons. The results of these analyses will also allow us to determine more accurately the various phases of building repairs made at Kumkale since the 17 th century and coordinate these results with the

9 9 archival information we have from the Ottoman repair records and the published data on stone and marble quarries from nearby excavations such as Troy. Since 1997 numerous Ottoman and European travellers descriptions and engravings of Seddülbahir and Kumkale have been collected from the archives of Istanbul, Venice, Paris, and libraries in the United States. There are many of these types of sources, particularly because of the interest that this region held for travellers to both the sites of World War I and ancient Troy. While often more imagined than accurate, these sources have facilitated our efforts to document the Ottoman sites on the Dardanelles. Finally we have accumulated a large collection of late 19 th century and World War I era photographs of Seddülbahir and Kumkale which have given us a good idea of the condition of the fortresses both before they were bombarded in the war and after. The archival photos from the Imperial War Museum and the Public Records Office in London were found by Yeşim Anadol who did her independent study project at Koç University on the fortress of Seddülbahir. Lucienne Thys-Şenocak has made several research trips in 2000 and 2001 to investigate various libraries in Italy, and the military and naval archives at Chateau de Vincennes in Paris. In this latter libraries there are large collections of photographs, maps and plans of fortifications built in Turkey by French engineers since the 18 th century. Finally the photographic holdings of the Islamic Research Center at Yıldız Palace in Istanbul have also been an excellent resource. One particularly valuable pre-war photograph from IRCICA s (Research Center for Islamic History Art and Culture) collection shows the northwestern tower and western wall of Seddülbahir entirely intact and was instrumental in shaping our decision to select that section of the fortress to begin more detailed drawings, material sampling and photogrammetric measuring, all requisites for a restoration proposal. A sound restoration proposal is imperative for the proper preservation of Seddülbahir. To that end Mahir Aydın, Hasan Karataş, Yavuz Alkın and project director Lucienne Thys- Şenocak have been conducting, for the past four years, research of various Ottoman records; among these are repair records (tamirat defterleri) that were compiled, often after damage by war or earthquakes in the region, so that the central government in Istanbul could keep track of costs of repairs made to various Ottoman structures throughout the empire. These records help to determine the different periods of Ottoman repair to the fortresses, the sources and nature of building supplies used by the Ottomans in this region, and provide us with information about several other aspects of structural repairs to the fortress. The archival records have also been useful as they often give the names and functions of different parts of the fortress. In summation, the repair records, along with other types of documentation, help us understand which sections of the fortress were repaired or expanded at a particular time. Along with the laboratory analyses of stone, mortar, metals and wood samples we have taken from Seddülbahir, we hope to be able to produce in the final restoration proposal a sound chronology of the various phases of construction and repair of Seddülbahir s 350 year past. During the architectural survey and documentation process of the Ottoman fortifications at Kumkale in the summer of 2000 we realized that there was an additional wall on the eastern side of the fortress which appears to date to the 19 th century and have enclosed a large residential quarter. We measured this area with GPS equipment and it will be indicated on the final plan of the Kumkale fortress. Within this region, and in the fields immediately surrounding the Ottoman buildings, we also observed that there was a great deal of late Ottoman and possibly late Byzantine ceramic and glass remains. We conducted a preliminary systematic surface survey of this section of the fortress environs as we believe it will help us to understand the nature of late Byzantine and Ottoman settlement patterns in the areas adjacent to the fortress and in the region surrounding Troy. There has been remarkably little attention paid to the late Byzantine and Ottoman past of the Troyan plain and it is our hope that we will be able to bring some expertise on Ottoman architectural and art history into our understanding of the developments that occurred in the later periods of this important region of Turkey. As plans for a national

10 10 park develop in this region of Turkey it is essential that both the Byzantine and the Ottoman past of the areas surrounding Troy are recognized and valued along with their Bronze Age, Classical and early Republican pasts. In 1998 the fortress of Seddülbahir was designated as the central architectural site in a state sponsored international architectural competition for the restructuring of the historical and natural resource management plan for the Gallipoli Peninsula. It is expected that Kumkale will also fall within a future government project to reorganize the park areas surrounding Troy, hence our surveying, documentation and pilot GIS project could have an impact on the future planning of this region as well. We are hopeful that with the extensive amount of the archival and on site research we have done towards the completion of the documentation for the restoration proposal, that it will be approved and we can begin to conduct a process for the preservation and restoration of the site over the next five years. (For detailed information please see related publications in the Bibliography / Project Publications; Çelik,2001, Cenker,2000, Güney,2001a,b, Duran,2002, Özöner,2001,1999, 1998, Thys-Şenocak,2001,2000a,b,c,1999) PROJECT SCHEDULE 2001 SEASON WORK DONE IN 2001 SEASON The architectural survey of Kumkale continued with GPS and total station equipment in order to make a complete check for accuracy of the present topographical map, plans and elevations of the existing structures by the survey team between 7-20 July A surface survey was conducted for ceramics at the site of Kumkale and in the adjacent fields which are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense (for the documentation of the ceramics please see Artifacts/Samples). Additional mortar, wood, stone, plaster, and iron samples from Kumkale buildings were taken and sent for analysis. Additional wood samples from Kumkale for comparative dendrochronology analysis, were taken few from both Seddülbahir and Kumkale. The overgrowth at the Kumkale cemetery was cleared and debris from selected tombstones was removed so that the entire epigraphic texts could be read and recorded. This cleaning activity also helped us in discovering new tombstones that were hidden by the overgrowth. The cemetery work was conducted by Hasan Karataş.The drawings of specific tombstones selected for publication were prepared by Bensen B. M. Ünlüoglu. Also an oral history project similar to the one at Seddülbahir was conducted as a part of the process of architectural and historical documentation of the site by Ceren Cenker. Part of the oral history project was also combined with the cemetery project. In this direction, the thoughts of the people in the village adjacent to cemetery were very helpful, especially when discovering the former borders of the cemetery, which were much larger than that is thought and now being used as agricultural lands. During the architectural survey and documentation process of the Ottoman fortifications at Kumkale in the summer of 2000 we realized that there was an additional wall on the eastern side of the fortress which appears to date to the nineteenth century and have enclosed a large residential quarter. In 2001 season we measured this area with GPS equipment and it will be indicated on the final plan of the Kumkale fortress. Within this region, and in the fields immediately surrounding the Ottoman buildings, we also observed that there was a great deal of late Ottoman and possibly late Byzantine ceramic and glass remains. We conducted a preliminary systematic surface survey of this section of the fortress environs as we believe it would help us to understand the nature of late

11 11 Byzantine and Ottoman settlement patterns in the areas adjacent to the fortress and in the region surrounding Troy. In 2001 we had hoped to measure and draw the interior of the Northwest tower at Seddülbahir. This required limited excavation to reach the original foundations of the tower interior. As we were not given permission by the Ministry of Culture to excavate in the 2001 season, we had to postpone our work on Seddülbahir to a future season. TEAM OF 2001 SEASON PROJECT DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING & GIS DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING & GIS TEAM PHOTOGRAMMETRY WORK DRAWING TEAM ORAL HISTORY TEAM CEMETERY TEAM MINISTRY OF CULTURE REPRESENTATIVE ASST. PROF. LUCIENNE THYS-ŞENOCAK ( ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN, KU) ASSOC. PROF. RAHMI N. ÇELIK ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. CANER GÜNEY ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. TEVFIK ÖZLÜDEMIR ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. BIHTER ÖZÖNER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. SERDAR EROL ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. ORHAN AKYILMAZ ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, I.T.U.) SAADET KIMYON ( GEODESY STUDENT, ITU) MEHMET DUMAN (GEODESY STUDENT, ITU) KUBILAY UYLU (GEODESY STUDENT, ITU) ASSOC. PROF. DURSUN Z. ŞEKER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ARZU ÖZSAVAŞCI ( ARCHITECT, ITU) GÜNDER VARINLIOGLU ( ARCHITECT, UPENN.) BENSEN B. M. ÜNLÜOGLU ( ARCHAEOLOGIST, IU) RES. ASST. I. CEREN CENKER ( HISTORIAN, KU) HASAN KARATAŞ ( HISTORIAN, U.C. of BERKELEY) CELAL ÖZDEMIR (AMASYA MUSEUM) SPONSOR OF 2001 SEASON Max van Berchem Foundation in Switzerland, Dr. M. Aylwin Cotton Foundation in UK, Leica Sistem Bilgisayar ve Teknik Hizmetler Sanayi AŞ. in Ankara 2000 SEASON WORK DONE IN 2000 SEASON At Seddulbahir we continued the work we have been doing since the 1999 season: measuring and preparing the detailed drawings on 1:20 scale that are required for a restoration proposal, between 19 June-4 July After clearing debris and erecting scaffolding around the northwestern tower of Seddulbahir fortress, we checked our coordinates from the measurements and plans we had made for the northwestern wall during the previous season and established a measuring system that was coordinated with the system we used the previous season. By June 30 we were able to complete all the measurements and sketches of the exterior façade of the northwestern tower so that

12 12 we could generate the drawings for the tower during the academic year and prepare to integrate these new plans with the ones we have of the northwestern wall. A team of archaeology students and illustrators directed by archaeologist Bensen Ünlüoglu and architect Arzu Özsavaşcı completed the detailed measuring and drawing of the northwestern tower of Seddülbahir. In addition to the measuring and drawings of the northwestern tower we also took stone, mortar, metal and wood samples from various sections of the northwestern tower. These samples were all inspected and released by the director of the archaeology museum in Çanakkale. Two larger wooded samples were left at the Çanakkale museum for the dendrochronologist Peter Kuniholm of Cornell University to identify, he determined that these were oak. All other samples are to be analysed and will help us determine the repair chronology of this section of the fortress. We completed the final interviews for the oral history project that has been conducted at Seddulbahir by Ceren Cenker. Our team completed the fourth season of the architectural survey at the Seddülbahir Fortress in the summer of 2000, and we conducted a new architectural survey at the site of Kumkale on July According to the three year protocol we have signed with the Ministry of Defense, we were given access to the site between 3-20 July. We were able to complete much more than we had hoped largely because our state of the equipment, the Leica Global Positioning System (GPS 300) and Leica Total Station (TCRA 1105), greatly facilitated the initial surveying and topographical work. We tied the coordinate system that we had been using at Seddulbahir to the one we used at Kumkale. Our data organization system GIS (Geographic Information System) is also established with this coordinate system so we have a faster and higher data quality transfer to our GIS. As with Seddulbahir GPS measurements, were taken of the entire site of Kumkale, including the cemetary adjacent to the fortress so that we could generate both a topographical map, site plan and architectural drawings based upon highly accurate geodesic measurements. As at Seddulbahir conventional measuring techniques were also used for the interiors of some structures and as a cross reference check on the GPS and total station measurements. Preliminary sketches of the entire fortress complex were made. All structures were photographed using conventional photgraphic equipments as well as digital cameras. Mortar, metal, stone plaster and limited wood samples were taken from various structures. Minimal surface pottery sherds were collected. All samples were inspected, recorded and released for analysis by the director of the Archaeology Museum in Çanakkale. The cemetary adjacent to Kumkale was documented as well as this is an integral part of the fortress complex. Topographic measurements were taken and all tombstones were marked, numbered and placed on a GPS generated map. All headstones and some of the footstones were photographed and the epigraphic content read and documented. All this data is currently being scanned into our GIS based program at Istanbul Technical University and is referred to the Kumkale Cemetery Pilot GIS Application. This GIS program uses AutoCAD Map software and is based in the project computer at Istanbul Technical University s Geodesy Division. TEAM OF 2000 SEASON PROJECT DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING & GIS DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING & GIS TEAM ASST. PROF. LUCIENNE THYS-ŞENOCAK (ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN, KU) ASSOC. PROF. RAHMI N. ÇELIK ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. CANER GÜNEY ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. BIHTER ÖZÖNER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. TEVFIK ÖZLÜDEMIR ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. SERDAR EROL ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY

13 13 PHOTOGRAMMETRY WORK DRAWING TEAM ORAL HISTORY TEAM CEMETERY TEAM ARCHIVAL WORK ADDITIONAL PHOTOGRAPHER MINISTRY OF CULTURE REPRESENTATIVE RES. ASST. ORHAN AKYILMAZ ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ASSOC. PROF. DURSUN Z. ŞEKER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY GÜNDER VARINLIOGLU ( ARCHITECT, UPENN.) BENSEN B. M. ÜNLÜOGLU ( ARCHAEOLOGIST, IU) ARZU OZSAVAŞCI ( ARCHITECT, ITU) GUNŞIL KILIÇ (ARCHAEOLOGY STUDENT, IU) SEMIHA OKAN ( ARCHAEOLOGY STUDENT, IU) I. CEREN CENKER ( HISTORIAN, KU) HASAN KARATAŞ ( HISTORIAN, BU) YESIM ANADOL (HISTORIAN, YTU) MURAT ÇAVDAR YAVUZ ÖZDEMIR SPONSOR OF 2000 SEASON National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) in U.S.A Max van Berchem Foundation in Switzerland Koç-Fiat Reseach Fund from Koç University in Istanbul American Research Center (ARIT) in Istanbul Leica Sistem Bilgisayar ve Teknik Hizmetler Sanayi AŞ in Ankara 1999 SEASON WORK DONE IN 1999 SEASON In June and July of 1999 our team continued the architectural and topographical survey and archival work in Seddülbahir. We also took the initial steps for the preparation of a restoration proposal; preparation of more detailed drawings of a particular section of the fortress. In Seddülbahir we selected the section of the fortress wall which stretches between the Village Tower and area referred to in the 18 th century as the Bab-I-Kebir, the area is where we believe the original entrance complex to the fortress was located but is now largely destroyed. The photographic documentation we have for this section of the fortress, particularly its interior, dates to 1915, and was taken during the conquest of Seddulbahir in the Gallipoli campaign, hence we have a fairly good idea of what the late 19 th century early 20 th century phase of this wall of the fortress must have looked like, complete with its crenellations. A survey and scaled drawings of buildings or components, on a scale of 1:20, was made with a traditional measuring system of the eastern and western facades of this sections of the north defense wall. Also the measurements of the previous year were checked, in order to make the revisions in the drawings of the previous year. The survey team began by checking the surveying coordinates from the 1998 season. The surveying work that has been done in the project to date has been conducted with state of the art surveying instruments, such as Leica GPS ( Global Positioning System) receivers, and total stations capable of measuring without reflectors. By employing the most recent GPS technology and conventional measuring techniques, the degree of accuracy in our measurements for the fortress has been significantly increased. Architectural drawings of all structures at Seddulbahir were made according to the precise geodesic measurements procured; this data, along with the positional, graphic and historical documentation related to the project are all being integrated into the GIS we have established for the project.

14 14 An additional aspect of our survey in 1999 was an oral history project we started in Seddulbahir, undertaken by Ceren Cenker. Since we began this architectural survey, our team has come to know many of the residents of the village and we have become increasingly aware of how significant a role Seddulbahir has played in the lives and the memories of the community that lives there. As we continue with this aspect of the survey, recording the many legends and memories of those who have passed their lives in and around the fortress, we tap into yet another type of historical source which along with the material remains, the archival and the photographic all assist us in our efforts to better understand the evolution of Seddülbahir and what steps we can and should take for its preservation. TEAM OF 1999 SEASON PROJECT DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING & GIS DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING & GIS TEAM PHOTOGRAMMETRY WORK DRAWING TEAM ORAL HISTORY TEAM ARCHIVAL WORK MINISTRY OF CULTURE REPRESENTATIVE ASST. PROF. LUCIENNE THYS-ŞENOCAK (ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN, KU) ASST. PROF. RAHMI N. ÇELIK ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. CANER GÜNEY ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. BIHTER ÖZÖNER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. TEVFIK ÖZLÜDEMIR ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. SERDAR EROL ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. ORHAN AKYILMAZ ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, I.T.U.) ASST. PROF. DURSUN Z. ŞEKER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY GÜNDER VARINLIOGLU ( ARCHITECT, UPENN.) ARZU ÖZTURK ( ARCHITECT, ITU) BENSEN B. M. ÜNLÜOGLU ( ARCHAEOLOGIST, IU) I. CEREN CENKER ( HISTORIAN, KU) YESIM ANADOL (HISTORIAN, YTU) FUNDA KÖRPE (ÇANAKKALE ARCHAEOLOGY MUSEUM) SPONSOR OF 1999 SEASON National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) in U.S.A Max van Berchem Foundation in Switzerland Koç-Fiat Reseach Fund from Koç University in Istanbul American Research Center (ARIT) in Istanbul Leica Sistem Bilgisayar ve Teknik Hizmetler Sanayi AŞ in Ankara 1998 SEASON WORK DONE IN 1998 SEASON The survey that began in 1997 summer in Seddülbahir was completed in the summer season of Using a Total Station, GPS, and photogrammetric camera, the team successfully completed a survey of the remains of Seddülbahir on the European side of the Dardanelles. All sections of the fortress were photographed. Preliminary topographical maps and axonometric view of the fortress, plans and elevations of the fortress walls, towers, and the two baths immediately outside the fortress were prepared by the project architect Günder Varinlioglu. As Seddülbahir had been under the jurisdiction

15 15 of the Turkish military since World War I, the topographical and architectural plans we have completed were the first plans of this fortress to be made. Thus the first aim of the project has been met successfully. TEAM OF 1998 SEASON PROJECT DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING TEAM PHOTOGRAMMETRY WORK DRAWING TEAM OTTOMAN ARCHIVAL WORK PHOTOGRAPHIC ARCHIVAL WORK MINISTRY OF CULTURE REPRESENTATIVE ASST. PROF. LUCIENNE THYS-ŞENOCAK (ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN, KU) ASST. PROF. RAHMI N. ÇELIK ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. TEVFIK ÖZLÜDEMIR ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. SERDAR EROL ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. BIHTER ÖZÖNER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY CANER GÜNEY ( GEODESY STUDENT, ITU) ORHAN AKYILMAZ ( GEODESY STUDENT, ITU) ASST. PROF. DURSUN Z. ŞEKER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY GÜNDER VARINLIOGLU ( ARCHITECT, BILKENT U.) MAHIR AYDIN ( HISTORIAN, IU) YESIM ANADOL ( HISTORIAN, KU) ASUMAN GÜNGÖR (BURSA MUSEUM) SPONSOR OF 1998 SEASON Koç-Fiat Reseach Fund from Koç University in Istanbul Leica Sistem Bilgisayar ve Teknik Hizmetler Sanayi AŞ in Ankara 1997 SEASON WORK DONE IN 1997 SEASON On site surveying of the project began in the summer of 1997, in Seddülbahir shortly after the fortress was demilitarized. Using a Total Station, GPS, and photogrammetric camera, the team organized and began a survey of the remains of Sedulbahir on the European side of the Dardanelles. Photogrammetric work was also conducted on several sections of the fortress. All sections of the fortress were photographed. Measuring and documentation work was concentrated in the lower southern section of the fortress and along the northern wall of the upper section of the fortress. Little remains of the south western wall of the fortress which faced the sea as this was heavily bombarded in April 1915 during the Gallipoli campaign of World War I. Sections of the north wall, including the two towers at either ends of this wall were still standing but taking measurements along the central section of this proved particularly challenging because the incline separating the upper and lower sections of the fortress was more acute in this area and because a more recent war memorial had been erected in this area. During the on-site survey, the archival data that had been collected previously was examined and we began to determine how we could use these historical resources to determine both the original plan of Seddülbahir and the various changes that had been made to the structure since the 17 th century. Information related to the founding of

16 16 Seddülbahir, the types of buildings that were erected in the fortress and the source of income for the building and upkeep of the structure can be found in the foundation document, or vakfiyye, now in the Süleymaniye Library of Istanbul. Other archival sources which provide information related to the original expenses and construction of the fortress are in the Başbakanlık Arşivi Maliye Defterleri. For repairs of Seddülbahir, the numerous repair records, or tamirat defterleri, are useful for understanding the types and origins of building materials used to repair or expand the fortress, the cost of materials and often the function of towers or rooms located in the structure. Ottoman chroniclers such as Evliya Çelebi, and Naima Efendi left important accounts of the building or repairs made to the fortress; European travelers frequently made several drawings or engravings of the fortress as they passed through the Dardanelles on the journey to the Ottoman capital. Finally several photographs from the archives at IRCICA (Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture) in Yildiz Palace in Istanbul and the Public Records Office and the Imperial War Museum in London were collected and provide valuable visual documentation of the state of Seddülbahir both before and after the 1915 bombardment. After the summer work season in Seddülbahir; the team decided to apply for a survey to create an accurate set of drawings for the fortress of Kumkale, the Ottoman fortification that was built just across from Seddülbahir on the Asian coast of the Dardanelles in the 17 th century, again by Hatice Turhan Sultan. This project would be a continuation of the survey of Sedulbahir, the 17 th century Ottoman fortress constructed by the same patron, on the European side of the Dardanelles. TEAM OF 1997 SEASON PROJECT DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING TEAM PHOTOGRAMMETRY WORK DRAWING TEAM OTTOMAN ARCHIVAL WORK PHOTOGRAPHIC ARCHIVAL WORK MINISTRY OF CULTURE REPRESENTATIVE ASST. PROF. LUCIENNE THYS-ŞENOCAK (ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN, KU) ASST. PROF. RAHMI N. ÇELIK ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. TEVFIK ÖZLÜDEMIR ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY RES. ASST. SERDAR EROL ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY BIHTER ÖZÖNER ( GEODESY STUDENT, ITU) CANER GÜNEY ( GEODESY STUDENT, ITU) ORHAN AKYILMAZ ( GEODESY STUDENT, ITU) ASST. PROF. DURSUN Z. ŞEKER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY GÜNDER VARINLIOGLU ( ARCHITECT, BILKENT U.) MAHIR AYDIN ( HISTORIAN, IU) YESIM ANADOL ( HISTORIAN, KU) ASUMAN GÜNGÖR (BURSA MUSEUM) SPONSOR OF 1997 SEASON Koç-Fiat Reseach Fund from Koç University in Istanbul Leica Sistem Bilgisayar ve Teknik Hizmetler Sanayi AŞ in Ankara

17 17 SURVEY AREA OF THE SURVEY AND AIMS The aim of the survey is to obtain accurate topographical and architectural measurements of the fortresses of Seddülbahir and Kumkale built in the mid 17 th century at the entrance to the Dardanelles. The location of the fortresses is approximately E ITRF and N ITRF. The survey is a joint project between Koç University s Department of History and Istanbul Technical University s Geodesy Division in Geodesy and Photogrammetry Department. The surveying work was conducted by Assoc. Prof. Rahmi N. Çelik (land surveying and GIS director), Res. Asst. Tevfik Özlüdemir, Res. Asst. Serdar Erol, Res. Asst. Bihter Özöner, Res. Asst. Caner Güney and Res. Asst. Orhan Akyılmaz. Assoc. Prof. Dursun Zafer Şeker from the Photogrammetry Division of the same department of Istanbul Technical University was responsible for the photogrammetric work. Preliminary goal of the project is the production of the topographical maps and architectural drawings and models through the collected data which will be used as to formulate a base for a Geographic Information System (GIS) database. SURVEYING METHODS As first step of the surveying surveyed area was visited to determine what would be measured and which survey techniques would be used, depending on the topography and the structures of the fortresses before beginning geodetic measurements of both fortresses. Many photographs were taken and digital images recorded during these surveying trips. Based on these investigations we determined out surveying plans, methods and the equipment to be used. 6 main control points in Seddülbahir and 4 main control points in Kumkale were positioned with the GPS (Global Positioning System) technique. The positions of the main control points were determined using GPS static survey and were applied at two hour interval. After processing these sets of data WGS84 coordinates of the main control points were obtained. The networks for both fortresses connected Turkish National Fundamental Network (TUTGA) by means of a TUTGA point which is around of the fortress of Kumkale with GPS survey with a 2-hour period. The datum of TUTGA is International Terrestrial Reference Frame-Epoch1996 (ITRF96). Henceforth the coordinates of approximately 15,000 points obtained from the result of processing all kind of geodetic survey computed as the Gauss-Kruger coordinates with central meridian 27 and zone with 3 in the datum of ITRF96. The topographical maps, digital terrain models, architectural drawings and models, etc. were produced based on these grid coordinates. 3D (three-dimensional) positions of traverse points in the control nets were determined using Real Time GPS surveys, particularly Stop and Go method. Some traverse points within the towers, rooms and other structures were measured with TPS system, with Total Station (Tacheometrical Object Oriented Partly Automated Laser Surveying). 60 control points, main control points and traverse points together, in Kumkale and 40 control points in Seddülbahir were positioned in this way. The borders of surveying areas were measured and DTMs (Digital Terrain Model) were generated using Real Time Kinematic GPS survey to display the topography of fortresses' areas. The 3D information on landscape of surveying zones was finally realized. The object or detail points on the structures of fortresses were measured from the traverse points using the Total Station. More than two thousands points in each fortress were measured with the Total Station to produce a geodesic map of the site and the architectural drawings of the present situation of the fortresses. In each fortress